CHAPTER 6

1. List the problems with traditional file environment.

Ans: The problems with traditional file environment are:

1. Data Redundancy and Inconsistency: Data redundancy occurs when different

groups in an organization independently collect the same piece of data and store it
independently of each other. Data inconsistency, where the same attribute may
have different values.

2. Program-Data Dependence: Program-data dependence refers to the coupling of

data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those
files such that changes in programs require changes to the data.

3. Lack of Flexibility: A traditional file system can deliver routine scheduled reports
after extensive programming efforts, but it cannot deliver ad hoc reports or respond
to unanticipated information requirements in a timely fashion.

4. Poor Security: Because there is little control or management of data, access to and
dissemination of information may be out of control.

5. Lack of Data Sharing and Availability: Because pieces of information in different

files and different parts of the organization cannot be related to one another, it is
virtually impossible for information to be shared or accessed in a timely manner.

2. Define DBMS with examples. Define each component of a DBMS.

Ans: A database management system (DBMS) is software that permits an organization

to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by
application programs. The DBMS acts as an interface between application programs
and the physical data files.

Components of DBMS: DBMS have several components, each performing very

significant tasks in the database management system environment. Below is a list of
components within the database and its environment.

1.Software: This is the set of programs used to control and manage the overall
database. This includes the DBMS software itself, the Operating System, the network
software being used to share the data among users, and the application programs used
to access data in the DBMS.

2.Hardware: Consists of a set of physical electronic devices such as computers, I/O

devices, storage devices, etc., this provides the interface between computers and the
real-world systems.

3.Data: DBMS exists to collect, store, process and access data, the most important
component. The database contains both the actual or operational data and the
metadata.

4.Procedures: These are the instructions and rules that assist on how to use the DBMS,
and in designing and running the database, using documented procedures, to guide the
users that operate and manage it.

5.Database Access Language: This is used to access the data to and from the
database, to enter new data, update existing data, or retrieve required data from
databases. The user writes a set of appropriate commands in a database access
 language, submits these to the DBMS, which then processes the data and generates
and displays a set of results into a user readable form.

6.Query Processor: This transforms the user queries into a series of low-level
instructions. This reads the online user’s query and translates it into an efficient series
of operations in a form capable of being sent to the run time data manager for
execution.

7.Run Time Database Manager: Sometimes referred to as the database control system,
this is the central software component of the DBMS that interfaces with user-submitted
application programs and queries, and handles database access at run time. Its
function is to convert operations in user’s queries. It provides control to maintain the
consistency, integrity and security of the data.

8.Data Manager: Also called the cache manger, this is responsible for handling of data
in the database, providing a recovery to the system that allows it to recover the data
after a failure.

9.Database Engine: The core service for storing, processing, and securing data, this
provides controlled access and rapid transaction processing to address the
requirements of the most demanding data consuming applications. It is often used to
create relational databases for online transaction processing or online analytical
processing data.

10.Data Dictionary: This is a reserved space within a database used to store

information about the database itself. A data dictionary is a set of read-only table and
views, containing the different information about the data used in the enterprise to
ensure that database representation of the data follow one standard as defined in the
dictionary.

11.Report Writer: Also referred to as the report generator, it is a program that extracts
information from one or more files and presents the information in a specified format.
Most report writers allow the user to select records that meet certain conditions and to
display selected fields in rows and columns, or also format the data into different
charts.

3. Define the followings:

Ans:
Relational DBMS: A type of logical database model that treats data as if they
were stored in two-dimensional tables. It can relate data stored in one table to
data in another as long as the two tables share a common data element.

Primary Key: Primary Key is the unique identifier for all the information in any row
of the table and this primary key cannot be duplicated.

Non-relational DBMS: DBMS for working with large quantities of structured and
unstructured data that would be difficult to analyze with a relational model.
Oracle NoSQL Database is one example.

Data Definition: DBMS capability that specifies the structure and content of the
database.

Data Dictionary: A data dictionary is an automated or manual file that stores

definitions of data elements and their characteristics.
 SQL (Data Manipulation Language): A language associated with a database
management system that end users and programmers use to manipulate data in
the database. Microsoft Access use SQL.

Normalization: The process of creating small stable data structures from

complex groups of data when designing a relational database

Big Data: Datasets with volumes so huge that they are beyond the ability of
typical relational DBMS to capture, store, and analyze. The data are often
unstructured or semi-structured.

Data Warehouse: A database with reporting and query tools, that stores current
and historical data extracted from various Operational system and consolidated
for management reporting and analysis.

Data Mart: A data mart is a subset of a data warehouse in which a summarized

or highly focused portion of the organization’s data is placed in a separate
database for a specific population of users.

Data Mining: Analysis of large pools of data to find patterns and rules that can be
used to guide decision making and predict future behavior.

OLAP: Capability for manipulating and analyzing large volumes of data from
multiple perspectives. such as sales figures for multiple years.

Text Mining: Discovery of patterns and relationships from large sets of

unstructured data.

4. Provide an example of an SQL query.

Ans: An Example of SQL Query is:
SQL HAS 3 parts The first one is “Select”. After select we put the name of the field. The
second one is “From”. After from we put the name of the table. And the 3rd one is
“Where”. After where we put the condition.

5. What is Sentiment Analysis? Provide an example.

Ans: Sentiment Analysis mining text comments in an e-mail message, blog, social media
conversation, or survey form to detect favorable and unfavorable opinions about specific
subjects.
For example, the discount broker Charles Schwab uses “Attensity” Analyze Software to
analyze hundreds of thousands of its customer interactions each month. The software
analyzes Schwab’s customer service notes, e-mails, survey responses, and online
discussions to discover signs of dissatisfaction that might cause a customer to stop
using the company’s services.

6. Briefly describe data hierarchy.

Ans: A computer system organizes data in a hierarchy that starts with the bit, which
represents either a 0 or a 1. Bits can be grouped to form a byte to represent one
character, number, or symbol. Bytes can be grouped to form a field, and related fields
can be grouped to form a record. Related records can be collected to form a file, and
related files can be organized into a database.

Essay Question:

1. Briefly describe each type of information obtainable from data mining.

Ans: Data mining include associations, sequences, classifications, clusters, and
forecasts.

1. Associations: Associations are occurrences linked to a single event. For instance, a

study of supermarket purchasing patterns might reveal that, when corn chips are
purchased, a cola drink is purchased 65 percent of the time, but when there is a
promotion, cola is purchased 85 percent of the time. This information helps
managers make better decisions because they have learned the profitability of a
promotion.

2. Sequences: events are linked over time. We might find, for example, that if a house is
purchased, a new refrigerator will be purchased within two weeks 65 percent of the
time, and an oven will be bought within one month of the home purchase 45 percent
of the time.

3. Classification: recognizes patterns that describe the group, to which an item belongs
by examining existing items that have been classified and by inferring a set of rules.
For example, businesses such as credit card or telephone companies worry about
the loss of steady customers. Classification helps discover the characteristics of
customers who are likely to leave and can provide a model to help managers predict
who those customers are so that the managers can devise special campaigns to
retain such customers.

4. Clustering: works in a manner similar to classification when no groups have yet been
defined. A data mining tool can discover different groupings within data, such as
finding affinity groups for bank cards or partitioning a database into groups of
customers based on demographics and types of personal investments.

5. Forecasting: uses predictions in a different way. It uses a series of existing values to

forecast what other values will be. For example, forecasting might find patterns in
data to help managers estimate the future value of continuous variables, such as
sales figures.