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A-level
CHEMISTRY
Paper 1 Inorganic and Physical Chemistry

Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• the Periodic Table/Data Booklet, provided as an insert (enclosed)
• a ruler with millimetre measurements Question Mark
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate. 1
2
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 3
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 4
• Answer all questions. 5
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside
6
the box around each page or on blank pages.
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 7
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). 8
• All working must be shown. 9
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not
want to be marked. TOTAL

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 105.

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Answer all questions in the spaces provided. box

0 1 This question is about enthalpy changes for calcium chloride and

magnesium chloride.

0 1 . 1 State the meaning of the term enthalpy change.

[1 mark]

Figure 1 shows an incomplete Born–Haber cycle for the formation of calcium chloride.

Figure 1

0 1 . 2 Complete Figure 1 by writing the formulas, including state symbols, of the

appropriate species on each of the three blank lines.
[3 marks]

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0 1 . 3 Table 1 shows some enthalpy data. box

Table 1

Enthalpy change
/ kJ mol–1

Enthalpy of formation of calcium chloride –795

Enthalpy of atomisation of calcium +193

First ionisation energy of calcium +590

Second ionisation energy of calcium +1150

Enthalpy of atomisation of chlorine +121

Electron affinity of chlorine –364

Use Figure 1 and the data in Table 1 to calculate a value for the
enthalpy of lattice dissociation of calcium chloride.
[2 marks]

Enthalpy of lattice dissociation kJ mol–1

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0 1 . 4 Magnesium chloride dissolves in water. box

Give an equation, including state symbols, to represent the process that occurs when
the enthalpy of solution of magnesium chloride is measured.
[1 mark]

0 1 . 5 Table 2 shows some enthalpy data.

Table 2

Enthalpy change
/ kJ mol–1

Enthalpy of lattice dissociation of MgCl2 +2493

Enthalpy of hydration of Mg2+(g) –1920

Enthalpy of hydration of Cl–(g) –364

Use your answer to Question 01.4 and the data in Table 2 to calculate a value for the
enthalpy of solution of magnesium chloride.
[2 marks]

Enthalpy of solution kJ mol–1

0 1 . 6 The enthalpy of hydration of Ca2+(g) is –1650 kJ mol–1

Suggest why this value is less exothermic than that of Mg2+(g)

[2 marks]

11

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0 2 This question is about atomic structure. box

0 2 . 1 Define the mass number of an atom.

[1 mark]

0 2 . 2 Complete Table 3 to show the numbers of neutrons and electrons in the species
shown.
[2 marks]

Table 3

Number of Number of Number of

neutrons electrons
protons
46
Ti 22
49
Ti2+ 22

0 2 . 3 A sample of titanium contains four isotopes, 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti and 49Ti
This sample has a relative atomic mass of 47.8
In this sample the ratio of abundance of isotopes 46Ti, 47Ti and 49Ti is 2:2:1

Calculate the percentage abundance of 46Ti in this sample.

[3 marks]

Abundance of 46Ti % 6

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0 3 This question is about elements in Period 3 and their compounds. box

0 3 . 1 When a piece of sodium is added to 200 cm3 of water in a large beaker a vigorous
reaction occurs. The temperature of the water increases by 25 oC

Give an equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of sodium with water.

Suggest why it is dangerous to react a similar piece of sodium with 10 cm3 of water in
a boiling tube.
[2 marks]

Equation

Why it is dangerous

0 3 . 2 Give an equation for the reaction of phosphorus(V) oxide with water.

Suggest a pH for the solution formed.

[2 marks]

Equation

pH

0 3 . 3 Explain, in terms of crystal structure and bonding, why silicon(IV) oxide has a higher
melting point than phosphorus(V) oxide.
[4 marks]

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0 3 . 4 An element in Period 3 forms an oxide that is insoluble in water.

This oxide reacts with sulfuric acid and with aqueous potassium hydroxide.

Give the formula for this oxide.

Give an equation for the reaction of this oxide with sulfuric acid.
[2 marks]

Formula

Equation

0 3 . 5 Give the formula of a hydroxide of an element in Period 3 used in medicine.

[1 mark]

0 3 . 6 Identify the element in Period 3, from sodium to chlorine, that has the
largest atomic radius.
[1 mark]
12

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0 4 This question is about iron and its ions. box

0 4 . 1 Discuss the role of iron as a heterogeneous catalyst in the Haber process.

3 H2 + N2 ⇌ 2 NH3

Your answer should include:

• the meaning of the term heterogeneous catalyst

• how iron acts as a heterogeneous catalyst
• the factors that affect the efficiency and lifetime of the catalyst.
[6 marks]

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0 4 . 2 Fe2+ ions catalyse the reaction between peroxodisulfate(VI) ions and iodide ions in box

aqueous solution.
S2O82–(aq) + 2 I–(aq) → 2 SO42–(aq) + I2(aq)

Explain why this reaction is slow before the catalyst is added.

Give two equations to show how Fe2+ ions catalyse this reaction.

[4 marks]

Why reaction is slow before catalyst added

Equation 1

Equation 2

0 4 . 3 Give a reason why Zn2+ ions do not catalyse the reaction in Question 04.2.
[1 mark]

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0 4 . 4 Iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form iron(II) chloride and hydrogen. box

Fe(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

A 0.998 g sample of pure iron is added to 30.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

One of these reagents is in excess and the other reagent limits the amount of
hydrogen produced in the reaction.

Calculate the maximum volume, in m3, of hydrogen gas produced at 30 oC and

100 kPa.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

In your answer you should identify the limiting reagent in the reaction.

The gas constant, R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

[6 marks]

Volume of hydrogen m3

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Figure 2 shows some reactions of iron ions in aqueous solution. box

Figure 2

0 4 . 5 Identify A and state its colour.

[2 marks]

Identity

Colour

0 4 . 6 Give the formula of B and state its colour.

Give an ionic equation for the reaction of [Fe(H2O)6]3+ with aqueous Na2CO3 to
form B.
[3 marks]

Formula

Colour

Ionic equation

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0 4 . 7 Explain why an aqueous solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]3+ ions has a lower pH than box

an aqueous solution containing [Fe(H2O)6]2+ ions.

[3 marks]

25

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0 5 This question is about the equilibrium box

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g)

0 5 . 1 State and explain the effect, if any, of a decrease in overall pressure on the
equilibrium yield of SO3
[3 marks]

Effect

Explanation

0 5 . 2 A 0.460 mol sample of SO2 is mixed with a 0.250 mol sample of O2 in a

sealed container at a constant temperature.
When equilibrium is reached at a pressure of 215 kPa, the mixture contains
0.180 mol of SO3

Calculate the partial pressure, in kPa, of SO2 in this equilibrium mixture.

[4 marks]

Partial pressure of SO2 kPa

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0 5 . 3 A different mixture of SO2 and O2 reaches equilibrium at a different temperature. box

Table 4 shows the partial pressures of the gases at equilibrium.

Table 4

Gas Partial pressure / kPa

SO2 1.67 × 102

O2 1.02 × 102

SO3 1.85 × 102

Give an expression for the equilibrium constant (Kp) for this reaction.

Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant for this reaction and give its units.
[3 marks]

Kp

Kp

Units

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0 5 . 4 What is the effect on the value of Kp if the pressure of this equilibrium mixture is box

increased at a constant temperature?

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g)

[1 mark]
Tick () one box.

The value of Kp

increases.

stays the same.

decreases. 11

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0 6 This question is about pH. box

Pure water dissociates slightly.

H2O(I) ⇌ H+(aq) + OH–(aq) ΔH = +57 kJ mol–1

[H+][OH−]
The equilibrium constant, Kc =
[H2O]

The ionic product of water, Kw = [H+][OH−]

0 6 . 1 Explain why [H2O] is not shown in the Kw expression.

[1 mark]

Table 5 shows how Kw varies with temperature.

Table 5

Temperature / °C Kw / mol2 dm–6

10 2.93 × 10−15

20 6.81 × 10−15

25 1.00 × 10−14

30 1.47 × 10−14

50 5.48 × 10−14

0 6 . 2 Explain why the value of Kw increases as the temperature increases.

[2 marks]

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0 6 . 3 Give the expression for pH. box

Calculate the pH of pure water at 50 °C

Give your answer to 2 decimal places.

Explain why water is neutral at 50 °C

[4 marks]

Expression

Calculation

pH

Explanation

Question 6 continues on the next page

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A pH meter is calibrated using a calibration graph. box

To create the calibration, the pH meter is used to measure the pH of separate

solutions, each with a known, accurate pH.

Figure 3 shows the calibration graph.

Figure 3

0 6 . 4 Use Figure 3 to give the true pH value when the pH meter reading is 5.6
[1 mark]

0 6 . 5 Suggest why the pH probe is washed with distilled water between each of the
calibration measurements.
[1 mark]

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0 6 . 6 The calibrated pH meter is used to monitor the pH during a titration of box

hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.

Explain why the volume of sodium hydroxide solution added between each
pH measurement is smaller as the end point of the titration is approached.
[1 mark]

Figure 4 shows the pH curve for a titration of hydrochloric acid with

sodium hydroxide solution.
Figure 4

Table 6 shows data about some indicators.

Table 6

Indicator pH range Colour at low pH Colour at high pH

Bromocresol green 3.8 – 5.4 yellow blue

Phenol red 6.8 – 8.4 yellow red

Thymolphthalein 9.3 – 10.5 colourless blue

The student plans to do the titration again using one of the indicators in Table 6 to
determine the end point.

0 6 . 7 State why all three of the indicators in Table 6 are suitable for this titration.
[1 mark]

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0 6 . 8 36.25 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution are added to box

25.00 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.

Calculate the pH of the final solution at 25 ºC

Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 at 25 ºC

[5 marks]

pH 16

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0 7 This question is about thermodynamics. box

Consider the reaction shown.

2 Al2O3(s) + 3 C(s) → 4 Al(s) + 3 CO2(g)

Table 7 shows some thermodynamic data.

Table 7

Substance Al2O3(s) Al(s) C(s) CO2(g)

ΔfHϴ/ kJ mol–1 –1669 0 0 –394

Sϴ/ J K–1 mol–1 51 28 6 214

0 7 . 1 Explain why the standard entropy value for carbon dioxide is greater than that for
carbon.
[1 mark]

0 7 . 2 State the temperature at which the standard entropy of aluminium is 0 J K–1 mol–1
[1 mark]

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0 7 . 3 Use the equation and the data in Table 7 to calculate the minimum temperature, box

in K, at which this reaction becomes feasible.

[7 marks]

Minimum temperature K 9

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0 8 This question is about electrode potentials and electrochemical cells. box

0 8 . 1 State the meaning of the term electrochemical series.

[1 mark]

Table 8 shows some electrode potentials.

Table 8

Eo / V

[Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2 e– → Fe(s) + 6 H2O(l) –0.44

1
H+(aq) + e– → H2(g) 0.00
2

[Co(NH3)6]3+(aq) + e– → [Co(NH3)6]2+(aq) +0.11

[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + e– → [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) +0.77

VO2+(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + e– → VO2+(aq) + H2O(l) +1.00

[Co(H2O)6]3+(aq) + e– → [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) +1.81

0 8 . 2 State two conditions needed for the following half-cell to have E o = 0.00 V

1
H+(aq) + e– → H2(g)
2
[1 mark]

0 8 . 3 Identify the weakest reducing agent in Table 8.

[1 mark]

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0 8 . 4 Use half-equations from Table 8 to deduce an equation for the reduction of VO2+ to box

form VO2+ in aqueous solution by iron.

[2 marks]

0 8 . 5 Use data from Table 8 to explain why [Co(H2O)6]3+(aq) will undergo a redox reaction
with [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq)

Give an equation for this reaction.

[2 marks]

Explanation

Equation

0 8 . 6 Suggest why the two cobalt(III) complex ions in Table 8 have different electrode
potentials.
[1 mark]

Turn over for the next question

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0 9 This question is about the development of lithium cells. box

The value of Eo for lithium suggests that a lithium cell could have a large EMF.

Table 9 shows some electrode potential data.

Table 9

Eo / V

Li+(aq) + e– → Li(s) –3.04

2 H2O(l) + 2 e– → H2(g) + 2 OH–(aq) –0.83

1
I2(s) + e– → I–(aq) +0.54
2

0 9 . 1 Use data in Table 9 to explain why an aqueous electrolyte is not used for a lithium
cell.
[2 marks]

0 9 . 2 In the 1970s lithium-iodine cells became a common power source for

heart pacemakers. Lithium iodide is the final product of the cell reaction.

Use the data in Table 9 to calculate the cell EMF of a standard lithium-iodine cell.
[1 mark]

0 9 . 3 An EMF value for a commercial lithium-iodine cell is 2.80 V

Suggest why this value is different from the value calculated in Question 09.2.
[1 mark]

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0 9 . 4 In some lithium cells, lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) is used as the electrolyte. box

Deduce the oxidation state of chlorine in LiClO4

[1 mark]

In other lithium cells, lithium cobalt oxide electrodes and lithium electrodes are used.

0 9 . 5 Give an equation for the reaction that occurs at the positive lithium cobalt oxide
electrode.
[1 mark]

0 9 . 6 Give an equation for the reaction that occurs at the negative lithium electrode.
[1 mark]

END OF QUESTIONS

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