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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Construction industry is considered as one of the most hazardous industries.
The development of construction industry has been plagued by the accidents or
injuries that are frequently occurred. It is estimated that there are around 60,000
construction fatalities occurred worldwide each year, which equates to one
accident happen every nine minutes. Human error is a main reason for upto 80% of
all incidents and accidents in high risk industries. According to the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the construction industry is responsible
for more than 20% of all worker fatalities, Falls from elevation, struck-by objects,
electrocutions, and caught-in/between are among leading causes. Also, accidents
related to scaffolding account for a large proportion of the causes of the safety
hazards. It is desirable that all potential safety hazards are identified in the early
and planning stages and preventive actions are taken. Planning for safety typically
consists of the identification of all potential hazards, as well as the decision on
choosing corresponding safety measures. A job site safety analysis is a technique
that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur. It focuses
on the relationship between the worker, the task, and the working environment.
The basic procedure for conducting job site safety assessment includes:
(1) Identifying all job steps of a given activity
(2) Identifying potential hazards related to these different job steps; and
(3) Proposing action procedures to eliminate, reduce, or control each
hazards.
The complexity and uncertainty inherent in the nature of the construction industry
requires safety planners to adopt technologies as recent and innovative as available
to make sure they are covering predictable surprises as much as possible
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The aim of the project is to present a decision making model for
implementing safety by finding out the factors and comparing them by
implementing those factors in the software. This was used to avoid or minimize the
adverse impacts on public health and safety of employees during the project life
cycle from both routine and non-routine circumstances during the design
construction and design phase.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
To find out the risks and accidents in the construction projects.
To develop solution for eliminating accidents.
To create a decision making model to evaluate safety in the site.
1.3 ENVIRONMENT SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT
Companies that likely to be eco-friendly agents invest in strong
environmental, health and safety management, otherwise known as
EHS.
From an environmental standpoint, it involves creating a efficient
approach to managing waste, complying with environmental
regulations, or reducing the effect of pollutions and also manage to
safeguard labours from major and minor accident.
EHS is nothing but a well-planned management system which is used
to make the construction safely and eco-friendly
1.4 DEFINITIONS
1.4.1 Contractor
An agency or a company engaged by client for the construction of structures.
1.4.2 Sub-Contractor
Any individual or company, which is engaged by client to perform work at
the site or to provide labour, equipment, facilities or material, etc. to be used
at the site.
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1.4.3 SHE plan
Safety, Health and Environment Management Plan.
1.4.4 Accident
An unplanned, undesired event or condition, which may result in
harm/injury to people or damage to plant equipment.
1.4.5 Incident
Any undesired event or condition, that results in harm to people or damage
to plant equipment.
Near Miss
An incident, which in other circumstances, could have resulted in loss
through injury, damage to assets, or environmental harm.
Major Incident
The criteria for major incidents are as follows:
a) Any fatality associated with the works.
b) Serious injuries requiring hospitalization in excess of 24 hours,
unless detained solely for observation.
c) Major stoppage of work for more than 24 hours.
d) Property damage in excess of Rs. 1,00,000/-
e) Accident that result or likely to result in negative media coverage.
f) Near misses with a high potential to result in any of the above
losses.
Serious Injury
a) Fracture of any bones.
b) Loss of sight or an eye.
c) Any other injury excluding occupational disease, which results in
the person being hospitalized for more than 24 hours, unless
detained solely for observation.
Minor Injury
Any injury, which causes does not cause the injured person to lose a
normal job time beyond the day or shift upon which the injury occurs.
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Loss Time Injury
Any injury, which causes the injured person to lose a normal job time
beyond the day or shift, upon which the injury occurs.
1.4.6 Unsafe Act or Conditions
Deviation from an expected best practice or conditions.
