AP Physc M Dynamics Presentation 2018-10-23

AP Physics C - Mechanics
Dynamics
2018-10-20
www.njctl.org
https://njctl.org/video/?v=A4pC5O_44hY
Table of Contents:
Dynamics
Click on the topic to go to that section.
· Review of One Dimensional Dynamics

· Resolving Forces into Two Dimensions
· Two Dimensional Forces
· The Inclined Plane
· Static Equilibrium - Tension Force
Move any photo or image in this presentation to reveal a link to its

source, providing attribution and additional information.
Review of One
Dimensional Dynamics
Return to Table
of Contents
https://njctl.org/video/?v=HwaHNNDD62c
Topics to Review
This chapter assumes that you have already studied

Dynamics in One Dimension - which describes how the
motion of objects can be predicted by knowing the forces
that act on them.
But, only motion restricted to either the x or y axis - or east
or west - or north or south - or up or down - were
considered.
Life is more complex than that.
Topics to Review
We're going to consider motion that is a combination of movement
along an x axis and a y axis - like the antique children's toy
"Etch a Sketch" - either ask your parents or look it up on the web.
Here's a picture of the inside of one - the metal pen in the lower
right quadrant moves along the x and y axes of the rods,
generating a two dimensional motion.
First, we'll review the basics of One Dimensional Dynamics.
Topics to Review
· Newton's Three Laws of Motion

· Inertial Reference Frames
· Mass and Weight
· Forces studied:
weight / gravity
normal force
tension
friction (kinetic and static)
· Drawing Free Body Diagrams
· Problem Solving
Newton's Laws of Motion
First Law: An object maintains its velocity (both speed and

direction) unless acted upon by a non-zero external net force.
This is also known as the Law of Inertia.
Second Law: The sum of the external forces on an object is

directly proportional to the product of its mass and
acceleration. Force and acceleration are vectors.
Third Law: Whenever one object exerts a force on a second

object, the second object exerts an equal in magnitude force on
the first object in the opposite direction. The two objects form
an "action-reaction" pair.
1 When the engines on a rocket ship in deep space (where
the gravitational attraction of any planets or stars are
negligible) are turned off, it will:
A slow down and eventually stop.
B stop immediately.
Answer
C turn right.
D turn left.
E move with a constant velocity.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=nhngWbhTxEk
1 When the engines on a rocket ship in deep space (where
the gravitational attraction of any planets or stars are
negligible) are turned off, it will:
A slow down and eventually stop.
B stop immediately.
Answer
E
C turn right.
D turn left.
E move with a constant velocity.

[This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=nhngWbhTxEk
2 If a book on the console between the driver and the
passenger seat starts moving forward, the forward
velocity of the car must have:
A decreased.
Answer
B increased.
C stayed constant.
D changed direction to the right.
E changed direction to the left.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=4j3AON1UMyQ
2 If a book on the console between the driver and the
passenger seat starts moving forward, the forward
velocity of the car must have:
A decreased. Answer
B increased. A
C stayed constant.
D changed direction to the right.

E changed direction to the left.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=4j3AON1UMyQ
3 Explain, using Newton's First Law of Motion, why seat
belts should be used.
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=usO_dFq1hNY
3 Explain, using Newton's First Law of Motion, why seat
belts should be used.
When a car moving forward

experiences a rapid acceleration
backwards (braking or striking an
object in the front), the passenger
Answer
does not feel that force directly

and will keep moving forward at
the previous velocity, according to
Newton's First Law. Seat belts
would transmit this backward
force to the passengers and
would help restrain them from
striking the windshield.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=usO_dFq1hNY
4 The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to:
A the position of the object.
B the net force on the object.
Answer
C the velocity of the object.
D the object's mass.
E the displacement of the object.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=cV5TaVs-mVo
4 The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to:
A the position of the object.
B the net force on the object.

Answer
C the velocity of the object.

B
D the object's mass.
E the displacement of the object.

https://njctl.org/video/?v=cV5TaVs-mVo
5 A net force F acts on a mass m and produces an
acceleration a. What acceleration results if a net force 4F
acts on a mass 6m?
A 4a
B a/6
Answer
C 6a
D 2a/3
E a/3
https://njctl.org/video/?v=px8oL8FqcLM
5 A net force F acts on a mass m and produces an
acceleration a. What acceleration results if a net force 4F
acts on a mass 6m?
A 4a
B a/6
Answer
D
C 6a
D 2a/3
E a/3 [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=px8oL8FqcLM
6 If the net force on an object is 0 N, what does it tell you
about the object?
A Its velocity is changing.
B It must be stationary.
Answer
C Its velocity is constant.
D It has constant non-zero acceleration.
E It has zero mass.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=rVx-kCRL8ZM
6 If the net force on an object is 0 N, what does it tell you
about the object?
A Its velocity is changing.
B It must be stationary.
Answer
C
C Its velocity is constant.
D It has constant non-zero acceleration.
E It has zero mass. [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=rVx-kCRL8ZM
7 A large truck collides with a small car, inflicting a great
deal of damage to the car. Which of the following is true
about the collision?
A The force on the truck is greater than the force on the
car.
B The force on the car is greater than the force on the
Answer
truck.
C The force on the truck is the same magnitude as
the force on the car.
D During the collision, the truck increases its speed.
E During the collision the truck has a greater

acceleration than the car.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=LeOrjbHbafg
7 A large truck collides with a small car, inflicting a great
deal of damage to the car. Which of the following is true
about the collision?
A The force on the truck is greater than the force on the
car.
B The force on the car is greater than the force on the
Answer
truck. C
C The force on the truck is the same magnitude as
the force on the car.
D During the collision, the truck increases its speed.
E During the collision the truck has a greater
acceleration than the car.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=LeOrjbHbafg
8 Action-reaction forces are:
A equal in magnitude and point in the same direction.
B equal in magnitude and point in opposite directions.
Answer
C unequal in magnitude and point in the same direction.
D unequal in magnitude and point in opposite directions.
E cancel each other out for a net force on each object of

zero.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=-4IV0wNwQXc
8 Action-reaction forces are:
A equal in magnitude and point in the same direction.
B equal in magnitude and point in opposite directions.

Answer
B point in the same direction.
C unequal in magnitude and
D unequal in magnitude and point in opposite directions.
E cancel each other out for a net force on each object of

zero. [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=-4IV0wNwQXc
9 The Earth pulls downward on a pen that is resting on a
table with a force F. If F is the action force, what is the
reaction force?
A The pen pulling up on the table with a force F.
Answer
B The table pushing down on the floor with a force F.
C The pen pushing down on the table with a force F.
D The table pushing up on the pen with a force F.
E The pen pulling upward on the earth with a force F.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=9p2QlRyEgVY
9 The Earth pulls downward on a pen that is resting on a
table with a force F. If F is the action force, what is the
reaction force?
A The pen pulling up on the table with a force F.

Answer
B The table pushing down

E on the floor with a force F.
C The pen pushing down on the table with a force F.
D The table pushing up on the pen with a force F.

E The pen pulling upward on the earth with a force F.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=9p2QlRyEgVY
10 A student is doing a hand-stand. The action-reaction pair
of forces is best described as:
A The student pushes down on the floor and the floor
pushes up on the student.
B Gravity pulls down on the student and the ground
Answer
C Gravity pulls the student down and the student's
arms push the student up.
D The student's hands push down on the ground and
student's hands push the student up.
E Gravity pulls down on the student and the student
pushes down on the ground.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=rVC3sTM7GS8
10 A student is doing a hand-stand. The action-reaction pair
of forces is best described as:
A The student pushes down on the floor and the floor
B Gravity pulls down on the student and the ground
Answer

A
C Gravity pulls the student down and the student's
arms push the student up.
D The student's hands push down on the ground and
student's hands push theis astudent
[This object pull tab] up.
E Gravity pulls down on the student and the student
pushes down on the ground.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=rVC3sTM7GS8
Reference Frames
Physics is based on observation and measurement.
In order to measure something, it has to be compared against

something else.
That's the concept of a reference frame.
The reference frame is the system in which measurements are

taken - and the reference frame can be stationary, moving at a
constant velocity, or accelerating.
Your measurement depends on which reference frame you're

using.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=LWhSyKQBD14
Inertial Reference Frames
There is a special kind of reference frame - it is called an
inertial reference frame where Newton's First Law of Motion is
valid.
In other words, an object in such a frame will only accelerate if

a net non-zero external force is applied.
It is a frame that is moving at a constant velocity or a frame at

rest (since 0 m/s is a constant velocity).
Accelerating reference frames are not inertial reference frames.

Reference frames attached to a bus that is increasing its
speed, or to a merry-go-round, are not inertial reference
frames. Why is this?
Inertial Reference Frames
Take the case of the bus. If a golf ball is in the aisle at the front
of the bus and the bus accelerates from a stop sign, what
would the golf ball do? You'd see it move backwards down the
aisle. Without anybody applying a force to it!
If you're on a merry go round and you throw a ball across the

merry-go-round to your friend - she sees the ball curve away -
without any force pushing it to the side. A friend, in a tree,
observing the merry-go-round from above, will see the ball go
in a straight line.
Newton's First Law is working for the friend in the tree (inertial
reference system) but cannot be applied to the friend on the
merry-go-round or a person on an accelerating bus.
11 Which of the following is an inertial reference frame?
A An airplane increasing its speed during takeoff.
B A racing car maintaining a constant speed while

going around a curve.
Answer
C A racing car decreasing its speed after it crosses
the finish line.
D A merry-go-round that is rotating.
E An airplane flying with a constant speed and direction.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=4vK4qzNwZdU
11 Which of the following is an inertial reference frame?
A An airplane increasing its speed during takeoff.
B A racing car maintaining a constant speed while

going around a curve.
Answer
E
C A racing car decreasing its speed after it crosses
the finish line.
D A merry-go-round that is rotating.
E An airplane flying with a constant speed and direction.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=4vK4qzNwZdU
12 Which condition exists in an inertial reference frame?
A Newton's First Law is valid.
B The frame is increasing its speed.
Answer
C The frame is increasing its velocity.
D The frame is decreasing its velocity.
E The frame is moving at a constant speed, and is

changing direction.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=YrEyqvAok_g
12 Which condition exists in an inertial reference frame?
A Newton's First Law is valid.
B The frame is increasing its speed.

Answer
C The frame is increasingA its velocity.
D The frame is decreasing its velocity.
E The frame is moving at a constant speed, and is

changing direction.[This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=YrEyqvAok_g
Mass and Weight
Mass is the measure of the inertia of an object; the
resistance of an object to acceleration by an external net
non-zero force.
Weight is the force exerted on that object by gravity. Close to

the surface of the Earth, where the gravitational force is
nearly constant, the weight is defined as the magnitude of
this force:
g is the gravitational acceleration due to the Earth's

gravitational force between the Earth and the object, and
approximately 9.8 m/s2 (The AP Exam allows you to use
g = 10 m/s2 to simplify the calculations).
https://njctl.org/video/?v=JIL5NQ8S8cg
13 What is the weight of a 32.3 kg object on the earth?
Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
A 3.23 N
B 32.3 N
Answer
C 32.3 kg
D 323 N
E 323 kg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=w76KZaxVOI8
13 What is the weight of a 32.3 kg object on the earth?
Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
A 3.23 N
B 32.3 N
Answer
C 32.3 kg
D
D 323 N
E 323 kg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=w76KZaxVOI8
14 What is the weight of a 32.3 kg object on the moon?
Use gmoon = 1.67 m/s2.
A 19.3 N
B 3.23 N
C 53.9 N
Answer
D 323 N
E 539 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=_uZ_xJpJ8Vo
14 What is the weight of a 32.3 kg object on the moon?
Use gmoon = 1.67 m/s2.
A 19.3 N
B 3.23 N
C 53.9 N
Answer
D 323 N C
E 539 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=_uZ_xJpJ8Vo
Normal Force and Weight
FN
The normal force,

FN, is always
perpendicular to mg
the surface that is
creating it.
The normal force is a consequence of Newton's Third Law and

is due to the electrons in the table repelling the electrons in the
box - which results in an upward, normal force.
Is the normal force and the weight in the above picture an

action reaction pair?
https://njctl.org/video/?v=b_qtQCXj9_M
FN
FN Fbox on earth
mg
Fbox on table mg
No, the normal force and the gravitational force, mg, both act
on the box. Action reaction force pairs act on different objects.
The normal force and the force that the box exerts on the table
is an action reaction pair.
The force that the earth's gravity (mg) exerts on the box is an
action reaction pair with the gravitational force that the box
exerts on the earth.
FN
If the table is not accelerating in the

mg y direction and the box is not
moving up and down on the table,
then FN = mg.
FN But, if the table is in an elevator and

a is accelerating upwards, then we
have:
mg
The normal force is greater than the

weight. If the box was replaced
with a person, the person would feel
heavier than their typical weight.
We have another name for the normal force - it is

also called the apparent weight.
FN Caution! Acceleration in the up

direction does not uniquely specify
a that you are increasing your speed
in the up direction.
mg You could also be moving

downwards but slowing down.
In both cases, your apparent weight

would be greater than your typical
weight.
15 A 42.3 kg object rests on a table. What is the
Normal force exerted by the table on the object?
Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
A 423 kg
Answer
B 423 N
C 42.3 N
D 4.23 kg
E 4.23 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=wOZl8Fablk4
15 A 42.3 kg object rests on a table. What is the
Normal force exerted by the table on the object?
Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
A 423 kg
Answer
B 423 N
B
C 42.3 N
D 4.23 kg
E 4.23 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=wOZl8Fablk4
16 A 42.3 kg object rests on a table. The table is placed
in an elevator and accelerates upwards at 1.55 m/s2.
What is the Normal force (Apparent Weight) exerted
by the table on the object? Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
Answer
A 357 N
B 421 N
C 423 N
D 425 N
E 489 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=PhxF0i_Ob4o
16 A 42.3 kg object rests on a table. The table is placed
in an elevator and accelerates upwards at 1.55 m/s2.
What is the Normal force (Apparent Weight) exerted
by the table on the object? Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
E Answer
A 357 N
B 421 N
C 423 N
D 425 N
E 489 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=PhxF0i_Ob4o
Tension Force
When a cord or rope pulls on an

object, it is said to be under
tension, and the force it exerts on the
object is called a tension force, FT.
FT
a
The forces on the right are not an
action reaction pair as they both act
on the bucket.
If the pail is moving up (or down) with a

constant velocity, then ay = 0.
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=vR_2ySoeFpo
17 A rope affixed to the ceiling is holding a bucket of water
of mass 22.4 kg. What is the Tension force in the rope?
Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
A 44.8 N
Answer
B 448 N
C 112 N
D 224 N
E 22.4 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=oqRmLtdUQhM
17 A rope affixed to the ceiling is holding a bucket of water
of mass 22.4 kg. What is the Tension force in the rope?
Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
A 44.8 N Answer
B 448 N D
C 112 N
D 224 N
E 22.4 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=oqRmLtdUQhM
18 A rope is tied to a bucket of water of mass 22.4 kg.
The bucket is pulled upwards with an acceleration of
2.77 m/s2. What is the Tension force in the rope?
Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
Answer
A 286 N
B 227 N
C 224 N
D 221 N
E 162 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=Sz1axqkbrJc
18 A rope is tied to a bucket of water of mass 22.4 kg.
The bucket is pulled upwards with an acceleration of
2.77 m/s2. What is the Tension force in the rope?
Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
A
Answer
A 286 N
B 227 N
C 224 N
D 221 N
E 162 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=Sz1axqkbrJc
Friction
There are two types of friction force - and both act in the opposite
direction of an external applied force.
Static friction force, fs, is the force that works to prevent the
motion of a stationary object.
Kinetic friction force, fk, is the force that acts opposite to the
motion of a moving object.
f F APP
https://njctl.org/video/?v=pzlE1EC_NJg
Friction
In both static and kinetic friction, it is harder to move a more
massive object - so there is a dependence on the normal force -
the force that the surface is exerting on the stationary or moving
object.
Both types of friction depend on the type of material that the object
and the surface are made of.
This is represented by thecoefficient of static friction(μs) and

the coefficient of kinetic friction(μk). These coefficients have
been measured for many material interfaces.
The contact area between the object and

surface does not affect the friction force.
Kinetic Friction
Friction forces are
always parallel to
v
the surface exerting
them.
fk
Kinetic friction is
always directed
opposite to the
direction that the object
is moving and has
magnitude:
fk = μkFN
Static Friction
Static friction is equal to fs F APP
or less than, and is
opposite to the direction
of the external net applied
force.
The static friction force seeks to maintain the original relative

position between the two objects.
Its magnitude is: fs ≤ μsFN
When there is no external force, there is no static friction force. As

the external force is applied, the static friction force will increase to
its maximum value. At that point, the object will move and the
kinetic friction force will act.
Static Friction compared to Kinetic Friction
The maximum static friction

force is greater than the
kinetic friction force.
Another way to say this is

μs ≥ μk.
The graph illustrates why if

you're pushing an object, it
abruptly accelerates when
the applied force exceeds
the maximum static friction
force (the friction force
decreases rapidly at the
transition).
19 How is the kinetic friction force different from the static
friction force?
A The coefficient of kinetic friction is greater than the
coefficient of static friction.
B The coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the
Answer
C The force of kinetic friction is greater than the
maximum static friction force.
D Kinetic friction varies. Static friction is constant.
E Kinetic friction is in the same direction of

movement, static friction acts opposite the intended
direction of motion.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=GWVEMVP7gnc
19 How is the kinetic friction force different from the static
friction force?
A The coefficient of kinetic friction is greater than the
B The coefficient of kinetic friction is less than the
Answer

B
C The force of kinetic friction is greater than the
maximum static friction force.
D Kinetic friction varies. Static friction is constant.
E Kinetic friction is in the same direction of

movement, static friction acts opposite the intended
direction of motion.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=GWVEMVP7gnc
20 What is the kinetic friction force on an object of mass
44 kg as it moves over a rough surface where μk = 0.75?
Use g = 10 m/s2.
A 7.5 N
B 33 N
Answer
C 75 N
D 330 N
E 440 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=xQ-Ib4cfRR0
20 What is the kinetic friction force on an object of mass
44 kg as it moves over a rough surface where μk = 0.75?
Use g = 10 m/s2.
A 7.5 N D
B 33 N
Answer
C 75 N
D 330 N
E 440 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=xQ-Ib4cfRR0
21 What is the maximum static friction force on an object
of mass 44 kg as it moves over a rough surface where
μs = 0.87? Use g = 10 m/s2.
A 38 N
B 44 N
Answer
C 380 N
D 440 N
E 506 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=W4pEBY8Lonk
21 What is the maximum static friction force on an object
of mass 44 kg as it moves over a rough surface where
μs = 0.87? Use g = 10 m/s2.
A 38 N C
B 44 N
Answer
C 380 N
D 440 N
E 506 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=W4pEBY8Lonk
22 Explain what happens to the friction force on an object as
an applied force is increased from zero to an amount
greater than the maximum static friction force.
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=YmuRWsfG2VM
22 Explain what happens to the friction force on an object as
an applied force is increased from zero to an amount
greater than the maximum static friction force.
The static friction force increases from

0 N and matches the applied force until
it reaches its maximum value. Once
Answer
the applied force is greater than this

value, the object starts accelerating,
and the kinetic friction force replaces
the static friction force. The kinetic
friction force is less than the maximum
static friction force.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=YmuRWsfG2VM
Free Body Diagrams
A free body diagram is used to show all the forces acting on an
object. Drawing free body diagrams helps to solve for unknown
forces or determining the acceleration of an object.
Procedure:
1. Draw and label a dot to represent

the object, or a system of objects.
Some problems require the use of
individual objects and the system.
2. Draw an arrow from the dot

pointing in the direction of one of the
forces that is acting on that object. mg
Label that arrow with the name of the
force.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=mJsFr1jUPuo
Free Body Diagrams
3. Repeat for every force that is acting
on the object. Try to draw each of the
arrows to roughly the same scale,
a
bigger forces getting bigger arrows.
FN
4. Check to make sure that there is an Fapplied
arrow for each force.
5. Draw an arrow next to the FBD mg

indicating the likely direction of the
acceleration of the object. If you chose
wrongly, no problem - your answer will
give you a negative acceleration.
6. Repeat for every object, and system,

as required.
Problem Solving
Once the free body diagrams are
drawn for each object in the
problem, Newton's Second and a
Third Laws are applied to find the
acceleration of the object. FN
Fapplied
After the acceleration is found, the
Kinematics equations are used to mg
find out further information about
the displacement and velocity of
the objects at future times.
Remember - the acceleration found does NOT tell you

which way the object is moving - it only tells you how
the velocity is changing!
23 What are the components of a free body diagram?
A A dot representing the object being analyzed.
B All of the forces on the object, along with their

direction.
Answer
C The direction of the expected acceleration.
D The force vectors drawn with their approximate

magnitude.
E All of the above.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=e0OAWvvHs70
23 What are the components of a free body diagram?
A A dot representing the object being analyzed.
B All of the forces on the object, along with their

direction.
Answer
C The direction of the expected

E acceleration.
D The force vectors drawn with their approximate

magnitude.
E All of the above.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=e0OAWvvHs70
24 Given all the forces on an object, describe how you
would create a free body diagram and how you would
solve for the motion of the object.
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=yn3F3WCfO-o
24 Given all the forces on an object, describe how you
would create a free body diagram and how you would
solve for the motion of the object.
Draw a free body diagram and

represent the forces by vectors in the
direction of the force and with
Answer
approximate relative magnitudes.

Label the expected direction of the
acceleration. Use Newton's Second
and Third Laws to determine
acceleration, and then the Kinematics
equations to solve for its velocity and
position. [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=yn3F3WCfO-o
25 You are pushing a wagon on a sidewalk with a kinetic
friction force opposing your force. Draw and label a
complete free body diagram, with the expected
acceleration of the object.
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=G7dGH2XL1s8
25 You are pushing a wagon on a sidewalk with a kinetic
friction force opposing your force. Draw and label a
complete free body diagram, with the expected
acceleration of the object.
a
FN
Answer
fk Fapplied
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=G7dGH2XL1s8
Resolving Forces into
Two Dimensions
Return to Table
of Contents
https://njctl.org/video/?v=SVzFZqEdg28
Resolving Forces
So far, in Dynamics problems, you've only had to deal with

motion in one dimension - all the forces were in the same
dimension, typically either the x or y axis.
Yet, there is a hint of two dimensional motion in problems

dealing with friction.
If an object was moving along the x axis with a friction force

opposing its motion, the friction force was calculated by
using the Normal force in the y direction.
By multiplying the Normal force by the coefficient of friction,

the friction force along the x axis was calculated.
Resolving Forces
The various forces on an object don't always act in one

dimension.
An easy example is when you're pulling a wagon at an angle

to the horizontal as seen below.
Fapp
Direction of Motion
Resolving Forces
In order to solve problems using forces acting at anangle,
like the wagon on the previous slide, we must find the
horizontal (x) and vertical (y) components of the forces.
The original force vector is now represented as the vector

sum of its components. These components will show the
motion of the object in the x and y directionindependently -
and when added, as vectors, will match the actual motion.
Most of the time, it's easier to resolve a force into two

perpendicular vectors on the x and y axis. Later on, there
will be cases when the x and y axis will be rotated - but we
won't worry about that now.
If you are comfortable with the trigonometry required for

this resolution (from AP Physics 1 2D Kinematics or
Dynamics), you can go through this chapter quickly)
Resolving Forces
The Etch a Sketch uses an internal pointer moved
independently by knobs in the x and y directions, scratching
off a silvery material, exposing dark lines.
The combined motion can yield a quite complex figure - but

moving the x knob only affects motion in the x direction - and
the y knob only affects motion in the y direction.
26 If the motion of an object in the x direction and y direction
is known, how can the total motion of the object be
found?
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=FiV6W3-JkDU
26 If the motion of an object in the x direction and y direction
is known, how can the total motion of the object be
found?
Add the vectors that describe the

Answer
x and y motion. This is vector

addition, not scalar addition. The
resultant vector will describe the
motion of the object.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=FiV6W3-JkDU
27 An object is moving in the positive x direction on a
surface with friction. What equations are used to
translate the y direction forces into a friction force acting
in the -x direction?
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=E1h9oG3XHUU
27 An object is moving in the positive x direction on a
surface with friction. What equations are used to
translate the y direction forces into a friction force acting
in the -x direction? x axis:
y axis:
Answer
Forces acting in the y axis are

affecting motion in the x axis.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=E1h9oG3XHUU
Resolving Forces
The forces acting on the wagon shown earlier are:
a
FN
Fapp
Ff
mg
A real free body diagram would just have a dot

for the wagon - but the wagon body is shown to
help you follow the forces.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=qivmzP8aYqA
Resolving Forces
FN and mg act in the y direction and can be

handled together. fk acts only in the x
direction - and to simplify the problem,
rolling friction will not be considered.
a
But, Fapp is a problem. It acts in both the x
and y dimensions. FN
We need to separate Fapp into its fk Fapp

components along the x and y axis.
What mathematical discipline will mg

accomplish this separation?
Resolving Forces
Trigonometry.
To simplify the notation,

let Fapp = F. The diagram y (vertical)
Fapp = F
to the right shows how we component
can express F as the vector Fy
sum of Fx and Fy. θ
x (horizontal) component
Another question - given that Fx
we know F and θ, what
trigonometric functions can
we use to find Fx and Fy?
Resolving Forces
Cosine function.
Sine function. y (vertical)

Fapp = F
component
Let's try an example. Fy
θ
Fx
Resolving Forces
F needs to be expressed in component form - with one

component on the x axis and the other on the y axis.
Then, they can be lined up in single dimensions with the other

forces. Let's work an example when the pulling force is 50.0 N
at 300 with respect to the ground.
y (vertical)
F = 50 N
component
Fy
θ = 300
Fx
Resolving Forces
y (vertical)
F = 50 N
component
Fy
θ = 300
Fx
Use the cosine function to find F x:

Resolving Forces
y (vertical)
F = 50 N
component
Fy
θ = 300
Fx = 43.3 N
The horizontal (x) component of the force is equal to
43.3 N. This is added to the free body diagram below.
FN
FN
fk fk
Fx Fx
mg
mg
But the vertical (y) component of the original
force is temporarily lost... it must be found next.
Resolving Forces
y (vertical)
F = 50 N
component
Fy
θ = 300
Fx = 43.3 N
Use the sine function to find F y:

Resolving Forces
F = 50 N
Fy = 25.0 N
θ = 300
Fx = 43.3 N
The vertical (y) component of the force is equal to 25.0 N.
This is added to complete the free body diagram:
Fy Fy
FN
FN
fk fk
Fx Fx
mg
mg
Resolving Forces
Fapp
Direction of Motion
Fy Fy
FN
FN
fk fk
Fx Fx
mg
mg
Notice that our original force Fapp is no longer shown... it

has been replaced by its x and y components!
28 What are the x and y components of the Force vector
shown?
A 35 N, 35 N 100.0N
B 71 N, 71 N 45o
Answer
C 71 N, 35 N
D 35 N, 71 N
E None of the above.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=VVPNNmOZb6s
shown?
A 35 N, 35 N 100.0N
B 71 N, 71 N 45o
Answer
B
C 71 N, 35 N
D 35 N, 71 N
E None of the above.[This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=VVPNNmOZb6s
shown?
A 139 N, -299 N
-25.0o
B 139 N, 299 N
Answer
330.0N
C -139 N, -299 N
D 299 N, 139 N
E 299 N, -139 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=MeddefiKLy4
shown?
A 139 N, -299 N
-25.0o
B 139 N, 299 N
Answer
E 330.0N
C -139 N, -299 N
D 299 N, 139 N
E 299 N, -139 N [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=MeddefiKLy4
shown?
A 483 N, 129 N
500.0 N
B 129 N, 483 N
Answer
15.0 o
C 133 N, 133 N
D 483 N, -129 N
E -483 N, -129 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=lmhufajYvFc
shown?
A 483 N, 129 N
500.0 N
B 129 N, 483 N
Answer
A 15.0 o
C 133 N, 133 N
D 483 N, -129 N
E -483 N, -129 N [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=lmhufajYvFc
Two Dimensional
Forces
Return to Table
of Contents
https://njctl.org/video/?v=GBo-qHznTEU
Two Dimensional Applied Force and
Friction
Take the case of a box

being pulled along a rough
surface - a surface with
friction - at an angle.
First we do a free body

diagram, just as was done
previously.
Friction
FN
p
The next, critical, step is F ap
to choose axes. Previously, fk
the x and y axes were used,
since each axis lined up
with the forces...and the
accelerations. mg
You need to ask, "In which direction could the object accelerate?"
Then make one axis along that direction, and the other one
perpendicular.
What's the answer in this case?

Friction
This time, the x and y y a
axes still work since it is
assumed that the box will
slide along the surface FN p
without bouncing up and F ap
fk
down (ay = 0 m/s2).
X
mg
Friction
y
Now we have to resolve

any forces that don't line FN
p
up with our axes into F ap
fk
components that do.
X
In this case, F app must be
resolved into F x and Fy
components. F N, mg and mg
fk are good as they are -
they are already on the x
or y axes.
Friction
y
FN
Once that is done, p
work with the x and y axis F ap
fk Fy
components separately.
Fx X
We're now ready to solve
a problem.
mg
Friction
y
Find the acceleration of a FN

p
box of mass 3.0 kg, if the F ap
applied force is 20.0 N fk Fy
at 37o above the x axis, Fx X
and the coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0.20.
mg
Friction
Fapp = F = 20.0 N at 37o Remember, solve the y-axis first!
m = 3.0 kg
x - axis y - axis
μk = 0.20
y ΣFx = ma x ΣFy = ma y = 0
FN
Fx - f k = ma x
fk F ap
p
FN + Fy - mg = 0
Fy Fx - μk FN = ma x
Fx X Fcosθ - μ k FN = ma x
FN = mg - F y
mg
ax = (Fcos θ - μ k FN )/m FN = mg - Fsin θ
ax = (20N cos37 o
FN = (3.0kg)(10m/s 2 )
- (0.20)(18N))/3.0kg
- (20N)(sin37 o )
ax = (16N - 3.6N)/3.0kg
FN = 30N - 12N
ax = (12.4N)/3.0kg
ax = 4.1 m/s 2 FN = 18N
Friction
Instead of pulling the

object at an angle, what
would happen to the
acceleration of the object
if it was pushed along the
floor by a downward
angled force?
What would happen

to the Normal force and
the friction force?
We'll just use algebra this time - no numbers.

Friction
y
FN
Here's the free body

fk
diagram superimposed
over the box. X
FA
PP
Examine the y components
of the forces. mg
Friction
y
The pushing force is also
pushing the box into the
surface, increasing the FN
Normal force and thus,
the Friction force. fk Fx
X
FA Fy
The forces on the y-axis: PP
mg
FN
mg
Fy
Friction
y
Let's look at the x axis.

FN
fk Fx
fk Fx
The forces on the x-axis: X
FA Fy
PP
mg
Friction
The acceleration in the x direction for pushing an object along
a horizontal surface is:
Had we done the algebra for the pulling case, the only
difference is the sign of the Fsin θ term:
Given these equations, what can you say

about the acceleration of an object when it
is alternatively pushed and pulled with the
same force?
Friction
For a given force, the acceleration due to pulling is always
greater than pushing it.
And that is why it is easier to pull a wagon than

to push it; remember that the next time you're in
the airport and you have to wheel your luggage
cart to catch a plane!
31 A block is pushed at an angle of θ with respect to the
horizontal as shown below. The normal force on the
block is:
A mg
B mgsinθ
Answer
C mgcosθ
D mg + Fappsinθ Fapp
θ
E mg - Fappsinθ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=tDJnqGbbdUE
block is:
A mg
B mgsinθ
Answer
D
C mgcosθ
D mg + Fappsinθ Fapp
θ
E mg - Fappsinθ [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=tDJnqGbbdUE
horizontal as shown below. The frictional force on the
block is:
A μkmg
Answer
B μkmgsinθ
C μkmgcosθ
D μk(mg - Fappsinθ) Fapp
E μk(mg + Fappsinθ) θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=jCryLKtIjAs
block is:
A μkmg Answer
B μkmgsinθ
E
C μkmgcosθ
D μk(mg - Fappsinθ) Fapp
E μk(mg + Fappsinθ) θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=jCryLKtIjAs
33 A block is pulled at an angle of θ with respect to the
block is:
A mg
B mgsinθ
Answer
C mgcosθ
Fapp
D mg + Fappsinθ
θ
E mg - Fappsinθ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=7uBv6fgR-0g
block is:
A mg
B mgsinθ
Answer
C mgcosθ E
Fapp
D mg + Fappsinθ
θ
E mg - Fappsinθ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=7uBv6fgR-0g
block is:
A μkmg
B μkmgsinθ
Answer
C μkmgcosθ
Fapp
D μk(mg + Fappsinθ)
θ
E μk(mg - Fappsinθ)
https://njctl.org/video/?v=JN6VFfzlfyY
block is:
A μkmg
B μkmgsinθ
Answer
C μkmgcosθ E
Fapp
D μk(mg + Fappsinθ)
θ
E μk(mg - Fappsinθ)
https://njctl.org/video/?v=JN6VFfzlfyY
Friction
Now it's time to compare the differences when you pull a wagon at
an angle versus pulling it horizontally. Solve for the accelerations
for both cases before going on to the next slide.
Fapp = F = 20.0 N Fapp = F = 20.0 N at 37o

m = 3.0 kg m = 3.0 kg
μk = 0.20 μk = 0.20
y
FN
FN
p
fk F ap
fk Fapp Fy
Fx X
mg
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=3ZDwrkupMaE
Friction
Here are the results for the Normal Force and the acceleration in
the x direction. Can you explain the differences?
Fapp = F = 20.0 N Fapp = F = 20.0 N at 37o
m = 3.0 kg m = 3.0 kg
μk = 0.20 μk = 0.20
y
FN
FN
p
fk F ap
fk Fapp Fy
Fx X
mg
mg FN = 18.0 N
FN = 30.0 N
ax = 4.7 m/s 2 ax = 4.1 m/s 2
Friction
Friction was reduced when the
box was pulled at an angle,
because the Normal Force P
was reduced. FN F AP
Fy
The box's weight, mg, was
supported by the y-component mg
of the Applied Force plus the
Normal Force. Just looking at the y-axis
Fy
The Normal Force was ΣF = ma y
lowered which decreased the FN
frictional force. FN + Fy - mg = 0
FN = mg - F y mg
FN = mg - Fsin θ
Friction
That explains the difference in the Normal force, but since the
friction force is greater for the object pulled along the x axis, why
is its acceleration greater than the object pulled at an angle?
y
FN
FN
p
fk F ap
fk Fapp Fy
Fx X
mg
mg FN = 18.0 N
FN = 30.0 N
ax = 4.7 m/s 2 ax = 4.1 m/s 2
Friction
That's not a simple answer - it depends on the angle and the

coefficient of kinetic friction - they work in tandem to determine the
optimal angle for the greatest acceleration for the same applied
force.
Pulling the object at an angle reduces the friction, but it also

reduces the magnitude of the force along the x axis.
Try solving the equations for the acceleration of both cases and
comparing them before moving on to the next slide.
Friction a when F is at an
x
angle, θ, to the motion.
ax when F is parallel to
the motion (θ = 0o).
Friction
The above expression is the difference between the acceleration

of an object when it is pulled at an angle of θ with the horizontal
and when it is pulled parallel to the motion (θ = 0o).
If the accelerations are equal, then their difference = 0:
Friction
ax(θ) = ax(θ = 0)
ax(θ) > ax(θ = 0)
ax(θ) < ax(θ = 0)

Friction
If (cosθ + μksinθ) is greater than 1, then pulling the object at an

angle θ results in a greater acceleration than if the force is aligned
with the x axis.
If equal to 1, the accelerations are the same.
If less than 1, then a greater acceleration results from the force

being horizontal.
35 Which variables are required to completely predict
whether the acceleration of an object that is pulled at an
angle, θ, with respect to the horizontal, is greater than if it
is pulled parallel to the motion?
A θ and μk
Answer
B magnitude of the force
C the mass of the object
D θ
E μk
https://njctl.org/video/?v=o50ZtnpeN3k
35 Which variables are required to completely predict
whether the acceleration of an object that is pulled at an
angle, θ, with respect to the horizontal, is greater than if it
is pulled parallel to the motion?
A θ and μk
Answer
A
B magnitude of the force
C the mass of the object
D θ [This object is a pull tab]
E μk
https://njctl.org/video/?v=o50ZtnpeN3k
The Inclined Plane
Return to Table
of Contents
https://njctl.org/video/?v=InIFbSpIi34
Previously we dealtwith FN
horizontal surfaces. In
that case FN and mg
were always along the
y axis and were equal if
there was no acceleration
along that axis. mg
Now we will look at
a surface that is not
horizontal.
The Inclined Plane
This non horizontal

surface will be called the
Inclined Plane.
On the picture, draw

the free body
diagram for the
block.
Show the weight and

the normal force.
The Inclined Plane
FN is ALWAYS
perpendicular to the FN
surface.
mg is ALWAYS
directed downward.
But now, they are mg

neither parallel nor
perpendicular to one
another.
The Inclined Plane
Previously, we used
horizontal and vertical
(x and y) axes. That
worked because problems FN
always resulted in an
acceleration that was
along one of those
axes.
mg
But, for the inclined plane,
the acceleration is not
horizontal or vertical - it will
slide up or down the incline
(without losing contact with
the surface).
The Inclined Plane
In this case, the block y

can accelerate onlyalong a
the surface of the plane (it FN
will slide down in the
absence of an applied
force - but it will go up if it a
is pulled). x
So the x and y axes are mg
rotated to line up with the θ
surface of the plane.
The Inclined Plane
y
a
FN
a
x Another reason the x and
y axes were rotated is to
mg simplify the mathematics -
θ especially when the friction
force is added.
Assume Fapp is pulling the

block down the incline and fk
is the force of kinetic friction.
The Inclined Plane
y
a
FN
By rotating the coordinate

a system, we only need to
x resolve one force (mg) into
mg its x and y components.
θ Let's assume that you don't

want to rotate the axes
because it is a new concept
to you. How many forces
would you have to resolve
into x and y components?
The Inclined Plane
y
FN
fk
If the x and y axes were the
x conventional horizontal/
Fapp a vertical setup, we'd have
three forces (FN, Fapp and fk)
to resolve into their
mg components along those
axes!
That's three times as much

trigonometry. Always
something to be avoided.
36 A block is being pulled down a rough incline as shown
below. Draw all the forces acting on the block.
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=KaNluo3yRbc
36 A block is being pulled down a rough incline as shown
below. Draw all the forces acting on the block.
a
y
FN
fk
Answer
Fapp
mg X
https://njctl.org/video/?v=KaNluo3yRbc
37 What is the purpose of rotating the normal x and y axes
to align with the surface of the inclined plane?
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=5sDSonrBfi8
37 What is the purpose of rotating the normal x and y axes
to align with the surface of the inclined plane?
The axes are rotated so most

of the forces will be aligned
Answer
along the axes, reducing the

amount of vector resolution
required; and so the
acceleration vector aligns
with an axis.
https://njctl.org/video/?v=5sDSonrBfi8
Solving the Inclined Plane
The only force not aligned with the rotated coordinate system is
mg. It makes an angle of θ' with the rotated y axis. These types of
problems typically give the value of θ - the angle of the incline.
y-axis
FN
To resolve mg along the
rotated x and y axes, we
need to find the
θ' relationship of θ' to θ.
mg
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=BYATTtLWne4
y-axis
FN
Create the red triangle as shown.
Label the third angle in the red
triangle as α. Since the angles in a
triangle add to 180 o , and the bottom
θ' α left angle is 90o , that means:
mg
α + θ = 90o
θ
Examine the angles at the upper left corner of the red triangle.
y-axis
Since we have a right angle
FN between the y axis and the
surface, the angle α in the
triangle complements the angle
θ ' from the y axis:
θ' α
θ ' + α = 90o
mg
But we already showed that
α + θ = 90o
θ
So we can conclude:
θ' = θ
The gravitational force (mg) has components into the surface
(y) and ALONG the surface (x) and will affect the acceleration in
both cases. To determine its impact, it needs to be resolved into
its x and y components along the rotated axes.
Fy Fx a y
θ
mg
a
θ
θ
Fy
mg X
Fx
Trigonometry will be used to resolve mg into its components along
the rotated x and y axes.
y
Fx is opposite θ, so the sine function
will be used:
a
θ
Fy
mg X
mg
sin
θ
Fx is the component of mg on the
x axis and will accelerate the box
down the incline.
Next, solve for the y component of the gravitational force.
Fy is adjacent to θ, so the cosine
y
function will be used:
a
θ
os
θ
c
mg
mg X
Fy is the component of mg on the y
mg
sin axis and will accelerate the box into
θ the incline.
The gravitational force has now been resolved into x and y
components along the rotated axes.
y
θ
os
θ
c
mg
mg X
mg
sin
θ
How is this different from when we would
resolve forces along the non rotated
coordinate system - where the x axis was
horizontal and the y axis was vertical?
In the non rotated coordinate system, we were used to seeing
force and acceleration components using the cosine function in
the x direction and the sine function in the y direction. That's
reversed now.
θ
os
θ
c
mg
mg X
mg
sin
θ
38 Given an inclined plane that makes an angle of 320 with
the horizontal, and a box of 5.8 kg. What is the
component of the gravitational force along the incline?
Answer
Fy Fx a
A 3.1 N θ
mg
B 4.9 N
C 11 N θ
D 31 N
E 49 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=dfcpOBUoX5c
component of the gravitational force along the incline?
Answer D
Fy Fx a
A 3.1 N θ
mg
B 4.9 N
C 11 N θ
D 31 N
E 49 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=dfcpOBUoX5c
component of the gravitational force into the incline?
Fy Fx a
Answer
A 3.1 N θ
mg
B 4.9 N
C 11 N θ
D 31 N
E 49 N
https://njctl.org/video/?v=S2lFUMlOFAc
component of the gravitational force into the incline?
E
Fy Fx a
Answer
A 3.1 N θ
mg
B 4.9 N
C 11 N θ
D 31 N
E 49 N [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=S2lFUMlOFAc
Putting it all together
y
Now that mg has been FN

resolved into its two
components along the
roatated x and y axes, the
a
Normal force will be added
and the total frictionless
picture will be shown. mg X
https://njctl.org/video/?v=vsvlIhHZSDk
Putting it all together
Apply Newton's Second Law to the forces on each rotated axis
.
x - axis y - axis
y
ΣFx = max ΣFy = may= 0

a mgsinθ = max FN - mgcosθ = 0
θ
os
θ
c
mg
X ax = gsinθ
mg FN = mgcosθ
mg
sin
θ
Note that ax does not depend on the mass of
the object! And ΣFy = 0 since the block is
sliding down the incline without bouncing.
40 What is the x component of the gravitational force?
y
A mg cosθ
a
FN
B mg sinθ
Answer
C mg tanθ a
D mg
mg X
E zero θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=CoY2cK0mRp4
40 What is the x component of the gravitational force?
y
A mg cosθ
a
FN
B mg sinθ
Answer
B
C mg tanθ a
D mg
mg X
E zero [This object is a pull tab]
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=CoY2cK0mRp4
41 What is the y component of the gravitational force?
y
A mg cosθ
a
Answer
FN
B mg sinθ
C mg tanθ a
D mg
mg X
E zero θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=qXFP8PIBHVk
41 What is the y component of the gravitational force?
y
A mg cosθ
Answer a
FN
B mg sinθ A
C mg tanθ a
D mg
mg X
E zero θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=qXFP8PIBHVk
42 Determine the values of FN and the x and y components
of the gravitational force, given m = 20.0 kg and
θ = 40.00.
a
FN
Answer
a
mg X
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=dmNZ2ubpDOM
42 Determine the values of FN and the x and y components
of the gravitational force, given m = 20.0 kg and
θ = 40.00.
a
FN
Answer
a
mg X
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=dmNZ2ubpDOM
43 A 5 kg block slides down a frictionless incline at an angle
θ = 300. Draw a free body diagram, including the
acceleration vector, and find the acceleration of the block.
Use g = 10 m/s2.
Answer
X
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=3mIALdnrcco
43 A 5 kg block slides down a frictionless incline at an angle
θ = 300. Draw a free body diagram, including the
acceleration vector, and find the acceleration of the block.
Use g = 10 m/s2. y
FN
a
sθ
y
Answer
co
mg θ
mg x
mg
sin
θ
X
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=3mIALdnrcco
Solving the Inclined Plane with Friction
It's now time to make the problem more realistic by noting that not
too many surfaces are frictionless. Let's assume there is friction
between the plane and the box and it is moving down the incline.
What is the direction of the kinetic friction force?
fk
? FN
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=4IJgK278ISg
Since kinetic friction acts to oppose motion, it is directed up the
incline in the negative x direction (f k = μk FN)
fk FN
FN y
a
fk
mg a
sθ
θ
co
mg
θ mg X
mg
sin
θ
x - axis y - axis
ΣFx = ma x ΣFy = may = 0

mgsinθ - fk = max FN - mgcosθ = 0
mgsinθ - μk FN = max F N = mgcosθ
mgsinθ - μk mgcosθ = max FN y
gsinθ - μk gcosθ = ax
ax = gsinθ - μk gcosθ
a x = g( sinθ - μk cosθ) fk
a
sθ
Remember to solve the y-axis θ
co
forces first to find FN which is
mg
required to determine the mg X
friction force on the x-axis.
mg
sin
θ
The general solution for objects sliding down an incline is:
ax = g(sinθ - μk cosθ)
This is a bit different from the result that we obtained for a x when
there was no friction (a x = gsinθ).
A common practice in physics is to apply a limiting case to an

answer and see if it gives you something that agrees with
previous work. Typical examples are letting a variable equal
zero or approach infinity.
Which limiting variable would you use here to

validate the acceleration for an inclined plane
with friction?
For the inclined plane without friction, you assume that:
μk=0
Plug this into: ax = g(sinθ - μkcosθ)
and we get the previous result for a frictionless inclined plane:
a x = gsinθ
So, the equation checks out with previous knowledge. Of

course, that doesn't prove it's right, but it is a good indicator
that we're at least on the right track (in this case, we are
right!)
FN y
fk
a What if we were given an inclined
plane at an angle with the horizontal
sθ
θ
co
and wanted to find what value of the

mg
coefficient of kinetic friction would

mg X
allow the block to slide down with a
mg constant velocity?
sin
θ
FN y We would use the previously

calculated a x equation and set
it equal to zero.
fk
a ax = g(sinθ - μk cosθ)
sθ
θ
co
0 = g(sinθ - μk cosθ)
mg
mg X
0 = sinθ - μk cosθ
mg
sin μk cosθ = sinθ
θ
μk = sinθ / cosθ
μk = tanθ
FN y
Let's change the problem a little.
Assume the object is stationary on an
fs inclined plane (with friction) and we
a want to find the angle at which the
object will start accelerating down the
sθ
θ
co
plane.
mg
mg X
We now will use static friction.
mg
sin
θ
FN y It was just shown that for an object

sliding with constant velocity down
an inclined plane that:
fs
a μk = tanθ
sθ
θ
co
The same free body diagram is used

mg
mg X for the case of static friction. The only

difference is that where fk = μkN for
mg kinetic friction, fs ≤ μsN for static
sin friction.
θ
How will this modify our answer?
FN y Since we're trying to find the minimum

angle at which the box will start
moving (accelerating), it would be
fs
when f s is a maximum (right before the
a object moves) and which occurs when
sθ
θ fs = μsN.
co
mg
mg X This is mathematically similar to the

kinetic friction case, so we replace μk
mg with μs.
sin
θ μ s = tanθ
44 A block slides down an incline with acceleration a.
Which choice represents the correct free body
diagram? N
A N B f
Answer
f W
θ
W
C D E
N N N
f f f
W
W W
https://njctl.org/video/?v=khSQJ63RPgc
44 A block slides down an incline with acceleration a.
Which choice represents the correct free body
diagram? N
A N B f
Answer
fE W
θ
W
C D E
N N N
f f
[This object is a pull tab] f
W
W W
https://njctl.org/video/?v=khSQJ63RPgc
45 A 5.0 kg block slides down an incline at an angle of 30.00
with a constant speed. Draw a free body diagram and
find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
and the incline.
Answer
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=cCn75tUhTE8
45 A 5.0 kg block slides down an incline at an angle of 30.00
with a constant speed. Draw a free body diagram and
find the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
and the incline.
y
fk FN
Answer
sθ
co
θ
mg
mg x
mg
sin
θ
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=cCn75tUhTE8
46 A 7.5 kg block on an incline only starts moving when the
incline angle is increased to 350. Draw a free body
diagram and find the coefficient of static friction between
the block and the incline.
Answer
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=lTxdsG1kgbY
46 A 7.5 kg block on an incline only starts moving when the
incline angle is increased to 350. Draw a free body
diagram and find the coefficient of static friction between
the block and the incline.
y
fs FN
sθ
Answer
co θ
mg
mg x
mg
sin
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=lTxdsG1kgbY
47 A 5 kg block is pulled up an incline at an angle of 300 with
a force of 40 N. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
the block and the incline is 0.3. Draw a free body
diagram. Find the block's acceleration. Use g = 10 m/s2.
Fapp
Answer
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=IAiFo3EeYDU
47 A 5 kg block is pulled up an incline at an angle of 300 with
a force of 40 N. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
the block and the incline is 0.3. Draw a free body
diagram. Find the block's acceleration. Use g = 10 m/s2.
a
Fapp FN
Fapp
Answer
fK
θ
cos
θ
mg
mg
mg
sin
θ
https://njctl.org/video/?v=IAiFo3EeYDU
48 A 5.0 kg block remains stationary on an incline. The
coefficient of static friction between the block and
the incline is 0.40. Draw a free body diagram.
Determine the angle at which the block will start to
move. Use g = 10 m/s2.
Answer
a=0
https://njctl.org/video/?v=mx4h_iqkdyU
48 A 5.0 kg block remains stationary on an incline. The
coefficient of static friction between the block and
the incline is 0.40. Draw a free body diagram.
Determine the angle at which the block will start to
move. Use g = 10 a=0 m/sF .
2
N
fs
Answer
θ
cos
θ
a=0 mg
mg
mg
sin
θ
θ [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=mx4h_iqkdyU
Static Equilibrium
Tension Force
Return to Table
https://njctl.org/video/?v=gXSjtQR65Xo
of Contents
Static Equilibrium
There is a whole field of problems in engineering and physics

called "Statics" that has to do with cases where no
acceleration occurs and objects remain at rest.
Anytime we construct bridges, buildings or houses, we want

them to remain stationary, which is only possible if there is no
acceleration or no net force.
There are two types of motion that we need to consider (and

in both cases, motion is to be prevented!).
What are they?

Static Equilibrium
The two types of static equilibrium relate to linear (translational)

and rotational acceleration .
Linear acceleration would be when the object, or components of

the object, are moving in a straight line and rotational acceleration
is when it pivots about a point and rotates. Neither works well in a
building or a bridge.
In order to prevent acceleration (movement), for the first case, the

net force is equal to zero, and in the second case, the net torque is
zero. Only the linear acceleration will be covered in this section.
Rotational equilibrium is covered in the Rotational Motion chapter.
Tension Force
FT
Previous problems involved a rope supporting

an object by exerting a vertical force straight
upwards, along the same axis as the force mg
that was pulling it down. That led to the
mg simplest case that if the bucket is moving up
or down with a constant velocity, then a y = 0,
and the tension force, F T = mg.
Tension Force
F
m1 m2
There was also the case where an applied force acted

on one object, but not the other. A Tension force acted
between the two masses. Again, these forces acted in
the same dimension.
Let's try a few problems on this again - it was covered

earlier in this chapter, but it's a good time to review.
49 A box of mass 60.0 kg is suspended from a massless
rope in an elevator that is moving up, but is slowing
down with an acceleration of 2.20 m/s2. What is the
tension in the rope? Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=V7XjI4R79Wo
49 A box of mass 60.0 kg is suspended from a massless
rope in an elevator that is moving up, but is slowing
down with an acceleration of 2.20 m/s2. What is the
tension in the rope? Use g = 10.0 m/s2.
Answer
https://njctl.org/video/?v=V7XjI4R79Wo
50 Which is the correct horizontal force that is acting on the
two masses connected by a rope?
A Applied Force acting to the left on m2.
B Tension force acting to the right on m2.
Answer
C Applied Force acting to the right on m1.
D Tension force acting to the right on m1.
E Tension force acting to the left on m1.

Fapp
m1 m2
https://njctl.org/video/?v=NqmmwjS8SGs
50 Which is the correct horizontal force that is acting on the
two masses connected by a rope?
A Applied Force acting to the left on m2.
B Tension force acting to the right on m2.

Answer
D
C Applied Force acting to the right on m1.
D Tension force acting to the right on m1.
E Tension force acting

[This to the
object left
is a pull tab] on m1.
Fapp
m1 m2
https://njctl.org/video/?v=NqmmwjS8SGs
51 A system of two blocks of masses 6.0 kg and 4.0 kg is
accelerated by an applied force of 20.0 N on a
frictionless horizontal surface. Draw a free body diagram
for each block and find the Tension in the rope
connecting the blocks.
Fapp= 20 N
Answer
6.0 kg 4.0 kg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=4O3djyKpXl4
51 A system of two blocks of masses 6.0 kg and 4.0 kg is
accelerated by an applied force of 20.0 N on a
frictionless horizontal surface. Draw a free body diagram
for each block and find theFindTension in the rope
a for the system: x
connecting the blocks.

a aF = 20 N
app
Answer
6.0 kg FN 4.0 kg FN
T T Fapp
Use either FBD to find T:

m6g m4g
https://njctl.org/video/?v=4O3djyKpXl4
Tension Force
A more interesting problem is for two (or
T2 more) ropes to s upport a stationary object
T1 (a = 0) by exerting forces at angles.
Since we're going to focus on the Tension

force for a while, and using additional
subscripts (1 and 2), we'll save notation
and replace F T with T. As a physics
mg person, you're allowed to do this!
In this case, since the box is at rest, ΣFx

and ΣFy on the box are zero.
Where would you see this outside your

physics classroom?
https://njctl.org/video/?v=Mmrgbrv0kfA
Tension Force
In the cables that

© Túrelio (via Wikimedia-Commons) / Lizenz: Creative Commons CC-BY-SA-2.5
hold traffic lights
over the street.
Tension Force
T2
T1 Since the only other force on the object is
gravity, the vertical components of the force
exerted by each rope must add up to mg.
And if the object isn't moving, then ay = 0.
mg ΣFy = T 1y + T 2y - mg = ma y =0
T1y + T 2y - mg = 0
T1y + T 2y = mg
Tension Force
T2 The only forces in the x direction are those

T1 that are provided by the x components of T1
and T2. Again, the object isn't moving, so
ax = 0.
ΣFx = -T 1x + T 2x = ma x = 0
mg
-T 1x + T 2x = 0
T 1x = T 2x
Note the negative sign on T1x since it is

pointing to the left (negative x axis).
Tension Force
Going forward, we will be dealing with

T2 the magnitudes of the Tension
T1 components. The signs of the
components are derived from the FBD,
where T1x was assigned a negative
value as it was pointing to the left, and
T2x, T1y and T2y were all assigned
mg positive values.
That's the great value of making a

sketch and a FBD - you don't have to
worry about the sine and cosine of
angles greater than 900.
52 In the case of two ropes holding up a stationary bucket,
what is the relationship of the magnitudes of the x
components of T1 and T2?
A T1x = T2x T2
Answer
T1
B T1x > T2x
C T1x < T2x
D T1x = 0 mg
E T2x = 0
https://njctl.org/video/?v=sl1iZwcJfmA
what is the relationship of the magnitudes of the x
components of T1 and T2?
A T1x = T2x T2
Answer
T1
B T1x > T2x A
C T1x < T2x
D T1x = 0 mg
E T2x = 0
https://njctl.org/video/?v=sl1iZwcJfmA
what is the relationship between mg and the magnitudes
of the y components of T1 and T2?
A T1y = T2y + mg
T2
Answer
B T1y = T2y - mg T1
C T1y + T2y = mg
D T1y = T2y = mg
mg
E T1y - T2y = 2mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=IYqsHjt_Ics
what is the relationship between mg and the magnitudes
of the y components of T1 and T2?
A T1y = T2y + mg
T2
Answer
B T1y = T2y - mg T1
C
C T1y + T2y = mg
D T1y = T2y = mg
mg
E T1y - T2y = 2mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=IYqsHjt_Ics
Tension Force
A student suspended a box, of known mass, from a horizontal
support with two ropes, and measured T 1 and T 2 with two spring
balances, finding that T 2 > T 1. The angles to a vertical plumb line
were measured with a protractor, θ2 < θ1. She then wanted to do
the trigonometry to check that her spring balances were accurate
(admittedly, a Rube Goldberg way to find that out).
https://njctl.org/video/?v=0FuqDOKwvb8
Tension Force
Be careful of how the problem is stated. Sometimes the angles α 1
and α2 - the angles that the ropes make with the horizontal support
are given. They are complementary to the angles θ that are used
here. y
T 2x
α2
T 1x T 2y
α1
T 1y T2
θ2
θ1
T1
α1 α2
X
mg
Tension Force
y
T 2x The student measured T1 at an
α2 angle of 50o from the vertical and
T 1x T 2y T2, at an angle of 20o from the
α1
T 1y vertical and they are supporting an
T2
θ2 8.0 kg mass.
θ1
T1
α1 α2
The student measured T1 = 28.5 N
X and T2 = 63.6 N. Let's see if the
spring balances are accurate.
mg
We are using θ1 and θ2 which were
measured with a precision of two
significant figures.
Tension Force
Resolve T 1 into its x and y components:
T1x
T1 T1y
θ1
mg
Tension Force
Resolve T 2 into its x and y components:
y
T 2x
T 2y
T2
θ2
mg
Tension Force
y
T 2x It's now time to take the resolved
vectors, substitute in the given values
T 1x T 2y and solve the simultaneous
equations:
T 1y T2
θ2
T1 θ1 θ1 = 50o
θ2 = 20o
m = 8.0
X
mg
Tension Force
y
T 2x
T 1x T 2y
T 1y T2
θ2
T 1 θ1
X
mg
Recall that the signs are already taken into account

with the following two equations, so just substitute in the above
values. That's the advantage of a FBD and not worrying about the
signs of the sine and cosine functions.
Tension Force
y
Equation 1: T 2x
Equation 2: T 1x T 2y
T 1y T2
We now have two simultaneous equations
T1 θ1 θ2
with two variables. Solve Equation 2 for T1
and then substitute T1 into Equation 1 and
X
solve for T2. mg
Now substitute T2 into Equation 2 and solve for T1.

Tension Force
y
T 2x
T 1x T2 is greater than T1, which
T 2y
means that it is picking up a
T 1y T2 = 64 N greater "load." A way to
T1 = 28 N 50 o 20o
determine this without the
mathematics is to note that T2 is
X more vertical than T1.
mg = 78 N So if two people are trying to lift a
load - the stronger person should
take the more vertical rope!
The trigonometric results Also the sum of the magnitudes

match what was measured of T1 and T2 are greater than the
by the spring balances for weight of the box.
the tension by the student.
Tension Force
y
T 1x T 2x Take a limiting case where θ1 = θ2 = θ.
The ropes make equal angles with the
T 2y vertical.
T 1 T 1y T2
θ θ
X Since T1x = T2x

mg
Each rope has the same tension - the

load is shared equally.
Tension Force
y
Tx Tx
Ty Now, examine the forces in the y direction.

T Ty T
θ θ
X Since T1y + T2y = mg

mg
Let's take a limiting case again (physicists love doing

this) - what happens as the support ropes get more
horizontal (θ approaches 900)?
Tension Force
y
Tx Tx
Ty
T Ty T
θ θ
X
mg As θ approaches 900 (the ropes become
more horizontal), the Tension required to
support the box at that angle approaches
infinity.
Can you think of an example of this effect

(and you can't use the traffic light one
again)?
Tension Force
Electrical power
transmission lines.
This helps explain why

the lines sag - the
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shazand_Thermal_power_plant.JPG
sagging provides a
vertical force at the
poles to balance the
mass of the lines - and
external wires are
wrapped around them
to add more support.
54 Given that the Tension in rope 1 is T1 = 68 N, and
θ1 = 550, find the x component of the Tension
force.
y
T 2x
A -56 N
B -39 N T 1x
Answer
T 2y
C 39 N T 1y T2
θ2
D 56 N T1 θ1
E 83 N
X
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=TBdEf-_vXio
force.
A y
T 2x
A -56 N
B -39 N T 1x
Answer
T 2y
C 39 N T 1y T2
θ2
D 56 N T1 θ1
E 83 N
T1x is acting to the left, so itX
will be assigned a negative
sign: T1x =object
[This -56is aN. mg
pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=TBdEf-_vXio
θ1 = 550, find the y component of the Tension force.
y
T 2x
A -56 N
B -39 N T 1x T 2y
Answer
C 39 N T 1y T2
θ2
D 56 N T1 θ1
E 83 N
X
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=i6CrJPsQknI
θ1 = 550, find the y component of the Tension force.
y
A -56 N C T 2x
B -39 N T 1x T 2y
Answer
C 39 N T 1y T2
θ2
D 56 N T1 θ1
E 83 N
X
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=i6CrJPsQknI
force. y
T 2x
A -56 N
T 1x
Answer
B -39 N T 2y
C 39 N T 1y T2
θ2
D 56 N T1 θ1
E 83 N
X
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=E7jtCbt1PV8
force. y
D T 2x
A -56 N
T 1x
Answer
B -39 N T 2y
C 39 N T 1y T2
θ2
D 56 N T1 θ1
E 83 N
X
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=E7jtCbt1PV8
θ2 = 450 , find the y component of the Tension
force.
y
T 2x
A -56 N
B -39 N T 1x T 2y
Answer
C 39 N T 1y T2
θ2
D 56 N T1 θ1
E 83 N
X
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=NwHxm4P-82M
θ2 = 450 , find the y component of the Tension
force.
y
T 2x
A -56 N
D
B -39 N T 1x T 2y
Answer
C 39 N T 1y T2
θ2
D 56 N T1 θ1
E 83 N
X
mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=NwHxm4P-82M
58 A lamp of mass m is suspended from two ropes of
unequal length as shown below. Which of the following
is true about the tensions T1 and T2 in the ropes?
A T1 is less than T2
T2 T1
B T1 = T 2
Answer
C T1 is greater than T2
D T1 + T2 = mg
E T1 - T2 = mg
https://njctl.org/video/?v=yW9BErArE54
58 A lamp of mass m is suspended from two ropes of
unequal length as shown below. Which of the following
is true about the tensions T1 and T2 in the ropes?
A T1 is less than T2
T2 T1
B T1 = T 2
Answer
C
C T1 is greater than T2
D T1 + T2 = mg
E T1 - T2 = mg [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=yW9BErArE54
59 A mass m is suspended from two massless strings of
equal lengths as shown below. The tension force in each
string is:
A mg/(2cosθ)
B 2 mgcosθ
Answer
θθ
C mgcosθ
D mg/cosθ m
E cosθ/(mg)
https://njctl.org/video/?v=RKfSeKjWmew
59 A mass m is suspended from two massless strings of
equal lengths as shown below. The tension force in each
string is:
A mg/(2cosθ)
B 2 mgcosθ
Answer
Aθ θ
C mgcosθ
D mg/cosθ m
E cosθ/(mg) [This object is a pull tab]
https://njctl.org/video/?v=RKfSeKjWmew

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AP Physics C - Mechanics

· Review of One Dimensional Dynamics

Move any photo or image in this presentation to reveal a link to its

This chapter assumes that you have already studied

· Newton's Three Laws of Motion

First Law: An object maintains its velocity (both speed and

Second Law: The sum of the external forces on an object is

Third Law: Whenever one object exerts a force on a second

A slow down and eventually stop.

E move with a constant velocity.

A slow down and eventually stop.

E move with a constant velocity.

D changed direction to the right.

E changed direction to the left.

D changed direction to the right.

When a car moving forward

does not feel that force directly

A the position of the object.

B the net force on the object.

D the object's mass.

E the displacement of the object.

A the position of the object.

B the net force on the object.

C the velocity of the object.

E the displacement of the object.

E a/3 [This object is a pull tab]

A Its velocity is changing.

D It has constant non-zero acceleration.

E It has zero mass.

A Its velocity is changing.

D It has constant non-zero acceleration.

E It has zero mass. [This object is a pull tab]

E During the collision the truck has a greater

A equal in magnitude and point in the same direction.

B equal in magnitude and point in opposite directions.

D unequal in magnitude and point in opposite directions.

E cancel each other out for a net force on each object of

A equal in magnitude and point in the same direction.

B equal in magnitude and point in opposite directions.

D unequal in magnitude and point in opposite directions.

E cancel each other out for a net force on each object of

A The pen pulling up on the table with a force F.

C The pen pushing down on the table with a force F.

D The table pushing up on the pen with a force F.

E The pen pulling upward on the earth with a force F.

A The pen pulling up on the table with a force F.

B The table pushing down

C The pen pushing down on the table with a force F.

D The table pushing up on the pen with a force F.

E The pen pulling upward on the earth with a force F.

pushes up on the student.

Physics is based on observation and measurement.

In order to measure something, it has to be compared against

That's the concept of a reference frame.

The reference frame is the system in which measurements are

Your measurement depends on which reference frame you're

In other words, an object in such a frame will only accelerate if

It is a frame that is moving at a constant velocity or a frame at

Accelerating reference frames are not inertial reference frames.