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io
NU QUICOVE- |
GEC Seiies Eaves | e
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY,
AND SOCIETY
Janice Patria Javier Serafica - Greg Tabios Pawilen
Bernardo Nicolas Caslib, Jr. » Eden Joy Pastor Alata Bonk Siare
Philppine Copyright 2038
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“ Economy
Agriculture - -
Political Science
Religion
©) Stiene, Technology, and Sociey Sigmund Freud
Freud is a famous figure in the field of psychology. Rosenfels
(1980) also described him as a towering literary figure and a very talented
communicator who did his share to raise the consciousness of the civilized
world in psychological matters.
However, apart from these, Freud also made a significant
contribution in the scientific world through the development of an
important observational method to gather reliable data to study human’s
inner life. This method is popularly known as the method of psychoanalysis.
The scientific hypothesis he formulated formed the essential fundamental
version of this method. For Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a
scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness. It is no
doubt that amidst all questions on his works that led to some sort of
academic controversy, his method of psychoanalysis had great impact on
the scientific way of understanding human nature.
Freud is not a traditional thinker. According to Weiner (2016),
his method of psychoanalysis was proven to be effective in understanding
some neurological conditions that were not understood by medicine at
that time, His method was unorthodox—focusing on human sexuality and
the evil nature of man. This posed immense challenges to scholars and
ordinary citizens of his time. To some, they found his ideas not easy
especially in his explanations of human sexuality.
Freud was born in a much later period from the scientific
revolution but his contribution to knowledge can be seen in many aspects
of the human scene, including art, literature, philosophy, politics, and
psychotherapy. Whether he is more of a psychologist or a scientist is for
people to decide. The fact remains that Freudian ideas and theories are
still considered nowadays as a great inspiration to examine human mind
and behavior in a more scientifically accepted way.
Chap: Gensel Concep ane Hikorcl Event in Selene, Tshnsogy and Soeey ©) By looking for other sources and literatures, what are the
controversies or questions on Freud’s ideas?
2. How can you describe Freudian ideas as a scientist?
3. If Freud is still alive, what do you think are the major changes
he would make to his theory?
Cradles of Early Science
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from
Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. There is no doubt
that the Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the
arrival of its European colonizers.
‘The Maya civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted
for approximately 2,000 years. These people are known for their works in
astronomy. They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy
into their temples and other religious structures. This allows them to use
their temples for astronomical observation. For example, the pyramid at
Chichén Itzé in Mexico is situated at the location of the Sun during the
spring and fall equinoxes.
Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was
advanced for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting
eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. The Mayans
are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems.
‘These calendars were very useful for their life especially in planning their
activities and in observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations.
The Mayans also developed the technology for growing different
crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools.
They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water
to different communities.
@) Science, Technolo, and Society Furthermore, they used various tools and adapt themselves to
innovations especially in the field of arts. The Mayans built looms for
weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from a mineral
called mica, They are also believed to be one of the first people to produce
rubber products 3,000 years before Goodyear received its patent in 1844.
The Mayans are considered one of the most scientifically advanced
societies in Mesoamerica. They are also famous as one of the world’s first
civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics.
They were also skilled in mathematics and created a number system based
on the numeral 20, Moreover, they independently developed the concept
of zero and positional value, eyen before the Romans did.
The Inca civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The Incas made
advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization,
The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help
them in everyday life:
1, roads paved with stones;
2. stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other
disasters;
3, irrigation system afid technique for storing water for their
crops to grow in all types of land;
4, calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and
prepare them for planting season;
5. the first suspension bridge;
6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only
experts can interpret; and
7. Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic
achievements.
Following the Inca, the 4ztec civilization has also made substantial
contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole.
Some of their contributions are the following:
1. Mandatory education. The Aztec puts value on education; that
is why their children are mandated to get education regardless
Capt General Concepts and Historia! Events in Scene, Technolog, and Society © of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of
universal or inclusive education.
2. Chocolates. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during
their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The
Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of
their tribute to their gods.
3. Amtispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic
medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax
muscles, which could help during surgery.
4. Chinampa. It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural
farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas
and surrounded by canals.
5. Aztec calendar, This enabled them to plan their activities.
rituals, and planting season.
6. _ Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in
water systems.
Development of Science in Asia
‘Asia is the biggest continent inthe world and the home of many
ancient civilizations. It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific,
and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and
mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, China, and the
Middle East civilizations. These civilizations were incomparable in terms
of their contributions to the development of knowledge during their time.
India
India is a huge peninsula’ surrounded by vast bodies of water and
fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders. The Indians creatively
developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives.
They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their
iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the
whole of Roman Empire.
12 € Science, Technology. and Society India is also famous in medicine. For example, Ayurveda, a system
of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC,
is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine. They discovered some
medicinal properties of plants that led them to develop medicines to cure
various illnesses. Some ancient texts, like the Susruta Samhita, describes
different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy. They
developed theories on the configuration of the universe, the spherical
| self-supporting Earth, and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30
days each. Sama (2008) noted that their interest in astronomy was also
evident in the first 12 chapters of the Siddhianta Shiromani, written in the
12th century. According to Sama (2008), this ancient text covered topics
such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets;
the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar
eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent;
conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets
with the fixed stars; and the paths of the Sun and Moon.
Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. Bisht (1982)
noted that the earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian
subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization. The people of this
civilization, according to Bisht (1982), tried to standardize measurement
of length to a high degree of accuraey and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-
daro ruler.
Clifford (2008) and Bose (1998) pointed out that Indian astronomer
and mathematician Aryabhata (476—550), in his Aryabhativa, introduced
a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as
algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, another Indian, Brahmagupta, also
suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained
the use of zero as both-a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with
the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the
world (Clifford, 2008; Bose, 1998). Another Indian named Madhava of
Sangamagrama is also considered as the founder of mathematical analysis
Woseph, 1991).
(Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technoloyy, and Society China
‘China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions
in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts,
philosophy, and music, among others. Chinese civilizations have greatly
influenced many of its neighbor countries like Korea, Japan. Philippines,
‘Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries that belong
to the old Silk Road.
The Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product
of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They
discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and
animals to cure human illness, An example is the practice of acupuncture.
In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop many
tools. Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese
civilizations were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools
that became known in the West only by the end of the Middle Ages (Davies,
1995). They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
propeller, among others. They developed a design of different models of
bridges (Zhongguo ke xue yuan, 1983), invented the first seismological
detector, and developed a dry dock facility (Needham et al., 1971).
In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records
‘on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully
recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and their
effects to our world (Mayall, 1939). They observed the heavenly bodies
to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily
activities. They used lunar calendars, too, The Chinese are also known in
seismology. This made them more prepared in times of natural calamities.
China made substantial contributions in various fields. The list of
their discoveries and inventions is overwhelming. These contributions were
made along with mathematics, logic, philosophy, and medicine. However,
cultural factors prevented these Chinese achievements from developing
into modem science. According to Needham (1986), it may have been the
religious and philosophical framework of Chinese intellectuals that made
them unable to accept the ideas of laws of nature.
14° Sclence, Technology, and Society
Smt Middle East Countries
The Middle East countries are dominantly occupied by Muslims.
With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim
scholarship, or what is called the Golden Age of Islam lasted until the 13th
century. The common language of Arabic, access to Greek texts from the
Byzantine Empire, and their proximity to India were contributory to the
intellectualization of the Muslims and provided their scholars knowledge
to create innovations and develop new ideas. But contrary to the Greeks,
Muslim scientists placed greater value on science experiments rather than
plain-thought experiments. This led to the development of the scientific
method in the Muslim world, and made significant improvements by
using experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set
within a generally empirical orientation, A Muslim scientist named Ibn
al-Haytham is also regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his
empirical proof of the intromission theory of light.
In mathematics, the mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-
Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm while the term
algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his
publications. What is now known as the Arabic Numeral System originally
came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements
to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation.
Muslim chemists and alchemists also played an important role in
the foundation of modern chemistry (Durant, 1980). In particular, some
scholars considered Jabir ibn Hayyan to be the “Father of Chemistry”
(Derewenda, 2007; Warren, 2005).
In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of
experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical
trials (Jacquart, 2008). His two most notable works in medicine, the Book
of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, were used as standard medicinal
texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe during the 17th century.
‘Among his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature
of infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology (Craig
& Walter, 2000).
‘Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Eyents in Science, Technology, and Society
cy
An There are numerous Muslim scholars who made significant
contributions in the field of science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy,
and even in the field of social sciences. The decline of this golden age
of Islam started in the 11th to 13th century due to the conquest of the
Mongols whereby libraries, observatories, and other learning institutions
were destroyed.
Development of Science in Africa
Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also
emerged in this part of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it.
The history of science and mathematics show that similar to other ancient
civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are knowledge producers, too.
The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and
made significant advances in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and
medicine. For example, the development of geometry was a product of
necessity to preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands of the Egyptians
living along the Nile River. The rules of geometry were developed and
used to build rectilinear structures, the post of lintel architecture of Egypt.
These early science activities in Egypt were developed to improve the
quality of life of the Egyptians especially in building their early homes and
cities. The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early dams
built to divert water from the Nile River are some proofs of their advanced
civilization.
Egypt was known to be a center of alchemy, which is known as the
medieval forerunner of chemistry. They tried to study human anatomy and
pharmacology, and applied important components such as examination,
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the treatment of diseases. These
components displayed strong parallels to the basic empirical method of
studying science.
‘Astronomy was also famous in the African region. For instance,
documents show that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar,
and stellar, or a combination of the three.
Science, Technology, and Society
@ ‘Metallurgy was also known in the Aftican regions during the ancient
times. North Africa and the Nile Valley imported iron technology from
the Near East region that enabled them to benefit from the developments
during the Bronze Age until the Iron Age. They invented metal tools
used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent
architectures.
Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early
‘people in the African continent. The Lebombo Bone from the mountains
between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a tool for
multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six-
month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known mathematical
artifact dated from 35,000 BCE. Ancient Egyptians are good in the four
fundamental mathematical operations and other mathematical skills.
They have knowledge of the basic concepts of algebra and geometry. The
Islamic regions in Africa during the medieval period was also benefiting
from mathematical learning, which is considered advanced during those
times, such as algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.
————___.
Scientific revolution is a golden age in the history of science. It
marked the birth of science asa discipline and as a field of inquiry and
gave birth to the development of the scientific method. It was a time
in the history of science where many scientific ideas and discoveries,
which were considered innovative and useful, were developed. Some of
these ideas were also controversial in the scientific community and in the
political arena. The scientific revolution significantly changed how people
study science and do scientific activities. It inspired human creativity and
critical thinking, moving away from thought experiments to data-driven
and experiment-based ideas.
‘There were many intellectuals who made essential contributions
in science during the period of scientific revolution. Nicolaus Copernicus
developed a model ofthe universe in which everything moved around a single
center at unvarying rates. He placed the Sun in the center of the universe
and all the planets were surrounding or orbiting it. Copernicus's model of
a nia tte (9) planets orbiting around the Sun automatically positioned the planets into a
logical sequence. Charles Darwin made significant contribution in the field
of evolutionary biology and philosophy of science. His theory of evolution
by natural selection is very useful in many fields until now. Sigmund Freud
developed the idea of psychoanalysis that helped in understanding human
behavior especially neurological conditions.
Science also developed in different parts of the world: in Asia,
Europe, Mesoamerica, and Africa. People in these continents invented
tools to help them in everyday life, discovered medicines to cure diseases,
observed heavenly bodies, built structures, discovered many things, and
invented mathematics as a tool and as a discipline. Science provided
different ancient civilizations the means to survive and understand the
natural and physical world. It also enabled human beings to develop
various technologies that heiped them in their everyday tasks.
Sea
1. How did society shape science and how did science shape
society?
2. How do social and human issues influence science?
3. How do the political and cultural landscapes of the society
affect the development of scientific culture, science activities,
and science literacy?
4. Considering the current state of our society, do you think
science literacy among people has contributed to the growth
of our economy?
5, How can science influence government policies?
ce Selene, Technology, and Society
e/ Form a small group.
2. Review the history of science and make a timeline highlighting
the major discoveries and developments in science.
Bisht, R. (1982). "Excavations at Banawali: 1974-77." In Possehl,
Gregory L. (Ed.). Harappan Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective.
New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.
Bose, M. (1998), Late Classical India. A. Mukherjee & Co.
Clifford, P. (2008). Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great
Minds Behind Them. New York: Oxford University Press.
Craig, B. & Walter, D. (2000). "Clinical Pharmacology in the
Middle Ages: Principles that Presage the 21st century.” Clinical
Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 67 (5): 447-450.
Davies, E. (1995). faventions. London: Dorling Kindersley.
Derewenda, Z. (2007). "On Wine, Chirality and Crystallography.”
Acta Crystallographica Section. Section A, Foundations of
Crystallography. 64(0) 246-258.
Durant, W. (1980). The Age of Faith. In The Story of Civilization. New
York: Simon and Sehuster.
Gribbin, J, (2003). Science: A History. London, UK: Penguin Books.
Jacquart, D. (2008). “Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages:
Theories and Substances." European Review. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 16: 219-27.
Joseph, G. (1991). The Crest of the Peacock. London: Penguin.
Caps: General Concets and Miri Events in Science, Technolgy, and Soy 19 Mayall, N. (1939). The Crab Nebula, a Probable Supernova, Astronomical
Society ofthe Pacific Leaflets, 3, 145.
Needham, J. (1986). "Science and Civilization in China.” In
Mathematies and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. 3. 208.
Needham, J., Wang, L. & Lu, G. (1971). Science and Civilization in
China. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rosenfels, P. (1980). "Freud and the Scientific Method.” Accessed
February 17, 2017. hitp: www.gender.eserver.org/rosenfels/
Freud htm.
‘Sarma, K. (2008). "Astronomy in india.” Encyclopaedia of the History of
Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (2nd Ed.)..
Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
Warren, J. (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: A Sadly
Mismanaged Affair.” Third World Quarterly: 26 (4-5): 815-830.
Weiner, E. (2016). The Geography of Genius: Lessons from the World's
Most Creative Places. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Zhongguo ke xue yuan. (1983). Ancient China's Technology and Science.
Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.
©) Seine, Tesnol. an Sets LESSON
2 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND
NATION-BUILDING
SSIs
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
+ discuss the role of science and technology in Philippine
nation-building;
+ evaluate government policies pertaining to science and
technology in terms of their contributions to nation-
building; and
+ identify actual science and technology policies of the
government and appraise their impact on the development
of the Filipino nation.
ee UTE
This lesson will discuss the influence of science and technology
in the development of the Philippine society. It identifies government
Programs, projects, and policies geared toward boasting the science
and technological capacity of the country. This lesson will also include
discussions on Philippine indigenous science and technology.
Brief Historical Background of Science and
Technology in the Philippines
The history of science and technology in the Philippines started
way back before the country gained its independence from the American
Chapter: Grn Consps and Hori Evens in Sees, Tecnology. andSociey 91 colonizers. Before the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the early
inhabitants of the archipelago had their own culture and traditions. They
had their own belief system and indigenous knowledge system that keeps
them organized and sustained their lives and communities for many years.
Science, in pre-Spanish Philippines, is embedded in the way of life
of the people. Scientific knowledge is observed in the way they plant their
‘crops that provide them food, in taking care of animals to help them in
their daily tasks, and for food production. Science is observed in the way
they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and
climates, and in organizing days into months and years. They use science
in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like any other ancient
cultures, they discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
Technology is used by people in building houses, irrigations, and
in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. They developed
tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies
during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation, both on land and
‘on waterways. They also developed technologies in creating musical
instruments.
The different archeological artifacts discovered in different parts of
the country also prove that the Metal Age also had a significant influence
‘on the lives of early Filipinos. The sophisticated designs of gold and silver
jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools proved that their technological ideas
helped in the development of different tools. Also, trading with China,
Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries have influenced their lives
by providing different opportunities for cultural and technological exchange.
All these ancient practices in science and technology are considered
now as indigenous science or folk science.
When the Spaniards colonized the country. they brought with
them their own culture and practices. They established schools for boys
and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines. It was the
beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now as
school of science and technology.
Cx eee
a Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different
concepts related to the human body, plants, animals, and heavenly bodies.
Technology focuses on using and developing house tools used in everyday
life.
Life during the Spanish era slowly became modemized, adapting
some Western technology and their ways of life. The Filipinos developed
ways to replicate the technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous
materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal
colleges and universities established by the Catholic orders.
The galleon trade has brought additional technology and
development in the Philippines. Although it is only beneficial for the
Spaniards, these trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural
practices, technology, and Western practices to reach the country. Some
Filipino students who were able to study in Europe also contributed to the
advancement of medicine, engineering, arts, music, and literature in the
country.
The Philippines, being one of the centers of global trade in
Southeast Asia during that time, was considered to be one of the most
developed places in the region. Although the country is blessed with these
developments, the superstitious beliefs of the people and the Catholic
doctrines and practices during the Spanish era halted the growth of science
in the country.
The Americans have more influence in the development of
science and technology in the Philippines compared to the Spaniards.
They established the public education system, improved the engineering
works and the health conditions of the people. They established a modern
research university, the University of the Philippines, and created more
public hospitals than the former colonial master. The mineral resources of
the country were also explored and exploited during the American times
Transportation and communication systems were improved, though not
accessible throughout the country.
The Americans did everything to “Americanize” the Philippines.
‘They reorganized the learning of science and intfoduced it in public and
oie
Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Evens in Science, Technology, and Society § 23
ol private schools. In basic education, science education focuses on nature
studies and science and sanitation, until it became a subject formally
known as “Science.” The teaching of science in higher education has
also greatly improved and modernized. Researches were done to control
malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases.
The desire of the Americans to develop the human resources of
the Philippines to serve their own interests is, somehow, beneficial in the
country. These allowed American scholars to introduce new knowledge
and technology in the country. The Protestant church missions in different
places in the country also brought hospitals and schools to far-flung areas.
Little by little, these efforts built a stronger foundation for science and
technology in the country.
However, World War II has destabilized the development of the
country in many ways. Institutions and public facilities were turned into
ashes, houses were burned, and many lives were destroyed. The country
had a difficult time to rebuild itself from the ruins of the war. The
human spirit to survive and to rebuild the country may be strong but the
capacity of the country to bring back what was destroyed was limited. The
reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities
like schools, hospitals, and transportation systems. The reparation money
from Japan was also concentrated on building highways and in providing
technological training and human resource development in the country.
Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole nation
has been focusing on using its limited resources in improving its science
and technological capability. It has explored the use of ODA or Overseas
Development Allocations from different countries to help the country
improve its scientific productivity and technological capability. Human
resource development is at the heart of these efforts focusing on producing
more engineers, scientists, technology experts, doctors, and other
professionals in the country.
The development of science and technology in the Philippines,
based on its brief history, is shaped by several factors and influences. Like
in the history of science in other countries, it is always shaped by human
and social activities, both internal and external.
Cy
Science, Technology, and Society Internat influences
+ Survival
+ Culture
+ Economie
Activities
Develooment
cof Science and
Technology in the
Philippines.
External Influences
* Foreign
Colonizers
+ Trades with
Foreign
Countries
* International
Economic.
Demands
Figure 3. Influences in the Development of Science
and Technology in the Philippines
Science and technology may have significant impact on the lives
of the people and in the development of the Philippine society. However,
improving the quality of science education still remains as a big challenge
in the country. School science from basic education to graduate education
is improving slowly, and there are only few students enrolling in science
and technology cousses,
Seis a assy
What are the significant contributions of the Spaniards and
Americans to the development of science and technology in
the Philippines? ;
‘What can you say about the state of science and technology
during the Spanish and American period?
How does schoo! science shape science and technology in the
country?
Charter Genl Conn and Hora! Een in Sse, Tatnley. and Sosey #195"
oma nce and
Government Policies on S
Technology
‘The Philippine government introduced and implemented several
programs, projects, and policies to boost the area of science and technology.
The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the
demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the people to
live in a world driven by science.
Padilla-Concepcion (2015) reported that in 2015, in response to
the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST), has sought the expertise of the National
Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various sectors
in the society to study how the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting
the ASEAN 2015 Goals. As a result of the consultation, the NCRP is
expected to recommend policies and programs that will improve the
competitiveness of the Philippines in the ASEAN Region.
The NCRP clustered these policies into four, namely:
1, Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies
and Governance S
+ Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without
adding to the curriculum
+ Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
+ Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT
broadband
+ Local food security :
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and
Space Sciences, and Mathematics
+ Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment
opportunities
© Outright grants for peer monitoring
+ Review of RA. 9184
+ Hamessing science and technology as an independent
mover of development
si
$776" Science, Technology, and Society
ott Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
* — Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with
ASEAN-harmonized standards by full implementation of
the Food and Drug Administration
= Creating an education council dedicated to
standardization of pharmaceutical services and care
‘= Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-
based research as pool of information
+ Allocating two percent of the GDP to research,
+ — Legislating a law supporting human genome projects
Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
+ Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full
implementation of existing laws
+ Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
+ Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous
people’s conservation
+ Formulation of common food and safety standards
There are also other existing programs supported by the Philippine
government through the DOST. Some of these projects are the following:
(Chapter : General Concepts and Hisorical Events in Seience, Technology, and Society
Providing funds for basic research and patents related to
science and technology. The government funds basic and
applied researches. Funding of these research and projects
are also from the Overseas Development Aid (ODA) from
different countries.
" Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies
of students in the field of science and technology. Saloma
(2015) pointed out that the country needs to produce more
doctoral graduates in the field of science and technology, and
produce more research in these fields, including engineering.
icy
sale Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High
School System for training young Filipinos in the field of
science and technology.
Creating science and technology parks to encourage academe
and industry partnerships.
Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists
abroad to come home and work in the Philippines or conduct
research and projects in collaboration with Philippine-based
scientists.
Developing science and technology parks in academic
‘campuses to encourage academe and industry partnerships.
The establishment of the National Science Complex and
National Engineering Complex within the University of the
Philippines campus in Diliman. These aimed to develop more
science and technology and engineering manpower resources
needed by the country. They also aimed to produce more
researches in these fields.
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering
(PAASE, 2008) identified severat capacity-building programs such as:
Establishment of national centers of excellence
Manpower and institutional development programs, such as
the Engineering and Science Education Program (ESEP) to
produce more PhD graduates in science and engineering
Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries
that will lead the country in different research and development
areas
Establishment of science and technology business centers to
assist, advise, and incubate technopreneurship ventures
Strengthen science education at an early stage through the
Philippine Science High School system
In the field of education, several science-related programs and
projects were created to develop the scientific literacy of the country.
= Science, Technology, and Soviets Special science classes were organized and special science elementary.
schools were established in different regions. Aside from these, science and
mathematics in basic education were continuously improved. The current
K to 12 education program included Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics (STEM) as one of its major tracks in the senior high
school program to encourage more students to enroll in science-related
fields in college.
Lately, the Commission on Higher Education launched its
Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PICARI) Project to
allow several higher education institutions in the Philippines and some US-
based laboratories, research institutes, and universities to work on research
and projects related to science, agriculture, engineering, health, and
technology. This project is hoped to strengthen the STEM competitiveness
of the country.
There are many other areas and fields that the country is looking
forward to embark various research and projects. The following are some
of them:
1. Use of alternative and safe energy
2. Harnessing mineral resources
3. Finding cure for various diseases and illness
4, Climate change and global warming
5. Increasing food production
6. Preservation of natural resources
7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities
8. Infrastructure development
The Philippine Congress has also created various laws related to
science and technology. These laws serve as a legal framework for science
and technology in the country. These laws vary according to different
themes such as: conservation, health-related, technology-building, and
supporting basic research, among others. Some laws and policies are in
line with international treaties such as the United Nations (UN), United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and other international
agencies.
Chapter I: Gener Concepts ané Hixon! Evens in Since, Techaoloyy and Socey 2) International Treaty
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
+ Polices
+ Programs
+ Projects
Legal Frameworks
Social Needs, Issues,
‘and Problems
Figure 4. Development of Science and Technology Policies in the Philippines
‘As shown in the diagram, the development of policies in science
and technology is shaped or influenced by several variables: policies need
to be aligned to national goals, consider international commitments based
on legal frameworks, and respond to various social needs, issues, and
problems. Science and technology policies ensure that the whole country
and all people will experience the progress that science can bring. Policies
are guides to direct all elforts to a goal of developing a scientifically
advanced country.
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science
School science is filled with names of foreign scientists; Einstein,
Galileo Galilei, Newton, Faraday, Darwin, and many other Western
scientists. We rarely hear of Filipino scientists being discussed in science
classes. Lee-Chua (2000) identified 10 outstanding Filipino scientists
who have made significant contributions in Philippine science. These
scientists are also famous abroad especially in different science disciplines:
agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicine, marine science, chemistry,
engineering, and biology.
$730" Science, Technolo, and Society
St These Filipino scientists are:
ie
10.
Ramon Cabanos Barba — for his outstanding research on
tissue culture in Philippine mangoes :
Josefine Cacas Comiso — for his works on observing the
characteristics of Antarctica by using satellite images
Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. ~ known intemationally in the field of
electrical engineering; was elected as officer of the famous
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Lourdes Jansuy Cruz — notable for her research on sea snail
venom
Fabian Millar Dayrit — for his research on herbal medicine
Rafael Dineros Guerrero III ~ for his research on silepia culture
Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. ~ for inventing the meconium
drugs testing
Lilian Formalejo Patena — for doing research on plant
biotechnology
Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz ~ for being an outstanding educator
and graph theorist
Gregory Ligot Tangonan — for his research in the field of
communications technology
There are other outstanding Filipino scientists who are recognized
here and abroad for their outstanding contributions in science:
Caesar A. Saloma — an intemationally renowned physicist
Edgardo Gomez — famous scientist in marine science
William Padolina — chemistry and president of National
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)~Philippines
Angel Alcala — marine science
There are other scientists in the Philippines who were not identified
in the list. Yet, the Philippines still need more scientists and engineers, and
there isa need to support scientific research in the country. The University
of the Philippines-Los Baiios is a science paradise for agriculture, forestry,
plant and animal science, and veterinary science. It has produced numerous
scientists and various research in the fields mentioned. The University of the
Cheese tt ns amin adn G31} Philippines-Visayas is also a national center for marine science, fisheries,
and other related sciences. The University of the Philippines-Manila is «
center of excellerice and hes produced many researchers, doctors, health
professionals, and scientists in the area of medical and public health.
The University of the Philippines-Diliman also hes established a national
science and engineering complex to develop more research and produce
more scientists and engineers in the country. The government must find
‘ways to establish more research laboratories and research institutes. There
is also a need to find ways on how their researches are disseminated to
the public.
Many of these Filipino scientists are products of good school
science. It means they were taught and inspired by great teachers. Their
interests in science started to manifest during their childhood years. Their
natural environment ignited their curiosity to learn more about the natural
and physical environment. Schools and the laboratories where they studied
and worked nurtured this.
Individual interests
in Science
‘SCHOOL SCIENCE
SCIENCE
LABORATORIES
Fan = a
e (REALLIFE
(TEACHERS, TEN
AND LEARNING
ENVIRONMENT)
Natural
Environment
FILIPINO SCIENTISTS
Figure §. Factors that Influence the Development of Filipino Scientists
B Scenes, Technolog ant Soxety
a Many Filipino scientists, whether they are in the country or abroad,
always excel in their job. The Filipino spirit in their souls has never faded.
They continue to bring honor to the country. They make ordinary things
in an extraordinary way. They are always at par with other scientists in
spite of the limited facilities we have here in the country.
RL» —_ —_—_—.
This lesson discussed the influence of science and technology in
the development of the Philippines as a country. Even before the time of
Spanish colonization in the Philippines, various people and communities
already practiced science. They invented tools and built structures, studied
the medicinal uses of plants, observed heavenly bodies to predict seasons
and weather, and used indigenous science in agriculture. These are
‘considered indigenous science, which is one of the foundations of modem
science.
The growth of science and its development asa field in the country
is a hybrid of indigenous and foreign ideas. Spain and the United States,
being the former colonial masters of the country, played an important
role in building the foundation of science in the Philippines. To further
strengthen the science program in the Philippines, the government
establishes various scienice programs, policies, and projects.
Through the years, many Filipinos were able to establish themselves
as scientists and science educators in various scientific areas and fields.
Invention and innovations were done by these Filipino scientists. Finally,
the demands of globalization, especially the ASEAN economic agenda,
prompted the Philippines to invest in science and technology programs
and projects.
Canter: General Conseptsand Historical Evens in Selene, Technology. and Society $33 ATR tS tee LU SYLIBS
1, Identify several issues in the Philippines. What science-
and technology-related policies could be developed and
implemented to solve these issues?
2. What can you say about the implementation of some science
and technology policies and projects in the country?
3. What are the laws related to science and technology in the
Philippines from the year 2000?
How are these laws implemented?
pai
Identify several Filipino scientists.
Research on their contributions in the field of science
Examine what made them pursue a career in science
Present the result of your work in class.
Concepcion, G.P. (Editor). (2012). Science Philippines: Essayson Science
by Filipinos Volumes 1-3. Diliman, Quezon City: University of
the Philippines Press,
Concepcion, G.P., Padlan, E.A. & Saloma, C.A. (Editors). (2008).
Selected Essays on Science and Technology’ for Securing a Better
Pilipies. Disean; Quezon City: University of the Philippines
SS.
Lee-Chua, Q. (2000). 10 Outstanding Filipino Scientists. Quezon City:
Anvil Publishing.
Padilla-Concepeion,“G. (2015). Science Philippines: Essays on Science
by Filipines Volume III. Quezon City: University of the Philippines
Press.
Philippine-American Association for Science and Engineering.
(2008). “Science and Technology in Economic Development.”
In Selected Essays on Science and Technology for Securing a Better
Philippines. 1. 6-9.
£565 scence, Tetmology, and Society
Pom LESSON
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
«discuss the concept of science education; and
+ identify science schools established to promote science
education in the Philippines.
The Philippines is trying its best to improve the state of science
education in the country. This lesson will discuss the concept of seience
‘education and will identify some strategies to promote science education
in the country. One of the strategies is to, establish science schools that will
encourage students to pursue their career in science and technology and to
nurture their gifted potentials in science.
The Concept of Science Education
Science education focuses on teaching, learning, and understanding
science. Teaching science involves developing ways on how to effectively
teach science. This means exploring pedagogical theories and models
in helping teachers teach scientific concepts and processes effectively.
Learning science, on the other hand, includes both pedagogy and the most
interesting aspect, which is helping students understand and love science.
Cia: Genet Cotep nd Hore Even in Sees, Techn. and Society 35")
a Understanding science implies developing and applying science-process
skills and using science literacy in understanding the natural world and
activities in everyday life.
Getting deeper into the discourse of science education, John
Dewey (2001) stressed the importance of utilizing the natural environment
to teach students. Accordingly, nature must indeed furnish its physical
stimuli to provide wealth of meaning through social activities and thinking.
It is not surprising therefore that science education is important. In fact,
‘Marx (1994) opines that science is going to be one of the most important
school subjects in the future.
Science education is justified by the vast amount of scientific
knowledge developed in this area that prepares citizens in a scientifically
and technologically driven world. Science education provides skills and
knowledge that are necessary for a person to live in what Knight (1986)
describes as the age of science and to develop a citizenry that will meet
the goals of science in the society (Tilghman, 2005). Developing a science
culture is therefore an immense responsibility for schools.
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary
Education
In basic education, science education helps students learn important
concepts and facts that are related to everyday life (Carale & Campo,
2003; Meador, 2005; Worth & Grollman, 2003) including important skills
such as process skills, critical thinking skills, and life skills that are needed
in coping up with daily life activities (Chaille & Britain, 2002). Science
education also develops positive attitude such as: the love for knowledge,
passion for innovative things, curiosity to study about nature, and creativity
(Lind, 1997). Science education will develop a strong foundation for
studying science and for considering science-related careers in the future.
This is an investment for the country to develop a scientifically cultured
and literate citizenry.
In tertiary education, science education deals with developing
students’ understanding and appreciation of science ideas and scientific
PEN aes
So works. This is done through offering basic science courses in the General
Education curriculum. Science education in the tertiary level also
focuses on the preparation of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and
other professionals in various science-related fields such as engineering,
agriculture, medicine, and health sciences. The state provides scholarships
to encourage more students to pursue science courses.
Science Schools in the Philippines
One outstanding program for science education supported by the
government is the establishment of science schools in various parts of the
country. There are also several government programs implemented by the
Department of Education and few private schools for science education.
Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)
This is a government program for gifted students in the Philippines.
It is a service institute of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) whose mandate is to offer free scholarship basis for secondary
course with specigl emphasis on subjects pertaining to the sciences, with
the end-view of preparing its students for a science career (Republic Act
No. 3661). The school maintains a dormitory for all its students.
‘Since its inception, the PSHSS continues to pursue its vision to
develop Filipino science scholars with scientific minds and passion for
excellence. PSHSS students have proven to be a beacon of excellence,
courage, and hope for the country. They have brought honor to the
Philippines through their exemplary achievements in various international
competitions and research circles. When the students graduate from the
school, they are expected to pursue degrees in science and technology at
various colleges and universities locally or abroad.
Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project
The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project is in
pursuance to DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008, and DepEd Order No. 51
8. 2010. This project started in June 2007 with 57 identified clementary
Chaps bese Consens nd His Even in Scot, echo, ana Society 37 §
Sl schools that participated or were identified as science elementary schools
in the country. Since its inception, the number have grown to more than
60 schools nationwide and this is now its sixth year of implementation.
‘The SSES Project aims to develop Filipino children equipped with
scientific and technological knowledge, skills, and values. Its mission is to:
* provide a learning environment to science-inclined children
through a special curriculum that recognizes the multiple
intelligences of the leamers;
+ promote the development of lifelong learning skills; and
+ foster the holistic development of the learners.
‘The subject Science and Health is taught in Grade 1 with a longer
time compared to other subjects: 70 minutes for Grades I to IIT and
80 minutes for Grades IV to VI. The curriculum also utilizes different
instructional approaches that address the learning styles and needs of the
learners like the use of investigatory projects.
Quezon City Regional Science High School
The school was established on September 17, 1967. Originally,
it was named Quezon City Science High School. It wes turned into a
regional science high school for the National Capital Region in 1999.
The school was a product of a dream to establish a special science school
for talented students in science and mathematics. The focus of the
curriculum is on science and technology. The school still teaches the basic
education courses prescribed by the Department of Education (DepEd)
for secondary education. However, there are additional subjecis in sciences
and technology that students should take. The school envisions to serve as
2 venue in providing maximum opportunities for science-gifted students
to develop spirit of inquiry and creativity. The school is well-supported by
the local government unit and by the Parents and Teachers Association
(PTA). The school is under the Department of Education.
a
% Science, Technology, and Society
& Manila Science High School
The school was established on October 1, 1963 as the Manila
Science High School (MSHS). It is the first science high school in the
Philippines. The organization and curriculum of the school puts more
emphasis on science and mathematics. MSHS aims to produce scientists
with souls, In order to do this, humanities courses and other electives are
included in their curriculum. Students ere also encouraged to participate
in various extracurricular activities. The school administers an entrance
exam, the Manila Science High School Admission Test (MSAT), for
students who wish to enroll. The MSAT has five parts: aptitude in science,
aptitude test in mathematics, problem-solving test in science, problem-
solving test in mathematics, and proficiency in English. The school prides
itself from producing outstanding alumni and for winning various national
competitions.
Central Visayan Institute Foundation
It isthe home and pioneer of the prominent school-based innovation
known as the Dynamic Learning Program (DLP). The DLP is a synthesis
of classical and modem pedagogical theories adapted to foster the highest
level of learning, creativity, and productivity.
The school takes pride in its Research Center for Theoretical
Physics (RCTP) established in 1992, which organizes small international
workshops to foster the informal but intense exchange of ideas and
perspectives on outstanding problems in physics and mathematics.
——————E ____.
Science education deals with the teaching and learning of science
and in helping the public develop science literacy. This is important in
the promotion and development of science and technology in the country.
Science education deals with the development of people in science, which
is the heart of science, technology, and society.
cmertconionenitaiinetsins tem atzir (5) This lesson focused on discussing the concept of science education
and introduced science education in the Philippines from basic education
to tertiary education. To promote science education, science schools were
established to develop gifted students in science and mathematics, such
as the Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS), Manila Science
High School, Quezon City Regional Science High School, and the Special
Science Elementary Schools Project. Science programs and projects were
organized and developed to nurture innovation in science in the country,
and to encourage individuals to pursue careers and research in science and
technology.
ee: Sees ae SS TOTSS
‘What other government projects and programs are available
for science education in the Philippines?
2. Are there private schools with outstanding science education
programs? Identify and compare their science education
programs with public science schools.
-ACIVITY
Discuss science-related issues and problems in the country.
Identify science and technology policies that could be adapted
or implemented in the Philippines.
Carale, L.R., & Campo, P,C. (2003). Concept Development in Filipino
Children: The Circulatory System. Quezon City: University of the
Philippines, National Institute of Science and Mathematics
Education.
$740% Scio, Tecnology, and Soi (Central Visayas Institute of Technology. (2013). “Science Curriculum
for K-12.” Accessed January 26, 2017. http://eviflawardspace.
com/Department of Education.
Department of Education. (2002). “Primer on 2002 Elementary
Education Curriculum.”
Department of Education. (2002). “The 2002 Basic Education
Curriculum.”
Department of Education Order 57 s. 2011. “Policy Guidelines in
the Implementation of the Special Science Elementary Schools
(SSES) Project.”
Knight, D. (1986). The Age of Science: The Scientific World-view in the
‘Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Inc.
Lind, K.A. (1997). "Science in the Developmentally Appropriate
Integrated Curriculum.” In C.H. Hart, D.C. Burts, and R.
Charlesworth, (Eds.), integrated Curriculum and Developmentally
Appropriate Practice: Birth to Age Eight. (pp. 75-101). New York:
State University of New York Press.
Marx, G. (1994). "Shortcut to the Future.” In B. Jenison and J.
Osborn, (Eds.), Wonder and Delight: Essays in Science Education in
Honor of the Life and Work of Eric Rogers 1902-1990. (pp. 5-18).
London: Institute of Physics Publishing.
Manila Science High School. Accessed January 26, 2017. hitp://
manilascience.edu.ph/.
Meador, K.S. (2005). "Thinking Creatively About Sience: Suggestions
for Primary Teachers.” In S. Johnson and J. Kendrick, (Eds.),
Science education for Gifted Students (pp. 13-22). Texas: Prufrock
Press, Inc.
Quezon City Regional Science High School, Accessed January 26,
2017. http://quesci.com/
Tilghman, S.T. (2005). Strange Bedfellows: Science, Politics, and Religion.
‘A George Romanes Lecture presented at Oxford University.
Worth, K. & Grollman, S. (2003). Worms, Shadows, and Whirlpools:
Science inthe Early Childhood Classroom. Newton, MA: Educational
Development Center Publication.
Cape: Gee Concent Hits Even in sens, seo, and Sosy © LESSON
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
-LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
‘+ discuss the concept of indigenous science; and
+ discuss the contribution of indigenous science in the
development of science and technology in the Philippines.
ce eT
This lesson focuses on indigenous science and technology in the
Philippines. Filipinos, especially during the early times, tried to invent
tools that will help them in everyday life. They also developed alternative
ideas in explaining various phenomena and in explaining the world around
them. This system of knowledge is called indigenous knowledge, which is
the foundation of indigenous science.
Indigenous Knowledge System
Indigenous knowledge is embedded in the daily life experiences of
young children as they grow up. They live and grow in a society where the
members of the community prominently practice indigenous knowledge.
Their parents and other older folks served as their first teachers and their
methods of teaching are very effective in transmitting cultural knowledge
in their minds, The lessons they learned are intimately interwoven with
their culture and the environment. These lessons comprised of good values
Science, Technology, ané Society and life stories of people on their daily’ life struggles. Their views about
nature and their reflections on their experiences in daily life are evident in
their stories, poems, and songs.
Some examples of indigenous knowledge that are taught and
practiced by the indigenous people are:
‘+ predicting weather conditions and seasons using knowledge in
‘observing animals” behavior and celestial bodies:
+ using herbal medicine;
+ preserving foods;
+ classifying plants and animals into families and groups based
on cultural properties;
* preserving and selecting good seeds for planting;
‘+ using indigenous technology in daily lives;
+ building local irrigation systems;
* classifying different types of soil for planting based on cultural
properties;
+ producing wines and juices from tropical frutis; and
+ keeping the custom of growing plants and vegetables in the
yard.
Indigenous Science
Indigenous science is part of the indigenous knowledge system
practiced by different groups of people and early civilizations (Gribbin,
2001; Mkapa, 2004; Sibisi, 2004). It includes complex arrays of knowledge,
expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their
enumerable interactions with the natural milieu: agriculture, medicine,
naming and explaining natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with
changing environments (Pawilen, 2005). Ogawa (1995) claimed that it is
collectively lived in and experienced by the people of a given culture.
‘Chapter I: General Concepts and Historical Events in Science, Technolgy, and Seciey 2-43. According to Cajete (2004), indigenous science includes everything,
from metaphysics to philosophy and various practical technologies
practiced by indigenous peoples both past and present. laccarino (2003)
elaborated this idea by explaining that science is a part of culture, and how
science is done largely depends on the cultural practices of the people.
Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant or
consistent to scientific attitudes as identified by Johnston (2000), namely:
(1) motivating attitudes; (2) cooperating attitudes; (3) practical attitudes;
and (4) reflective attitudes. These cultural beliefs therefore can be good
foundation for developing positive values toward learning and doing
science and in bringing science in a personal level.
Pawilen (2005) explained that indigenous science knowledge has
developed diverse structures and contents through the interplay between the
society and the environment. According to Kuhn (1962), developmental
stages of most sciences are characterized by continual competition between
a number of distinct views of nature, each partially derived from, and all
roughly compatible with the dictates of scientific observation and method.
Sibisi (2004) also pointed out that indigenous science provides the basics
of astronomy, pharmacology, food technology, or metallurgy, which were
derived from traditional knowledge and practices.
STADE TOU MSS SSeS
What is your understanding of indigenous science?
What are examples of indigenous science practices?
Why do some people believe in indigenous science?
Do you think indigenous science should be considered science?
‘What is the role of indigenous science in the development of
science and technology?
& Science, Tehnoog, and Society Pawilen (2006) developed a simple framework for understanding
indigenous science. Accordingly, indigenous science is composed of
‘traditional knowledge that uses science process skills and guided by
community values and culture.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
uses guides by composed of
. 3 ‘Community Traditional
Science Process Skills | | ture and Values Knowledge
Figure 6. The Concept of Indigenous Science
1, Indigenous science uses science process skills such as observing,
comparing, classifying, measuring, problem solving, inferring,
‘communicating, and predicting.
2, Indigenous science is guided by culture and community values
such as the following:
+ The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from the
creator.
+ The Earth is revered as “Mother Earth.” It is the origin
of their identity as people.
+ All living and nonliving things are interconnected and
interdependent with each other.
+ Human beings are stewards or trustee of the land and
other natural resources. They have a responsibility to
preserve it.
Nature is a friend to human beings—it needs respect and
proper care.
3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional knowledge
practiced and valued by people and communities such as
ethno-biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods,
and folk astronomy.
Caper Gone Cones and Historia Exes in Sine, Technology, and Socay fs
Sm Indigenous science is important in the development of science and
technology in the Philippines. Like the ancient civilizations, indigenous
science gave birth to the development of science and technology as a field
and asa discipline. Indigenous science helped the people in understanding
the natural environment and in coping with everyday life. UNESCO's
Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge (1999)
recognized indigenous science as a historical and valuable contribution to
science and technology.
——EeE>——____
This lesson discussed the concept of indigenous knowledge and its
influence to the development of indigenous science. The communities in
the Philippines have maintained vast amounts of indigenous knowledge,
cultural practices, traditions, and beliefs. These include beliefs and
practices ranging from different areas such as health, environment, peace
and order, agriculture, food production, astronomy, music, and literature.
The indigenous knowledge system of the people served as the foundation
for the development of indigenous science.
Even before the time of the Spanish colonization in the Philippines,
various people and communities already practiced science. They invented
tools and built structures, studied the medicinal uses of plants, observed
heavenly bodies to predict seasons and weather, and used indigenous
science in agriculture. These are considered indigenous science, which is
‘one of the foundations of modern science.
SLSR SS a SSI)
What is the-role of indigenous knowledge in the development
of indigenous science?
‘What is the role of indigenous science in the development of
science and technology in the Philippines?
How do society and culture influence the development of
science and technology?
© Selense,Technologyand Society Identify Filipino indigenous knowledge.
2. Research on the connection of indigenous knowledge to
science and technology.
Present the result of your work to the class.
Cajete, G. (2004). "A Multi-contextual Model for Developing
Culturally Responsive Indigenous Science Curricula.” Paper
presented at the Science and Mathematics in Pacific Rim
‘Nations Conference. University of Hawaii — Manoa. October
14-17, 2004.
Gribbin, J. (2003). Science: 4 History. London, UK: Penguin Books.
Taccarino, M. (2003). Science and Culture. EMBO Reports, 4, 220-223.
Johnston, J. (2000). “Making Sense of the National Criteria.” In
Science 3-6: Laying the Foundations in the Early Years. (pp. 7~14).
Baldock, UK: Association for Science Education.
Kuhn, T. $. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolution. (31d. Ed.)
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mkapa, B. (2004). “Indigenous Knowledge — A Local Pathway to
Global Development.” In Indigenous Knowledge Local Pathways 0
Global Development: Making Five Years of the World Bank Indigenous
Knowledge Development Program. (pp. 1-3). Washington, D.C:
The World Bank.
Ozawa, M. (1995). "Science Education in a Multiscience Perspective.”
In Science Education, 79, 583-593.
Pawilen, G.T. & Sumida, M. (2005). “Using Indigenous Knowledge
as a Foundation for Developing a Science-Based Curriculum
CCtapter I: General Concepts and Hisorissl Evens in Seinse, Technolcey, and Society &) for Community Kindergarten Schools in Northern Philippines.”
‘Published in the /nternational Journal of Early Childhood Education.
1, 2. 31-50.
Sibisi, S. (2004). “Indigenous Knowledge and Science and Technology:
Conflict, Contradiction or Concurrence?” In Indigenous
Knowledge Local Pathways to Global Development: Making Five Years
of the World Bank Indigenous Knowledge Development Program. (PP.
34-38). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
© Science, Technology, and Society Science, Technology,
and Society and the
Human Condition LESSON
HUMAN FLOURISHING
= ESOT Tsaiiss
‘At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
+ identify different conceptions of human flourishing;
+ determine the development of the scientific method and
validity of science; and
+ critic human flourishing vis-a-vis progress of science and
technology to be able to define for themselves the meaning
‘of a good life.
Seat
Eudaimonia, literally “good spirited,” isaterm
coined by renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle
(385-323 BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness
that is attainable by humans. This has often been
translated into “human flourishing” in literature,
arguably likening humans to flowers achieving their
full bloom. As discussed in the Nicomachean Ethics,
Aristotle’s human flourishing arises as a result of 5
different components such as phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power. In
the Ancient Greek society, they believe that acquiring these qualities will
surely bring the seekers happiness, which in effect allows them to partake
in the greater notion of what we call the Good.
& Science, Technology. and Sodety ‘As times change, elements that comprise human flourishing
changed, which are subject to the dynamic social history as written by
humans, People found means to live more comfortably, explore more
places, develop more products, and make more money, and then repeating
the process in full circle. In the beginning, early people relied on simple
machines to make hunting and gathering easier. This development allowed
them to make grander and more sophisticated machines to aid them in their
endeavors that eventually led to space explorations, medicine innovations,
and ventures of life after death. Our concept of human flourishing today
proves to be different from what Aristotle originally perceived then—
humans of today are expected to become a “man of the world.” He is
supposed to situate himself in a global neighborhood, working side by side
among institutions and the government to be able to reach 2 common
goal. Competition as a means of survival has become passé; coordination
is the new trend.
Interestingly, there existsa discrepancy between eastern and western
conception regarding society and human flourishing. It has been observed
that western civilization tends to be more focused on the individual, while
those from the east are more community-centric. Human flourishing as
an end then is primarily more of a concern for western civilizations over
eastern ones. This is not to discredit our kinsfolk from the east; perhaps
in their view, community takes the highest regard that the individual
should sacrifice himself for the sake of the society. This is epparent in the
Chinese Confucian system or the Japanese Bushido, both of which view
the whole as greater than their components. The Chinese and the Japanese
encourage studies of literature, sciences, and art, not entirely for oneself
but in service of a greater cause. The Greek Aristotelian view, on the other
hand, aims for eudaimonia as the ultimate good; there is no indication
whatsoever that Aristotie entailed it instrumental to achieve some other
goals. Pethaps, a person who has achieved such state would want to serve
the community, but that is brought upon through deliberation based on
his values rather than his belief that the state is greater than him, and thus
is only appropriate that he should recognize it as a higher entity worthy
of serviee.
Chap I: Seine, ethnology, and Soci andthe Human Condon ©) Nevertheless, such stereotypes cannot be said to be true given
the current stance of globalization. Flourishing borders allowed people
full access to cultures that as a result, very few are able to maintain
their original philosophies. It is in this regard that we would tackle
human flourishing—in a global perspective and as a man of the world.
Science, Technology, and Human Flourishing
In the previous chapters, contributions of science and technology
have been laid dawn thoroughly. Every discovery, innovation, and success
contributes to our pool of human knowledge. Perhaps, one of the most
prevalent themes is human’s perpetual need to locate himself in the world
by finding proofs to trace evolution. The business of uncovering the secrets
of the universe answers the question of our existence and provides us
something to look forward to. Having a particular role, which is uniquely
‘ours, elicits our idea of self-importance. It is in this regard that human
flourishing is deeply intertwined with goal setting relevant to science and
technology. In this case, the latter is relevant as a tool in achieving the
former or echoing Heidegger's statement, technology is a human activity
‘that we excel in as a result of achieving science. Suffice to say that the end
goals of both science and technology and human flourishing are related,
in that the good is inherently related to the «ruth. The following are two
concepts about science which ventures its claim on truth
Science as Method and Results
For the most part, science’s reputation stems from the objectivity
brought upon by an arbitrary, rigid methodology whose very character
absolves it from any accusation of prejudice. Such infamy effectively raised
science in’a pedestal untouchable by other institutions—its sole claim to
reason and empiricism—gamering supporters who want to defend it and
its ways.
32 Scienee, Technology, and Society In school, the scientific method is introduced in the earlier part of
discussions. Even though the number of steps varies, it presents a general
idea of how to do science:
1. Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences
unfolding.
2. Determine the problem and identify factors involved.
3. Through past knowledge of similar instance, formulate
hypothesis that could explain the said phenomenon. Ideally,
the goal is to reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative
hypothesis for the study “to count as significant” (can also be
separated into additional steps such as “to generate prediction"
or "to infer from past experiments").
4. Conduct experiment by setting up dependent and independent
variables, and trying to see how independent ones affect
dependent ones.
Gather and analyze results throughout and upon culmination
of the experiment. Examine if the data gathered are significant
enough to conclude results.
6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation in case
others would want to broaden the study.
At least in the students’ formative years, the above routine is basic
methodology when introducing them to experimentation and empiricism—
two distinct features that give science edge over other schools of thought.
Throughout the course of history, however, there exists heavy objections
on the scientific procedure; the line separating science and the so-called
pseudoscience becomes more muddled.
Verification Theory
The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science is
Verification theory. The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it
‘can be confirmed or interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis
being accepted. In that regard, said theory gives premium to empiricism
and only takes into account those results which are measurable and
cuts tsar atactincttn (3)
3) experiments which are repeatable. This was espoused by a movement in
the early twentieth century called the Vienna Circle, a group of scholars
who believed that only those which can be observed should be regarded
a meaningful and reject those which cannot be directly accessed as
meaningless. Initially, this proved to be attractive due to general consensus
from people, which happened to see for themselves how the experiment
occurred, solidifying its validity and garnering supporters from esteemed
figures. Its shortcomings, however, proved to be a somewhat too risky —
several budding theories that lack empirical results might be shot down
prematurely, causing slower innovation and punishing ingenuity of newer,
novel thoughts. Celebrated discoveries in physics, for instance, are initially
theorized without proper acknowledgment of their being. Einstein’s theory
‘on the existence of gravitational waves would, following this thought, be
dismissed due to lack of evidence almost a hundred years ago. Quantum
mechanics would not have prospered if the scientific society during the
time of Edwin Schrédinger did not entertain his outrageous thought that
the cat in the box is both dead and alive, which can only be determined
once you look in the box yourself.
Aside from above critique, this theory completely fails to weed
out bogus arguments that explain thinigs coincidentally. A classic example
is astrology, whose followers are able to employ the verification method
in ascertaining its reliability. The idea is that since one already has some
sort of expectations on what to find, they will interpret events in line
with said expectations. American philosopher Thomas Kuhn warned us
against bridging the gap between evidence and theory by attempting to
interpret the former according to our own biases, that is, whether or not
we subscribe to the theory. Below is a short story illustrating this point:
Suppose, for instance, this girl, Lea has a (not-so-
scientific) theory that'her classmate lan likes her. Good, she
thought, /Tike him too. But how do Iknow that he likes me?
She began by observing him and his interactions with
her. Several gestures she noted include his always exchanging
pleasantries with her whenever they bump into each other,
his big smile when he sees her, and him going out of his
way to greet her even when riding a jeepney. Through these
observations, she was then able to conclude that lan does like
{54% Science Technoigy, nd Sociey
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