Selection
• In C++, there are two selections or branch
control structures:
1- if statement.
requires evaluation of logical exp
one way, two way, or multiple (nested if)
selection
2- switch structure.
does not require evaluation.
1
One-Way Selection
• The syntax of one-way selection is:
• The statement is executed if the value of the
expression is true
• The statement is bypassed if the value is
false; program goes to the next statement
• if is a reserved word
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One-Way Selection (continued)
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One-Way Selection (continued)
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5
One-Way Selection (continued)
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Two-Way Selection
• Two-way selection takes the form:
• If expression is true, statement1 is
executed; otherwise, statement2 is
executed
• else is a reserved word
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Two-Way Selection (continued)
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Two-Way Selection (continued)
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Two-Way Selection (continued)
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Compound (Block of) Statement
• If and if …else control only one
statement.
• If you want to execute more statements , you
need to use braces.
• Compound statement (block of statements):
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Compound (Block of) Statement
(continued)
if (age > 18)
{
cout << "Eligible to vote." << endl;
cout << "No longer a minor." << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Not eligible to vote." << endl;
cout << "Still a minor." << endl;
}
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Multiple Selections: Nested if
• Nesting: one control statement in another
• An else is associated with the most recent
if that has not been paired with an else
• Using else statement rather than multiple if
make execution faster because if exp is
evaluated to true, it skips the rest of
statements, as shown in next examples
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Comparing if…else Statements
with a Series of if Statements
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int x=7;
if (x>=3 && x<10)
x+=3;
else if (x==5)
x=7;
cout<<x;
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int x=7, y=11;
if (x%y ==5)
if (y%11 == 0)
x+=2;
else
x-=2;
y=y+2;
cout<<x<<endl<<y<<endl;
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Confusion Between == and =
• C++ allows you to use any expression that
can be evaluated to either true or false as
an expression in the if statement:
if (x = 5)
cout << "The value is five." << endl;
• The appearance of assignment operator (=)
in place of equality operator (==) resembles a
silent killer
− It is not a syntax error
− It is a logical error (typographical error).
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Conditional Operator (?:)
• Conditional operator (?:) takes three arguments
− Ternary operator
• Syntax :
expression1 ? expression2 : expression3
• If expression1 is true, the result of the conditional
expression is expression2
− Otherwise, the result is expression3
• if (a >= b)
max = a; max = (a >= b) ? a : b;
else
max = b;
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Exemple 1
int x=4;
x==5 ? cout<<x : cout<<++x;
Exemple 2
int x=3;
x==3 ? (x=6, cout<<x) :( x=5 ,cout<<x);
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Exemple 3:
int x=10 , y=2;
x+= (x<3 ? y+=14 : 'A');
cout<<x<<endl<<y<<endl;
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Example 4:
int x;
cin>>x;
cout<<(x>=50) ? "pass" : "fail";
Example 5:
int x;
cin>>x;
cout<<((x>=50) ? "pass" : "fail");
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switch Structures
• switch structure: alternate to
if-else
• switch (expression) expression
is evaluated first
• Value of the expression determines
which corresponding action is
taken
• Expression is sometimes called the
selector, and it’s value can be only
of type integral (char, int, bool).
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switch Structures (continued)
• One or more statements may follow a case
label
• When value of Exp is matched against a case
value (label), the statements execute until
either a break is found or the end of switch.
• If it doesn’t match any of the case values,
statements following the default label
execute, if no default label and no matching,
the entire switch statement is skipped.
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switch Structures (continued)
• Braces are not needed to turn multiple
statements into a single compound statement
• The break statement (causes immediate exit
from switch structure) may or may not appear
after each case.
• Program executes all statements until a break
is encountered, skipping all case labels in
between.
• switch, case, break, and default are
reserved words
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Summary
• Control structures alter normal control flow
• Most common control structures are selection
and repetition
• Relational operators: ==, <, <=, >, >=, !=
• Logical expressions evaluate to 1 (true) or 0
(false)
• Logical operators: ! (not), && (and), || (or)
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Summary (continued)
• Two selection structures: one-way selection
and two-way selection
• The expression in an if or if...else
structure is usually a logical expression
• No stand-alone else statement in C++
− Every else has a related if
• A sequence of statements enclosed between
braces, { and }, is called a compound
statement or block of statements
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Summary (continued)
• Using assignment in place of the equality
operator creates a semantic error
• switch structure handles multiway selection
• break statement ends switch statement
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