HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol used for point-to-point and multipoint communication links that implements the Stop-and-Wait protocol. It provides two transfer modes: normal response mode and asynchronous balanced mode. HDLC defines three types of frames: information frames, supervisory frames, and unnumbered frames to provide flexibility.
PPP is commonly used for point-to-point access connections. It uses link control, authentication, and network control protocols to establish the link, authenticate parties, and carry network-layer data. A PPP connection goes through multiple transition phases including establishment, authentication, and network-layer protocol.
HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol used for point-to-point and multipoint communication links that implements the Stop-and-Wait protocol. It provides two transfer modes: normal response mode and asynchronous balanced mode. HDLC defines three types of frames: information frames, supervisory frames, and unnumbered frames to provide flexibility.
PPP is commonly used for point-to-point access connections. It uses link control, authentication, and network control protocols to establish the link, authenticate parties, and carry network-layer data. A PPP connection goes through multiple transition phases including establishment, authentication, and network-layer protocol.
HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol used for point-to-point and multipoint communication links that implements the Stop-and-Wait protocol. It provides two transfer modes: normal response mode and asynchronous balanced mode. HDLC defines three types of frames: information frames, supervisory frames, and unnumbered frames to provide flexibility.
PPP is commonly used for point-to-point access connections. It uses link control, authentication, and network control protocols to establish the link, authenticate parties, and carry network-layer data. A PPP connection goes through multiple transition phases including establishment, authentication, and network-layer protocol.
HDLC is a bit-oriented protocol used for point-to-point and multipoint communication links that implements the Stop-and-Wait protocol. It provides two transfer modes: normal response mode and asynchronous balanced mode. HDLC defines three types of frames: information frames, supervisory frames, and unnumbered frames to provide flexibility.
PPP is commonly used for point-to-point access connections. It uses link control, authentication, and network control protocols to establish the link, authenticate parties, and carry network-layer data. A PPP connection goes through multiple transition phases including establishment, authentication, and network-layer protocol.
oriented protocol for communication over point-to- point and multipoint links. It implements the Stop- and-Wait protocol we discussed earlier. Although this protocol is more a theoretical issue than practical, most of the concept defined in this protocol is the basis for other practical protocols such as PPP, Ethernet, or wireless LANs. 11.1 111.3.1 Transfer Modes
HDLC provides two common transfer modes that
can be used in different configurations: normal response mode (NRM) and asynchronous balanced mode (ABM).
11.2 Figure 111.14: Normal response mode
11.3 Figure 111.15: Asynchronous balanced mode
11.4 111.3.2 Framing
To provide the flexibility necessary to support all the
options possible in the modes and configurations just described, HDLC defines three types of frames: information frames (I-frames), supervisory frames (S-frames), and unnumbered frames (U-frames).
11.5 Figure 111.16: HDLC frames
11.6 Figure 111.17: Control field format for the different frame types
11.7 Example 111.5 Figure 111.18 shows how U-frames can be used for connection establishment and connection release. Node A asks for a connection with a set asynchronous balanced mode (SABM) frame; node B gives a positive response with an unnumbered acknowledgment (UA) frame. After these two exchanges, data can be transferred between the two nodes (not shown in the figure). After data transfer, node A sends a DISC (disconnect) frame to release the connection; it is confirmed by node B responding with a UA (unnumbered acknowledgment).
11.8 Figure 111.18: Example of connection and disconnection
11.9 Example 111.6 Figure 111.19 shows two exchanges using piggybacking. The first is the case where no error has occurred; the second is the case where an error has occurred and some frames are discarded.
11.10 Figure 111.19: Example of piggybacking with and without error
11.11 11-4 PPP
One of the most common protocols for point-to-
point access is the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). Today, millions of Internet users who need to connect their home computers to the server of an Internet service provider use PPP. To control and manage the transfer of data, there is a need for a point-to-point protocol at the data-link layer. PPP is by far the most common.
11.12 111.4.1 Services
The designers of PPP have included several services
to make it suitable for a point-to-point protocol, but have ignored some traditional services to make it simple.
11.13 111.4.2 Framing
PPP uses a character-oriented (or byte-oriented)
frame. Figure 111.20 shows the format of a PPP frame.
11.14 Figure 111.20: PPP frame format
11.15 111.4.3 Transition Phases
A PPP connection goes through phases which can
be shown in a transition phase diagram (see Figure 111.21).
11.16 Figure 111.21: Transition phases
11.17 111.4.4 Multiplexing
Although PPP is a link-layer protocol, it uses
another set of protocols to establish the link, authenticate the parties involved, and carry the network-layer data. Three sets of protocols are defined to make PPP powerful: the Link Control Protocol (LCP), two Authentication Protocols (APs), and several Network Control Protocols (NCPs).
11.18 Figure 111.22: Multiplexing in PPP
11.19 Figure 111.23: LCP packet encapsulated in a frame
11.20 Table 111.1: LCP Packets
11.21 Table 111.2: Common options
11.22 Figure 111.24: PAP packets encapsulated in a PPP frame
11.23 Figure 111.25: CHAP packets encapsulated in a PPP frame
11.24 Figure 111.26: IPCP packet encapsulated in PPP frame
11.25 Table 111.3: Code values for IPCP Packets
11.26 Figure 111.27: IP datagram encapsulated in a PPP frame
11.27 Figure 111.28: Multilink PPP
11.28 Example 111.7 Let us go through the phases followed by a network layer packet as it is transmitted through a PPP connection. Figure 111.29 shows the steps. For simplicity, we assume unidirectional movement of data from the user site to the system site (such as sending an e-mail through an ISP).
