24CPES201 /24COMP02C

PROGRAMMING AND
LECTURE 3 SOFTWARE DESIGN
CONTROL
STRUCTURES

1
AGENDA

 Control Structures
 Selection
 If…else
 Switch
 Iteration
 While
 Do…while
 For Loop
 Types of Errors
 Syntax
 Logical
 Runtime

2
CONTROL STRUCTURES

• if … else
• switch case

3
IF AND IF-ELSE STATEMENTS

Syntax:
if(condition)  Example:

{ if(x==y)

// if body {

// Statements to execute if condition cout<<“Both numbers are equal”<<endl;

is true }
} Do I really need the braces in this example?

4
 IF AND IF-ELSE STATEMENTS

 Example:
Syntax:
if(condition)
if(x==y)
{ {
// if body cout<<“Both numbers are equal”<<endl;
// Statements to execute if condition is true
}
}
else
else
{
{
cout<<“Both Numbers are not equal”<<endl;
// if body
// Statements to execute if condition is false
}
Do I really need the braces in this example?
}
5
NESTED IF AND NESTED IF-ELSE STATEMENTS
Syntax
if(condition1)
if(condition2) if(x==y)
{
if(y==z)
// if body
{
// Statements to execute if condition1 and
condition2 are true cout<<“The three numbers are equal”<<endl;
}
}
Another equivalent Code:
Another Equivalent Solution:
if(condition1 && condition2)
{ if(x==y && y==z)
// if body {
// Statements to execute if condition1 and cout<<“The three numbers are equal”<<endl;
condition2 are true 6

} }
Syntax if(x==y)
if(condition1) {
{// outer if body if(y==z)
if(condition2) {
{ cout<<“The three numbers are
// inner if body equal”<<endl;
// Statements to execute if condition1 and }
condition2 are true
else
}
{
else
cout<<“The x=y and y not equal z”<<endl;
{
}
// Statements to execute if condition1 is true and
condition2 is false }
} else
} {
else cout<<“x is not equal y”<<endl;
{ }
// Statements to execute if condition1 is false and
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}
DANGLING ELSE  Having two if statements with only one written else and no braces

PROBLEM ➔ the else part automatically follows the inner if

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 Branching: if Statement

if (x == 100)
cout << "x is 100";
else
cout << "x is not 100";

if (x == 100) equivalent if (x == 100)

cout << "x is 100"; cout << "x is 100";
cout << "x is not 100"; cout << "x is not 100";

In case x equals 100

The first block will print one message only,
9
while the second and third blocks will print two messages
 Note

Not if (x = 100)
if (x == 100) equivalent
cout << "x is 100"; cout << "x is 100";

else else

cout << "x is not 100"; cout << "x is not 100";

In case x equals 100

The first block will print “x is 100”,
while the second will print “x is 100” even if x has another
value, because one symbol = means an assignment statement 10

not a comparison statement

NOTE
if (radius >= 0) if (radius >= 0)
area = radius * radius * PI; {
cout << "The area " area = radius * radius * PI;
<< " is " << area; cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area;
}
(a) Wrong (b) Correct

 Remember to include necessary braces

11
NOTE Logic Error Empty Body

if (radius >= 0); if (radius >= 0) { };

{ Equivalent {
area = radius * radius * PI; area = radius * radius * PI;
cout << "The area " cout << "The area "
<< " is " << area; << " is " << area;
} }
(a) (b)
Wrong Semicolon at the if Line
int i = 1; int i = 1;
int j = 2; int j = 2;
Equivalent
int k = 3; int k = 3;

if (i > j) if (i > j)
if (i > k) This is better if (i > k)
cout << "A"; with correct cout << "A";
else indentation else
cout << "B"; cout << "B";

(a) (b) 12

Match ELSE to correct IF (dangling else)

 NOTE

To force the else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a pair of
braces:

int i = 1, j = 2, k = 3;
if (i > j)
{
if (i > k) Common Errors:
cout << "A"; • Adding semi-colon at the
end of the condition
} • Forgetting the braces for
else blocks of code.
• Dangling else.
cout << "B";
Output? 13

This statement prints B.

NOTE

if (even == true) Equivalent if (even)

cout <<"It is even."; cout << "It is even.";

(a) (b)
This is better

 Redundant Testing of Boolean Values

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Branching: Switch Statement
Remark: Used Only for equal comparison
for integers or characters

15
A. Branching: Switch Statement (cont.)

int x=15; int x=15;

if(x==10) switch(x)
cout<<“ten\n”; {
case 10: cout<<“ten\n”;
else
break;
if(x==15) equivalent
case 15: cout<<“fifteen\n”;
cout<<“fifteen\n”; break;
else case 20: cout<<“Twenty\n”;
if(x==20) break;
cout<<“Twenty\n”; default:
else cout<<“Invalid value\n”;
}
cout<<“Invalid value\n”;

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BRANCHING: SWITCH STATEMENT

 A toll station wants to know the vehicle type from the

user in order to decide the toll fees as follows:
 Passenger cars pay 10 LE
 Buses pay 15 LE
 Trucks pay 30 LE
 Implement a program to solve the previous problem.
 Note: You should also handle unknown vehicles by giving
them a message that they are unknown.
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 A. Branching: Switch Statement (cont.)
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
float toll=-1;
char vehicle;
cout<<"Enter vehicle class ( P: Passenger, B:Bus, T:Truck)\n";
cin>>vehicle;
switch(vehicle)
{
case 'P’:
Case ‘p’:
cout<<"Passenger car\n";
toll=10;
break;
case 'B’:
Case ‘b’:
cout<<"Bus\n";
toll=15;
break;
case 'T’:
Case ‘t’:
cout<<"Truck\n";
toll=30;
break;
default: cout<<"unknown vehicle type\n";
}
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cout<<"You should pay "<<toll<<" LE\n";
}
Branching: Switch Statement (cont.)

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 void main()
{
GRADES char grade;
INTERPRETATION cout << "Enter student grade\n";
cin >> grade;
if (grade =='A' || grade == 'a')
cout << "Excellent\n";
else if (grade =='B' || grade == 'b')
cout << "Very Good\n";
 Develop aProgram that else if (grade =='C' || grade == 'c')
reads student grade and cout << "Good\n";
interprets it. else if (grade =='D' || grade == 'd')
cout << "You can do better\n";
else if (grade =='E' || grade == 'e')
How many
branches
cout << "Disappointing\n";
execute? else
cout << "Invalid Grade\n";
}
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 GRADE INTERPRETATION

break causes switch to end and the

program continues with the first statement after
char grade; the switch structure.
cout << "Enter student grade\n";
cin >> grade;
switch (grade)
{
case 'A':
cout << "Excellent\n"; break;
case 'B':
cout << "Very Good\n"; break;
case 'C':
cout << "Good\n"; break;
case 'D':
cout << "You can do better\n"; break;
case 'E':
cout << "Disappointing\n"; break;
default:
cout << "Invalid Grade\n"; 21
}
GRADE INTERPRETATION
char grade;
cout << "Enter student grade\n";
cin >> grade;
switch (grade)
{
case 'A': // Fall to through to next case
case 'a':
cout << "Excellent\n"; break;
case 'B':
case 'b':
cout << "Very Good\n"; break;
case 'C':
case 'c':
cout << "Good\n"; break;
case 'D':
case 'd':
cout << "You can do better\n"; break;
case 'E':
case 'e':
cout << "Disappointing\n"; break;
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default:
cout << "Invalid Grade\n";
}
PROBLEM
 Decide if input day is weekday or part of weekend based on its number.
int day;
cout << "Enter day\n";
cin >> day;
switch (day)
{
case 1: // Fall to through to the next case
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
case 5:
cout << "Weekday\n"; break;
case 6:
case 7:
cout << "Weekend\n"; break;
default: 23
cout << "Invalid day\n";
}
CONTROL STRUCTURES

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 Design Structures
Sequence

• One statement is executed after another

Selection/Decision

• Statements can be executed or skipped depending on whether a

condition evaluates to True or False
• If – else
• switch

Repetition

• Statements are executed repeatedly until a condition evaluates to

True or False
• while
• Do…while
• for

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CONTROL STRUCTURES

• while loop
• do….while loop
• for loop
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WHILE LOOP
while (condition) while (condition)

{ statement;
statement1;
statement2;
}

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Iteration: While Loop

• Its functionality is simply to repeat statements

as long as the condition is true. head: how many
times to repeat
body
while(bool_expression)
statement;
or
while(bool_expression) body: part
of code
{ statement1; that is
statement2; repeated

}
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Iteration: While Loop (cont.)
while(bool_expression)
{ statement1; start count
if bool_exp is true
{ execute body
statement2; index update
re-evaluate bool_exp
} }
else
1 exit the loop
2

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Iteration: While Loop (cont.)
Example

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Iteration: While Loop (cont.)
Remark
Index update (INSIDE LOOP BODY) MUST change the result
of the bool_exp so we can exit the loop at some point of
execution, otherwise you will go into an infinite loop…
something very bad!

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Iteration: While Loop (cont.)
Remark
Index update (INSIDE LOOP BODY) MUST change the result
of the bool_exp so we can exit the loop at some point of
execution, otherwise you will go into an infinite loop…
something very bad!

32
Iteration: While Loop (cont.)
• The body of the while statement
cannot be simple. It must be compound.
WHY?
while(bool_expression)
Because there
{ statement1; must always be
statement2; Block of code an extra
statement3; statement to
} change the
bool_expressio
n

33
1
2
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // function main begins program execution Output:
1
9 void main() 2
10 { 3
4
11 int number = 1; // initialization 5
6
12 7
13 while (number <= 10 ) { // repetition condition 8
9
14 cout << number << endl; // display number 10
15 ++number; // increment
16
17 } // end while
18
34
19
21 } // end function main
WHILE LOOP: COUNT DOWN

Program counts down from a user input value to 1 then prints FIRE!
int num;
cout << "Enter start number:\n";
cin >> num;
while (num > 0) // while (num >= 1)
{
cout << num << '\t';
num--;
}
cout << "FIRE!!\n";

35
CLASS AVERAGE (5 STD.)

int total; // sum of grades

int gradeCounter; // number of grades to be entered
int grade; // grade value
int average; // average of grades

total = 0; // initialize total

gradeCounter = 1; // initialize loop counter

while (gradeCounter <= 5) //loop 5 times

{
cout << "Enter grade: "; // prompt for input
cin >> grade; //read grade from user
total = total + grade; // add grade to total
gradeCounter++; // increment counter
}
average = total / 5;
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cout << "Class average is " << average << endl;
 HOW TO DISPLAY CORRECT AVERAGE?

float total;
int gradeCounter;
int grade;
float average;

total = 0;
gradeCounter = 1;

while (gradeCounter <= 5)

{
cout << "Enter grade: "; Another Solution:
cin >> grade;
total = total + grade; int total; Type
Casting
gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; float average;
}
……….
average = total / 5;
cout << "Class average is " << average << endl; ……..
average= (float) total/5;
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38
PROBLEM

 Suppose that the tuition for a university is $10,000 this year and
that the tuition increases 7% every year. In how many years will the
tuition be doubled or more?

39
SOLUTION

int year = 1;
float tuition = 10000; // Year 1
while (tuition < 20000)
{
year++;
tuition *= 1.07; //tuition = tuition + tuition * 0.07

cout << "Tuition will be doubled in " << year << " years" << endl;
cout << "Tuition will be $" << tuition << " in "
<< year << " years" << endl;

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DO WHILE LOOP

do do
statement; {
while (condition); statement1;
statement2;
} while (condition);

Its functionality is simply to execute set of statements

and then repeat them as long as the condition is
true.
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Iteration: Do..While Loop
do
Notice the
{ statement1; semicolon

statement2;
} while(bool_expression) ;
body: part
of code
that is
repeated

head: how many

times to repeat
body
42
Iteration: Do..While Loop (cont.)
do
{ statement1; start count
{ execute body
index update
statement2; re-evaluate bool_exp
} if bool_exp is true
} while(bool_expression);
else
1 exit the loop

Compared to the while loop

2

43
 Iteration: Do..While Loop (cont.)
What if i is
initialized

Example1: by 3?

44
1 // Fig. 2.24: fig02_24.cpp
2 // Using the do/while repetition structure.
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 // function main begins program execution
9 void main()
10 {
11 int counter = 1; // initialize counter
12
13 do {
14 cout << counter << " "; // display counter
15 } while ( ++counter <= 10 ); // end do/while
16
Notice the preincrement
17 cout << endl; in loop-continuation test.
18
19
20
21 } // end function main 45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
int num;
cout << "Enter start number:\n";
DO
cin >> num;
WHILE:
do
COUNT
{ DOWN
cout << num << '\t';
num--;
} while (num > 0);
cout << "FIRE!!\n"; 46
47
48