111 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB 10102)

CHAPTER 6: COMPLEX NUMBER The Argand Diagram

6.1 INTRODUCTION A complex number may be represented

graphically on rectangular or Cartesian axes. The
General form of complex number is given by: horizontal axis is used to represent the real axis
and the vertical axis is used to represent the
imaginary axis. Such a diagram is called an
Argand Diagram.

Example:

This form is known as Cartesian complex number

and

j = −1

Example:

Solve the quadratic equation

A = 3 + j2, B = -2 + j4, C = -3 –j3 and D = 2 – j2

6.2 OPERATION ON COMPLEX NUMBER

• Addition and Substraction

Example:
Given

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• Scalar Multiplication Properties of the Complex Conjugates

Example:
Given

Argand Diagram of Complex Conjugates

Determine:

• Multiplication

Example:
Multiply the following complex number
• Division
Division of complex numbers is achieved by
multiplying both numerator and denominator by
the complex conjugate of the denominator

• Complex Conjugate
The complex conjugate of a complex number is
obtained by changing the sign of the imaginary
part.

The product of the complex number and its

conjugate is always a real number Example:
Evaluate the following
Example:

Calculate the conjugate of QR

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6.3 RECTANGULAR, TRIGONOMETRIC, POLAR

AND EXPONENTIAL FORMS OF COMPLEX
NUMBER

Let a complex number Z = a + jb as shown in the

Argand Diagram below. Let the distance OZ be r
and the angle OZ makes with the positive real
axis be ϴ

exponential form Z = re jθ

Example:
1. Determine the modulus and argument of the
Hence: complex number Z = 2 +j3 and express Z in
trigonometric form and polar form.

Trigonometric Form:

Polar Form:

Exponential Form:
Z = re jθ
where θ is in radian
2. Convert the following complex numbers into a
Modulus / Magnitude: + jb form, correct to 4 significant figures.

r is called the modulus or magnitude of Z and is

written as mod Z or |Z|
r is determined by using Phytogoras Theorem on
triangle OAZ

Argument / Amplitude:

ϴ is called the argument or amplitude of Z and is

written as arg Z.
By trigonometry of triangle OAZ:

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3. Change -3 + j2 into polar form and exponential 6.4 DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM

form
• Power Of Complex Numbers
Find r and θ;
2 2
r= ( −3) + ( −2 ) = 13 [r (cos θ + j sinθ )]n = r n (cos nθ + j sin nθ )
 2
θ = tan −1   = 33.7° This is called DeMoivre’s Theorem. It says that to
 
3 raise a complex number in polar form to any
power n , we raise the r to the power n and
Actual θ = 180° − 33.7° = 146.3° multiply the angle by n .

(a) Polar form: 13∠146.3° Example:

(b) Exponential form: 13e j 2.55 1. By using DeMoivre’s Theorem, simplify

π
4. Express Z = 2e
1+ j
3
in algebraic form
[4(cos 50° + j sin 50°)]2
= 4 2 (cos(2 × 50°) + j sin(2 × 50°)
π
Z = 2e
1+ j
3 = 16(cos(100° ) + j sin(100°)
π
1+ j 4
Z = 2e × e 3 = 2e × e j 60 [ 2(cos 37° + j sin 37°)]
a = r cos θ = 2e cos 60° = 2.72
b = r sin θ = 2e sin 60° = 4.71
∴ Algebraic form : Z = 2.72 + j 4.71

5. Convert 7.2e j1.5 into algebraic form

a = r cos θ = 7.2 cos 85.94° = 0.51

• Roots Of Complex Numbers
b = r sin θ = 7.2sin 85.94° = 7.18
∴ Algebraic form : 0.51 + j 7.18 Demoive’s theorem also applies when we are
raising the complex number to a fractional
power. For example, when we are finding the
roots of a complex number.

To find any roots of a complex number:

1) Apply DeMoive’s theorem to find the

first of the n roots.

2) The other roots will then be

distributed round the diagram at
360°
regular intervals of .
n

In general, when finding the nth root of a

complex number, there are n solutions. For

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example, there are 3 solutions to a cube root, five Thus, in Cartesian form the two roots are
solutions to a fifth root and so on. In the ± ( 3.0 + j 2.0 )
solutions to the roots of a complex number, the
modulus r, is always the same but the argument, Argand Diagram:
θ , are different.

Example:

Determine the two square roots of the complex

number Z = ( 5 + j12 ) in polar and Cartesian
forms and show the roots on an Argand Diagram

Solution:

12
( 5 + j12 ) = 52 + 122 ∠ tan −1 = 13∠67.38°
5 It works every time, no matter whether the
power is positive, negative, whole number or
When determining square roots two solutions
fraction. From here, we can conclude that
result. To obtain the second solution one way is
to express 13∠67.38° also as
Z = r n (cos nθ + j sin nθ )
13∠ ( 67.38° + 360° )
for any value of n .
Hence,
1 1 Example:
Z 2 = ( 5 + j12 ) 2
1 1 Determine the cube root of
= [13∠67.38°] 2 and [13∠427.38°] 2
1 1 Z = 8(cos 120° + j sin 120°).
2
67.38° 427.38°
= 13 ∠ and 13 2 ∠
2 2 Solution:
= 13∠33.69° and 13∠213.69°
= 3.61∠33.69° and 3.61∠213.69°

Thus, in polar form, the two roots are:

3.61∠33.69° and 3.61∠213.69°

3.61∠33.69° = 3.61( cos 33.69° + j sin 33.69° )

= 3.0 + j 2.0
and
3.61∠213.69° = 3.61( cos 213.69° + j sin 213.69° )
= −3.0 − j 2.0

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EXERCISE:

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21. Determine the three cube roots of Z = 5(cos 225° + j sin 225°). Sketch the roots on the Argand
Diagram

22. Determine the 4 fourth roots of Z = 5∠80° . Sketch the roots on the Argand Diagram and
determine the principal root

[Principal root is the root whose vector is nearest to the positive OX axis]

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ANSWER:

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