GCSE (9-1)

Design and
Technology
AQA 8552

M J Ross
AQA GCSE (9-1)
Design and Technology
M.J. Ross

Published by
PG Online Limited
The Old Coach House
35 Main Road
Tolpuddle
Dorset
DT2 7EW
United Kingdom
sales@pgonline.co.uk
www.pgonline.co.uk
2017
 Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the AQA Examination Board for permission to use questions from past papers.

The answers in the Teacher’s Supplement are the sole responsibility of the authors and have neither been
provided nor approved by the examination board.

Every effort has been made to trace and acknowledge ownership of copyright. The publishers will be happy
to make any future amendments with copyright owners that it has not been possible to contact. The author
and publisher would like to thank the following companies and individuals who granted permission for the
use of their images in this textbook.

Cover Paper Shears: © Dahle

Cover picture © ‘Stony Sunrise’ Rotary cutting tool and perforating tool courtesy of Olfa
Paper and acrylic on masonite board 90 x 45 x 3cm Creasing machine: © Punchbind - UK Distributors of Cyklos
Reproduced with the kind permission of Amy Genser Creasing Machines
www.nummer40.com Maun safety rule with cutting mat courtesy of Axminster Tool
www.amygenser.com Centre Ltd
Fuse Creativity System, courtesy of Fiskars
Section 1 Ratchet Rivet courtesy of GBK UK Ltd
Social logos: RoseStudio / Shutterstock.com Slide Binder courtesy of JFK Binding Supplies Ltd
Lunatik watch: © MINIMAL Tamper proof sticker courtesy of StickerYou Inc.
Fairtrade logo: © Fairtrade Foundation FSC logo: © The Forest Stewardship Council
BioLitetm stove: © BioLite tm PEFC logo: © PEFC UK Ltd
Plopp chocolate: Cloetta AB Bobbin Sander courtesy of Axminster Tool Centre Ltd
The New Fiver: © Bank of England New Sling: Design and photography: © David Trubridge
Key turner: courtesy of OTS Ltd Quality Control go / no go gauge: © Yorkshire Precision Gauges
Easi-Grip Trowel with Arm Support courtesy of Peta (UK) Limited Ltd
Metal band saw courtesy of Axminster Tool Centre Ltd
Section 2 Polymorph: www.mindsetsonline.co.uk
Windup Radio: © Freeplay EyeMax Radio Plastic door hinge courtesy of SDS London
Elastic band toy: Pitsco Education, USA, pitsco.com Disc sander courtesy of Axminster Tool Centre Ltd
Wooden balloon car courtesy of Tobar Group Trading Ltd Brasso: Reckitt Benckiser Group plc
Flexible mdf: Matchboard Ltd Flame resistant fabric: © Finlam Technical
Foamed aluminium components: Havel Metal Foam GmbH Piping courtesy of By Hand London Sewing Patterns
Metal foam: © Apichart Jinnapat and Andrew Kennedy, licensee Copper Clad circuit board: © Yoonseo Kang, OpenStax CNX
MDPI, Basel, Switzerland PCB Scrub block courtesy of RS Components Limited
Thermochromic sheet: SFXC Good Life Innovations Ltd Fume extractor courtesy of RS Components Limited
Photochromic beads with torch: Educational Innovations www.
teachersource.com Section 6
Polymorph and QTC strips: www.mindsetsonline.co.uk Adidas X Parley Shoe made using Parley Ocean Plastictm
Conductive thread courtesy of SparkFun Electronics Harry Beck map: © TfL from the London Transport Museum
Common input components courtesy of collection
RS Components Limited Issigonis Sketch, Mini Overview: © British Motor Industry Heritage
Circuit Wizard screenshot: © New Wave Concepts Trust
Pierre Davis: lev radin / Shutterstock.com
Aquatics centre: Ron Ellis / Shutterstock.com
Section 3
San Cataldo: AJ165 / Shutterstock.com
Foam core board: © GPM Ltd
Synapsi: Vladimir Staykov / Shutterstock.com
Apple range: Rokas Tenys / Shutterstock.com
Section 4 Dyson store: Sorbis / Shutterstock.com
Cardboard furniture: © Philippe Nigro - Skitsch Build Up Anna G Corkscrew, Designer Alessandro Mendini:
Eureka Jeans detail: © Raoul Breugelmans
© Alessi, S.p.a., Crusinallo, Italy
(eurekajeans.com)
Juicy Salif, Designer Philippe Stark: © Alessi, S.p.a., Crusinallo,
Poang Chair: Inter Ikea Systems B.V.
Italy
Harry Thaler Pressed Chair: © Jäger & Jäger
Honda Robotics: © Honda Motor Co. Ltd
Desertification: © Defence.pk
Designer’s sketch: © Robert Bronwasser (2007)
Diavik open pit mine: © 2016 Rio Tinto
Fashion sketch: Leonora Sheppard
Made in Britain logo: Made in Britain
Assured Food Standards logo: Section 7
Red Tractor Assurance Maun safety rule: Maun Industries Ltd
Pippy oak dining table courtesy of Jim Tory Furniture Rotary cutting tool courtesy of Olfa
www.jimtoryfurniture.co.uk Scribing tool courtesy of Axminster Tool Centre Ltd

Section 5 All Sections

Paper detail: © Phenom-World Photographic images: © Shutterstock and © iStock
Maun safety rule: Maun Industries Ltd End of Section exercises contributed by Barry Lambert

ii
Preface
This is a brand new book that provides comprehensive yet concise coverage of all the topics covered
in the new AQA 8552 Design and Technology (9-1) specification, written and presented in a way that is
accessible to teenagers and easy to teach from. It can be used both as a course text and as a revision
guide for students nearing the end of their course.

It is divided into 12 sections covering every element of the specification. Sections 5A to 5F of the
textbook cover each of the specialist technical areas. These sections would complement practical
classroom experience.

Each chapter contains exercises and questions, some new and some from past examination papers.
Answers to all of these are available to teachers only in a Teacher’s Supplement which can be ordered
from our website www.pgonline.co.uk.

Approval message from AQA

This textbook has been approved by AQA for use with our qualification. This means that we have
checked that it broadly covers the specification and we are satisfied with the overall quality. Full details of
our approval process can be found on our website.

We approve textbooks because we know how important it is for teachers and students to have the right
resources to support their teaching and learning. However, the publisher is ultimately responsible for the
editorial control and quality of this book.

Please note that when teaching the GCSE Design and Technology course, you must refer to AQA’s
specification as your definitive source of information. While this book has been written to match the
specification, it cannot provide complete coverage of every aspect of the course.

A wide range of other useful resources can be found on the relevant subject pages of our
website: www.aqa.org.uk.

Graphics: Paul Raudner / PG Online Ltd

Design and artwork: PG Online Ltd

Updated for the 2022 specification changes.

10 9 8 7 6
A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-910523-10-0
Copyright © M.J. Ross, 2017
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written
permission of the copyright owner.
Printed on FSC® certified paper ®
MIX
Paper from
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell & Bain Limited responsible sources
FSC® C007785

iii
 Contents
Core technical principles
Section 1  New and emerging technologies 1
Chapter   1 Industry and enterprise 2
 2 Sustainability and the environment 7
 3 People, culture and society 13
 4 Production techniques and systems 21
 5 Informing design decisions 25

Section 2  Energy, materials, systems and devices 31

Chapter   6 Energy generation 32
 7 Energy storage 38
 8 Modern materials 43
 9 Smart materials 49
10 Composite materials and technical textiles 55
11 Systems approach to designing  60
12 Electronic systems processing 64
13 Mechanical devices 70

Section 3  Materials and their working properties 79

Chapter 14 Papers and boards 81
15 Natural and manufactured timbers 84
16 Metals and alloys 88
17 Polymers 91
18 Textiles 94

iv
Specialist technical principles
Section 4 Common specialist technical principles 101
Chapter 19 Forces and stresses on materials and objects 102
20 Improving functionality 105
21 Ecological and social footprint 111
22 The six Rs 119
23 Scales of production 124

Section 5A  Papers and boards 130

Chapter 24 Sources, origins and properties 130
25 Working with papers and boards 133
26 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 141

Section 5B  Timber based materials 147

Chapter 27 Sources, origins and properties 147
28 Working with timber based materials 151
29 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 159

Section 5C  Metal based materials 163

Chapter 30 Sources, origins and properties 163
31 Working with metal based materials and fixings 166
32 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 176

Section 5D  Polymers 180

Chapter 33 Sources, origins and properties 180
34 Working with polymer based materials and fixings 185
35 Commercial manufacturing and quality control 194

Section 5E  Textile based materials 199

Chapter 36 Sources, origins and properties 199
37 Working with textile based materials and fixings 204
38 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 211

Section 5F  Electronic systems 216

Chapter 39 Selection of materials and components 216
40 Working with electronic components 220
41 Commercial manufacturing and quality control 228

v
 Designing and making principles
Section 6  Designing principles 237
Chapter 42 Investigation, primary and secondary data 238
43 The work of others 245
44 Design strategies 258
45 Communication of design ideas and prototype development 263

Section 7  Making principles 273

Chapter 46 Selection of materials and components 274
47 Tolerances and allowances 277
48 Material management and marking out 280
49 Specialist tools, equipment, techniques and processes 285
50 Surface treatments and finishes 289

Index294

vi
Section 1
New and emerging technologies

In this section:
Chapter 1 Industry and enterprise 2 1
Chapter 2 Sustainability and the environment 7
Chapter 3 People, culture and society 13
Chapter 4 Production techniques and systems  21
Chapter 5 Informing design decisions 25

Section 1 New and emerging technologies 1

 SECTION 1 NEW AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES Virtual marketing and retail
Virtual marketing and virtual retail includes the use of websites, social media, email and digital
marketing to reach a wider audience and potential client base in order to promote a product,
service or idea.
Virtual campaigns using social media to spread the word have become a very popular way to
launch products. Facebook and YouTube have become huge platforms to promote business
and enterprise ideas. Other social media platforms include the professional network LinkedIn
where business-minded people can share their ideas and services. Additionally, blogs and vlogs
are targeted to appeal to new audiences, and small fortunes are being amassed by enterprising
people who have a large online following.

A more subtle form of virtual marketing is search engine optimisation. Companies make efforts
to boost their website higher up internet search results than their competition. The goal is also
to make their website appear on the first page of search results for as many relevant keyword
requests as possible. Virtual marketing also includes paid-for advertisements that appear beside
search results.

Cooperatives
A cooperative is an enterprise that is commonly owned and run by its members who may
comprise its workforce or its customers. Cooperatives are formed to enable a group of people
1 with the same business interests to have greater protection and a stronger democratic voice.
Cooperatives can be a cost-effective way to sell goods and services and are frequently based
around a local community. They are set up to protect the rights of its members and ensure fair
and just terms and conditions apply to all members.

How might the staff-owners of a worker-cooperative be motivated differently to staff of

Q7 a non-cooperative organisation?

Fairtrade
Fairtrade is about better prices, decent working conditions and fair terms of trade for farmers
and workers in less economically developed countries.
Fairtrade supports the development of thriving farming and worker communities that have more
control over their futures and protecting the environment in which they live and work.
It is an alternative approach that is based on partnership; one between those who grow food and
those who consume it. When you buy products with the Fairtrade Mark, it means that the Fairtrade
ingredients in the product have been produced by small-scale farmer organisations or plantations
that meet Fairtrade social, economic and environmental standards. The standards include
protection of workers' rights and the environment, payment of the Fairtrade Minimum Price and an
additional Fairtrade Premium to invest in business or community projects. Around 2 million farmers
and workers in 71 countries benefit from having Fairtrade certification for their products.

6 Section 1 New and emerging technologies

 SECTION 2 ENERGY, MATERIALS, SYSTEMS AND DEVICES Power generation is more efficient during periods of heavy rainfall. At other times, water is
pumped back up to the top of the reservoir when the demand for electricity is low. The flow of
water through the turbine is easily controlled, making it simple to alter the power being produced
depending on the demand at different times of the day.
Transformer

Reservoir Dam

Sluice
gate

Outflow

Turbine and generator

What might be the impact on the natural environment and wildlife of constructing
Q7 a dam at the end of a valley and flooding the valley to create a reservoir for a
hydroelectric power station?

Q8 List as many positive factors for hydroelectric power as you can.

Biofuel
2 The production of biofuel is becoming a viable way of producing energy for our transportation
and heating needs. Oil- and starch-producing crops are grown, harvested and refined into a
number of products, including biodiesel. The process is commonly known as biomass energy
production. The term biomass can include other solid biofuels such as wood chips and farm waste.

Food
Sun products
energy

Crop
refining

Renewable
resource Biodiesel
(as well as production
used cooking oil)
Renewable
fuel

CO2
Glycerine
Existing
products
technology

In 2022, biomass accounted for around 7% of the UK's electricity supply, and 6% of the fuel for
the UK’s transportation system came from biodiesel, according to the Department of Transport.
A growing number of companies and private users are recycling spent cooking oil, (a waste
product from the catering industry) and converting it into biodiesel by refining it independently.

36 Section 2 Energy, materials, systems and devices

Pneumatics

CHAPTER 7 ENERGY STORAGE

Another form of compression is used to store gas or air under pressure. This area of mechanical
power is known as pneumatics, where movement is controlled by using a system of valves,
actuators, pistons and other dedicated controllers. Pneumatic systems are commonplace
for controlling production lines in the manufacturing industry. They are accurate, efficient and
relatively low maintenance.

Reservoir

Cylinder - Air push spring return

‘T’
fitting Solenoid

Cylinder - Air push spring return

Solenoid

Hydraulics
The gas or air in a pneumatic system can be swapped for a liquid, most commonly oil. This type
of movement control is known as hydraulics and is commonly used in car braking systems and
lifting gear like forklift trucks and tractors. Hydraulic systems can be extremely powerful and are
also used in many industrial applications.

Both hydraulic and pneumatic systems need compression in order for the systems to operate.
This is usually delivered through a type of pump called a compressor. These come in many
different shapes and sizes, depending on the task and the amount of pressure required.
Most compressors have a storage tank where the air or liquid is held under pressure ready
to be used. When the pressure in the tank falls below a preset minimum, the compressor will
automatically turn on and build the pressure back up to the preset maximum level. The pressure
is measured in bar.

Q4 How does a pump build up pressure in pneumatic and hydraulic systems?

Q5 Define the difference between a pneumatic and a hydraulic system.

Q6 Find out what pressure in bar mains water is usually supplied at in your area.

Chapter 7 Energy storage 39

 SECTION 2 ENERGY, MATERIALS, SYSTEMS AND DEVICES Self-healing materials
Self-healing polymers and bio-concrete are two examples of materials that can respond to
stress fractures and repair themselves. Self-healing polymers contain microencapsulated resin-
based adhesives that are released and activated when stress fractures are caused. Resin fills the
crack and hardens, leaving a small bubble behind instead of a long fracture. Bio-concrete uses
a special bacteria mixture that can fill fractures with calcium carbonate (limestone) when water
seeps in, creating a solid repair.

Microcapsules ruptured Polymer resin is Resin hardens

by fracture released into fracture and heals damage

Discuss the potential benefits of using self-healing concrete in civil engineering projects
Q6 such as bridges, tunnels and roads.

2 Quantum Tunnelling Composite

This smart material has the ability to be either a conductor or an insulator. QTC® varies its
electrical resistance depending on the amount of pressure or stress applied to it. The more
pressure applied, the less resistance it has. Therefore, in a lighting application the harder you
press, the brighter the lamp would shine. It works because billions of conductive nanoparticles
are held in a polymer without actually touching each other. When no pressure is applied the
material is an insulator, but when pressure is applied, the conductive particles move closer
together and it becomes a conductor.

Current flow

Flexible polymer

Conducting path
e-

e-

Electrode Electrode
Conductive particles

A number of applications have been developed for QTC®, including variable-speed controls
for power tools and home appliances, touch-sensitive pads for interaction with computers and
mobile technology, flexible keyboards and wearable technology.

52 Section 2 Energy, materials, systems and devices

Exercises

SECTION 2 EXERCISES
1. Describe how electricity is generated from fossil fuels. [2]

2. (a) Name three different types of renewable energy.  [3]

(b) Describe the process of generating energy using one of the renewable energy
sources you have named in your answer to part (a).  [2]

3. Evaluate the points for and against nuclear power.  [6]

4. (a) State the typical voltage provided by each cell in a 3 volt battery.  [1]

(b) A PP3 battery as shown below produces 9V.

An electrical product requires an 18V supply.

Calculate how many cells are used if two PP3 batteries are used.  [3]
2
(c) Explain one advantage for the user of using rechargeable batteries. [2]

5. Explain two advantages of using metal foams in military vehicles.  [4]

6. Describe how Nitinol, an SMA, could be used to control the fingers and thumb on a
robotic hand.  [2]

7. The picture below shows a baby feeding spoon.

The polymer contains a thermochromic pigment.

Explain one reason for using a thermochromic pigment in the polymer for the baby
feeding spoon.  [2]

8. Explain two advantages of making a hockey stick out of carbon fibre rather than GRP.  [2]

Section 2 Exercises 77
Non-woven textiles

CHAPTER 18 TEXTILES
Non-woven fabrics are made directly from fibres without being spun into yarns. The most
commonly available non-woven fabrics are bonded fabrics made from a web of fibres held
together with heat or adhesive. Common uses of non-woven fabrics include disposable products
such as garments worn by surgeons and crime scene investigators, dishcloths and interfacings.
Non-woven fabrics can be given special treatments such as flame resistance to make head rest
covers on trains and aircraft.

Felting is a mechanical process which has traditionally been done by hand, but is now mainly
machine produced. It involves matting together wool or synthetic fibres using a combination of
heat, pressure, moisture and movement to mesh the fibres together in a random way. Felt can be
formed into shapes when wet (see drape formed hats in Chapter 37), but it does not have any
elasticity and will not drape well when dry. It is not strong and can pull apart under tension, but
unlike woven fabric, will not fray when cut.
3

Name Appearance Image Characteristics Example uses

Bonded Random laid fibres Fabrics lack Disposable
fabric are visible in the strength, they have products such as
fabric, it can have no grain so can be protective clothing
small holes or a cut in any direction worn for hygiene
textured surface and do not fray purposes, tea
bags, dish cloths
and dusters
Felted Matted fibres Can be formed Hats, handicraft,
fabric randomly with moisture and pads under
interspersed, wide heat; once dry it furniture to prevent
range of colours has no elasticity scratching,
and thicknesses or drape, and can soundproofing and
pull apart easily. insulation
Woollen varieties
can be expensive

Q5 What might happen to woollen felted products if they are washed in hot water?

Chapter 18 Textiles 97
 SECTION 5B TIMBER BASED MATERIALS

‘New Sling’ - Steam bent seat by David Trubridge

Wood joints
One of the most effective ways to join two or more pieces of wood is with a wood joint. Wood
joints can be used to fabricate carcase constructions e.g. a drawer or bookshelf, and frame
constructions e.g. tables, chairs and picture frames. Joints need to be made precisely and time
should be taken to mark out accurately and ensure that any cuts are made on the waste side
of the marked out lines. Joints are best pared down with a chisel if they do not fit first time. It is
preferable to have wood joints that are a tight fit rather than ones which are too loose and require
filling, as this can weaken them.

Name Characteristics Image

Butt joint The most basic joint, not very strong due
to little surface area for the adhesive and
no mechanical advantage. Pins or nails
often used
5B
5A Dowelled Similar to the butt joint but with wooden
joint dowels that add strength and assist
rigidity. Dowels are glued in for extra
strength
Mitre joint More attractive than the butt joint and
used for picture frames and surrounds.
Weak due to lack of surface area, metal
splines can be used to help strengthen
them
Housing A stronger joint that has larger surface
joint area for glueing and the physical
advantage of the wood being supported
by three sides
Mortise A strong joint used in table and chair
and tenon construction. Very large surface area Mortise Tenon
joint for glue and good physical advantage
created by the tenon
Mortise Tenon

Mortise
Mortise Tenon
Tenon
Which joint from this selection do you think would best suit the following tasks?
Q11
(a)  A shelf
(b)  Architrave around a door frame
(c)  A raised vegetable bed made from railway sleepers

158 Section 5B Timber based materials

Chapter 38 – C
 ommercial manufacturing,

CHAPTER 38 COMMERCIAL MANUFACTURING

surface treatments and finishes
Objectives
• Know and understand how textile based materials are selected and processed for
commercial products
• Understand why aids are used to judge quality and accuracy before and during processing
• Understand how surface treatments and finishes affect the functional and aesthetic properties
of textile products

Textiles for commercial products

Commercial textile production has developed significantly over the last 50 years owing to new
materials being invented as well as new industrial manufacturing methods and higher levels of
computer driven automation. Both ‘technology push’, in the form of new materials and ‘market pull’
with demand for greater performance of fabrics, have contributed to a huge and expanding industry.
The introduction of stretch fabrics has transformed aerodynamics, especially seen in cycling and
swimming, enabling items of clothing to fit tightly thus reducing drag yet allowing for freedom
of movement by the wearer. Wicking fabrics have also been of huge benefit to athletes and
outdoor adventurers by allowing perspiration to evaporate quickly, keeping the wearer dry.
Sportswear and outdoor apparel have gone through more changes than many other areas of
textiles over the last few decades owing to constant developments in new technologies, giving a
greater range of physical and working properties to use. These fabrics can also take advantage
of microencapsulation. (See Chapter 10 for more detail.) 5E

How have developments in commercial textiles helped to improve comfort and safety
Q1 in motorsport apparel?

Commercial developments in the area of home and business furnishings have led to a greater
range of choice through colours, styles and levels of quality. Furnishings cover a multitude of
interior, and increasingly, exterior quality textiles, including carpets, rugs, upholstery fabrics,
curtains, cushions and many more. These products all form part of our living and working spaces
and are chosen for many different reasons. Aesthetics are very important to most people, but the
physical and working properties may well be of equal or greater concern to a customer.

Chapter 38 Commercial manufacturing, surface treatments and finishes 211

 SECTION 5 SPECIALIST TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES
Section 5 Exercises
Exercises in this section are generic so that answers may be given in context that apply appropriate
techniques, knowledge and understanding from any of the material areas.

1. Choose one of the materials in the table below.

Materials
Solid white Low carbon
Ash Acrylic Cotton
board steel

Name one surface finish or treatment that can be applied to the material to enhance the
functional or mechanical properties.

Use notes and/or sketches to explain how the surface finish or treatment can be changed
to improve or enhance its properties. [5]

Name of material: _________________________________________________________

Surface finish or treatment: _________________________________________________________

2. Describe two ways that materials can be shaped or formed.

Give examples in your answers. [4]

3. Five materials are listed in the table below. Choose one material:
5
x Materials
Corrugated Low carbon Polyvinyl
Plywood Wool yarn
card steel chloride (PVC)

(a) State one raw primary source material of your chosen material. [1]

(b) Give one stock form in which the material is likely to be available. [1]

(c) Describe the manufacturing process(es) used to turn the raw primary source material
into a stock form. You may include sketches in your answer. [3]

(d) Describe two ways that one of the materials can be modified. [4]

4. Choose one product or component from the table below and describe two features that
make it suitable for mass production. [4]

Aluminium PET water

Foil lined board Cotton skirt Pine roof truss
drink can bottle

234 Section 5 Specialist technical principles

 CHAPTER 43 THE WORK OF OTHERS
The Aquatics Centre at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects

Yinka Ilori 1987

Yinka draws on his British-Nigerian heritage to create bold and visually distinctive designs.
His brave use of colour runs through his architecture, furniture design and interiors. He has
transformed basketball courts, skate-board parks, pedestrian crossings, laundrettes as well as a
host of everyday spaces into fresh and vibrant environments with the use of bold colour.
Charles Rennie Mackintosh 1868–1928
Mackintosh was a Scottish, Glasgow-based designer, architect and artist who played a formative
role in the Art Nouveau movement. He was known for his use of light and shadow, along with
modernist geometric lines interlaced with natural forms and a hint of Asian and Japanese influence.
Elsie Owusu OBE 1953
Elsie works as a ‘conservation’ architect, regenerating public spaces such as London’s Green
Park Station and the UK Supreme Court building. She is collaborating on an eco-development in 6
Ghana to bring ingenious infrastructure to emerging economies. She has her own architectural
practice and is the first chair of the Society of Black Architects.
Aldo Rossi 1931–1997
An accomplished Italian architect and later a product designer, Aldo Rossi became known
(by others) as a leading light in the Post-Modern movement. He was also an accomplished
writer on urban theory and produced many great drawings. His main product design work was
completed during the 1980s when he produced many iconic artefacts for Molteni and Alessi
(covered later in this chapter).

San Cataldo cemetery in Modena, Italy, designed by Aldo Rossi

Chapter 43 The work of others 249

 SECTION 6 DESIGNING PRINCIPLES Product design
Marcel Breuer 1902–1981
One of the most iconic modern chairs of the 20th century was designed by Marcel Breuer, the
head cabinet maker at the Bauhaus during its development. His Wassily Chair, the first ever to
be made from tubular steel, was inspired by bicycle handlebars. The leather seat appears to float
on air and was considered a ground-breaking design at the time. Breuer went on to become an
accomplished architect.
Aljoud Lootah 1983
Shape and form are at the heart of Aljoud’s designs. With her studio in Dubai, she produces
furniture, lighting and objects where geometry and repeat patterns characterise her work. She
is inspired by traditional crafts and reflects some of their intricate details into her work. She
was named Young Designer of the Year at the 2013 Arab Woman Awards, and now has pieces
exhibited in galleries internationally.

Describe how Marcel Breuer’s ‘Wassily Chair’ follows the key principles of
Q7 Bauhaus design.

Kusheda Mensah
A designer of furniture and lifestyle pieces, Kusheda’s work explores how to add some fun into
a functional environment, creating curvy and tactile pieces. She carefully selects her textiles and
uses recycled foam to help make her production line more environmentally friendly. Sustainability
is also core to her business and she has collaborated with Adidas using post-consumer recycled

6
PET for a collection of abstract pieces.
Karim Rashid 1960
Karim is an award-winning designer, producing striking interior designs, luxury goods and high-
tech products for clients such as Audi, Hugo Boss, Sony Ericsson and for stylish hotel and
restaurant brands around the world. His work is sensual yet minimal with a bright colour palette.
He holds an Honorary Doctorate in Art and Design and is a regular guest lecturer at universities
and conferences. His work is exhibited in many museums including MoMA and Centre
Pompidou.

Sculpture and graphic artworks in the renovated interior of

The University of Naples Metro station, designed by Karim Rashid

250 Section 6 Designing principles

 Drawing techniques

CHAPTER 45 COMMUNICATION OF DESIGN IDEAS

There are three main types of 3D drawing styles that you are likely to use within your portfolio.
These vary in their level of complexity to produce and have different advantages
and disadvantages.
Oblique projection uses a 45-degree angle
to draw lines that represent the depth of the
side (end) and the top (plan) of the drawing.
The front of the drawing is face on to the
viewer which actually creates a visual lie. It
is impossible to see the front of a cuboid
straight on and also see the side and the top.
Oblique projection is a technique that can 45° Ø53
get an idea across quickly and simply. It
can be very useful in the early stages of
developing ideas.
Isometric projection uses a 30-degree
angle and is much more realistic. For a basic 32
15
5
cuboid, all of the height, width and depth
lines follow the 30-degree isometric grid
lines. Dimensioning can be done accurately
and, by using simple techniques, complex
shapes can be constructed or carved out of
the main cuboid.
Isometric projection is very good for
45° Ø53
6

62
design ideas that have a geometric shape.
With some practice, it is also good to 32

convey ideas quickly and to show where

components and parts fit in relation 30° 30°
32 to others. R12
15
5
Two-point perspective uses two
vanishing points that are set to the outer
edges of the page. The main construction
lines that create the width and depth are all
projected back to the two
vanishing points.
Two-point perspective gives the most
62

realistic view as it emulates the way the

32
viewer’s eye sees perspective, meaning that
things get smaller the further away they are.
30° 30°
It is great technique to give a realistic view
R12
of what a product or prototype might look
like. It is not so easy to add dimensions, in
comparison to isometric projection.

Which 3D drawing technique would you choose if you were intending to make an
Q4 accurate prototype of a product?

Chapter 45 Communication of design ideas and prototype development 265

 SECTION 7 MAKING PRINCIPLES
Chapter 48 – M
 aterial management and
marking out
Objectives
• Understand how effective design planning can minimise waste
• Be aware of how design adaptations and use of tessellation can save time and materials
• Understand how to calculate the surface area and quantity of required materials
• Understand the value of using measurement and marking out to create an accurate and
quality prototype
• Understand the use of datum points and coordinates
• Be able to recognise and characterise the appropriate tools and methods to mark out a range
of materials to create prototypes

Planning
The key to material management is to plan ahead. Working out the best way to fit the required
parts of a product onto the material efficiently is not as straightforward as one might imagine.
Material tends to come in specific sizes, depending on the type of material. Papers and boards
come in ‘A series’ sizes, for example A4 sheets are 210mm x 297mm. These A series sizes
are all rectangular, so if you wanted to cut a square shaped section from the sheet you would
automatically have waste. However, if you wanted a number of identical squares you could get a
much larger sheet and divide it up, producing less waste than using a number of smaller sheets.

7 Q1
Using the standard A series paper sizes (covered in Chapter 25) answer the
following questions.
(a)  Calculate the waste if you cut a 210mm square from a sheet of A4 paper.
(b) Calculate the waste if you cut a 195mm square from a sheet of A4 paper.
(c) Which larger size of A series paper would be the most economical to use if you
wanted to produce 66 squares at 195mm x 195mm?

As the majority of materials come in rectangular or other specific shapes and sizes there are
a few basic rules to follow in order to use materials efficiently. For example, starting from the
most effective edge or corner of a sheet and not somewhere in the middle, means that the
material remaining is as large as possible and is in its most useable form. If cutting discs from a
rectangular sheet consider the following options:

Waste Waste
piece A piece B

Waste A and B
in one piece

Extra circles cut from otherwise wasted material

280 Section 7 Making principles

 AQA GCSE (9-1) DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY INDEX
Index
0 –9 B C
2D sketching 263 Bakelite 93 CAD 3, 21, 22, 192, 212, 269
3D printing 192 balsa 85 calendering 131, 215
3D sketching 263 batch production 125 calico 96
batik 206 cam 74
batteries eccentric 74
A alkaline 41 heart shaped 74
ABS 184
disposal 42 pear 74
absorbency 80
rechargeable 41 snail 74
acrylic 92, 203
Bauxite 88, 164 CAM 21, 23, 213
additives
Beck, Harry 245 camshaft 74
paper and board 145
beech 85 canting 206
plastic 181
beliefs 17 capacitor 222
textiles 199
bell crank 73 carbon 88, 111
Adjaye, David 248
belt 76 offsetting 12
aesthetics 270
bending 104, 108 dioxide 111
air-drying 147
wood 157 footprint 111, 120
Alessi 249, 253, 257
bespoke 124, 207 carbon-fibre reinforced plastic 56
alkaline cells 41
bias 201, 207 card based food packaging 142
Allen key 152
billet 172 carding 201
allowances 279
binding 140 carton board 132, 142
alloy 45, 88, 90, 164
biofuel 36, 116 cartridge paper 81
aluminium 48, 90, 164, 217
biomass 36 Casely-Hayford, Joe 246
ore 88
Biopol 43 casing 224
analogue 64
bio-polymers 183 casting 173
analysis of data 241
bitumen 180 metal 177
anatomy 240
blackening 179 polymer resin 193

I animal skins 199

annealing 175
annotation 266
blanking 175
blast furnace 163
cast iron 88
cedar 86
blasting 179 cellulose fibres 130
anodising 179, 217
bleed proof paper 81 Chanel, Coco 246
anthropometrics 239, 240
blended fibres 96 charts 241
Apple 253
block and tackle 76 children's wooden toys 159
appliances 228
blockboard 149 chipboard 87
aramids 57, 200
blow moulding 196 circuit boards 216
architecture 248
boards 81, 149 circular cam 74
architrave 152
fibreboard 82 climate change 118
Art Deco 251
manufactured 87, 148 closed loop 60
Art Nouveau 249
bolts 168 CMOS 220
ash 85
bonded fabric 97 CMYK 143
astable 65
borehole 116 CNC 22, 216
automation 2, 3, 21
bowing 147 coated metals 179, 217
robotics 3
brass 90 coal 33
Braun 254 cog 38, 76
brazing 174 collaboration 258
breadboard 269 colour bars 145
Breuer, Marcel 250 colour printing 143
broadband 45 combing 201
buildings 4 communication 263
bulk buying 223 components 220
button 205 composite materials 55, 106
buzzer 63 compression 39, 103
manufactured board 148
conductive fabrics 57
coniferous 84
continuous
improvement 11
production 126
conversion 147

294 AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index

cooking utensils 176 domestic appliances 228 etching

AQA GCSE (9-1) DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY INDEX

Coolmorph , 48 dowel 152 circuit board 216
cooperative 6 drag 173 PCB manufacture 232
copper 90 drape forming 207 times 232
clad circuit board 216 drawing 263 e-textiles 57
corn starch 43 drilling euroslot 142
corrosion 289 for oil 116 evaluation 262, 271
corrugated card 82 metal 170 evergreen 84
cotton 94, 200 PCBs 224 exploded drawing 266
cotton paper 81 plastics 187 extraction 163
counters 67 wood 154 extrusion 196
countersink 152 dual in-line package 220
cracking 181 ductility 80
crank 74 duplex board 82
F
fabric interfacing 108
crank and slider 73 duralumin 164
Fairtrade 6, 113
creasing 136 dyeing fabric 213
faiths 17
crop marks 145 dynamic load 102
farming 116
crowdfunding 5 Dyson Ltd 229, 254
fashion 15, 26
crude oil 180
fasteners
cupping 147
current rating 220
E paper and board 139
E12 resistor series 222 textiles 106, 205
cutting
eccentric cam 74 Favrile glasswork 251
efficiently 280
economic challenge 244 feedback
fabric 206
efficient working 11 client 238
papers and boards 135
elastane 95, 203 loop 61
PCBs 225
elasticity 80 responding to 271
wood 155
elderly 18 felling 84
electrical conductivity 80 felt 207
D electrical fittings 181, 194 felting 97
data electroless plating 198 ferrous 88
primary 238 electrolysis 88, 164 fibre optics 45
secondary 239
sheet 287
electroplating 179
electroplating 198
fibres
filament 200 I
datum 282 embossing staple 200
Davis, Pierre 247 metal sheet 175 finite resources 7, 113
debossing 146 paper 146 fire resistant 58
deciduous 84 ply form 133 first angle projection 267
decisions 68 emerging technologies 2 first order lever 72
deforestation 85, 114, 150 emissions 117 flame
density 80 encapsulation 138, 146 retardants 58, 202
depth stop 178 end of life disposal 28 hardening 233
desertification 115, 150 energy resistant 58
design compressed 38 flat
brief 242, 269 electrical 32 follower 75
fixation 260 generation 32 pack furniture 159
for maintenance 27 hydroelectric 35 flax 200, 203
De Stijl 248 kinetic 40 fleece 200
destructive testing 262 mechanical 38 flexibility 107
developing times nuclear 34, 37 flocking 198
PCB manufacture 232 potential 38, 40 flow soldering 230
die cutting 137, 142 renewable 32, 34 flyer 141
digital 64 solar 35 flywheel 40
DIL 220 storage 38 FMS 23
Digital Light Processing 192 tidal 35 foam core board 83
dimensional accuracy environment 9 focus group 239
depth stop 178 environmental challenge 244 foil lined board 82
go/no go fixture 161 epoxy resin 93 folding 108
laser settings 197 equilibrium 71 paper 136
repeating print 214 ergonomics 240 follower 74
DIP 220 flat 75
dip coating 179 knife edged 75
disabled 18 roller 75

AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index 295

 AQA GCSE (9-1) DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY INDEX footprint H J
carbon 111, 120 Hadid, Zaha 248 jig 125, 283
ecological 112 hand tools 176 job roles 15
social 112 hank 204 joint 158
forces 102 hardboard 149 joint overlap 279
bending 104 hardening 177 Juicy Salif 257
compression 103 hardness 80 Just In Time 11, 24
shear 104 hardwood 84
tension 102 Harry Thaler 109
torsion 103 harvesting 114
K
former 157, 207 Kaizen 11
headstock 172
fossil fuels 33 Kamikatsu 123
health and safety 286
Foster, Norman 248 Kawakubo, Rei 247
Health and Safety at Work Act 113
fracking 33 kerf 155
Health and Safety Executive 113
fractional distillation 180 laser cutting 197
heart shaped cam 74
freehand sketching 261, 263 Kevlar 57, 58, 200
hertz 67
frequency 67 kiln-drying 147
hides 199
frosting 198 kinetic energy 40
hierarchy of sustainability 119
FSC 150 Kinetic Energy Recovery System 40
High Density Polyethylene 92
fulcrum 71 Kirigami 137
High Impact Polystyrene 92
functionality 270 knife edged follower 75
high speed steel 90
fur 200 knitted yarns 98
hinges
furnace 88, 163 knitting 98
plastic 187
furnishings 211 knock-down fittings 153
wood 154
Fused Deposition Modelling 192 Honda ASIMO 259
fusibility 80 housing 224 L
hydraulics 39 lacquer 179
hydrocarbons 181 laminating 107, 138, 146, 148
G
hydroelectric 35 plastics 190
galvanizing 179
hydrographic printing 198 textiles 205
Gap 255
gas 33 wood 157

I gathering 209
gauge 167, 185
I
Ilori, Yinka 249
lamp 63
landfill 123
larch 86
gears 38 inclusive design 18
driven 76 laser
industrial
idler 76 cutter 197
design 252
train 75 sintering 192
revolution 2
generator 32, 37, 40 lathe 157
injection moulding 195
glass reinforced plastic (GRP) 55 CNC 160, 177
ink jet card 83
global warming 11, 150 metals 172
innovation 270
go/no go 161 layout paper 82
input 61
Gore-Tex 56 LCD 46
input components 62
granules LDR 62, 69
integrated circuit 64, 220
polymer 186 lead time 125
interfacing 97, 107
graphene 14, 46 leaflet 141
fusible 108
graphic design 245 lean manufacturing 11, 24
sew-in 108
graphite 46 LED 63, 68
interlocking 98
graphs 241 lever 71
interviews 239, 258
greenhouse 111 classes 72
intuitive design 260
green timber 147 Life Cycle Assessment 8, 11, 27,
investigation 238, 256
grid paper 82 117, 183
iron ore 163
gsm 134 line bending 190
ISO 134
linen 203
isometric projection 265
linkage 72
Issigonis, Alec 252
bell crank 73
iterative design 238, 259, 260
crank and slider 73
parallel motion 73
push/pull 73
reverse motion 73
treadle 74
lithography 144
litmus paper 54

296 AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index

London Underground 245 modelling 261, 268 P

AQA GCSE (9-1) DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY INDEX

Lootah, Aljoud 250 breadboard 269 painting 162, 290
low carbon steel 89 CAD 269 plastic 198
Low Density Polyethylene 92 card 269 Pantone 144
lubrication 233 toile 269 paper 81
LunaTik 5 modifications 271 paper sizes 134
LYCRA 95 monomers 180 parallel motion 73
monostable 65 Paris agreement 118
Morris, William 247 parison 196
M motor vehicles 229 patent 5
machine screws 168, 186
mouldings 152 patina 89
Mackintosh, Charles Rennie 249
mountboard 132 pattern 125, 283
magnitude 71
movement 70 fabric alignment 214
mahogany 85
linear 70 metal casting 173
malleability 80
oscillating 70 repeat 283
manufactured
reciprocating 71 PCB 216
board 149, 160
rotary 70 PCB lacquering 233
timber 84
muscle wire 51 PCL 184
manufacturing specification 242
muslin 96 pear cam 74
market
Myerscough, Morag 246 PEFC 150
pull 14
people 13
research 25, 239
percentiles 241
share 26 N
perforate 135
testing 262 nails 153
peripheral interface controller 65, 223
marketability 270 nanomaterials 47
perspective 265
marking out 135, 281, 282 nanotechnology 47
PH 54
mass production 126 natural
PHB 43, 184
material fibres 94
phenol formaldehyde 93
costing 268 resources 7
photochromic
management 280 nesting 281
particles 50
properties 80 net 110, 137
pigments 50
protection 288 newsprint 132
requirements 281
mathematical modelling 268
nimby 34
Nitinol 51
photoresist PCB 217, 231
PIC 65, 223
pick and place assembly 230
I
McQueen, Alexander 247 Nomex 58, 200
piezoelectric 53
MDF 87, 148 non-destructive testing 261
pig iron 164
flexible 44 non-ferrous 88, 89
pigments
measurements non-finite resources 7
photochromic 50
human 240 non-woven textiles 97
thermochromic 49
measuring 281 nuclear 34, 37
pine 86
mechanical nuts 168
pins 153, 284
advantage 71 Nylon 95, 200
pipeline 116
devices 70 polyamide 184
piping 210
melamine formaldehyde 93
fabric trim 210
Mensa, Kusheda 250
metal foam 48
O metal tube 166
oak 85 polymer tube 185
metals 88
oblique projection 265 pitch 167
ferrous 88
offset lithography 144 pivot 71
non-ferrous 89
oil 33 PLA 43, 184
microcontroller 64, 68, 223
one-off production 124 place of work 4
microencapsulation 59
open loop 60 planed all round 147, 151
microfibres 59
ore 88, 163 planks 147
microns 134
oriented strand board 149 planned obsolescence 25, 122
MIG 174
origami 137 plastics
mild steel 88
orthographic projection 267 thermoforming 92
milling 173
oscillating thermosetting 93
CNC 177
motion 70 pleating 209
metals 177
output 66 ply
Mini 252
output 63 fabric 205
miniaturisation 120, 228
output components 63 paper 133
minimum wage 113
outsourcing 287 plywood 87
mining 115, 163
Owusu, Elise 249 pneumatics 39
model construction 269
oxidisation 89, 289 POÄNG chair 107

AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index 297

 AQA GCSE (9-1) DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY INDEX polarity 61 push/pull 73 robotics 3, 23
pole 61 push to break 62 roll
polishing push to make 62 paper 133
metals 179 PVC fabric 205 roller follower 75
polymers 189 rollers 131
pollution 11, 34 Rossi, Aldo 249
atmospheric 118
Q rot 123, 289
quality control
oceanic 118 rotary systems 74
metals 178
polyamide 95, 200 rotational moulding 195
papers and boards 144
poly-cotton 96 rough sawn 147, 151
plastics 197
polyester 95 routing 160
textiles 214
polyester resin 93 rubberising 198
wood 161
polyethylene terephthalate 92 rust 179, 289
Quant, Mary 247
polyhydroxy-butyrate 43
Quantum Tunnelling Composite 52
polylactic acid 43, 184
polymerisation 180
quartz 53 S
quenching 177 safe working conditions 113
polymers
questionnaires 239, 258 sanding
thermoforming 91
quilting 210 metals 179
thermosetting 91
QWERTY 240 plastics 189
polymer seating 194
wood 156
Polymorph 184
sawing
polypropylene 92 R metals 171
polyvinyl chloride 92 radioactive 34, 37
plastics 188
poplin 96 rag paper 81
wood 155
portfolio 263 Rashid, Karim 250
scales of production 124
potential energy 40 recordings 268
schematics 266
powder coating 179 recover 123
score 110, 135
power generation 32 recycle 28, 111, 122
screen printing 213
Pozidriv 152 recycling
screws 186
PPE 286, 291 batteries 219
machine 168
presentation of data 241 metals 165
wood 152
I Pressed chair 109
pressing 175
press stud 205
paper 131
PCBs 219
plastics 183
seals 140
seam allowance 279
seasoning 147
pressure switch 62 primary 121
secondary data 239
Primark 255 secondary 121
second order lever 72
primary data 238 tertiary 122
sectional view 267
printing 145 timber 87
selection of materials 274
3D 192 reduce 120
selvedge 96
discharge 214 redundancy 223
sensor 61
fabric 213 reel 204
sewing 208
heat transfer 198, 215 refining 164, 180
shale gas 33
hydrographic 198 refuse 119
shape memory alloy 51
mordant 214 registration marks 144
shear force 104
resist 214 reinforcing 105
shears 206
processing yarn 200 religious groups 20
sheet
product analysis 239 renewable energy 34
metal 167
production repair 121
paper 133
batch 125 research 256
plastic 182, 185
continuous 126 resin 193
silk 95
mass 126 resistors 221
Singh Twins 246
one-off 124 resources
sinkholes 115
product miles 117 finite 7, 33
SI units 281
properties natural 9
six Rs 119
physical 80 non-finite 7
sizing 130, 145
working 80 rethink 120
sketching 261
prototype 4, 124, 192, 212, 269, 270 reusable 28
slag 163
provenance 150 reuse 121
slash and burn 114
pulley 76 reverse motion 73
slivers 201
block and tackle 76 Rietveld, Gerrit 251
smart materials 49
pulp 130 rip-stop 96
snail cam 74
Puma 20 risk assessment 287
punching 175 rivet 106, 168

298 AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index

social sustainability 7, 131 Tiffany, Louis Comfort 252

AQA GCSE (9-1) DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY INDEX

challenge 244 metals 165 TIG 174
footprint 112 plastics 182 timber
media 5, 6 textiles 202 conversion 147
society 18 timber 150 manufactured 84
softwood 84, 86, 150 switches 62 natural 84
solar 35 synthetic fibres 95 timer (555) 65
soldering 225, 226 systems 60 tin 90
solid white board 83 closed loop 60 tissue paper 132
solvent cement 193 diagram 60, 266 titanium 44, 48
Sottsass, Ettore 251 open loop 60 tjanting 206
sources approach 259 toggle switch 62
metals 163 toile 269
papers and boards 130 tolerance
polymers 180
T component 222
tailstock 172
textiles 199 material 161
tallow 17
timber 147 tools
tanalising 161
speaker 63 marking and cutting out 283
tanning 199
specification 242 specialist 285
technical textiles 56
spinning 200 tool steel 89
technology
sportswear 211 tooth pitch 155
emerging 2
spot varnishing 146 torsion 103
technology push 13, 26
spruce 86 Torx 152
tempering 177
stabilisers 182 toughness 80
template 125, 283
stainless steel 90 tracing paper 82
Templier, Raymond 251
stain protection 215 trademark 5
tension 102
standard mouldings 152 transportation 117
Tesla 229
staple fibres 200 treadle linkage 74
tessellation 281
Starck, Philippe 245, 257 trends 15, 26
testing 261
static load 102 TTL 220
Tetra Pak 142
steam 32, 157 turbines 32, 37
textile design 246
steel 88, 164, 176
Stereolithography 192
stiffening 107
textiles 94
animal-based natural fibres 95
turning 172
metals 177
wood 157, 160
I
animal sources 199
stiffness 104 twill weave 201
chemical sources 200
stitching 208 twisting 147, 201
felt 97
stock forms two-point perspective 265
mixed fibres 96
metals 166
plant-based natural fibres 94
papers and boards 133
plastics 185
raw materials 199 U
synthetic fibres 95 Under Armour 255
textiles 204
vegetable sources 200 underground mining 115
timber 151
woven 96 upcycle 121
strength 80
Thaler, Harry 109 updates 26
stress 102, 240
thermal conductivity 80 upgrades 26
stripboard 216
thermistor 62 urea formaldehyde 93, 194
strut 103
thermochromic pigments 49 user-centred design 258
studding 166
thermoplastics 91, 181 UV degradation 289
subsystems 60
thermosets 91 UV exposure
subtasks 60
thermosetting plastics 181 PCB manufacture 232
surface
third angle projection 267 UV varnishing 146
mining 115
third order lever 72
mount technology 230
thread 167
preparation 290
throw 61
treatments 288
tidal energy 35
tie 103

AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index 299

 AQA GCSE (9-1) DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY INDEX V wasting wood
vacuum forming 191 metals 171 joints 158
vanishing point 265 plastics 189 pulp 81
varnish 162 wood 156 screws 152
Velcro 205 wave soldering 231 wool 95
veneer 87, 148 wax batik 206 working
verdigris 89 weave conditions 113
vinyl decals 198 plain 96, 201 drawing 267
virtual twill 201
marketing 6 weaving
commercial 212
Y
retail 6
yarn 200, 201, 204
voltage 220 webbing 107
WEEE 123, 219
weft 96, 98, 201 Z
W welding Zara 255
warp 96, 98, 201 metals 174 zinc 90
Wassily Chair 250 plastics 193 zip 205
waste Westwood, Vivienne 248
disposal 9 wind 34
nuclear 34 wooden toys 159
reduction 11

300 AQA GCSE (9-1) Design and Technology Index

AQA GCSE Teaching Units

Exclusively for teachers

To accompany each section in the textbook, there is a series of teaching units for the new
AQA 8552 (9-1) GCSE.
Each unit contains editable PPT and DOC format materials to enable effective delivery of the
content with relevant and engaging examples for students.
There are worksheets and homework for each topic and an assessment test at the end of
each unit with exam style questions.
Answers to all worksheets, homework tasks and the assessment are also included.

Unit 1 is free to registered teachers.

Downloadable Units to support the new Design and Technology 8552 Specification:

Unit 1: New and emerging technologies

Unit 2: Energy, materials, systems and devices Unit 5A: Papers and boards
Unit 3: Materials and their working properties Unit 5B: Timber based materials
Unit 4: Common specialist technical principles Unit 5C: Metal based materials
Units 5A - 5F: Specialist material areas Unit 5D: Polymers
Unit 6: Designing principles Unit 5E: Textile based materials
Unit 7: Making principles Unit 5F: Electronic and mechanical systems

Only the student book is AQA approved. There is currently no AQA approval process for teaching materials.

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AQA GCSE 8552 (9-1) Specification map

3.1 Core technical principles

Unit 5D
Unit 5C
Unit 5A

Unit 5B

Unit 5E

Unit 5F
Unit 4

Unit 6
Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 7
Unit 1
New and emerging technologies
3.1.1 New and emerging technologies 
Energy, materials, systems and devices
3.1.2 Energy storage and generation 
3.1.3 Developments in new materials 
3.1.4 Systems approach to designing 
3.1.5 Mechanical devices 
Materials and their working properties 
3.1.6 Materials and their working properties 

3.2 Specialist technical principles

Unit 5D
Unit 5C
Unit 5A

Unit 5B

Unit 5E

Unit 5F
Unit 4

Unit 6
Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 7
Unit 1

Common specialist technical principles

3.2.2 Forces and stresses 

3.2.3 Ecological and social footprint 
3.2.7 Scales of production 
Specialist material areas
3.2.1 Selection of materials or components Materials covered in Units 5A-F

3.2.4 Sources and origins  

Papers and boards
 
Timber based materials
3.2.5 Using and working with materials  
Metal based materials
3.2.6 Stock forms, types and sizes  
Polymers
 
Textile based materials
3.2.8 Specialist techniques and processes
 
Electronic and
3.2.9 Surface treatments and finishes mechanical systems
 3.3 Designing and making principles

Unit 5D
Unit 5C
Unit 5A

Unit 5B

Unit 5E

Unit 5F
Unit 4

Unit 6
Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 7
Unit 1
Designing principles
3.3.1 Investigation, primary and secondary data 
3.3.2 Environmental, social and economic challenge 
3.3.3 The work of others 
3.3.4 Design strategies 
3.3.5 Communication of design ideas 
3.3.6 Prototype development 
Making principles
3.3.7 Selection of materials and components 
3.3.8 Tolerances 
3.3.9 Material management 
3.3.10 Specialist tools and equipment 
3.3.11 Specialist techniques and processes 

The content in each section of the textbook covers the same specification points as the corresponding downloadable
teaching unit, e.g. Section 1 complements Unit 1.
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8700
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B Cottingham
R Huntley
A Lutwyche

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AQA GCSE (9-1) 8552
Design and
Technology
This book provides detailed About the author Cover picture:
and concise coverage of all the Mike Ross has 25 years’ ‘Stony Sunrise’
topics covered in the new AQA experience in the education Paper and acrylic on masonite,
8552 Design and Technology sector. He has taught Design 90x45x3cm © Amy Genser 2015
(9-1) specification, written and Technology in secondary www.nummer40.com
and presented in a way that is schools in the state and private
accessible to teenagers and sectors. He has held Head
easy to teach from. It can be of Design and Technology and
used both as a course text and Head of Year roles in schools
as a revision guide for students and has been the Lead Design
nearing the end of their course. & Technology Editor for a top
education publisher, writing and
It is divided into 12 sections overseeing both printed and This book has been
covering every element of digital resources. approved by AQA.
the specification. Sections Mike has led departments
5A to 5F of the textbook covering all Design and
cover each of the specialist Technology disciplines at GCSE
technical areas. These sections and A Level. He has a BEd
would complement practical degree in Secondary Design
classroom experience. and Technology Teaching.
Each chapter contains
relevant questions and exercises
from past papers, which can be
set as homework. Answers to all
these are available to teachers
only, in a Teachers Supplement
which can be ordered from
our website
www.pgonline.co.uk

ISBN: 978-1-910523-10-0