Reviewer
Muscular system
Extensibility
makes up 40–50% of total adult body weight. - is the ability of muscular tissue to stretch, within limits,
producing body movements without being damaged.
stabilizing body positions
storing and moving substances within the body, Elasticity
generating heat. - the ability of muscular tissue to return to its original
MYOLOGY – is the scientific study of muscles. (myo: length and shape after contraction or extension.
muscle; logy:study of).
PARTS OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE
Types of Muscular Tissue Fascia - is a dense sheet or broad band of
irregular connective tissue that lines the body
1. Skeletal Muscle Tissue wall and limbs and supports and surrounds
muscles and other organs of the body.
moves most of the bones of the skeletons. Fascia allows free movement of muscles; carries
striated: Alternating light and dark protein bands nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; and
works mainly in a voluntary manner. fills spaces between muscles.
Epimysium – it is a thick dense connective tissue
2. Cardiac muscle tissue that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle.
Fascicle – bundle of skeletal muscle that is
Forms most of the heart wall. surrounded by perimysium.
striated, but its action is involuntary. Perimysium – thin but dense connective tissue
This built-in rhythm is termed autorhythmicity. that wraps fascicles.
Muscle fiber – elongated, multinuclear cells
3. Smooth muscle tissue
composed of several myofibrils.
located in the walls of hollow internal structures, Endomysium – delicate connective tissue that
such as blood vessels, airways, and most organs in surrounds muscle fiber.
the abdominopelvic cavity. Myofibril – long, cylindrical filament bundles in
It is also found in the skin, attached to hair the sarcoplasm of myocytes.
follicles.
lacks the striations with involuntary action. NERVES AND BLOOD SUPPLY
some smooth muscle tissue, such as the muscles Somatic Motor Neuron – stimulates skeletal muscle to
that propel food through your gastrointestinal tract, contract.
has autorhythmicity.
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF A SKELETAL
Properties of Muscular System MUSCLE FIBER
Electrical excitability Muscle Fiber – structural and functional unit of a
the ability to respond to certain stimuli by skeletal muscle.
producing electrical signals called action Diameter:10 to 100 m.*
potentials (impulses). Action potentials in
muscles are referred to as muscle action Length: average -10 cm (4 in.) although some are as
potentials; those in nerve cells are called nerve long as 30 cm (12 in.).
action potentials.
SARCOLEMMA, TRANSVERSE TUBULES, AND
Autorhythmic electrical signals arising in
SARCOPLASM
the muscular tissue itself, as in the heart’s
pacemaker. 1) Sarcolemma (sarc- flesh; -lemma- sheath), the
Chemical stimuli, such as neurotransmitters plasma membrane of a muscle cell
released by neurons, hormones distributed 2.) Transverse (T) tubules, tiny invaginations of
by the blood, or even local changes in pH. the sarcolemma, tunnel in from the surface
toward the center of each muscle fiber.
Contractility 3.) Sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.
- the ability of muscular tissue to contract forcefully
when stimulated by an action potential.
The two projections of each myosin molecule
(golf club heads) are called myosin heads.
Composition:
Actin. Individual actin molecules join to form an actin
Glycogen – large molecule composed of many
filament that is twisted into a helix.
glucose molecule; can be used for ATP synthesis.
Myoglobin – red-colored protein; found only in REGULATORY PROTEINS
muscle, binds oxygen molecules that diffuse into
Tropomyosin and troponin are also part of the
muscle fibers from interstitial fluid.
thin filament. In relaxed muscle, myosin is blocked
MYOFIBRILS AND SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM from binding to actin because strands of
tropomyosin cover the myosin-binding sites on actin.
Myofibrils (myo- muscle; -fibrilla little fiber),
appears like little threads inside the sarcoplasm; it is STRUCTURAL PROTEIN
the contractile organelles of skeletal muscle.
structural proteins, which contribute to the alignment,
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum -A fluid-filled system of
stability, elasticity, and extensibility of myofibrils.
membranous sacs which encircles the entire
myofibrils. Several key structural proteins are:
Terminal Cisterns – dilated end sacs of the
sarcoplasmic reticulum butt against the T tubule otitin,
from o A- actinin,
o myomesin,
MYOFILAMENTS onebulin,
- small protein structures within the myofibrils odystrophin.
o Thin filaments are 8 nm in diameter and 1–2 m
LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION (SKELETAL)
long and composed mostly of the protein actin,
o Thick filaments are 16 nm in diameter and 1–2 m
long and composed mostly of the protein myosin
Sarcomeres – are the basic functional units of a
myofibril.
COMPONENTS OF SARCOMERE
Z discs – narrow, plate-shaped regions of
dense protein material separate one sarcomere
from the next. Thus, a sarcomere extends from
one Z disc to the next Z disc.
A band – the darker middle part of the
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
sarcomere which extends the entire length of
the thick filaments. The principal tissue in the heart wall
Toward each end of the A band is a zone of
overlap, where the thick and thin filaments lie Between the layers of cardiac muscle fibers, the
side by side. contractile cells of the heart, are sheets of connective tissue
I band – Is a lighter, less dense area that that contain blood vessels, nerves, and the conduction
contains the rest of the thin filaments but no system of the heart.
thick filaments and a Z disc passes through the Cardiac muscle tissue has an endomysium and
center of each I band. perimysium, but lacks an epimysium.
H zone – located in the center of each A band
contains thick but not thin filaments.
M line – so named because it is at the middle
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE
of the sarcomere; at the center of the H zone.
visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle tissue (more
MUSCLE PROTEIN
common type).
Myosin is the main component of thick
It is found in the skin and in tubular arrangements that
filaments and functions as a motor protein in all
form part of the walls of small arteries and veins and of
three types of muscle tissue; shaped like two golf
hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, uterus, and
clubs twisted together.
urinary bladder.
The myosin tail (twisted golf club handles)
Like cardiac muscle, visceral smooth muscle is
points toward the M line in the center of the
autorhythmic.
sarcomere.
Multiunit smooth muscle tissue, consists of individual
fibers, each with its own motor neuron terminals and with
few gap junctions between neighboring fibers
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The function of most muscles is to produce movements
of body parts. A few muscles function mainly to stabilize
bones so that other skeletal muscles can execute a
movement more effectively.
LEVERS AND FULCRUMS
A lever is a rigid structure that can move around a fixed
point called a fulcrum
A lever is acted on at two different points by two
different forces:
the effort (E), which causes movement; The effort
is the force exerted by muscular contraction.
the load or resistance, which opposes movement;
the load is typically the weight of the body part that
is moved or some resistance that the moving body
part is trying to overcome (such as the weight of a
book you might be picking up).
TYPES OF LEVERS
first-class levers. The fulcrum is between the effort and
the load.
second-class levers. The load is between the fulcrum
and the effort.
third-class levers. The effort is between the fulcrum
and the load.
