边界与端口设置

电子科技大学
贾宝富 博士

2-1
 HFSS Boundary List
„ Perfect E and Perfect H/Natural
„ Ideal Electrically or Magnetically Conducting Boundaries

„ ‘Natural’ denotes Perfect E ‘cancellation’ behavior

„ Finite Conductivity
„ Lossy Electrically Conducting Boundary, with user-provided conductivity
and permeability
„ Impedance
„ Used for simulating ‘thin film resistor’ materials, with user-provided
resistance and reactance in Ω/Square
„ Radiation
„ An ‘absorbing boundary condition,’ used at the periphery of a project in
which radiation is expected such as an antenna structure
„ Symmetry
„ A boundary which enables modeling of only a sub-section of a structure
in which field symmetry behavior is assured.
„ “Perfect E” and “Perfect H” subcategories

„ Master and Slave

„ ‘Linked’ boundary conditions for unit-cell studies of infinitely replicating
geometry (e.g. a slow wave circuit & an antenna array)
2-2
 HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Perfect E and Perfect
H/Natural
r
E perpendicular Ø Parameters: None
„ Perfect E is a perfect electrical conductor*
„ Forces E-field perpendicular to the surface
Perfect E Boundary* „ Represent metal surfaces, ground planes,
ideal cavity walls, etc.
r
E parallel „ Perfect H is a perfect magnetic conductor
„ Forces H-field perpendicular to surface, E-
Perfect H Boundary field tangential
r „ Does not exist in the real world, but
E continuous represents useful boundary constraint for
modeling
„ Natural denotes effect of Perfect H applied
‘Natural’ Boundary
on top of some other (e.g. Perfect E)
boundary
*NOTE: When you define a solid object as a „ ‘Deletes’ the Perfect E condition,
‘perf_conductor’ in the Material Setup, a permitting but not requiring tangential
Perfect E boundary condition is applied to its electrical fields.
exterior surfaces!!
„ Opens a ‘hole’ in the Perfect E plane
2-3
 Perfect H for 2D Aperture (I)

Ø Monopole Over a Ground

plane

Perfect H

Perfect H Surface Interior to the

Problem Space Behaves Like an
Infinitely Thin 2D Aperture

2-4
 Perfect H for 2D Aperture (II)

Ø Small Hole Can be “Cut” in infinitely Thin Septum

Between the Upper and Lower Guide Using a Perfect
H Surface at the Hole

Perfect H

2-5
 HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Finite Conductivity

Ø Parameters: Conductivity and

Permeability
„ Finite Conductivity is a lossy
r
E perpendicular , attenuatin g electrical conductor
„ E-field forced perpendicular, as with
Perfect E
„ However, surface impedance takes
into account resistive and reactive
surface losses
Finite Conductivity Boundary
„ User inputs conductivity (in
siemens/meter) and relative
permeability (unitless)
*NOTE: When you define a solid object as a
„ Used for non-ideal conductor
non-ideal metal (e.g. copper, aluminum) in
the Material Setup module, and it is set to analysis*
‘Solve Surface’, a Finite Conductivity
boundary is automatically applied to its
exterior faces!!

2-6
 HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Impedance

Ø Parameters: Resistance and

Reactance, ohms/square ( Ω/χ)
„ Impedance boundary is a direct, user-
defined surface impedance
„ Use to represent thin film resistors
„ Use to represent reactive loads
„ Reactance will NOT vary with
frequency, so does not represent
a lumped ‘capacitor’ or ‘inductor’
over a frequency band.
EXAMPLE: Resistor in Wilkenson Power Divider
„ Calculate required impedance from
Resistor is 3.5 mils long (in direction of flow) and desired lumped value, width, and length
4 mils wide. Desired lumped value is 35 ohms.
„ Length (in direction of current flow) ÷
3 .5
N= = 0.875 Width = number of ‘squares’
4 „ Impedance per square = Desired
Rlumped 35 Lumped Impedance ÷ number of
Rsheet = = = 40 Ω / square
N .875 squares

2-7
 HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Radiation

Ø Parameters: None
„ A Radiation boundary is an absorbing
boundary condition, used to mimic
continued propagation beyond the
boundary plane
„ Absorption is achieved via a second-
order impedance calculation
Boundary is λ/4 away from „ Boundary should be constructed correctly
horn aperture in all directions. for proper absorption
„ Distance: For strong radiators (e.g.
antennas) no closer than λ/4 to any
structure. For weak radiators (e.g. a
bent circuit trace) no closer than λ/10
to any structure
„ Orientation: The radiation boundary
Note boundary does not absorbs best when incident energy
follow ‘break’ at tail end
flow is normal to its surface
of horn. Doing so
would result in a convex „ Shape: The boundary must be
surface to interior concave to all incident fields from
radiation.
within the modeled space
2-8
 HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Radiation, cont.

Reflection of Radiation Boundary in dB, vs. „ Radiation boundary absorption profile

Angle of Incidence relative to boundary normal
(i.e. for normal incidence, θ = 0)
vs. incidence angle is shown at left
„ Note that absorption falls off
20
significantly as incidence exceeds 40
Reflection Coefficient (dB) degrees from normal
Reflection Coefficient (dB)

0
„ Any incident energy not absorbed is
-20 reflected back into the model,
-40 altering the resulting field solution!
-60
„ Implication: For steered-beam arrays,
the standard radiation boundary may
-80
be insufficient for proper analysis.
-100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 „ Solution: Use a Perfectly Matched
theta (deg)
Layer (PML) construction instead.
ETM „ Incorporation of PMLs is covered in
the Advanced HFSS training course.
θ
Details available upon request.

2-9
 HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Symmetry

Conductive edges, 4 sides

Ø Parameters: Type (Perfect E or Perfect H)
„ Symmetry boundaries permit modeling of
only a fraction of the entire structure under
analysis
„ Two Symmetry Options:
This rectangular waveguide contains a „ Perfect E : E-fields are perpendicular to the
symmetric propagating mode, which could
be modeled using half the volume
symmetry surface
vertically.... „ Perfect H : E-fields are tangential to the
symmetry surface
Perfect E Symmetry (top)
„ Symmetry boundaries also have further
implications to the Boundary Manager and
Fields Post Processing
...or horizontally. „ Existence of a Symmetry Boundary will
prompt ‘Port Impedance Multiplier’ verification
„ Existence of a symmetry boundary allows for
Perfect H Symmetry near- and far-field calculation of the ‘entire’
(left side)
structure

2-10
HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Symmetry, cont.

TE20 Mode in WR90

„ Geometric symmetry does not
necessarily imply field symmetry
for higher-order modes
„ Symmetry boundaries can act as
mode filters
„ As shown at left, the next higher
Perfect E Symmetry (top) propagating waveguide mode is
not symmetric about the vertical
center plane of the waveguide
Properly represented with
Perfect E Symmetry
„ Therefore one symmetry case is
valid, while the other is not!
„ Implication: Use caution when
using symmetry to assure that real
behavior in the device is not filtered
out by your boundary conditions!!
Mode can not occur properly
with Perfect H Symmetry Perfect H Symmetry
(right side)

2-11
 HFSS Boundary Descriptions: Master/Slave Boundaries
Perfectly Matched Layer
(top)
Ø Parameters: Coordinate system,
master/slave pairing, and phasing
„ Master and Slave boundaries are used
to model a unit cell of a repeating
structure
Master Boundary Slave Boundary „ Also referred to as linked boundaries
„ Master and Slave boundaries are
V-axis
always paired: one master to one slave
„ The fields on the slave surface are
constrained to be identical to those on
the master surface, with a phase shift.

Origin
„ Constraints:
U-axis
„ The master and slave surfaces must be
of identical shapes and sizes
WG Port
Ground Plane „ A coordinate system must be identified
(bottom)
on the master and slave boundary to
identify point-to-point correspondence
Unit Cell Model of End-Fire Waveguide Array

2-12
 HFSS Source List
„ Port
„ Most Commonly Used Source. Its use results in S-parameter output
from HFSS.
„ Two Subcategories: ‘Standard’ Ports and ‘Gap Source’ Ports
„ Apply to Surface(s) of solids or to sheet objects
„ Incident Wave
„ Used for RCS or Propagation Studies (e.g. Frequency-Selective
Surfaces)
„ Results must be post-processed in Fields Module; no S-parameters
can be provided
„ Applies to entire volume of modeled space
„ Voltage Drop or Current Source
„ ‘Ideal’ voltage or current excitations
„ Apply to Surface(s) of solids or to sheet objects
„ Magnetic Bias
„ Internal H Field Bias for nonreciprocal (ferrite) material problems
„ Applies to entire solid object representing ferrite material

2-13
HFSS Source Descriptions: Port (I)

2-14
 HFSS Source Descriptions: Port (II)

EXAMPLE STANDARD PORTS Ø Parameters: Mode Count, Calibration,

Impedance, Polarization, Imp. Multiplier
„ A port is an aperture through which
guided electromagnetic field energy is
injected into a 3D HFSS model. There
are two types:
„ Standard Ports: The aperture is solved
using a 2D eigensolution which locates
all requested propagating modes
„ Characteristic impedance is
calculated from the 2D solution
EXAMPLE GAP-SOURCE PORTS „ Impedance and Calibration Lines
provide further control
„ Gap Source Ports: Approximated field
excitation is placed on the gap source
port surface
„ Characteristic impedance is
provided by the user during setup

2-15
Impedance, Calibration and Polarization Lines

Ø Impedance line, calibration line and polarization line are optional in port
setup.
Ø They are located in the port and have a starting point and an end point.

I,C, and/or P Line

Port = cross section

of waveguide

2-16
 Impedance Line

Ø Without impedance line, HFSS computes port impedance from power

and current: Zpi
Ø With impedance line, a voltage can be defined: ∫ E•dl .
Ø Two more port impedances result: Zpv and Zvi .
Ø These are not the same for non-TEM transmission lines.

2-17
 Calibration Line

Ø Calibration lines remove 180o phase ambiguity.

Ø This helps to obtain correct phase in S21 and S12 .

waveguide, side view

2-18
 Polarization Line

Ø Imposes polarization in case of ambiguity,

e.g. in square or circular guides with degenerate modes.

Port = cross section

of square waveguide

2-19
HFSS Source Descriptions: Incident Wave (I)

2-20
 HFSS Source Descriptions: Incident Wave (II)

Ø Parameters: Poynting Vector, E-

field Magnitude and Vector
„ Used for radar cross section (RCS)
scattering problems.
„ Defined by Poynting Vector
(direction of propagation) and E-
field magnitude and orientation
„ Poynting and E-field vectors must
be orthogonal.
„ Multiple plane waves can be
In the above example, a plane incident wave is
created for the same project.
directed at a solid made from dielectrics, to view „ If no ‘ports’ are present in the
the resultant scattering fields.
model, S-parameter output is not
provided
„ Analysis data obtained by post-
processing on the Fields using the
Field Calculator, or by generating
RCS Patterns
2-21
 HFSS Source Descriptions: Voltage Drop and Current Source (I)

Voltage Drop

Current Drop

2-22
 HFSS Source Descriptions: Voltage Drop and Current
Source (II)
Example Current
Source (along trace Ø Parameters: Direction and Magnitude
or across gap)
„ A voltage drop would be used to
excite a voltage between two metal
structures (e.g. a trace and a ground)
„ A current source would be used to
excite a current along a trace, or
across a gap (e.g. across a slot
Example Voltage antenna)
Drop (between
trace and ground)
„ Both are ‘ideal’ source excitations,
without impedance definitions
„ No S-Parameter Output
„ User applies condition to a 2D or 3D
object created in the geometry
„ Vector identifying the direction of the
voltage drop or the direction of the
current flow is also required

2-23
 Sources/Boundaries and Eigenmode Solutions

Ø An Eigenmode solution is a direct solution of the resonant

modes of a closed structure
Ø As a result, some of the sources and boundaries discussed so
far are not available for an Eigenmode project. These are:
„ All Excitation Sources:
„ Ports
„ Voltage Drop and Current Sources
„ Magnetic Bias
„ Incident Waves
„ The only unavailable boundary type is:
„ Radiation Boundary
„ A Perfectly Matched Layer construction is possible as a
replacement

2-24
HFSS Source Descriptions: Magnetic Bias

Ø Parameters: Magnitude and

Direction or Externally Provided
„ The magnetic bias source is used
only to provide internal biasing H-
field values for models containing
nonreciprocal (ferrite) materials.
„ Bias may be uniform field (enter
parameters directly in HFSS)...
„ Parameters are direction and
magnitude of the field
„ ...or bias may be non-uniform
(imported from external
Magnetostatic solution package)
„ Ansoft’s 3D EM Field
Simulator provides this
analysis and output
„ Apply source to selected 3D solid
object (e.g. ferrite puck)
2-25
 HFSS Ports: A Detailed Look

Ø The Port Solution provides the excitation for the 3D FEM

Analysis. Therefore, knowing how to properly define and
create a port is paramount to obtaining an accurate analysis.
Ø Incorrect Port Assignments can cause errors due to...
„ ...Excitation of the wrong mode structure
„ ...Bisection by conductive boundary
„ ...Unconsidered additional propagating modes
„ ...Improper Port Impedance
„ ...Improper Propagation Constants
„ ...Differing phase references at multiple ports
„ ...Insufficient spacing for attenuation of modes in cutoff
„ ...Inability to converge scattering behavior because too many
modes are requested
Ø Since Port Assignment is so important, the following slides will
go into further detail regarding their creation.
2-26
HFSS Port Selection: Standard or Gap Source?

„ When would you choose to

use a Gap Source Port over a
Standard Port?
„ When the model has tightly-
spaced lines

„ When a port reference

location is difficult to
determine using a Standard
port

„ When you’d like to use a

voltage gap, but want S-
parameter output

Gap Source Ports (blue)

2-27
 HFSS Ports: Sizing

Ø A port is an aperture through which a

guided-wave mode of some kind
propagates
„ For transmission line structures entirely
A Coaxial Port Assignment
enclosed in metal, port size is merely the
waveguide interior carrying the guided
fields
„ Rectangular, Circular, Elliptical, Ridged,
Double-Ridged Waveguide
„ Coaxial cable, coaxial waveguide, square-
ax, Enclosed microstrip or suspended
stripline
„ For unbalanced or non-enclosed lines,
however, field propagation in the air
A Microstrip Port Assignment around the structure must also be included
(includes air above substrate) „ Parallel Wires or Strips
„ Stripline, Microstrip, Suspended Stripline
„ Slotline, Coplanar Waveguide, etc.
2-28
 HFSS Ports: Sizing, cont.
Ø The port solver only understands
conductive boundaries on its borders
Port too narrow (fields couple „ Electric conductors may be finite or perfect
to side walls)
(including Perfect E symmetry)
„ Perfect H symmetry also understood
„ Radiation boundaries around the
periphery of the port do not alter the port
edge termination!!
Ø Result: Moving the port edges too close
to the circuitry for open waveguide
structures (microstrip, stripline, CPW,
etc.) will allow coupling from the trace
circuitry to the port walls!
„ This causes an incorrect modal solution,
which will suffer an immediate
discontinuity as the energy is injected past
Port too Short
(fields couple to top wall) the port into the model volume
2-29
 HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook I
Ø Microstrip Port Sizing Guidelines
10w, w ≥ h
or „ Assume width of microstrip trace is w
5w (3h to 4h), w < h
„ Assume height of substrate dielectric
is h
Ø Port Height Guidelines
6h to „ Between 6h and 10h
10h
„ Tend towards upper limit as dielectric
w constant drops and more fields exist
in air rather than substrate
h
„ Bottom edge of port coplanar with the
upper face of ground plane
Note: Port sizing guidelines are not „ (If real structure is enclosed lower
inviolable rules true in all cases. For
example, if meeting the height and than this guideline, model the real
width requirements outlined result in a structure!)
rectangular aperture bigger than λ/2
on one dimension, the substrate and Ø Port Width Guidelines
trace may be ignored in favor of a
waveguide mode. When in doubt, „ 10w, for microstrip profiles with w ≥ h
build a simple ports-only model and
test. „ 5w, or on the order of 3h to 4h, for
microstrip profiles with w < h
2-30
 HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook II
Ø Stripline Port Sizing Guidelines
„ Assume width of stripline trace is w
„ Assume height of substrate dielectric is h
8w, w ≥ h
or Ø Port Height Guidelines
5w (3h to 4h), w < h
„ Extend from upper to lower groundplane,
h
w
h Ø Port Width Guidelines
„ 8w, for microstrip profiles with w ≥ h
„ 5w, or on the order of 3h to 4h, for
microstrip profiles with w < h
Ø Boundary Note: Can also make side
walls of port Perfect H boundaries

2-31
 HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook III
Ø Slotline Port Guidelines
„ Assume slot width is g
„ Assume dielectric height is h
Ø Port Height:
Approx 7g minimum „ Should be at least 4h, or 4g (larger)
„ Remember to include air below the
Larger of 4h or 4g
substrate as well as above!
g „ If ground plane is present, port should
terminate at ground plane
h Ø Port Width:
„ Should contain at least 3g to either side
of slot, or 7g total minimum
„ Port boundary must intersect both side
ground planes, or they will ‘float’ and
become signal conductors relative to
outline ‘ground’

2-32
 HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook IV
Ø CPW Port Guidelines
„ Assume slot width is g
„ Assume dielectric height is h
Larger of approx. 10g or 10s „ Assume center strip width is s
Ø Port Height:
Larger of 4h or 4g „ Should be at least 4h, or 4g (larger)
s „ Remember to include air below the substrate
as well as above!
h g
„ If ground plane is present, port should
terminate at ground plane
Ø Port Width:
„ Should contain 3-5g or 3-5s of the side
grounds, whichever is larger
„ Total about 10g or 10s
„ Port outline must intersect side grounds, or
they will ‘float’ and become additional signal
conductors along with the center strip. 2-33
 CPW Wave Ports: Starting Recommendations
Wave Port Size
The standard recommendation for most CPW wave ports is a rectangular aperture
Port width should be no less than 3 x the overall CPW width, or 3 x (2g + w)
Port height should be no less than 4 x the dielectric height, or 4h
Wave Port Location
The wave port should be centered horizontally on the CPW trace
If the port is on GCPW, the port bottom edge should lie on the substrate bottom ground plane
If the port is on ungrounded CPW, the port height should be roughly centered on the CPW metal layer
Wave Port Restrictions
As with all wave ports, there must be only one surface normal exposed to the field volume
Port should be on exterior model face, or capped by a perfect conductor block if internal
The wave port outline must contact the side grounds (all CPWs) and bottom ground (GCPW)
The wave port size should not exceed lambda/2 in any dimension, to avoid permitting a rectangular waveguide
modal excitation
3 (2g + w) 3 (2g + w)

4h minimum 4h minimum
w

w
h g
h g
Ungrounded CPW Grounded CPW
2-34
(Port height centered on trace) (Port height begins at lower ground)
 HFSS Ports: Sizing Handbook V; Gap Source
Ports
Perfect E
Ø Gap Source ports behave differently from
Standard Ports
Perfect H „ Any port edge not in contact with metal structure
Perfect H
or another port assumed to be a Perfect H
conductor
Ø Gap Source Port Sizing (microstrip example):
Perfect E
„ “Strip-like”: [RECOMMENDED] No larger than
necessary to connect the trace width to the
ground
Perfect H
„ “Wave-like”: No larger than 4 times the strip
width and 3 times the substrate height
Perfect H
„ The Perfect H walls allow size to be smaller than
a standard port would be
Perfect H
„ However, in most cases the strip-like application
should be as or more accurate

Perfect E
Ø Further details regarding Gap Source Port
sizing available as a separate presentation
2-35
 HFSS Port Selection Example: Parallel Traces
Spaced by 8 or more times Trace Width
Inputs sufficiently isolated that no coupling behavior should occur
Sufficient room for Wave port apertures around each trace
Use Wave Ports as shown

Spaced by 4 – 8 times Trace Width

Inputs still fairly isolated, little to no coupling behavior should
occur
Insufficient room for Wave port apertures around each trace
without clipping fringing fields
Use Lumped Ports as shown

Spaced by less than 4 times Trace Width

Traces close enough to exhibit coupling
Even and Odd modes possible; N modes total for N
conductors and one ground reference [odd mode shown at
right]
Lumped Ports from trace to ground neglect coupling behavior
and are no longer appropriate
Use multi-mode Wave Port
Terminal line assignments can permit extraction of S-
parameters referenced to each ‘trace’
2-36
HFSS Ports: Spacing from Discontinuities

„ Structure interior to the modeled volume may

create and reflect non-propagating modes
„ These modes attenuate rapidly as they travel
Port
along the transmission line
Extension „ If the port is spaced too close to a discontinuity
causing this effect, the improper solution will be
obtained
„ A port is a ‘matched load’ as seen from the
model, but only for the modes it has been
designed to handle
„ Therefore, unsolved modes incident upon it are
reflected back into the model, altering the field
solution
„ Remedy: Space your port far enough from
discontinuities to prevent non-propagating mode
incidence
„ Spacing should be on order of port size, not
wavelength dependent

2-37
 HFSS Ports: Single-Direction Propagation

Port on Exterior Face of Model

„ Standard ports must be
defined so that only one
face can radiate energy into
the model
„ Gap Source Ports have no
such restriction
„ Position Standard Ports on
the exterior of the geometry
(one face on background) or
provide a port cap.
„ Cap should be the same
dimensions as the port
Port Inside Modeled Air Volume; aperture, be a 3D solid
Back side covered with Solid Cap object, and be defined as
a perfect conductor in the
Material Setup module

2-38
 HFSS Ports: Mode Count
„ Ports should solve for all propagating modes
„ Ignoring a mode which does propagate will result
in incorrect S-parameters, by neglecting mode-
to-mode conversion which could occur at
discontinuities
„ However, requesting too many modes in the full
solution also negatively impacts analysis
„ Modes in cutoff are more difficult to calculate; S-
parameters for interactions between propagating
and non-propagating modes may not converge
well
„ What if I don’t know how many modes exist?
Circular waveguide, showing two
orthogonal TE11 modes and TM01 „ Build a simple model of a transmission line only,
mode (radial with Z-component). or run your model in “Ports Only” mode, and
Neglecting the TM01 mode from check!
your solution would cause incorrect
results. „ You can alter the mode count before running the
full solution.
„ Degenerate mode ordering is controlled with
calibration lines (see next slide)
2-39
 HFSS Ports: Degenerate Modes
„ Degenerate modes have identical impedance,
propagation constants
„ Port solver will arbitrarily pick one of them to
be ‘mode(n)’ and the other to be ‘mode(n+1)’
„ Thus, mode-to-mode S-parameters may be
In circular or square waveguide, use the
calibration line to force (polarize) the mode referenced incorrectly
numbering of the two degenerate TE11
modes. This is also useful because without
„ To enforce numbering, use a calibration line
a polarization orientation, the two modes and polarize the first mode to the line
may be rotated to an arbitrary angle inside
circular WG. „ OR, introduce a dielectric change to slightly
perturb the mode solution and separate the
degenerate modes
„ Example: A dielectric bar only slightly higher in
permittivity than the surrounding medium will
concentrate the E-fields between parallel
wires, forcing the differential mode to be
For parallel lines, a virtual object
dominant
between them aids mode ordering. „ If dielectric change is very small (approx. 0.001
Note virtual object need not extend or less), impedance impact of perturbation is
entire length of line to help at port.
negligible
2-40
 HFSS Ports: Impedance Definitions
„ HFSS provides port characteristic
impedances calculated using the power-
current definition (Zpi)
„ Incident power is known excitation quantity
„ Port solver integrates H-field around port
boundary to calculate current flow
„ For many transmission line types, the power-
voltage or voltage-current definition is
preferred
„ Slot line, CPW: Zpv preferred
For a Coax, the impedance line extends „ TEM lines: Zvi preferred
radially from the center to outer conductor (or
vice versa). Integrating the E-field along the
„ HFSS can provide these characteristic
radius of the coaxial dielectric provides the impedance values, as long as an impedance
voltage difference.
In many instances, the impedance and
line is identified
calibration lines are the same! „ The impedance line defines the line along
which the E-field is integrated to obtain a
voltage
„ Often it can be identical to the calibration line
2-41
 HFSS Ports: Phase Calibration
„ A second purpose of the calibration line is to
control the port phase references
„ The 2D port eigensolver finds propagating
modes on each port independently
„ The zero degree phase reference is chosen at
a point of maximum E-field intensity on the port
face.
Which of the above field
orientations is the zero „ This occurs twice, with 180 degrees
degree phase reference? separation, for each 360 degree cycle
Calibration Line defines...
„ Therefore the possibility exists for the software
to select inconsistent phase references from
port to port, resulting in S-parameter errors
„ All port-to-port S-parameter phases, e.g.
S21, will be off by 180 degrees
„ Solution: The calibration line defines the
preferred direction for the zero degree
reference on each port.

2-42
 HFSS Ports: Impedance Multiplier
„ When symmetry is used in a model, the
automatic Zpi and impedance line-
dependant Zpv and Zvi calculations will
Whole Rectangular WG
(No Symmetry) be incorrect, since the entire port
Impedance Mult = 1.0 aperture is not represented.
„ Split the model with a Perfect E
symmetry case, and the impedance is
Half Rectangular WG
halved.
(Perfect E Symmetry) „ Split the model with a Perfect H
Impedance Mult = 2.0
symmetry case, and the impedance is
doubled.
„ The port impedance multiplier is just a
Half Rectangular WG renormalizing factor, used to obtain the
(Perfect H Symmetry)
Impedance Mult = 0.5 correct impedance results regardless of
the symmetry case used.
„ The impedance multiplier is applied to
all ports, and is set during the
...and for Quarter Rectangular WG?
(Both Perfect E and H Symmetry) assignment of any port in the model.
Impedance Mult. = 1.0
2-43