Cambridge IGCSE™

* 8 0 0 7 2 0 9 4 1 7 *

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/12

Paper 1 Theory February/March 2022

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (PQ/SG) 305525/1
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Section A

1 (a) Draw one line from each rock type to the correct rock classification.

One rock type has been done for you.

rock type rock classification

basalt

igneous

limestone

marble metamorphic

sandstone

sedimentary

slate

[4]

(b) Suggest why sedimentary rocks can contain fossils.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Give reasons why the geology of an area affects the decision to extract rocks from the ground.

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............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) Strip mining is an example of surface mining.

State one other example of surface mining.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

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2 Fishing is a major industry.

(a) (i) Suggest two reasons why some fish are described as bycatch.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) A report stated that 72 billion kg of fish caught each year are bycatch. This is 40% of the
total annual fish catch.

Calculate the total annual fish catch.

total annual fish catch .................................................... kg [1]

(b) Explain the negative impacts that net type and mesh size can have on fish stocks.

net type .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

mesh size .................................................................................................................................

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[4]

[Total: 7]

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3 (a) In many countries, buildings need to be heated to make them comfortable to live in.

To reduce heat transfer to the surroundings, buildings are made using insulating materials.

The U-value is a measure of how quickly a building material transfers heat. A building material
with a low U-value transfers heat slowly and is more insulating.

The table shows U-values for different building materials.

building material U‑value

brick wall 2.00
double-glazed window 2.20
single-glazed window 5.10
triple-glazed window 0.80
wooden door 3.00

Rank the building materials in order starting with the most insulating.
One has been completed for you.

rank building material

most
1
insulating ............................................................................

2
............................................................................

3
............................................................................

4 wooden door

least
5
insulating ............................................................................
[2]

(b) Insulation is one strategy for reducing energy consumption in buildings.

Suggest three other strategies for reducing energy consumption in buildings.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 5]
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Section B

4 In March 2018, Cyclone Marcus affected part of Australia.

The route of this major tropical cyclone is shown on the map.

Key
direction of Cyclone Marcus

Arafura Sea
Timor Sea
Darwin

Coral Sea
Broome

AUSTRALIA

N Great
Australian
Bight
Tasman
0 500 Sea
km

(a) Describe the route of Cyclone Marcus using the map.

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............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(b) State the conditions required for a tropical cyclone to form.

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(c) Cyclone Marcus was the most powerful tropical cyclone to affect the area in over 40 years.
However, it caused no deaths.

Suggest two impacts of Cyclone Marcus.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(d) Cyclone Marcus caused no deaths. A weaker tropical cyclone in Myanmar in 2008 caused
over 135 000 deaths.

Suggest reasons for the difference in the number of deaths between these two tropical
cyclones.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 12]

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5 The table shows engine emissions data for medium-sized cars from one manufacturer between
1965 and 2017.

hydrocarbon carbon monoxide oxides of nitrogen

year
emissions (CO) emissions (NOx) emissions
of manufacture
/ g per km / g per km / g per km
1965 14.16 140.1 5.8
1975 1.45 14.5 3.2
2003 0.01 2.3 0.2
2017 0.01 2.2 0.1

(a) (i) Plot a bar chart for the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.

[4]

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(ii) Use the table to estimate the percentage decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions
for medium-sized cars manufactured in 2017 compared with 1965.

Circle one correct answer.

64% 70% 85% 98%

[1]

(iii) The rate of reduction of engine emissions for medium-sized cars has decreased in recent
years.

Suggest why.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Some scientists think that reducing car engine emissions is not enough to reduce the level of
air pollution in cities.

Describe other strategies to reduce the level of air pollution caused by cars in a city.

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...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 9]

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6 The diagram shows a trickle drip irrigation system.

control tap
water tank

filter

pipe

2m
fine tubes plants

(a) (i) Describe the function of the components shown in the diagram.

control tap .........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

filter ...................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

fine tubes ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

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(ii) Explain benefits of using trickle drip irrigation.

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(b) Managing water supply is one way of increasing crop yield.

Describe other ways of increasing crop yield.

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............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]

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7 The graph shows the change in population density in six countries between 1960 and 2016.

700
Barbados
600 Lebanon

500
population India
density 400
/ people
per km2 300

200 Nigeria

100
Ukraine
Zambia
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
year

(a) (i) State the name of the country that has:

• the greatest population density in 2016

...............................................

• the greatest increase in population density between 1960 and 2016.

...............................................
[2]

(ii) Determine the change in population density in India between 1960 and 2016.

.......................................................... [1]

(iii) Suggest reasons for the changes in population density in Ukraine between 1990 and
2016.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) Bulgaria is a country in Europe. Bulgaria has a decreasing population.

Suggest how a decreasing population can benefit the natural environment of Bulgaria.

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[Total: 10]

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8 The diagram shows a pyramid of numbers for an aquatic ecosystem.

birds and
mammals

predator fish

small fish

insects and zooplankton

phytoplankton

(a) (i) Use the diagram to identify:

a producer .......................................................................

a primary consumer. ........................................................

[2]

(ii) Explain why the number of organisms decreases as the trophic level increases.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) A local newspaper printed a safety announcement.

Important safety announcement

Scientific tests have found some predator fish from
a local lake contain high concentrations of the toxic
substance, mercury.

People are advised to reduce their consumption of

these fish and find other sources of food.

The local lake water has been tested. Low levels

of mercury were found in the water. The water
meets current safety standards for concentrations of
mercury.

Explain why the predator fish contain high concentrations of mercury.

...................................................................................................................................................

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(c) The local lake was also sampled for four other toxic substances.

The table shows the concentration of the toxic substances in the lake water at different
sample points around the lake.

concentration of toxic substance

chromium nickel cadmium lead
sample point
/ arbitrary units / arbitrary units / arbitrary units / arbitrary units
A 2.5 5.6 4.9 7.2
B 2.1 6.4 3.2 5.2
C 1.1 1.2 1.1 2.3
D 1.2 1.4 1.0 1.1
E 0.2 1.3 1.0 0.9
F 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.7
average
1.2 2.8 2.0
concentration .........................

(i) Complete the table to calculate the average concentration for lead in the lake. [1]

(ii) Identify the sample point and toxic substance with the lowest concentration.

sample point .............................. toxic substance ....................................................... [1]

(iii) Identify the sample point and toxic substance with the highest concentration.

sample point .............................. toxic substance ....................................................... [1]

(iv) Scientists are concerned that toxic substances are leaching into the lake.

Suggest how the information in the table supports this conclusion.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(d) A student says:

Management of the marine ecosystem is not given a high priority by countries

and should be controlled by more international agreements.

To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

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[Total: 19]

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© UCLES 2022 0680/12/F/M/22