PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Exercise No. Title Page Number

1 History of Medical Technology Profession

Defining the Practice of the Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory

2
Sceince Profession

3 Ethics

4 Medical Terminologies and Abbreviations

5 Medical Technology/Clinical Laboratory Science Education

6 Basic Concepts on Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity

7 Biorisk Management

8 Nature of Clinical Laboratory

9 Prefessional Organization

10 Continuing Professional Development (CPD)

11 Health Care Waste Management

LESSON 1: HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSION

WHAT IS A MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST?

A health care professional who plays a key role in the modern laboratory – performs various
clinical, laboratory procedures that helps the physicians to diagnose, monitor, and treat a certain
human condition.

A healthcare professional who performs diagnostic analytic tests on body fluids such as
blood, urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, and synovial
fluid, as wellas other specimens.

BY HEINEMANN:

• Application of principles
• Performance of laboratoryprocedures
• Diagnosis and treatment of diseases

BY ANNE FAGELSON:

• Performance of Laboratory determinations and analyses

• Diagnosis and treatment of disease
• Maintenance of health

History of Medical Technology in a Global Context

• Medical Technology in its EarliestOnset

• Hippocrates - the “father of medicine” and the author of the Hippocratic Oath.
• Galen - a Greek physician and philosopher, instigated a rudimentary and qualitative
assessment of disorder through measurement of the body fluids (also called the Four humors -
blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile.
> He also describe diabetes as “diarrhea of urine” and established the relationship
between fluid intake and urine volume.
• 900 AD - the first book detailing the characteristics of urine (e.g. color, density, quality) was
written.

ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

Year Invented Invention Inventor & Description

1816 Stethoscope First diagnostic medical breakthrough invented by Rene Laennec.

Microscope First practical microscope was devised by Antonie van

1840
Leeuwenhoek.

1850 Ophthalmoscope First visual technology invented by Hermann von Helmholz.

Laryngoscope Devised by Manuel Garcia using two mirrors to observe the throat
1855
and larynx.

1859 Xray Invented by Wilhelm Roentgen.

1903 Electrocardiograph Developed by William Einthoven.

Kenny Method Devised by Elizabeth Kenny; pioneering work for modern physical
1910
therapy in the treatment of polio (then called infantile paralysis).

1927 Drinker respirator Invented by Philip Drinker

1939 Heart-lung machine First visual technology invented by Hermann von Helmholz.

Cardiac First operated by Forsmann in 1929

1941 catheterization and -developed by Moniz, Reboul, Rousthoi between 1930 & 1940.
Angiography -discovered as safe method in humans by Cournand in 1941.

HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY INTHE PHILIPPINES

• End of World War II (1939-1945)- Medical Technology practice was introduced in the
Philippines by the26th Medical Infantry of the 6th US Army
• Manila Public Health Laboratory - first clinical laboratory in the Philippines at Quiricada St.
Sta. Cruz, Manila.
• June,1945 - US Army left the Clinical Laboratory and endorsed it to the National
Department of Health. The Department rendered the laboratory non-functional for some
time.
• October 1, 1945, Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda-organized the Medical laboratory and was given
the name Public Health Laboratory. He was assisted by Dr. Mariano Icasiano who was then
the Manila City Health Officer.
• 1947- training of medical technicians started under Dr. Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia C. Sta.
Ana. Trainees were mostly highschool and paramedical graduates. (No definite period of
training was set and no certificates were given to trainees.
• 1954, a six-month laboratory training with certificates upon completion was given to the
trainees. Dr. Sta. Ana prepared the syllabus for the training program.
• Dr. Tirso Briones joined the two doctors in the training program at the public health
laboratory.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Philippine Union College (PUC) and Manila Sanitarium Hospital - offered the first B.S.
degree course in Medical Technology.
• Manila Sanitarium and Hospital - opened the first School of Medical Technology in the
Philippines.
• Dr. Jesse Umali- first graduate of B.S. Medical Technology from Philippine Union College;
now OB-Gynecologist in the USA. He is also the owner of the Omega Laboratory at Vito
Cruz, Manila.
• June 1960, issuance of permitfor the internship program.
• June 14, 1961 - Full recognitionof the 4-year B.S. Medical Technology course.
• 1960, Mrs. Purificacion Sunico-Suaco pioneered B.S. Medical Technology course at
the Centro Escolar University. Their first graduates was in 1962.

ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 2

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

• 1961, Dr. Horacio A. Ylagan and Dr. Serafin J. Juliano , started offering B.S. MedTech
atFEU under the College of Medicine. Their first graduates was in 1963.
• U.P. Manila offers similar coursebut the degree being conferred is B.S. Public Health
• Our Lady of Fatima University-offer the course Medical technology in the year 2000.
• Postgraduate studies for B.S.Medical Technology

Among the schools that offered thecourse were the following:

- UST Graduate School

- Philippine Women’s University
- Manila Central University
- Our Lady of Fatima University
- Trinity University of Asia
- U.P. Manila offered 1 year, non-thesisdegree in Masters in Public Health

ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 3

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

Inventions and Innovations in the Field of Medical Laboratory

- the father of microbiology; known for his work

1660 ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
on the improvement of the microscope

- discovered vaccination to establish immunity to

1796 EDWARD JENNER
smallpox; impact of contribution: Immunology

- identified organs by their types of tissues; impact

1880 MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER BICHAT
of contribution: Histology

- Produced disease in worms by injection of

1835 AGOSTINO BASSI
organic material – the beginning of bacteriology

1857 LOUIS PASTEUR - Successfully produced immunity to rabies

- Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics

1866 GREGOR MENDEL
from studies on plants

- demonstrated that surgical infections are cause

1870 JOSEPH LISTER
by airborne organisms

- presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax),

1877 ROBERT KOCH
and later tubercle bacilli

- described phagocytes in blood and their role in

1886 ELLIE METCHNIKOFF
fighting infection

1886 ERNST VON BERGMANN - introduced steam sterilization in surgery

- Distinguished blood groups through the

1902 KARL LANDSTEINER
development of the ABO blood group system

1906 AUGUST VON WASSERMANN - developed immunologic tests for syphilis

- Discovered microorganisms whose range lies

1906 HOWARD RICKETTS
between bacteria and viruses called rickettsiae

1929 HANS FISCHER - worked out the structure of hemoglobin

1954 JONAS SALK - developed poliomyelitis vaccine

- Introduced the Westgard Rules for quality

1973 JAMES WESTGARD
control in the clinical laboratory

1980 BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG - introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine

- Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction

1985 KARY MULLIS
(PCR)

1992 ANDRE VAN STEIRTEGHEM - Introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection

1998 JAMES THOMSON - Derived the first human stem cell line

---- end ----

ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 4

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

LESSON 2: DEFINING THE PRACTICE OF THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY/ CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
PROFESSION

Nature of Medical Technology

• In understanding the nature of Medical Technology, it is important to understand

the connection between science and technology.
o Science – is primarily concerned with the study of the natural world and
interrelationship among the biological, psychological, and even the social
world.
o Technology – on the other hand, is the application of science in ways that
are considered beneficial to society.
▪ It can define in three ways:
1. as a Physical artefact, machine, or
instrument
2. as an activity or a means to accomplish a
goal
3. as knowledge
▪ Technology also consists of physical elements such as equipment,
materials, or products and intangible elements such as
knowledge, skills, procedures, principles, or information base
required to successfully implement technology.

• Medical technology – is designed to improve the detection, diagnosis, treatment,

and monitoring of diseases.
• Clinical Laboratory – plays a crucial role in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment
of diseases.

Medical Technology Practice Defined

• In the Philippines the Medical technology profession and its practice is governed and
defined in section two (2) of R.A. 5527, also known as the Medical Technology Act of
1969.

Roles and Responsibilities of Medical Technology Professionals

• Medical Technology is indeed a rapidly advancing discipline and profession.

• The role of a Medical Technology professionals in the diagnosis and treatment of
diseases is very crucial in health care practice.

Tasks of Medical Technology professionals in the practice of laboratory science

I. Perform Clinical Laboratory testing

-A medical technologist must be capable of performing the most basic to the most advanced
laboratory tests.

-A graduate of BSMT/BSMLS is expected to show competency in performing routine laboratory

tests including urinalysis, stool examination and other procedures in the different areas of the
laboratory.

II. Perform Special Procedures

-Medical technologists are also expected to perform special procedures in diagnosing
diseases. It can also include molecular and nuclear diagnostics.

III. ENSURE Accuracy and Precision of Results

-In performing different procedures, A medtech should always be conscious of the accuracy
and precision of both the testing process and its results.

IV. Be Honest in Practice

-A practicing Medtech, like any other professionals, is expected to be honest in the practice of
his or her work.

V. Ensure Timely Delivery of Results

- medical technologist must be aware of the urgency of delivering results on time especially in
cases that require urgent treatment.

- one should take notations on “STAT” or even observe the source of the request.

- it is important for a medical technologist to be alert to fully address the needs of the patient.

VI. Demonstrate Professionalism

- a medical technologist must be able to perform his or her functions according to the
professional Code of Ethics for medical technology professionals.

ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 5

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

- he or she should be aware of the laws and regulations governing the practice of medical
technology and should not exploit its function beyond its boundaries.

-in the Philippines, the practice of medical technology profession is governed by R.A. 5527 or
the Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969.

OTHER GOVERNING REGULATIONS:

• Clinical Laboratory Act of 1966 (R.A. 4688)

• Blood Banking Acts of 1956 (R.A. 1517) AND 1995 (R.A. 7719)

VII. Uphold Confidentiality

- ensuring confidentiality of patient’s information is one of the core duties within the medical
practice (De Bord et. al).

- Confidentiality requires health care providers to keep a patient’s personal health information
private unless the patient consents to release the information.

- Patient records are expected to be kept in confidence by the medical technologist.

- A medical technologist must be aware at all times of the value of confidentiality and the
entirety of the ethical codes of their profession.

VIII. Collaborate with Other Health Care Professionals

- A medical technology professional is required to collaborate with other health care
practitioners in order to build a well-functioning team.

- Collaboration is the act of working together in order to achieve a desired outcome.

- a highly-trained physician will only be able to efficiently treat his or her patient if laboratory
testing, monitoring, drug prescription and dosage, and more are properly rendered and
administered by other health care professionals.

- having one non-collaborative and incompetent member in the team alone can result in
potentially dire repercussions.

IX. Conduct Research

- practicing medical technologists must also be engaged in research activities to update their
skills.

- Research work, whether experimental or descriptive can contribute significantly to the

discovery of new knowledge in the field of medical technology and in assessing and revisiting
already known ones.

- It can greatly help in the further development of the field and may be used as future
reference for patient care.

X. Involvement in Health Promotion Programs

- Medical technologists should not be confined only to the four corners of their clinical
laboratories.

- A medical technology professional must be actively involved in reaching out to the

community.

- Medical technologists, as valuable health care professionals, are also expected to do the
same.

- There are some ways that medical technology professionals can help the community:

1. Cooperate with other health care professionals in health

promotion campaigns such as promoting the ideal attitudes on
hygiene, community sanitation, waste segregation, and disease
prevention.
2. Implement pre-planned programs of health promotion
campaigns.
3. Offer free laboratory testing such as blood typing, urinalysis,
fecalysis, blood sugar testing, cholesterol testing, and other tests
beneficial to the entire community.
4. Collaborate with other health care professionals once diagnoses
are done.

ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 6

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

DEFINING THE PRACTICE OF OTHER LABORATORY PERSONNEL

- It is important to note that medical technologists work closely with these laboratory personnel in
order to provide accurate and precise laboratory results.
- The different roles of different laboratory personnel are interconnected. It is important that all
should work in harmony in order to provide the best patient care.

I. PATHOLOGIST
As defined in R.A. 5527

- a duly registered physician who is specially trained in methods of laboratory

medicine, or the gross and microscopic study and interpretation of tissues, secretions and
excretions of the human body and its functions in order to diagnose disease.

A pathologist is always considered to head a clinical laboratory and monitor all

laboratory results. A laboratory result without the signature of a pathologist may not be
considered valid.

II. MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIANS

As defined in R.A. 5527

- a medical technician is a person certified by and registered with the Board of

Medical Technology and qualified to assist a medical technologist and/or qualified
pathologist in the practice of medical technology as defined in the aforementioned act
(Section 2,d.).

Here are some qualifications other than what is stated above to become a medical
technician provided that he or she satisfies the qualification such that he or she:

a. Failed to pass the Medical Technology Licensure Examination (MTLE) given by

the Board of Medical Technology but obtained a general rating of at least
70%.
b. Pass the civil service examination for medical technicians given of March 21,
1969
c. Finished a two-year college course and has at least one (1) year experience
of working as a medical laboratory technician.

III. PHLEBOTOMIST
- is an individual trained to draw blood either for laboratory tests or for blood
donations.

- Arterial collection can only be performed by a specially trained phlebotomist.

- Phlebotomy is a skill confined not only to medical technologists but to other

health care practitioners as well, provided that they were given certification by a
reputed certifying or training body.

IV. CYTOTECHNOLOGIST
- A laboratory personnel who works with the pathologist to detect changes in
body cells which may be important in the early diagnosis of disease.

V. HISTOTECHNOLOGIST
- it is also referred to as histotechnician, a laboratory personnel responsible for the
routine preparation, processing and staining of biopsies and tissue specimens for
microscopic examination by a pathologist.

VI. NUCLEAR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST

- A health care professional who works alongside nuclear physicians. They apply
their knowledge of radiation physics and safety regulations to limit radiation
exposure, prepare, and administer radiopharmaceuticals and use radiation
detection devices and other kinds of laboratory equipment that measure quantity
and disturbance of radionuclides deposited in the patient or in the patient’s
specimen.

VII. TOXICOLOGIST
- A toxicologist studies the effects of toxic substances on the physiological
functions of human beings, animals, and plants to develop data for use in
consumer protection and industrial safety programs.

----- end ----

ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 7

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

LESSON 3: ETHICS

Human Existence and Ethics

● ETHICS is the moral code that guides how an individual should behave. As a branch of knowledge,
it deals with moral principles.

● ETHICS is also about the individual’s search for meaning while dealing with human problems which
may be:

● Logical (problems of reasoning),

● Epistemological (problems of the truth)
● Cosmological (problems of universe)
● Ethical (problems of morality)
● Aesthetical (problems of art and beauty)
● Scientific problems (problems of science)

SCHOOL ETHICS

• ETHICS deals with a diverse prescription of universal concepts and principles that serve as
foundation of moral beliefs.
• In many cases ethics can be connected to morality.
• For Donal Harrington, morality can be viewed in different perspectives:
o as a law,
o as an inner conviction,
o as love,
o as personal growth,
o as social transformation.

Nuances ethics and morality as illustrated by James Gustafson (1974)

ETHICS MORALITY

Theoretical prescriptions/critiques Based on principles practiced by a particular

community

• fundamental convictions of human agent

• the nature of the good • character of moral agent
• the nature of human person • use of norms
• criteria of judgment • situational analysis

ETHICAL RELATIVISM

• it is also known as moral relativism, a school of ethics anchored on the principle that morality is
relative to the norms of a particular culture.
• It is a theory based on norms relative to a particular culture or society.
o Example: if a person believes that abortion is morally wrong, then it is wrong for her. In
other words, it would be morally wrong for Susan to have an abortion if Susan believed
that abortion is always morally wrong.

ETHICAL PRAGMATISM

• Pragmatism is a philosophical approach or movement that began in the 1870s. The term was
coined by Charles Sanders Peirce and further developed by William James.
• It is considered as America’s most distinctive and major contribution to the field of philosophy.
• It is more of a theory in knowledge, truth, and meaning rather than morality.
• The pragmatic conception of making good and truth can be applied in the medical context
especially in terms of decision making and moral reasoning.
o Example: a medical doctor may say to her patient: “The injection of this insulin is good for
one who is suffering from diabetes.” So for the pragmatists, if the patient regains his health
after the injection of the insulin, then the act is judged as morally right. “Goodness” or the
moral worth of action happens to the act itself.

ETHICAL UTILITARIANISM

• Founded by two English Philosophers Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 8

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

• This school of ethics states that the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by their
consequences.
• The principle of utility formulated by Mill states that “action are good insofar as they tend to
promote happiness, bad as then tend to produce unhappiness. The utility or usefulness of an
action is determined by the extent to which it promotes happiness rather than its universe.”
o Example: if you are choosing ice cream for yourself, the utilitarian view is that you should
choose the flavor that will give you the most pleasure. If you enjoy chocolate but hate
vanilla, you should choose chocolate for the pleasure it will bring and avoid vanilla
because it will bring displeasure. In addition, if you enjoy both chocolate and strawberry,
you should predict which flavor will bring you more pleasure and choose whichever one
will do that.

MORAL ISSUES

- There are numerous ethical issues in the field of medicine that are perceived to be controversial.

- Diversity, decision making, compliance and governance are some of the concerns that need to
be considered when doing an ethical review in the context of the health care profession.

Ethical Issues:

1. Abortion – is considered illegal in the Philippines. It can be direct, induced, or even caused by
natural cases or accidents.
- In some instances, abortion becomes necessary when the life of the mother is at
stake.
- Abortion is the ultimate violation of life for it is the act of killing an individual that is
not yet able to speak for him or herself.

2. Euthanasia (Mercy Killing)- is the practice of ending a life intentionally, usually in situation when
the individual is terminally ill, to relieve him or her of pain and suffering.
- Euthanasia is regarded as a merciful release of an individual from an incurable
sickness.
- Herbert Hendin (2004) describes euthanasia as the process of inducing the
painless death of a person who is severely debilitated for reasons assumed to be
merciful, either through voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary means.
 Voluntary euthanasia – is when an individual gives consent to subject him
or herself to a painless death.
 Non-voluntary euthanasia – is conducted when the permission of the
patient to perform the process is unavailable, like in the case of patient in
a deep comatose or neonates born with significant and major birth
defects.
 Involuntary euthanasia – is when individual does not give his or her
consent.

3. Genetic Engineering – is a controversial ethical issue because it involves genetic manipulations

that are perceived to be against moral stands set by the society.

The following are some procedures involved in genetic engineering:

1. Genetic screening – is a procedure whose main purpose is to screen, choose, and select
the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease and other chromosomal
malformations (Ciabal, 2003).
2. Genetic interventions – is a techniques such as genetic control, therapy, and surgery.
3. Stem-cell therapy – is a form of genetic engineering that makes use of stem cells to treat or
prevent diseases.
4. In vitro fertilization (IVF) – is popularly known as laboratory fertilization.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

- Ethics covers the philosophy of doing what is right. Professional ethics covers the morally
accepted behaviour of individuals in the workplace.
- Professionalism in the workplace is necessary in maintaining a healthy and productive
work environment.
- Professional ethics guide individuals in dealing with issues and conflicts in the workplace
in order for them to remain functional.

----- end----
ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 9

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

LESSON 4: MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ABBREVIATIONS

Medical Terminologies

Most medical terms are derived from Greek and Latin words. A medical term has three basic parts
– the root word, the prefix, and the suffix.

The root word is the main part of the medical term that denotes the meaning of the word.

Examples:

colo – colon hemat - blood

phlebo – vein aero – air

The prefix is found at the beginning of the term and it shows how meaning is assigned to the word.

Examples:

a-/an- - without, absence poly - many

hyper – meaning increased/above pre - before

On the other hand, the suffix is found at the terminal portion or at the end of the term. It also denotes the
meaning to the root word.

Examples:

-megaly – enlargement -emia - blood

- uria – urine -ostomy – to make an opening or mouth

It is a rule that if the suffix starts with a consonant, a combining vowel needs to be used (usually the letter
O). The combining vowel does not change the meaning of the root word and is added in order to make
the pronunciation of the word easier.

Examples:

Hemat + logy = hematology – study of blood

Phlebo + tomy = phlebotomy – the process of cutting into the vein using a needle

The plural form of medical terms is made by changing the end of the word and not by simply adding S,
which follows the rule of irregular nouns.

Examples:

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Bacterium Bacteria Bacillus Bacilli

Nucleus Nuclei Ovum Ova

Thrombus Thrombi Spermatozoon spermatozoa

Root Words Prefixes Suffixes

Cardio = heart Iso = same -itis – inflammation of
Myo = muscle Micro = small
-megaly – enlargement
Arterio = artery Macro = large
-blast – young
Cyto = cell Intra = inside/within
-cidal – killing of
Arthro = joint Pseudo = false
-poiesis = formation
Heap/hepato = liver Mono = one
Pyo = pus Nano = billionth -meter = measure

Cranio = skull Hypo = decreased -ectomy = surgical removal

Thrombo = clot Anaero = without oxygen -emia = blood condition

Pyro = fever Homo = same, like -pathy = disease
Nephron = kidney Cryo = cold -penia = deficiency

ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 10

 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1

Osteo = bone Neo = new -oma = tumor, growth

-tome = cutting instrument

Abbreviations

Listed below are the commonly encountered abbreviations in the health care practice that
medical technology students should know:

DOH – Department of Health

CHED – Commission on Higher Education

VDRL – Venereal Disease Research Laboratories

AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

AIDs – Autoimmune Disorders/diseases

AMI – Acute Myocardial Infarction

BUN – Blood Urea Nitrogen

2 PPBS – 2 hours Postprandial Blood Sugar

AFS – Acid Fast Stain

PCQACL – Philippine Council for Quality Assurance in the Clinical Laboratories

FBS – Fating Blood Sugar

IV – Intravenous

HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus

IU – International Unit

ICU – Intensive Care Unit

K – Potassium

Na – Sodium

NPO – Nothing Per Orem

BAP – Blood Agar Plate

----end----
ILOILO DOCTORS’ COLLEGE – COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

KIMVERLY G. CALDERON, RMT 11