•Reference: Information Technology for Management by Prof. Ramesh Behl, McGraw-Hill data processing refers to the processing of data to produce usable output or information. It is done by the help of specific operations such as merging, sorting, filtering, computing, etc.
✔ Data processing refers to processing of data to obtain usable
information.
Data ✔ Data processing refers to the process of performing specific
Processing operations on a set of data or a database.
✔ Data processing operations which includes, handling, merging,
sorting, and computing are performed upon data in accordance with strictly defined procedures, such as recording and summarizing the financial transactions of a business. Data must be processed in order to convert it into information. For this purpose, different operations may be performed on data. Therefore, Data Data processing is defined as: "a sequence of operations on data to convert it into useful information". The data processing Processing can be accomplished through following methods: Methods • Manual Data Processing • Mechanical Data processing • Electronic Data Processing Data Item: A data item is the smallest unit of information stored in computer file. It is a single element used to represent a fact such as an employee's name, item price, etc.
Field: Data items are physically arranged as fields in a computer file.
Their length may be fixed or variable.
Data Record: A record is a collection of related data items or fields. Each
record normally corresponds to a specific unit of information. It can be Organization seen how each related item is grouped together to form a record.
File: The collection of records is called a file. A file contains all the related records for an application.
Database: The collection of related files is called a database. A
database contains all the related files for a particular application. File Management allowed a collection of individual files to be accessed by applications programs. These files are also referred as Flat Files, as they simply consist of data with no data definition. File Management These are of three types: System • Comma-separated value (CSV) • Fixed length • Tab Delimited Data Redundancy: Data redundancy means multiple copies of the same data. In flat file-based system, each application program has its own data Files* files and the same data may exist in more than one file. Data Inconsistency: Data inconsistency means that different files contain different information of a particular object or person Data Isolation: Data is isolated in separate files and it is difficult to access Disadvantages the desired information from data files. Program Data Dependency: The data stored in a file depends upon the of File application program through which the file was created. It means that the Management structure of the data file is defined in its application program. It is difficult to change the structure of data files or records. System Limited Data Sharing: Since each application program uses its own data files, the flat file system provide the limited facility to sharing of data across applications. Data Insecurity: This system does not provide proper security against illegal access to data. Anyone can easily change or delete valuable data stored in the data file. It is the most critical problem of a file management system. A Database is a collection of related data organized in a structured manner. A data in a database has some relationship with other data. A data in a database is always stored in a uniform manner and carry similar meaning across applications.
Database & A software package that is used to define, create, store, manage DBMS and manipulate the data is called Database Management System (DBMS). Database system allows organizations to manage data independent of application software. DBMS provides organizing framework for managing various applications using same data sets. • DBMS Engine: A DBMS engine is the part of the system that accepts and deals with logical requests that are received from a variety of other DBMS subsystems. It then works to convert them into physical equivalents and will then gain access to the database along with its data dictionary as they are on a storage device. • Data Definition Language: Data definition language (DDL) allows the users of the database to define structure of the database create databases and modify its structure. Data dictionary is like any language dictionary where the complete data elements that have been used within the database are described using meaning of the data, location of the data, and other characteristics of the data as to whether it is part of primary key or foreign key or candidate key, etc. DBMS • Data Manipulation Language: Data manipulation language (DML) allows the Components users to add, update, delete and read the records from the database. It also allows extracting records using the structured query language. DML are the primary interface between the user and the information in the database. • Application Generation System: An Application Generation system that contains all the facilities that could be used to help the user develop transaction intensive applications. This procedure will usually require the user to perform complex and detailed tasks to complete the transaction. • Data Administration System: A Data Administration system helps the user with managing the overall database environment. It helps in maintain the backup and recovery of lost data, managing the system's security, query optimization, concurrency control and change management. A user inserts their card (front-end). Client Tier (Front-end): The ATM machine communicates with the central database to verify the user's account and retrieve account ATM Machine Interface. information (back-end). Database Tier (Back-end): The user interacts with the ATM to withdraw money or perform other transactions (front-end). Centralized Database Server The ATM updates the central database with the transaction details (back-end). storing account information.
Two Tier and
Three Tier Architecture
Client Tier (Front-end):
Web Browser or Mobile App.
Application (Middle) Tier:
Web Server handling business logic.
Database Tier (Back-end):
Database Server storing reservation details.
Data: Meaningful facts comprising of text, graphics, images, sound, and video segments. Database: An organized collection of logically related data. Information: Processed data that is useful in decision-making. Metadata: Data that describes data. Entity: Person, Place, Thing, Event, Concept. Attributes: Data elements (facts) about some entity. Also sometimes called fields or items or column or domains. Data values: Instances of a particular attribute for a particular entity Key DBMS Key Field: A field that uniquely identifies the record. An attribute or set of attributes that Terms uniquely identifies a particular entity is a key. Records: The set of values for all attributes of a particular entity also known as ‘tuples’ or ‘rows’ in relational DBMS File: Collection of records also known as ‘Relation’ or ‘Table’ in relational DBMS Schema: It is a description of the overall database structure, while a subschema holds the definition of part of the data described in the schema. Relation: A relation is a set of tuples, or a two-dimensional table of data. An attribute corresponds to a column in a relation. This is also referred as Entity. Tuple: A tuple corresponds to a row or a record in a relation • PROGRAM-DATA INDEPENDENCE • MINIMAL DATA REDUNDANCY • IMPROVED DATA CONSISTENCY • IMPROVED DATA INTEGRATION • IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY OF DATA SHARING Advantages • IMPROVED DATA ACCESSIBILITY & of DBMS RESPONSIVENESS • REDUCED PROGRAM MAINTENANCE • DATA ATOMICITY • BETTER DATA SHARING • IMPROVED DATA SECURITY & RECOVERY • BETTER USER INTERFACE • REQUIREMENT OF DATABASE MANPOWER • HIGHER INSTALLATION & MANAGEMENT COST Disadvantages • HIGHER DATA CONVERSION COST of DBMS • HIGHER MANPOWER TRAINING COST • DATABASE FAILURE Hierarchical Data modeling technique
Relational Data modeling technique
Network Data modelmg technique
Entity-relationship Data modeling techntque
Object-oriented Data modeling techneque
data is organized in a tree-like structure with a top-down hierarchy. Each level represents a parent-child relationship, and data is stored in a format similar to an organizational chart.
Data is organized into relations (tables), and relationships are established between tables using keys.
data is structured as a network, allowing many-to-many relationships between entities. It uses a
graph-like structure to represent complex relationships among data elements.
represents entities as objects and their relationships using a diagram. Entities are defined with attributes, and relationships show how entities are connected.
data is treated as objects, each having properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods).
