CURRICULUM & SYLLABUS

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
EMBEDDED SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

(For the students admitted in 2008-09 and afterwards)

 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Kancheepuram District, Tamilnadu

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 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM University
SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Kancheepuram District, Tamilnadu

M.TECH - EMBEDDED SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY (FULL TIME)

Curriculum & Syllabus
(For the students admitted in 2008-2009 and afterwards)

GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING COURSES

SI. No. of Courses

Category
No. I Semester II Semester III Semester IV Semester
1 Core Courses 3 3 - -
2 Elective Courses 1 1 3 -
3 Supportive Courses 1 1 - -
4 Seminar - - 1 -
5 Project Work* - - 1* 1**

* Main Project - Phase I ** Main Project - Phase II

CORE COURSES

Code No. Course Title L T P C

EM0501 Advanced Digital System Design 3 1 0 4
EM0502 Micro Controller System Design and Applications 3 0 3 4
EM0503 Digital Signal Processing 3 1 0 4
EM0504 Advanced Microprocessors & Micro controllers Design 3 1 0 4
EM0505 Embedded system software in ‘C’
or or 3 1 0 4
EM0506 Advanced Embedded Systems
EM0507 VLSI Architecture and Design Methodologies
or or 3 0 3 4
EM0508 VHDL

PROGRAM ELECTIVES
Code No. Course Title L T P C
EM0551 Real Time Operating Systems 3 0 0 3
EM0552 Embedded Communication Software Design 3 0 0 3
EM0553 Architecture and design of distributed embedded system 3 0 0 3
EM0554 Software Modeling For Embedded Systems 3 0 0 3
EM0555 Data Communication and Networking 3 0 0 3
EM0556 Embedded Networking 3 0 0 3
EM0557 Cryptography and Network Security 3 0 0 3
EM0558 Wireless & Mobile Communication 3 0 0 3
EM0559 Embedded Wireless Sensor Networks 3 0 0 3
EM0560 Embedded Control Systems 3 0 0 3
EM0561 Intelligent Systems 3 0 0 3
EM0562 Operating Systems 3 0 0 3
EM0563 Computer Architecture 3 0 0 3
EM0564 Digital Image Processing 3 0 0 3
EM0565 Multimedia Systems 3 0 0 3

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 EM0566 FPGA based Systems 3 0 0 3
EM0567 DSP Integrated Circuits 3 0 0 3
VL0558 System-on-Chip-Design 3 0 0 3
EM0569 Advanced Computer Architecture 3 0 0 3
EM0573 Advanced FPGA Design 3 0 0 3

SUPPORTIVE COURSES
Course
Course Title L T P C
code
MA0513 Applied Mathematics 3 0 0 3
EM0509 Real Time Systems 3 0 0 3

OTHER COURSES

Course code Course Title L T P C

EM0601 Project work – Phase – I 0 0 12 6
EM0602 Project work – Phase – II 0 0 36 18
EM0603 Seminar 0 0 2 1

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EM0501 ADVANCED DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 1 0 4

PURPOSE
Learning design of digital circuits is a fundamental necessity for designing embedded systems. This subject
provides necessary instruments to achieve that goal.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: theory of logic and logic functions, design of digital circuits, and an introduction to VHDL
language.

SYLLABUS CONTENTS

UNIT-I: COMBINATIONAL LOGIC FUNCTIONS

Binary codes, Symmetric functions, Synthesis of symmetric networks, Identification of symmetric functions,
Introductory concepts of Threshold Logic, Decoders, Encoders, Multiplexers, Implementing functions using
Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Magnitude Comparators, Parity Generators and Checkers, Signed Binary
Arithmetic, Binary Adders and Subtractors, BCD Adders.

UNIT-II: COUNTERS- SHIFT REGISTERS AND STATE MACHINES

Digital counters and shift registers, Mealy machine, Moore machine, State diagrams, State table minimization,
Incompletely Specified Sequential Machines- State Assignments.

UNIT-III: PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES

Basic concepts, Programming technologies, Programmable Logic Element (PLE), Programmable Logic Array
(PLA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), Structure of standard PLDs, complex PLDs (CPLD). Design of
combinational and sequential circuits using PLD's, Introduction to Field Programmable Gate Arrays-types of
FPGA- XILINX XC 3000 series and 4000 series FPGAs. Altera CPLDs- Altera FLEX 10K Series CPLDs.
Design examples.

UNIT-IV: FINITE STATE MACHINES (FSM)

State transition table- state assignment for FPGAs, State Machine Charts, Derivation of SM Charts, Realization
of SM charts, Linked state machines. Encoded state machines, Architectures centered around Non-registered
PLDs. State machine designs centered around shift registers. One-hot design method, Application of one-hot
method.

UNIT-V: DIGITAL DESIGN WITH VHDL

Basic Concepts: Data Objects, Data Types, Operators, Concurrent and Sequential Assignment Statements,
Different Styles of Modeling, Simple Examples.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. M.Morris Mano, “Digital logic and Computer Design”, PHI, 1979.
2. Charles.H.Roth, Jr, “Digital Systems Design using VHDL”, PWS Publishing Company, 2001.
3. R.F. Tinder, “Engineering Digital Design”, Academic Press, 2000.
4. Zvi Kohavi, “Switching and Finite Automata Theory”, Tata McGraw Hill, 1978.
5. William I.Fletcher,“An Engineering Approach to Digital Design”, Prentice Hall of India,1996.

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 MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEM DESIGN AND
EM0502 L T P C
APPLICATIONS
Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 3 4

PURPOSE
Almost all embedded systems are designed with microcontrollers as an essential basic part. This subject provides
basic knowledge of typical microcontrollers.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: two typical microcontrollers and how to use it in pratical applications. The lab component
gives hands on training on the design, development and microcontroller applications.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: 8051 ARCHITECTURE

Basic organization – 8051 CPU structure – Register file – Interrupts – Timers – Port circuits – Instruction set –
Timing diagram – Addressing modes – Simple Program and Applications.

UNIT-II: PERIPHERALS AND INTERFACING

Typical Bus structure – Bus – memory organization – Timing characteristics – Extended Model and Memory
Interfacing – Polling – Interfacing Basic I/O devices – Analog and Digital interfacing – PWM mode operation –
Serial port application.

UNIT-III: 80196 ARCHITECTURE

CPU operation – Interrupt structure – Timers – High Speed Input / Output Ports – I/O control and Status registers –
Instruction Set – Addressing Modes – Simple Programming – Queues – Tables and Strings – Stack Memories – Key
Switch – Parsing.

UNIT-IV: PERIPHERALS AND INTERFACING

Analog Interface – Serial Ports – Watch dog timers – Real Time Clock – Multitasking – Bus Control – Memory
Timing – External ROM and RAM expansion – PWM control – A/D interfacing.

UNIT-V: CASE STUDIES FOR 8051 AND 80196

Real Time clock – DC Motor Speed Control – Generation of Gating Signals for Converters and Inverters – Frequency
Measurement – Temperature Control

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Ayala, Kenneth, “The 8051 Microcontroller”, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2000.
2. Intel manual on 16 bit embedded controllers, Santa Clara, 1991.
3. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi., “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems”, Person
Education, 2004.
4. Michael Slater, “Microprocessor based design - A comprehensive guide to effective Hardware design”, Prentice
Hall, New Jersey, 1989.

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EM0503 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 1 0 4

PURPOSE
Digital signal processing has become a part of many embedded systems. Hence this subject on DSP techniques
is given here.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: theory of DSP, design of digital signal processing applications and an introduction to DSP
processors.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Representation of discrete time signal – classifications – Discrete time – system – Basic operations on sequence –
linear – Time invariant – causal – stable – solution to difference equation – convolution sum – correlation – Discrete
time Fourier series – Discrete time Fourier transform.

UNIT-II: FOURIER AND STRUCTURE REALIZATION

Discrete Fourier transform – properties – Fast Fourier transform – Z-transform – structure realization – Direct form –
lattice structure for FIR filter – Lattice structure for IIR Filter.

UNIT-III: FILTERS
FIR Filter – windowing technique – optimum equiripple linear phase FIR filter – IIR filter – Bilinear transformation
technique – impulse invariance method – Butterworth filter – Tchebycheff filter.

UNIT-IV: MULTISTAGE REPRESENTATION

Sampling of band pass signal – anti aliasing filter – Decimation by an integer factor – interpolation by an integer
factor – sampling rate conversion – implementation of digital filter banks – sub-band coding – Quadrature mirror
filter – A/D conversion – Quantization – coding – D/A conversion – Introduction to wavelets.

UNIT-V: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS

Fundamentals of fixed point DSP architecture – Fixed point number representation and computation – Fundamentals
of floating point DSP architecture – floating point number representation and computation – study of TMS 320 C
54XX processor – Basic programming – addition – subtraction – multiplication – convolution – correlation – study of
TMS 320 F2XXX processor – Basic programming – convolution – correlation.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. John G. Proakis, Dimitris, G. Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing: Principles, Algorithms and
Applications”, PHI.
2. S.Salivahanan, A.Vallavaraj and C.Gnanapriya, “Digital Signal Processing”, TMH, 2000.
3. A.V. Oppenheim and R.W.Schafer, Englewood, “Digital Signal Processing”, Prentice-Hall Inc, 1975.
4. 4. Rabiner and Gold, “Theory and Application of Digital Signal Processing, A comprehensive, Industrial –
Strength DSP reference book.”
5. B.Venkatramani & M.Bhaskar, “Digital Signal Processors architecture, programming and applications”,
TMH, 2002.

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 ADVANCED MICROPROCESSORS AND
EM0504 L T P C
MICROCONTROLLERS DESIGN
Pre-requisite: Nil 3 1 0 4

PURPOSE
To introduce ARM processor which is widely used in embedded systems.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: RISC and CISC architectures of processors, ARM processor and its programming, and
Motorola 68HC11 processor.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE

Instruction set – Data formats – Instruction formats – Addressing modes – Memory Hierarchy – register file – Cache
– Virtual memory and paging – Segmentation – Pipelining – The instruction pipeline – pipeline hazards – Instruction
level parallelism – reduced instruction set – Computer principles – RISC versus CISC – RISC properties – RISC
evaluation – On-chip register files versus cache evaluation.

UNIT-II: HIGH PERFORMANCE CISC ARCHITECTURE – PENTIUM

The software model – functional description – CPU pin descriptions – RISC concepts – bus operations – Super scalar
architecture – pipe lining – Branch prediction – The instruction and caches – Floating point unit – protected mode
operation – Segmentation – paging – Protection – multitasking – Exception and interrupts – Input/Output – Virtual
8086 model – Interrupt processing – Instruction types – Addressing modes – Processor flags – Instruction set – Basic
programming of the Pentium Processor.

UNIT-III: HIGH PERFORMANCE RISC ARCHITECTURE

ARM: The ARM architecture – ARM organization and implementation – The ARM instruction set – The thumb
instruction set – Basic ARM Assembly language program – ARM CPU cores.

UNIT-IV: MOTOROLA 68HC11 MICRO CONTROLLERS

Instructions and addressing modes – operating modes – Hardware reset – Interrupt system – Parallel I/O ports – Flats
– Real time clock – Programmable timer – pulse accumulator – serial communication interface – A/D converter –
hardware expansion – Basic Assembly Language programming.

UNIT-V: PIC MICRO CONTROLLER

CPU Architecture – Instruction set – Interrupts – Timers – Memory – I/O port expansion – I2C bus for peripheral chip
access – A/D converter – UART.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Daniel Tabak, “Advanced Microprocessors”, McGraw Hill. Inc., 1995.
2. James L. Antonakos, “The Pentium Microprocessor”, Pearson Education, 1997.
3. Steave Furber, “ARM system – on – chip architecture”, Addison Wesley, 2000.
4. John.B..Peatman, “Design with PIC Micro controller”, Pearson Education, 1988
5. Gene. H.Miller, “Micro Computer Engineering”, Pearson Education, 2003.
6. James L Antonakos, “An Introduction to the Intel family of Microprocessors”, Pearson Education,
1999.
7. Barry B.Breg,, “The Intel Microprocessors Architecture, Programming and Interfacing”, PHI, 2002.

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EM0505 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS SOFTWARE IN ‘C’ L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 1 0 4

PURPOSE
Introduce the student with embedded software concepts used in embedded system.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn embedded system software fundamentals.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: PROGRAMMING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Embedded Program – Role of Infinite loop – Compiling, Linking and locating – downloading and debugging –
Emulators and simulators processor – External peripherals – Memory testing – Flash Memory.

UNIT-II: OPERATING SYSTEM

Embedded operating system – Real time characteristics – Selection process – Flashing the LED – serial ports – Zilog
85230 serial controlled code efficiency – Code size – Reducing memory usage – Impact of C++.

UNIT-III: HARDWARE FUNDAMENTALS

Buses – DMA – interrupts – Built-ins on the microprocessor – Conventions used on schematics – Microprocessor
Architectures – Software Architectures – RTOS Architectures – Selecting and Architecture.

UNIT-IV: RTOS
Tasks and Task states – Semaphores – Shared data – Message queues, Mail boxes and pipes – Memory management
– Interrupt routines – Encapsulating semaphore and queues – Hard Real-time scheduling – Power saving.

UNIT-V: EMBEDDED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

Host and target machines – Linkers / Locators for Embedded Software – Debugging techniques – Instruction set
simulators Laboratory tools – Practical example – Source code.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. David E.Simon, “An Embedded Software Primer”, Perason Education, 2003.
2. Michael Bass, “Programming Embedded Systems in C and C++”, Oreilly, 2003.

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EM0506 ADVANCED EMBEDDED SYSTEMS L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 1 0 4

PURPOSE
This subject provides all basic concepts of embedded systems and their implementation in C language.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, the embedded system implementation in C language.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF EMBEDDED HARDWARE

Terminology – Gates – Timing diagram – Memory – Microprocessor buses – Direct memory access – Interrupts –
Built interrupts – Interrupts basis – Shared data problems – Interrupt latency - Embedded system evolution trends –
Round-Robin – Round Robin with interrupt function – Rescheduling architecture – algorithm.

UNIT-II: REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

Task and Task states – Task and data – Semaphore and shared data operating system services – Message queues
timing functions – Events – Memory management – Interrupt routines in an RTOS environment – Basic design using
RTOS.

UNIT-III: EMBEDDED HARDWARE, SOFTWARE AND PERIPHERALS

Custom single purpose processors: Hardware – Combination Sequence – Processor design – RT level design –
optimizing software: Basic Architecture – Operation – Programmers view – Development Environment –
ASIP – Processor Design –Peripherals – Timers, counters and watch dog timers – UART – Pulse width modulator
– LCD controllers – Key pad controllers – Stepper motor controllers – A/D converters – Real time clock.

UNIT-IV: MEMORY AND INTERFACING

Memory write ability and storage performance – Memory types – composing memory – Advance RAM interfacing
communication basic – Microprocessor interfacing I/O addressing – Interrupts – Direct memory access – Arbitration
multilevel bus architecture – Serial protocol – Parallel protocols – Wireless protocols – Digital camera example.

UNIT-V: PROCESS MODELS AND HARDWARE SOFTWARE CO-DESIGN

Modes of operation – Finite state machine– HCFSL and state charts language – state machine models – Concurrent
process model – Concurrent process – Communication among process –Synchronization among process –
Implementation - Data Flow model - Design technology- Automation synthesis – Hardware & software co-simulation
– IP cores – Design Process Model.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. David. E.Simon, “An Embedded Software Primer”, Pearson Education, 2001.
2. Frank Vahid and Tony Gwargie, “Embedded System Design”, John Wiley & sons, 2002.
3. Steve Heath, “Embedded System Design”, Elsevier, Second Edition, 2004.

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 VLSI ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
EM0507 L T P C
METHODOLOGIES
Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 3 4

PURPOSE
FPGA and ASIC’s have become a part of many embedded systems. In this subject we introduce FPGA’s and some
basic principles needed for FPGA design.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn to understand various FPGA’s and ASIC.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION
Overview of digital VLSI design methodologies – Trends in IC Technology – Advanced Boolean algebra –
Shannon’s expansion theorem – Consensus theorem – Octal designation- Run measure – Buffer gates – Gate
expander – Reed Muller expansion – Synthesis of multiple output combinational logic circuits by product map
method – Design of static hazard free, dynamic hazard free logic circuits.

UNIT-II: ANALOG VLSI AND HIGH SPEED VLSI

Introduction to analog VLSI – realization of neural networks and switched capacitor filters – Sub-micron technology
and GAs VLSI Technology.

UNIT-III: PROGRAMMABLE ASICs

Anti fuse – static RAM – EPROM and technology – PREP bench marks – Actel ACT – Xilinx LCA – Altera flex –
Altera MAX DC & AC inputs and outputs – Clock and power inputs –Xilinx I/O blocks.

UNIT-IV: PROGRAMMABLE ASIC DESIGN SOFTWARE

Actel ACT – Xilinx LCA – Xilinx EPLD – Altera MAX 5000 and 7000 – Altera MAX 9000 – design systems – logic
synthesis – half gate – schematic entry – Low level design language – PLA tools – EDIF – CFI design representation.

UNIT-V: LOGIC SYNTHESIS, SIMULATION AND TESTING

Basic features of VHDL language for behavioral modeling and simulation – Summary of VHDL data types –
Dataflow and structural modeling – VHDL and logic synthesis – Circuit and layout verification – Types of simulation
– Boundary scan test – Fault simulation – Automatic test pattern generation – design examples.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. William I.Fletcher, “An Engineering Approach to Digital Design”, Prentice Hall of India.
2. M.J.S. Smith, “Application Specific Integrates Circuits”, Addison Wesley Longman Inc. 1997.
3. Amar Mukharjee, “Introduction to NMOS and CMOS VLSI System Design”, Prentice Hall, 1986.
4. Fredrick J. Hill and Gerald R.Peterson, “Computer Aided Logical Design with emphasis on VLSI”, 4th edition,
Wiley, 1993.

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EM0508 VHDL L T P C

Pre-requisite:Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
As FPGA’s are becoming part of embedded systems, it is essential for an embedded system developer to know
VHDL. Hence this subject is offered.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, VHDL language, programming, its applications to make circuits.

SYLLABUS CONTENT
UNIT-I: VHDL FUNDAMENTALS
Fundamental Concepts – Modeling Digital Systems – Domains and Levels of Modeling – Modeling Languages –
VHDL Modeling concepts – Scalar Data Types and Operations – Constants and variables – Scalar Types – Type
Classification – Attributes and Scalar types – Expressions and operators – Sequential Statements – If statements –
Case statements – Null Statements – Loop statements – Assertion and Report statements.

UNIT-II: COMPOSITE DATA TYPES AND BASIC MODELING CONSTRUCTS

Arrays – Unconstrained Array types – Array Operations and Referencing – Records – Basic Modeling Constructs –
Entity Declarations – Architecture Bodies – Behavioral Descriptions – Structural Descriptions – Design Processing.
Case Study: A pipelined Multiplier Accumulator.

UNIT-III: SUBPROGRAMS AND PACKAGES

Procedures – Procedure Parameters – Concurrent Procedure Call Statements – functions – Overloading – Visibility
of Declarations – Packages and Use Clauses – Package declarations – Package bodies – Use Clauses – The
predefined – Aliases - Aliases for data objects – Aliases for Non-Data Items. Case Study: A Bit-Vector Arithmetic
Package.

UNIT-IV: SIGNALS, COMPONENTS, CONFIGURATIONS

Basic Resolved signals – IEEE Std_Logic_1164 Resolved subtypes – Resolved signal parameters – Generic
Constants – Parameterizing behavior – Parameterizing structure – Components and Configurations – Components –
Configuring component Instances – Configuration Specification – Generate Statements – generating iterative
structure – Conditionally generating structures – Configuration of generate Statements. Case Study: The DLX
Computer System.

UNIT-V: ADTs AND FILES

Access Types – Linked Data structures – Abstract Data Types using Packages – Files and Input/Output – Files – The
Package Textio – Verilog. Case Study: Queuing Networks.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Peter J.Ashenden, “The Designer’s Guide to VHDL”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco,
Second Edition, May 2001.
2. Zainalabedin Navabi, “VHDL Analysis and Modeling of Digital Systems”, McGraw Hill International
Editions, Second Edition, 1998.
3. James M.Lee, “Verilog Quick start”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Second Edition, 1999.

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EM0551 REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
The use of real time operating systems has become a necessity to build complex embedded systems, this subject is
provided.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn fundamentals of Operating Systems, implementation aspects of real time concepts and few
applications on RTOS.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: REVIEW OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Basic Principles – System Calls – Files – Processes – Design and Implementation of processes – Communication
between processes – Operating System structures.

UNIT-II: DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS

Topology – Network types – Communication – RPC – Client server model – Distributed file system – Design
strategies.

UNIT-III: REAL TIME MODELS AND LANGUAGES

Event Based – Process Based and Graph based Models – Petrinet Models – Real Time Languages – RTOS Tasks –
RT scheduling - Interrupt processing – Synchronization – Control Blocks – Memory Requirements.

UNIT-IV: REAL TIME KERNEL

Principles – Design issues – Polled Loop Systems – RTOS Porting to a Target – Comparison and study of RTOS VX
works and μCOS – Case studies.

UNIT-V: RTOS APPLICATION DOMAINS

RTOS for Image Processing – Embedded RTOS for voice over IP – RTOS for fault Tolerant Applications – RTOS
for Control Systems.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Charles Crowley, “Operating Systems-A Design Oriented approach”, McGraw Hill 1997.
2. C.M. Krishna, Kang, G.Shin, “Real Time Systems”, McGraw Hill, 1997.
3. Tanenbaum, “Distributed Operating Systems”, Pearson Education.
4. Raymond J.A.Bhur, Donald L.Bailey, “An Introduction to Real Time Systems”, PHI 1999.

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EM0552 EMBEDDED COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE DESIGN L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
As now embedded systems has to be designed with some communication facility to give interaction between
themselves and also the user, this course on communication software design is included in the curriculum.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: OSI layered architecture of communication systems, hardware software partitioning and
system to system communication design.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

OSI Reference Model Communication Devices – Communication Echo System Design Consideration – Host Based
Communication – Embedded Communication System – OS Vs RTOS.

UNIT-II: SOFTWARE PARTITIONING

Limitation of strict Layering – Tasks & Modules – Modules and Task Decomposition -Layer2 Switch – Layer3
Switch / Routers – Protocol Implementation – Management Types – Debugging Protocols.

UNIT-III: TABLES & OTHER DATA STRUCTURES

Partitioning of Structures and Tables – Implementation – Speeding Up access – Table Resizing – Table access
routines – Buffer and Timer Management – Third Party Protocol Libraries.

UNIT-IV: MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE

Device Management – Management Schemes – Router Management – management of Sub System
Architecture – Device to manage configuration – System Start up and configuration.

UNIT-V: MULTI BOARD COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE DESIGN

Multi Board Architecture – Single control Card and Multiple line Card Architecture – Interface for Multi Board
software – Failures and Fault – Tolerance in Multi Board Systems – Hardware independent development – Using a
COTS Board – Development Environment – Test Tools.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Sridhar .T, “Designing Embedded Communication Software”, Elsevier publications, 2003.

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 ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTED
EM0553 L T P C
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
As now embedded systems has to be designed with some communication facility to give interaction between
themselves and multi processing systems work in a distributed environment this course on distributed embedded
systems is included in the curriculum.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: distributed system concepts, JAVA programming and some design concepts related to
distributed systems.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: HARDWARE INFRASTRUCTURE

Broad band transmission facilities -Open interconnection standards- types of network- network principles- Ethernet-
Wireless- LAN and ATM.

UNIT-II: SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURER & INTERNET CONCEPTS

Internet protocol- Hardware & software of internet- Internet security- IP addressing- Interfacing internet server
applications to corporate database HTML and XML.

UIT-III: DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING USING JAVA

IO streaming-object serialization-Networking- threading- RMI- Multicasting.

UNIT-IV: DISTRIBUTED DATABASE USING JAVA

Distributed database- Embedded java concepts - Communication between distributed objects.

UNIT-V: DESIGN METHODOLOGY & ARCHITECTURE

Analog/digital co-design - design method based on multiprocessors-architecture for reliable distributed computer
controlled systems - Optimization of functional distribution in complex system design.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. George coulouris and Jean Dollimore, “Distributed Systems – concepts and design”, (Pearson Education
Asia), 2001.
2. Dietel & Dietel , “JAVA How to program”, Prentice Hall 1999.
3. Sape Mullender, “Distributed Systems”, Addison – Wesely, 1993.
4. Edited by Bernd Kleinjohann, “Architecture and Design of Distributed Embedded Systems”, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Bosten, 2001.

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 SOFTWARE MODELING FOR EMBEDDED
EM0554 L T P C
SYSTEMS
Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To introduce some C concepts relavant to embedded systems with 80x86 family as basis and UML.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: use of C language for embedded applications, real time UML concepts, co-design
methods.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO DATA REPRESENTATION

Data representation – Twos complement, fixed point and floating point number formats –Low level programming in
C – Primitive data types – Functions – recursive functions – Pointers – Structures – Unions – Dynamic memory
allocation – File handling – Linked lists.

UNIT-II: PROGRAMMING IN ASSEMBLY

C and assembly – Programming in assembly – Register usage conventions – Typical use of addressing options –
Instruction sequencing – Procedure call and return – Parameter passing – Retrieving parameters – Everything in pass
by value – Temporary variables – threads – preemptive kernels – system timer - scheduling.

UNIT-III: OBJECT ORIENTED ANALYSIS

Object oriented analysis and design- Connecting the object model with the use case model – Key strategies for object
identification – UML basics.

UNIT-IV: UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE

Object state behavior – UML state charts – Role of scenarios in the definition of behavior – Timing diagrams –
Sequence diagrams – Event hierarchies – types and strategies of operations – Architectural design in UML
concurrency design – threads in UML .

UNIT-V: SOFTWARE / HARDWARE PARTITIONING

Software / Hardware partitioning - Co design overview - Co simulation, synthesis and verifications - Re-configurable
computing - System on Chip (SoC) and IP cores - Low-Power RT Embedded Systems - On-chip Networking .

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Bruce Powel Douglas, “Real time UML, second edition: Developing efficient objects for embedded
systems (The Addison Wesley Object technology series)”, 2nd edition 1999, Addison Wesley.
2. Hassan Gomma, “Designing concurrent, distributed, and real time applications with UML”, Pearson
Education, 2000.
3. Daniel W.Lewis, “Fundamentals of embedded software where C and assembly meet”, PHI 2002.
4. Axel Jantsch, “Nework on chips”, Kluwar Academic publishers, 2003.
5. Youn-long, Steve Lin, “Essential issues of SoC design”, Springer – 2006.
6. Steave Furber, “ARM system–on–chip architecture”, Addison Wesley, 2000.

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EM0555 DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To introduce concepts of data communication networks.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, all parts of communication software in layered architecture.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION
Components of network – Topologies – WAN / LAN – OSI – ISO layered Architecture - Modulation and
demodulation – Bit error rates – Line coding – Error correcting codes.

UNIT-II: DATA LINK LAYER

Design issues – CRC technique and sliding window techniques – Performance analysis of sliding window techniques
– Framing formats – Case Study – HDLC protocols – Medium access control – CSMA / CD – Token ring and
token bus – FDDI – Wireless LAN – Performance analysis of MAC protocols – Bridges.

UNIT-III: NETWORK LAYER

Circuit switching – packet switching – Design issues – IP addressing and IP diagram – Routers and gateways –
Routing –Sub netting – CIDR – ICMP – ARP – RARP – IPv6 – QoS.

UNIT-IV: TRANSPORT LAYER

TCP and UDP – Error handling and flow control – Congestion control – TCP Retransmission – Timeout – Socket
Abstraction.

UNIT-V: APPLICATION SERVICES

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) – File Transfer Protocols (FTP), telnet, the World Wide Web (WWW),
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Domain name service (DNS), Security, Multimedia applications.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communications”, Seventh Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003.
2. Larry Peterson, Bruce S Davie, “Computer Networks: A Systems Approach”, Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, 2nd Edition, 1999.
3. James F Kurose, “Computer Networking: A Top – Down Approach Featuring the Internet”, Addison
Wesley, 2nd Edition 2002.
4. W.Richard Stevens and Gary R Wright, “TCP / IP Illustrated”, Addison Wesley, Volume 1 & 2, 2001.

Page 16
EM0556 EMBEDDED NETWORKING L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To introduce Controller Area Networking (CAN).

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, understand CAN and design systems based on CAN.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: EMBEDDED NETWORK REQUIREMENTS

Embedded networking – code requirements – Communication requirements – Introduction to CAN open – CAN open
standard – Object directory – Electronic Data Sheets & Device – Configuration files – Service Data Objectives –
Network management CAN open messages – Device profile encoder.

UNIT-II: CAN CONFIGURATION

CAN open configuration – Evaluating system requirements choosing devices and tools – Configuring single devices –
Overall network configuration – Network simulation – Network Commissioning – Advanced features and testing.

UNIT-III: CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK

Controller Area Network – Underlying Technology CAN Overview – Selecting a CAN Controller – CAN
development tools.

UNIT-IV: MICRO CAN

Implementing CAN open Communication layout and requirements – Comparison of implementation methods –
Micro CAN open – CAN open source code – Conformance test – Entire design life cycle.

UNIT-V: IMPLEMENTATION
Implementation issues – Physical layer – Data types – Object dictionary – Communication object identifiers –
Emerging objects – Node states.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Glaf P.Feiffer, Andrew Ayre and Christian Keyold, “Embedded Networking with CAN and CAN
open”, Embedded System Academy 2005.

Page 17
EM0557 CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To introduce the concepts of data security in communication networks which are widely used now with embedded
systems.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, security needs, data securing methods like cryptography, and network security aspects.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: SYMMETRIC CIPHERS

Overview – classical Encryption Techniques – Block Ciphers and the Data Encryption standard – Introduction to
Finite Fields – Advanced Encryption standard – Contemporary Symmetric Ciphers – Confidentiality using Symmetric
Encryption.

UNIT-II: PUBLIC-KEY ENCRYPTION AND HASH FUNCTIONS

Introduction to Number Theory – Public-Key Cryptography and RSA – Key Management – Diffie-Hellman Key
Exchange – Elliptic Curve Cryptography – Message Authentication and Hash Functions – Hash Algorithms – Digital
Signatures and Authentication Protocols.

UNIT-III: NETWORK SECURITY PRACTICE

Authentication Applications – Kerbors – X.509 Authentication Service – Electronic mail Security – Pretty Good
Privacy – S/MIME – IP Security architecture – Authentication Header – Encapsulating Security Payload – Key
Management.

UNIT-IV: SYSTEM SECURITY

Intruders – Intrusion Detection – Password Management – Malicious Software – Firewalls – Firewall Design
Principles – Trusted Systems.

UNIT-V: WIRELESS SECURITY

Introduction to Wireless LAN Security Standards – Wireless LAN Security Factors and Issues.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. William Stallings, “Cryptography and Network Security – Principles and Practices”, Pearson Education, 3rd
Edition, 2003.
2. Atul Kahate, “Cryptography and Network Security”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2003.
3. Bruce Schneier, “Applied Cryptography”, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2001.
4. Stewart S. Miller, “Wi-Fi Security”, McGraw Hill, 2003.
5. Charles B. Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence Pfleeger, “Security In Computing”, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education,
2003.
6. Mai, “Modern Cryptography: Theory and Practice”, First Edition, Pearson Education, 2003.

Page 18
EM0558 WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To introduce the concepts of mobile wireless communication systems.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, fundamentals of wireless communications, and systems which operate on wireless
principles.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION
Wireless Transmission - signal propagation - spread spectrum - Satellite Networks - Capacity Allocation - FAMA -
DAMA - MAC.

UNIT-II: MOBILE NETWORKS

Cellular Wireless Networks – GSM – Architecture – Protocols - Connection Establishment - Frequently Allocation –
Routing – Handover – Security - GPRA.

UNIT-III: WIRELESS NETWORKS

Wireless LAN-IEEE 802.11: Standard – Architecture – Services; AdHoc Networks- HiperLAN - Blue Tooth.

UNIT-IV: ROUTING
Mobile IP-DHCP - AdHoc Networks - Proactive and Reactive Routing Protocols - Multicast Routing.

UNIT-V: TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYERS

TCP over Adhoc Networks – WAP – Architecture - WWW Programming Model – WDP – WTLS – WTP – WSP –
WAE - WTA Architecture – WML - WML scripts.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Kaveh Pahlavan, Prasanth Krishnamoorthy, “Principles of Wireless Networks”, PHI/Pearson Education,
2003.
2. Jochen Schiller, “Mobile communications”, PHI/Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2003.
3. William Stallings, “Wireless communications and Networks”, PHI/Pearson Education, 2002.
4. Uwe Hansmann, Lothar Merk, Martin S. Nicklons and Thomas Stober, “Principles of Mobile computing”,
Springer, New york, 2003.
5. C.K.Toh, “Adhoc mobile wireless networks”, Prentice Hall, Inc, 2002.
6. Charles E. Perkins, “Adhoc Networking”, Addison-Wesley, 2001.

Page 19
EM0559 EMBEDDED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To make the student understand and apply the theory behind wireless sensor networks.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To impart students with wireless sensor network fundamentals.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION
Embedded network systems – representation of signals – signal propagation – sensor principles.

UNIT-II: COMMUNICATION
Source detection and identification – digital communications – multiple source estimation and multiple access
communications.

UNIT-III: NETWORKING
Networking – network position and synchronization services

UNIT-IV: NETWORK MANAGEMENT

Energy management – data management – articulation mobility and infrastructure.

UNIT-V: NODES, DATA AND APPLICATION

Node architecture – network data integrity – experimental system design.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Gregory Pottie and William Waiger, “Principles of Embedded Networked System Design”, Cambridge
University Press, 2005.
2. Jr.Edger H. Callaway, “Wireless Sensor Networks”, CRC Press, 2004.

Page 20
EM0560 EMBEDDED CONTROL SYSTEMS L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To introduce the basic concepts of control systems and its embedded implementation.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, basics of control systems, application methods of control theory in embedded systems

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION
Controlling the hardware with software – Data lines – Address lines - Ports – Schematic representation – Bit masking
– Programmable peripheral interface – Switch input detection – 74 LS 244.

UNIT-II: INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICES

Keyboard basics – Keyboard scanning algorithm – Multiplexed LED displays – Character LCD modules – LCD
module display – Configuration – Time-of-day clock – Timer manager - Interrupts - Interrupt service routines – IRQ
- ISR - Interrupt vector or dispatch table multiple-point - Interrupt- driven pulse width modulation.

UNIT-III: D/A AND A/D CONVERSION

R- 2R ladder - Resistor network analysis - Port offsets - Triangle waves analog vs. digital values - ADC0809 – Auto
port detect - Recording and playing back voice - Capturing analog information in the timer interrupt service routine -
Automatic, multiple channel analog to digital data acquisition.

UNIT-IV: ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL COMMUNICATION

Asynchronous serial communication – RS-232 – RS-485 – Sending and receiving data – Serial ports on PC – Low-
level PC serial I/O module - Buffered serial I/O.

UNIT-V: CASE STUDIES: EMBEDDED C PROGRAMMING

Multiple closure problems – Basic outputs with PPI – Controlling motors – Bi-directional control of motors – H
bridge – Telephonic systems – Stepper control – Inventory control systems.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Jean J. Labrosse, “Embedded Systems Building Blocks: Complete and Ready To Use Modules in C”, CMP
Books 2000.
2. Ball S.R., “Embedded microprocessor Systems – Real World Design”, Prentice Hall, 1996.
3. Herma K, “Real Time Systems – Design for distributed Embedded Applications”, Kluwer Academic, 1997.
4. Daniel W. Lewis, “Fundamentals of Embedded Software where C and Assembly meet”, PHI, 2002.

Page 21
EM0561 INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
Intelligent system concepts are becoming more relevant for embedded systems. Hence this course is provided.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: Basic intelligent system concepts, neural networks, fuzzy logic and its implementation
methods.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS

Introduction- Humans and Computers, the structure of the brain, learning in machines, the differences. The basic
neuron- Introduction, modeling the single neuron, learning in simple neurons, the perception: a vectorial perspective,
the perception learning rule, proof, limitations of perceptrons.

UNIT-II: MULTILAYER NETWORKS

The multi layer perceptron: Introduction, altering the perception model, the new model, the new learning rule, multi
layer perception algorithm, XOR problem. Multi layer feed forward networks, error back propagation training
algorithm: problems with back propagation, Boltzman training, Cauchy training, combined back propagation, Cauchy
training.

UNIT-III: RESONANT NETWORKS AND APPLICATIONS

Hop-field networks: recurrent and bi-directional associative memories, counter propagation network, Artificial
Resonance Theory (ART) Application of neural network: Hand written digit and character recognition- Traveling
sales man problem, a neuro controller.

UNIT-IV: FUZZY SET THEORY

Introduction to fuzzy set theory: Fuzzy set vs Crisp set, properties of fuzzy sets, operations on fuzzy set – fuzzy
compliments, fuzzy intersection- T norms, fuzzy union- t- co-norm, fuzzy relations.

UNIT-V: FUZZY LOGIC AND SYSTEMS

Fuzzy Logic: Classical logic multi valued logic, fuzzy propositions, fuzzy quantifiers, linguistic hedges and their
inferences. Fuzzy systems: fuzzy controllers, fuzzy systems and neural networks, fuzzy neural networks, fuzzy
automata, fuzzy dynamic system.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. R Beale & T Jackson, “Neural Computing, An Introduction”, Adam Hilger, 1990.
2. G.J.Klir & Bo Yuan, “Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic Theory and Applications”, Prentice Hall of India, 1997.
3. Timothy S.Ross, “Fuzzy Logic with engineering applications”, McGraw Hill, 1997.
4. Kosko B, “Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems”, Prentice Hall of India, 1994.
5. Zimmermann H.J, “Fuzzy Set Theory and Its Applications”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.
6. Rao V.B and Rao H.V., “C++, Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic”, BPB Publications, 1996.

Page 22
EM0562 OPERATING SYSTEMS L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
This course gives in depth knowledge on operating systems which is essential for writing software for embedded
systems.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: Basic operating system concepts in detail, to make a few case studies.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: OPERATING SYSTEMS AND SERVICES

Processes – CPU Scheduling approaches.

UNIT-II: PROCESS SYNCHRONIZATION

Semaphores – Deadlocks – Handling deadlocks – Multithreading.

UNIT-III: MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Paging – Segmentation – Virtual memory – Demand paging – Replacement algorithms.

UNIT-IV: DISK SCHEDULING APPROACHES

File systems – Design issues – User interfaces to file systems – I / O device management.

UNIT-V: CASE STUDIES

Design and implementation of the UNIX OS, process model and Structure – Memory management – File system –
UNIX I / O management and Device drivers – Windows – System components – Process management – Memory
management – File systems – Networking.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Abraham Silberschatz Peter B. Galvin, G.Gagne, “Operating System Concepts”, 6th Edition, Wesley
Publishing company, 2003.
2. M.J.Bach, “Design of the UNIX Operating System”, Prentice Hall, 1986.

Page 23
EM0563 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To introduce computer architecture to the student

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, computer architectures.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER DESIGN

Review of fundamentals of CPU, Memory and I/O – Performance evaluation – Instruction set principles – Design
issues – Example Architectures.

UNIT-II: INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLELISM

Pipelining and handling hazards – Dynamic Scheduling – Dynamic hardware prediction – Multiple issues – Hardware
based speculation – Limitations of ILP – Case studies.

UNIT-III: INSTRUCTION LEVEL PARALLELISM WITH SOFTWARE APPROACHES

Compiler techniques for exposing ILP – Static branch prediction – VLIW & EPIC – Advanced compiler support –
Hardware support for exposing parallelism - Hardware versus software speculation mechanisms – IA 64 and ltanium
processor.

UNIT-IV: MEMORY AND I/O

Cache performance – Reducing cache miss penalty and miss rate – Reducing hit time – Main memory and
performance – Memory technology. Types of storage devices – Buses – RAID – Reliability, availability and
dependability – I/O performance measures – Designing an I/O system.

UNIT-V: MULTIPROCESSORS AND THREAD LEVEL PARALLELISM

Symmetric and distributed shared memory architectures – Performance issues – Synchronization – Models of
memory consistency – Multithreading.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. A.Kai Hwang, “Advanced Computer architecture”, Mcgraw – Hill, Inc 1987.
2. Kai Hwang and Faye A.Briggs, “Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing”, McGraw-Hill 1989.
3. John L.Hennessey and David A.Patterson, “Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach”, Third
Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003.
4. D.Sia, T.Fountain and P.Kacsuk, “Advanced computer Architectures: A Design Space Approach”, Addion
Wesley, 2000.

Page 24
EM0564 DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING L T P C

Pre-requisite: EM0503 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
Since image processing is an upcoming embedded field wherein many small systems and robots are built with image
processing functions we give in this subject an idea of image processing concepts.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: Basic image processing operations and concepts, multi resolution analysis and to make a
few case studies.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGE PROCESSING

Introduction – Steps in image processing systems – Image acquisition – Sampling and Quantization – Pixel
relationships – Color fundamentals and models, File formats, Image operations – Arithmetic, Geometric and
Morphological.

UNIT-II: IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

Spatial Domain: Gray level Transformations – Histogram processing – Spatial filtering smoothing and sharpening.
Frequency Domain: Filtering in frequency domain – DFT, FFT, DCT – Smoothing and sharpening filters –
Homomorphic Filtering.

UNIT-III: IMAGE SEGMENTATION AND FEATURE ANALYSIS

Detection of Discontinuities – Edge operators – Edge linking and Boundary Detection – Thresholding – Region based
segmentation – Morphological Watersheds – Motion Segmentation, Feature Analysis and Extraction.

UNIT-V: MULTI RESOLUTION ANALYSIS AND COMPRESSIONS

Multi Resolution Analysis: Image Pyramids – Multi resolution expansion – Wavelet Transforms. Image compression:
Fundamentals – Models – Elements of Information Theory – Error free compression – Lossy Compression –
Compression Standards.

APPLICATIONS OF IMAGE PROCESSING

Image classification – Image recognition – Image understanding – Video motion analysis – Image fusion –
Steganography – Digital compositing – Mosaics – Color Image Processing.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing”, 2nd Edition, Pearson Eduction, 2003.
2. Anil K. Jain, “Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing”, Pearson Education, 2003.
3. Milan Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac and Roger Boyle, “Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision”, 2nd Edition,
Thomson Learning, 2001.

Page 25
EM0565 MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
Multimedia applications are coming in to the arena of embedded systems. With future applications in mind this
course on multi media systems is offered.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn: Multimedia principles, Knowledge and user understanding, and text, sound and image
applications.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: MULTIMEDIA
Introduction – Multimedia modalities, Channels and Medium – Interaction – Communicative Interaction – Objects
and Agents – Channels of Communication – Artificial Languages – Natural Communication – Meta-languages –
Components of Interactive Multimedia Systems.

UNIT-II: KNOWLEDGE AND USER UNDERSTANDING

Knowledge – Basic idea of knowledge – A working definition – Knowledge representation – Knowledge Elicitation –
Know about user applying user knowledge – acquiring user knowledge – User profiling – User modelling.

UNIT-III: INTERACTION, INTERFACE & SEMIOTICS

Traditional HCI – Modalities and the interface – Interface channels – Functionality and usability – Visual appearance
and Graphic design – Multimedia content – Semiotics – Idea of a Sign – Complex Signs – Semiotics and Media.

UNIT-IV: TEXT AND SOUND

Visual Perception of Text – Images on Page – Meaning and Text Readability – Text and the Screen – Modality of
Sound – Channels of Communication – Combining Sound Channels – Technology of Sound – MIDI.

UNIT-V: IMAGES
Psychology of vision – Representational Images – Juxtaposition of Images – Perception of Motion – Constructing a
Shot – Shots into narrative – Modern languages of film and television.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Mark Elsom-Cook, “Principles of Interactive Multimedia”, McGraw Hill, International Edition 2001.

Page 26
EM0556 FPGA BASED DESIGN L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
The role of FPGA’s and ASIC are perceived to be enormous in embedded systems and hence this subject is offered.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, FPGA fundamentals, design and implementation of circuits in them.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO ASICS, CMOS LOGIC AND ASIC LIBRARY DESIGN

Types of ASICs – Design Flow – CMOS transistors, CMOS design rules – Combinational Logic Cell – Sequential
logic cell – Data path logic cell – Transistors as Resistors – Transistor Parasitic Capacitance – Logical effort –
Library cell design –Library architecture.

UNIT-II: PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CELLS AND I/O CELLS

Anti fuse – static RAM – EPROM and EEPROM technology – PREP bench marks – Actel ACT – Xilinx LCA –
Altera FLEX – Altera MAX DC & AC inputs and outputs – Clock and power inputs – Xilinx I/O blocks.

UNIT-III: INTERCONNECTS AND ASIC DESIGN SOFTWARE

Actel ACT – Xilinx LCA – Xilinx EPLD – Altera MAX 5000 and 7000 – Altera MAX 9000 Altera FLEX – Design
systems – Logic Synthesis – Half Gate ASIC – Schematic entry – Low level design language – PLA tools – EDIF –
CFI design representation.

UNIT-IV: LOGIC SYNTHESIS, SIMULATION AND TESTING

Verilog and logic synthesis – VHDL and logic synthesis - Types of simulation – Boundary scan test – Fault
simulation – Automatic test pattern generation Built-in self test.

UNIT-V: FLOOR PLANNING, PLACEMENT AND ROUTING

System partition – FPGA partitioning – partitioning methods – floor planning – placement – physical design flow –
global routing – detailed routing – special routing – circuit extraction – DRC.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. M.J.S. SMITH, “Application Specific Integrated Circuits”, Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 1997.
2. Wolf Wayne, “FPGA Based System Design”, Pearson Education India, 2004.
3. Mohammed Ismail and Terri Fiez, “Analog VLSI Signal and Information Processing”, McGraw Hill, 1994.
4. Design manuals of Altera, Xilinx and Actel. (From the web).

Page 27
EM0567 DSP INTEGRATED CIRCUITS L T P C

Pre-requisites: EM0503 and EM0507/EM0508 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To make the implementation of DSP IC’s in VLSI.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, implementation of DSP in VLSI.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: DSP IC’s AND VLSI CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGIES

Standard digital signal processors, Application specific IC’s for DSP, DSP systems, DSP system design, Integrated
circuit design. MOS transistors, MOS logic, VLSI process technologies, Trends in CMOS technologies.

UNIT-II: DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Digital signal processing, Sampling of analog signals, Selection of sample frequency, Signal-processing systems,
Frequency response, Transfer functions, Signal flow graphs, Filter structures, Adaptive DSP algorithms, DFT-The
Discrete Fourier Transform, FFT-The Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm, Image coding, Discrete cosine transforms.

UNIT-III: DIGITAL FILTERS AND FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS

FIR filters, FIR filter structures, FIR chips, IIR filters, Specifications of IIR filters, Mapping of analog transfer
functions, Mapping of analog filter structures, Multirate systems, Interpolation with an integer factor L, Sampling rate
change with a ratio L/M, Multirate filters. Finite word length effects -Parasitic oscillations, Scaling of signal levels,
Round-off noise, Measuring round-off noise, Coefficient sensitivity, Sensitivity and noise.

UNIT-IV: DSP ARCHITECTURES AND THEIR SYNTHESIS

DSP system architectures, Standard DSP architecture, Ideal DSP architectures, Multiprocessors and multicomputers,
Systolic and Wave front arrays, Shared memory architectures. Mapping of DSP algorithms onto hardware,
Implementation based on complex PEs, Shared memory architecture with Bit – serial PEs.

UNIT-V: ARITHMETIC UNITS AND INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN

Conventional number system, Redundant Number system, Residue Number System. Bit-parallel and Bit-Serial
arithmetic, Basic shift accumulator, Reducing the memory size, Complex multipliers, Improved shift-accumulator.
Layout of VLSI circuits, FFT processor, DCT processor and Interpolator as case studies.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Lars Wanhammer, “DSP Integrated Circuits”, 1999 Academic press, New York
2. Keshab K.Parhi, “VLSI digital Signal Processing Systems design and Implementation”, John Wiley &
Sons, 1999.
3. A.V.Oppenheim et.al, “Discrete-time Signal Processing”, Pearson education, 2000.
4. Emmanuel C. Ifeachor, Barrie W. Jervis, “Digital signal processing – A practical approach”, Second
edition, Pearson education, Asia.

Page 28
 VL0558 SYSTEM ON CHIP DESIGN L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
IP cores and application specific design is becoming the order of the day. Because of usefulness of this for both VLSI
and embedded students this subject is provided.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn System-on-chip fundamentals, their applications and On-chip networking methods.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

Part-A: SOC

UNIT-I: SOC fundamentals

Essential issues of SoC design – A SoC for Digital still camera – multimedia IP development : Image and video
codecs.

UNIT-II: SOC software and energy management

SoC embedded software – energy management techniques for SoC design.

Part- B: On-chip networking

UNIT-III: System design and methodology

Design methodology for NOC based systems – Mapping concurrent application onto architectural platforms.

UNIT-IV: Hardware and basic infrastructure

Packet switched network for on-chip communication – energy reliability tradeoff for NoC’s – clocking strategies –
parallel computer as a NoC’s region.

UNIT-V: Software and application interfaces

MP-SoC from software to hardware – NoC APIs – multilevel software validation for NoC – Software for network on
chip

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Axel Jantsch, Hannu Tenhunen, “Network on chips”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
2. Youn-Long, Steve Lin, “Essential Issues of SoC Design: Designing Complex Systems-On-Chip”, Springer,
2006.

Page 29
 EM0569 ADVANCED COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE L T P C

Pre-requisites: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To introduce the computer architecture concepts.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student familiarize various processors, fundamentals of computer design, various parallel and pipeline
architectures and software required for parallel programming.

UNIT-I: PROCESSORS AND MEMORY HIERARCHY

Multiprocessors and Multicomputers – Multivector and SIMD computers – Architectural Development Tracks –
Processors and Memory Hierarchy – Advanced Processor Technology – Superscalar and vector Processor – Memory
Hierarchy technology-Virtual memory technology.

UNIT-II: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER DESIGN

Elements of modern computers-System attributes to performance-Bus, Cache and Shared memory-Bus Systems –
Cache Memory Organizations – Shared memory Organization – Sequential and weak consistency models.

UNIT-III: PARALLEL AND SCALABLE ARCHITECTURES

Multiprocessor System Interconnects – Cache Coherence and Synchronization Mechanisms – Message-Passing
Mechanisms – Vector Processing Principles – Multivector Multiprocessors – Performance-Directed Design Rules –
Fujitsu VP2000 and VPP500 – SIMD Computer Organizations – Implementation models – The MasPar MP-1
Architecture-Latency - Hiding Techniques – Principles of Multithreading – Scalable and Multithreaded Architectures
- The Tera Multiprocessor System.

UNIT-IV: PIPELINING AND SUPERSCALAR TECHNIQUES

Introduction – Basics of a RISC Instruction set – Implementation of five stage Pipeline for a RISC processor –
Performance issues – hurdle of pipelining – simple implementation of MIPS – extending the MIPS pipeline to handle
multicycle operations – cross cutting issues.

UNIT-V: SOFTWARE FOR PARALLEL PROGRAMMING:

Parallel programming models – parallel languages and compilers – code optimization and scheduling – scalar
optimization with basic blocks – code generation and scheduling – trace scheduling compilation – parallelization and
wave fronting – software pipelining – parallel programming environments – Y-MP, Paragon and CM-5 environments
– synchronization and multiprocessing modes – principles of synchronization - multiprocessor execution modes –
shared-variable program structures – locks for protected access – semaphores and applications – message-passing
program development.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Kai Hwang & Naresh Jotwani, “Advanced Computer Architecture”, McGraw –Hill, Inc. 2011.
2. John L. Hennessey and David A. Patterson, “Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach”, Third Edition,
Morgan Kaufmann, 2003.

Page 30
 EM0573 ADVANCED FPGA DESIGN L T P C

Pre-requisites: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
To introduce VLSI design concepts to the students

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn the fundamentals of various FPGA architectures, design flow using FPGA and
programming.

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO ASICs, CMOS LOGIC AND ASIC LIBRARY DESIGN

Types of ASICs - Design Flow - CMOS transistors, CMOS design rules - Combinational Logic Cell - Sequential
logic cell - Data path logic cell - transistors as resistors - transistor parasitic capacitance - Logical effort - Library cell
design - Library architecture.

UNIT-II: PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CELLS AND I/O CELLS

Digital clock Managers-Clock management- Regional clocks- Block RAM – Distributed RAM-Configurable Logic
Blocks-LUT based structures – Phase locked loops- Select I/O resources –Anti fuse - static RAM - EPROM and
EEPROM technology

UNIT-III: DEVICE ARCHITECTURES

Device Architecture-Spartan 6 -Vertex 4 architecture- Altera Cyclone and Quartus architectures.

UNIT-IV: DESIGN ENTRY AND TESTING

Verilog and VHDL -logic synthesis - Types of simulation –Faults- Fault simulation - Boundary scan test -
Automatic test pattern generation. Built-in self test. – scan test.

UNIT-V: FLOOR PLANNING, PLACEMENT AND ROUTING

System partition - FPGA partitioning - partitioning methods - floor planning - placement - physical design flow -
global routing - detailed routing - special routing - circuit extraction - DRC.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. M.J.S. SMITH, "Application Specific Integrated Circuits", Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 1997
2. Wolf Wayne, "FPGA Based System Design", Pearson Education.
3. Design manuals of Altera, Xilinx and Actel.

Page 31
 APPLIED MATHEMATICS
MA0513 (Common to M.Tech - Communication Systems and L T P C
M.Tech - Embedded Systems Technology )
Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
Mathematics is fundamental for any field of technology. The aim of the subject is to impart essential
mathematical topics for the PG courses in Electronics and Communication Engineering Department.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn Differential equations, Discrete Fourier transforms, Laplace transforms and queueing
theory.

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: Solution of initial and boundary value problems – Characteristics – D’Alembert’s Solution – Significance
of Characteristic curves – Laplace transform solutions for displacement in a long string – a long string under its
weight – a bar with prescribed force on one end – free vibration of a string.

UNIT-II: Series solutions – Bessel’s equation – Bessel Functions – Legendre’s equation – Legendre Polynomials –
Rodrigue’s formula – Recurrence relations – Generating Functions and orthogonal property for Bessel functions of
the first kind.

UNIT-III: Discrete Fourier Transforms and its properties – Fourier series and its properties – Fourier representation
of finite duration sequences – Z-transform – Properties of the region of convergence – Inverse Z-transform – Z-
transform properties.

UNIT-IV: Review of Probability distributions – Random variables –Moment generating functions and their
properties – Functions of Random variables.

UNIT-V: Single and Multiple server Markovian Queuing models – Customer impatience – Queuing applications.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Veerarajan T, “Mathematics IV”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2000. (Unit II Chapter 3 Section 3.4 Unit I
Chapter 5)
2. Grewal B.S., “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Khanna Publishers. 34th Edition (Unit II – Chapter
17 Section 17.3, Unit III Chapter 15)
3. Sankara Rao K., “Introduction to Partial Differential Equations”, PHI, 1995 (Unit II – Chapter 1,
Section 1.3, Chapter 6 Section 6.13)
4. Veerarajan T, “Probability, Statistics and Random Processes”, 2004 (Unit IV – Chapter 1,2,3,4 Unit V –
Chapter 5)
5. Taha H.A., “Operations Research – An introduction”, 7th edition, PHI, 1997.
6. Churchil R.V., “Operational Mathematics”. Mc Graw Hill, 1972.
7. Richard A. Johnson, Miller and Freund: “Probability and Statistics for Engineers”, 5th edition, PHI,
1994.
8. Narayanan S., Manicavachagom Pillai T.K. and Ramanaiah G., “Advanced Mathematics for
Engineering Students”, Vol. II S. Viswanathan & Co.

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EM0509 REAL TIME SYSTEMS L T P C

Pre-requisite: Nil 3 0 0 3

PURPOSE
Since the concepts of real time systems and their analysis is very essential for embedded students this subject is
given.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
To make the student learn, all real time aspects of various system components, like OS, memory, communication and
an introduction to reliability evaluation methods

SYLLABUS CONTENT

UNIT-I: TASKS AND SCHEDULING

Introduction – Issues in Real Time Computing, Structure of a Real Time System, Task classes, Performance
Measures for Real Time Systems, Estimating Program Run Times. Task Assignment and Scheduling – Classical
uniprocessor scheduling algorithms, Uniprocessor scheduling of IRIS tasks, Task assignment, Mode changes, and
Fault Tolerant Scheduling.

UNIT-II: PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND DATABASES

Programming Languages and Tools – Desired language characteristics, Data typing, Control structures, Facilitating
Hierarchical Decomposition, Packages, Run – time (Exception) Error handling, Overloading and Generics,
Multitasking, Low level programming, Task Scheduling, Timing Specifications, Programming Environments, Run –
time support.

Real time Databases – Basic Definition, Real time Vs General Purpose Databases, Main Memory Databases,
Transaction priorities, Transaction Aborts, Concurrency control issues, Disk Scheduling Algorithms, Two-phase
Approach to improve Predictability, Maintaining Serialization Consistency, Data bases for Hard Real Time
Systems.

UNIT-III: COMMUNICATION
Real-Time Communication – Communications media, Network Topologies Protocols, Fault Tolerant Routing. Fault
Tolerance Techniques – Fault Types, Fault Detection. Fault Error containment - Redundancy, Data Diversity,
Reversal Checks, Integrated Failure handling.

UNIT-IV: EVALUATION TECHNIQUES

Reliability Evaluation Techniques – Obtaining parameter values, Reliability models for Hardware Redundancy,
Software error models.

UNIT-V: CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION

Clock Synchronization – Clock, A Non fault–Tolerant Synchronization Algorithm, Impact of faults, Fault Tolerant
Synchronization in Hardware, Fault Tolerant Synchronization in software.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. C.M. Krishna, Kang G. Shin, “Real Time Systems”, McGraw – Hill International Editions, 1997.

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