Lesson 2: LO 1. Select Measuring Tools and Instruments and LO 2. Carry Out Measurements and Calculations
Lesson 2: LO 1. Select Measuring Tools and Instruments and LO 2. Carry Out Measurements and Calculations
Lesson 2: LO 1. Select Measuring Tools and Instruments and LO 2. Carry Out Measurements and Calculations
LEARNING OUTCOMES
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Test Light- a pocket size tool used to test the line wire or circuit if there is current
in it.
Micrometer- used to measure the diameter of wires/conductors in circular mils. It
can measure small and big sizes of wires and cables.
Wire Gauge- used in determining the size of wires/conductors. The gauge ranges
from 0 to 60 awg (American wire gauge)
Ruler/foot rule- a measuring tool used to measure length, width and thickness of
short flat object and in sketching straight lines.
The ruler is the instrument used to rule straight lines and the calibrated
instrument used for determining length called a measure. However, common
usage calls both instruments rulers and the special name straight edge is used
for an unmarked rule.
Pull-Push Rule - a measuring tool used to measure the length of an object in
centimeter and inches.
Ammeter - an instrument used to measure the amount of electrical current
intensity in a circuit. The unit of measure is ampere (a). It is connected along or
series to the circuit.
Voltmeter - an instrument used to measure electrical pressure or voltage of a
circuit. The unit of measure is volt (v). This is connected across or parallel to the
circuit.
Clamp Ammeter(also called tong-tester)- It is used to measure current flowing in
a conductor. It is clamped or hanged in a conductor.
Volt-Ohmmeter (VOM) - otherwise called as Multi-tester; is used to measure the
voltage, resistance and current of a circuit. It is connected in parallel or series
with the circuit depending on what to measure.
SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT
To read the resistance range of the multi-tester, the given table below will be
used. The unit of measurement to be used to determine its resistance is ohm.
Voltage scale
Lesson 3
INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWINGS AND PLANS
LO 1. analyze signs, symbols and data; and
LO 2. interpret technical drawings and plans.
Definition of Terms
Electrical signs and stickers alert students, workers, and visitors to electrical
hazards in the area. Alerting workers to high voltage areas, electrical hazards,
power lines and other electrical equipment in the area, can help prevent fires and
injuries. Proper electrical signs can inform workers of the dangers in the area.
ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAM
The flow of current in a conductor or wire can be represented by diagram.
There are two types of diagram: pictorial diagram and schematic diagram.
A. Pictorial diagram is a sketch of electrical circuit that shows the external
appearance of each component. It is much like a photograph of the circuit and
uses simple images of parts.
B. Schematic diagram is a sketch showing the components of the circuit using
standard electrical symbols. It shows the actual number of components and how
the wiring is routed but not the actual location.
2. Parallel Circuit is a circuit in which lamps are connected across the wires. The
voltage across each load
on parallel circuit is the same. The advantage of using parallel circuit is that even
if one of the lamps fails, still the remaining lamps will function.
ELECTRICAL PLAN
Electrical plan is a graphical presentation of electrical wiring connections
to install in a particular house or building. It indicates the position of
electrical fixtures such as convenience outlets, switches, lightings, door
bells, and others to be installed
1. Hand tools are tools manipulated by hands without using electrical energy such as:
puller, hacksaw, pull-push rule, pliers, hammer, and others.
2. Machine/Power tools are tools manipulated by our hands and with the use of
electrical energy such as: electric drill, grinding wheels, vacuum cleaner and others.
3. Pneumatic tools are tools or instruments activated by air pressure. Pneumatic tools
are designed around three basic devices: the air cylinder, the vane motor, and the
sprayer
A. Hand tools
They include screwdrivers, hammers, pliers, wrenches and pullers. 1. Screwdrivers are
used to drive, or turn screws. The common type has a single flat blade for driving
screws with slotted heads. The other type has the cross slotted head.
1. Hammers are mostly used tools in the shop. They should be gripped at the end of the
handle.
2. Pliers are specified types of adjustable wrenches. The two legs move on a pivot so
that items of various sizes can be gripped.
3. Wrenches are used to turn screws, nuts and bolts with hexagonal heads.
―Hexagonal‖ means six-sided. A variety of wrenches are used in the shop.
4. Pullers are used to remove gears and hubs from shafts, bushings from blind holes,
and cylinders’ liners from the engine blocks.
B. Machine/Power Tools
1. Electric drill has an electric motor that drives a chuck. The chuck has jaws that can
be opened and then closed to grip a drill kit.
2. Grinding tool can be either bench-mounted or installed on a pedestal. They may
either have a grinding wheel, view wheel, or two grinding wheels.
3. Vacuum cleaner is used for cleaning the floor and car interiors after service.
C. Pneumatic tools
1. Pneumatic Torque Wrench. This wrench uses compressed air to quickly and
powerfully turn nuts, bolts, and other objects.
3. Air drill is lighter than a comparable electric drill. Repeatedly stalling or overloading
does not damage or overheat the air drill
4. Air racket uses the sockets and attachments from a standard socket set.
5. Pneumatic floor jack uses compressed air to flow into the jack cylinder and causes
the ram to extend and raise the vehicle.
Operation Sheet 1.1
1. Clean out the Dust. To make sure that your electric tools are ready to go when you
are, keep them clean and free of dust. Spend some time to clean out the dust every
once in a while on your tools while they are inactive in storage.
2. Check the Cords. Look for tear/cut insulator on the power cords on your electric
tools. This will ensure that your electric tool can get the power that it needs to function
without an accident.
3. Use the right tool correctly. Use tools correctly and for their intended purposes.
Follow the safety directions and operating procedures recommended by the
manufacturer. When working on a circuit, use approved tools with insulated handles.
4. Protect your Tools. Keep tools and cords away from heat, oil, and sharp objects.
These hazards can damage insulation. If a tool or cord heats up, stop using it. Report
the condition to a supervisor or instructor immediately.
5. Use double-insulated tools - Portable electrical tools are classified by the number
of insulation barriers between the electrical conductors in the tool and the worker.
6. Storing Your Tools- Keep your electric tools stored in their original cases and
containers. This will keep them free of dust and dirt while they are not being used.
1. Measuring tools
2. Holding tools
3. Cutting tools
4. Driving tools
5. Boring tools 6. Electrical equipment 7. Miscellaneous tools/instrument/equipment
Non-functional tools and equipment are those that are not able to perform its regular
function because of impaired and damage part. Examples of these are the following:
Hammer with a broken handle Screw driver with a broken handle Long Nose
Pliers with damage jaw
LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Perform basic preventive maintenance
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
*Lubricants are identified according to types of equipment.
5.Silicon Lubricant:
o heat stable
o lubricates
o protects
o reduces friction
o water repellent
Reminders:
A good lubricant possesses the following characteristics:
High boiling point.
Low freezing point.
High viscosity index.
Thermal stability.
Corrosion prevention.
High resistance to oxidation.
Types and Kinds of Cleaning Solvents
Solvent is a component of a solution that dissolves solute and is usually present
in large proportion or amount. It can be classified as polar and nonpolar. Polar solvents
are solvents which dissolve/are soluble in water; while nonpolar solvents are solvents
which do not dissolve/are insoluble in water. Solvents are usually used for cleaning in
workshops. They are water, gasoline, kerosene, thinner and detergent soap.
Kinds of cleaning solvent based on their solubility in water:
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
An important aspect of any business is the maintenance and storage of tools and
equipment. The investment in tools and equipment is a significant part of the overhead
expenses in any operation. Proper selection and maintenance of equipment are
important factors in managing business. Selecting the proper tool for the job and using
the tool properly will increase efficiency and reduce maintenance problems. Purchase
tools, which are well-made and suited to the intended use. Commercial usage may
entail more heavy duty demands on equipment.
Hand tools:
1. Clean dirt and debris from tools after each use.
2. Oil metal parts to prevent rust.
3. Lightly sand rough wooden handles and apply linseed oil.
4. Repair loose handles.
5. Sharpen blades of cutting tools.
6. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.
7. Protect surfaces of cutting tools in storage.
Power tools:
1. Read and follow the maintenance schedule in the owner’s manual for each piece of
power equipment.
2. Change the oil.
3. Clean the air filter.
4. Lubricate moving parts.
5. Sharpen dull blades or replace worn blades according to the owner’s manual.
6. Replace spark plugs.
7. Drain oil and gasoline before long-term storage.
8. Check electric cords and connections on electric-powered tools.
9. Store tools in a clean dry storage area.
Equipment:
1. Store equipment in a clean dry storage area.
2. Rinse and clean spray equipment after each use.
3. Clean spreaders and check wheel-driven gears.
4. Clean carts and wheelbarrows after use.
Sample Proper Arrangement and storage of tools and
equipment
You can see in the pictures that all tools and equipment
are arranged and stored properly in their own racks. Like
for example the screw drivers are arranged by type and
sizes, hammers, saws, c-clamps, etc. are in their racks.
REFERENCES
REPARE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
AND TOOLS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:
Definition of Terms
Bill – a statement of payment due to goods and services
Damage – a destruction, injury, or harm to a person or thing
Job – a piece of work of a definite extent or character for a set of fee
Material – a stuff upon which a thing is made
Quantity – a number, amount in size
Requisition – act of requiring something to be furnished; a written request for
something authorized but not made available automatically
Tool – a simple implement, as a hammer, saw, and spade chisel etc. used in
work
Work – something made or accomplished
Tools:
1. State the name of the project and date when you requested for materials.
2. Fill in the classification of the project and its purpose.
3. Write the number of required materials.
4. List the unit of materials to be requisitioned.
5. Enumerate the materials with their description.
6. List the cost per unit and the total cost.
7. Write your name as requisitioner.
8. Secure the approval of authorities concerned.
Information Sheet 2.2
REQUESTED MATERIAL AND TOOLS ACCORDING TO
PREPARED LIST
Bill of Materials:
A bill of materials is a list of all things needed in
a project together with their description, sizes and amount or
price. All information needed should be in the bill of materials.
Parts of a Bill of Materials
1. Quantity tells the amount of materials to be purchased.
2. Unit gives the measure of materials to be purchased.
3. Description states the detailed name of materials.
4. Unit cost gives the price of each material.
5. Amount is the cost of all materials.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following:
Definition of Terms
Finishing materials – chemical or substance applied in finishing carpentry
Hardware – metal supplies used in furniture
Inventory – the accounting of tools and materials
Label – refers to the indicated name of tools and equipment
Lubricants – oils or grease which is use to help the machine to run smoothly
Mensuration – the act or art of measuring
Perimeter – the bounding line or curve of a plain area
Power tools – handy machines operated by current/electricity
Scaler – marked for use in measurement
Segregate – set aside things from the others
Standard – serves as a measure of reference
Stock – refers to a lumber for a certain carpentry job
Store – to put tools and materials in their proper places
Substrate – wood to be cut in a cutting machine
C. Testing Tools
1. Try Square - tool used in squaring, meas
2. Steel Square - framing square used to m
of angles and is used in the construction
3. Spirit Level - tool used for testing vertical
4. Plumb bob - tool used to test the vertical
E. Tooth-Cutting Tools
1. Cross Cut Saw - handsaw used to cut the
2. Rip-saw - hand saw used to cut the wood
3. Back Saw - handsaw with a metal back a
4. Compass Saw - used to cut irregular sha
5. Turning Saw - used to rip, cross and cut c
6. Coping Saw - u-shaped saw used for cut
7. Dovetail Saw - small back saw with a stra
joints.
F. Boring Tools
1. Auger bit - tool used to make hole in woo
2. Expansive bit - tool used to drill holes of v
3. Drill Bit - tool used for boring holes either
G. Holding Tools
1. C-Clamp - used for holding together piec
2. Bench Vise - used to hold any materials o
large boards or frames together while ass
H. Miscellaneous Tools
1. Oil Stone - used for sharpening edge cutt
2. Files - used to smoothen metal and wood
3. Paint Brush - used to apply paint or varni
4. Nail Set - used to drive the head of nails
5. Saw Set - used to bend the upper half of
set.
I. Portable Powertools
1. Sander - portable power tool used for san
2. Router - used for shaping surfaces and e
3. Jigsaw - power tool used primarily for cut
surfaces.
4. Circular saw - power saw used for many
stock.
5. Electric Drill - power drill which is used to
multitude of tasks.
K. Driving Tools
1. Claw Hammer - used to drive and pull ou
2. Mallet - made out of wood or rubber used
3. Nail Set - used in setting the head of a fin
4. Screw Driver - used to drive and loose sc