PAGTUON SA AMBAHANON: THE LANGUAGE OF ILONGGO FOLK SONGS
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF MINDANAO STATE
UNIVERSITY- MAGUINDANAO GRADUATE SCHOOL
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE COURSE FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF
ARTS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
NELIAN L. GUBEL
RESEARCHER
Introduction
Background of the Study
The Hiligaynon language, also often referred to by most of its speakers simply as
Ilonggo, is an Austronesian regional language spoken in the Philippines by about 9.1
million people, mainly in Western Visayas and SOCCSKSARGEN, most of whom
belong to the Visayan ethnic group, mainly the Hiligaynons. There are slightly fewer
than seven million native speakers of Ilonggo inside and outside of the Philippines.
There are an additional four million who can speak Ilonggo with a substantial degree of
proficiency (Philippine Census 2000). There is some controversy concerning the usage
of either "Ilonggo" or "Hiligaynon" when referring to the language spoken. In many
contexts, Hiligaynon refers to the language while Ilonggo refers to the people where
there is a high concentration of speakers (Spitz 2001). Throughout this paper, I will use
the term "Ilonggo" to refer to the people as used by Lebakeños.
Such is the case in Lebak. The most widely spoken language is Hiligaynon
(41.06%), followed by Karay-a (12.98%), Maguindanaon (12.91%), Cebuano (9.42%),
Tiduray (8.08%), Ilocano (7%), Manobo (5.74%), and 4.57% for other languages. It is
evident that Lebak are now becoming a minority because few people are speaking the
language. Lebak, officially the Municipality of Lebak, is a first class municipality in the
province of Sultan Kudarat, Philippines. Lebak is a Maguindanaon word meaning
hollow. This is because of the eastern part of Lebak is a mountain and on the western
part is the Celebes Sea thus the hollow portion is between a mountain and the sea
(Census of Population 2015).
Although some researchers/scholars have already studied the vanishing
practices, beliefs and rituals of the Lebakeños, their folk songs were only mentioned in
passing even if most of these studies agree that the Lebakeños are music lovers.
Lebak is a melting pot of culture and tradition. Mainstream culture of Lebak is the
Ilonggo, the greatest number of the populace. Maguindanaon and tribal traditions can
still be observed on its local settlements. Manobos and Tiduray minorities still widely
practice and observe. Part of the culture of the people of Lebak is the celebration of
Fiesta. Patronal Fiesta Celebration every 4th Sunday of May. Some barangays has its
own festival like in Basak, Taguisa, Villamonte, Salangsang, Keytodac and Tibpuan
(Philippine Information Agency 2017).
One rationale for selecting Ilonggo folk songs is that it may be considered
musical gems that can lead students to understanding, respect and appreciation of
peoples’ cultural heritage. Folk songs are generally simple. They have repetitive
melodic and rhythm patterns, limited ranges, and scale systems that are germane to or
assimilated by their cultures of origin from a prolonged close contact with another
culture/s. Their lyrics often relate to daily activities which readily make them part of the
everyday lives of people regardless of age. They are mostly participatory and functional
(Volk, 1998 quoting Anne Faulkner).
This motivated me to study the semantic analysis of the oral traditions of the
lebak tribe of Ilonggo for purposes of preserving their cultural heritage and record their
language through their folk songs. Thus, the serious study of their folk song as part of
regional literature is greatly encouraged, more so because the retrieval and study of
Philippine folk songs are very sparse. Most of the existing Philippine folk song
collections include only the major languages spoken by Filipinos. The folk songs of the
ethnic groups are left within the periphery and considered literature of the margins for
they are not understood by many. These folk songs are on the verge of extinction
together with the language and the cultural heritage of the indigenous peoples. In the
Philippines, folk song plays a vital role in the life of a Filipino. Almost every stage in the
human life cycle is marked by a song. Ilonggo Folk song mirrors the cultural traditions
and history of Lebakeños.(Eugenio,1997).
Statement of the Problem
The research seeks to provide Lebakeños to understand and appreciate their
cultural heritage. The problems the researcher wants to answer are: a) the lexical
meaning of Ilonggo folk songs and b) the contextual meaning of Ilonggo folk songs.
Ilonggo folk song can be regarded as one of the touchstones of struggling for existence
for the Ilonggos which has a lot of functions such as individual, social, economic,
cultural and educational, wholly consists of a society’s genetic codes. Educating,
differentiating and structuring such a significant concept are as much important as folk
song itself. Ilonggo folk song, which is identified as purposefully contributing specific
musical behaviours to the individual, changing musical behaviours partly or wholly and
purposefully improving individual’s musical behaviour through his/her own life, has three
main types as general, amateur and vocational in terms of its purpose. Individual, with
group and mixed of both can be regarded as the determining conditions of music
education. It is known that, general music education is mostly done with group and
vocational music education is done individually It is clear that, education of folk song in
this way is very important in terms of individuals’ feeling of identity and belongingness
related with the society which they live in. (Uçan, 1997: 8; Uçan, 2001a: 116).
In response, I find it necessary to study the Ilonggo folk songs to establish its
semantic analysis. The researcher expects this research will be useful for the other
researchers who are eager to know more about semantics. Moreover, semantics is an
important branch of linguistics that is interesting to be studied, especially when it is
applied to literary works, such us songs or poem etc. Given that the both youths and
adults in both genders are exposed to the language of the catchment area where folk
songs are composed and sung, the study aims at establishing whether certain features
of linguistic are more appealing to a particular group of people than the other group. In a
nutshell, what drives me to venture in this area of study is that none has ever
researched on the semantics analysis of Ilonggo folk songs in Lebak.
Purpose of the Study
The over-all purpose of this study is to examine the lexical and contextual
meaning of Ilonggo folk song.
Specific purposes of the study may include: a) identifying the lexical meanings in
the lyrics of Ilonggo folks for reader, b) interpreting the contextual meanings in the lyrics
of Ilonggo folk songs, and c) identifying the themes generated used in Ilonggo folk
songs.
Research Questions
There is a problem that the researcher wants to answer in this research. This is
the problem about a Semantic Analysis on Ilonggo Folk Song.
1. What are the lexical meanings in the lyrics of Ilonggo folk songs?
2. What are the contextual meanings in the lyrics of Ilonggo folk songs?
3. What are the themes generated in Ilonggo folk songs?
Significance of the Study
The result of this study is expected to be useful and give new information to the
semantic study especially about kinds of lexical meaning found in the Ilonggo folk
songs. This analysis may be valuable for those who want to know deeper than their
knowledge and understanding of lexical meanings used in the Ilonggo folk songs.
The results of the study will be of great benefit to the following:
Whole Educational System. The result of this study is hoped to give a contribution to
the curriculum specialists to review the subject competencies and to remain current in
developing the educational system.
Department of Education. The result of this study may serve as a significant response
in planning for an effective involvement like additional trainings for teachers, providing
accurate learning resources and others.
Lebak Division. The findings may serve as the basis of the Division Office in giving
response about the implementation of Semantic Analysis of Ilonggo folk song in the
national level for the effective implementation of the program.
Lebak East District. The findings may a great help in the district level in addressing the
problem encountered. It will give them the sense of appreciation and preserved their
culture through their folk song. Ilonggo folk songs do not exist in isolation. It exists in a
culture and a society and so the district level will also be interested in the findings of this
study since they will show how folk songs of Ilonggo have affected life and the
municipality of Lebak.
Teachers. The result may give awareness to teachers in teaching the Ilonggo folk song
to preserve the culture.
Learners. This study may help the learners who are interested in this study and know
the lexical meanings of the songs and that they can reach deep comprehension on the
songs. Not only enjoying the music but also understanding the lyric that is being the way
the reader can catch the message of the song-writer
Parents. The result of this study may give awareness to parents about the importance
of Ilonggo folk song and bringing about their appreciation and extend support to the
teachers and children who are forgetting the essence of Ilonggo’s culture.
Future researchers. The findings of this study may help the future researchers and
may give an additional knowledge about the analysis of Ilonggo folk song in the
Philippines.
Delimitations and Limitations
The study will involve the Lebakeños especially the tribe leaders and old Ilonggo
people. This focuses on the semantic analysis of Ilonggo folk songs in terms of lexical
and contextual meaning.
Two non-controllable factors, limitations, are the Ilonggo’s attitudes towards the
researcher and the researcher’s exposure to pure native Ilonggo dialect.
Theoretical Lens
The study is anchored on the theory of meaning discussed by philosophers
Aristotle, Augustine, and Aquinas. According to them "meaning is a relationship
between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they mean (intend, express or
signify)". One term in the relationship of meaning necessarily causes something else to
come to the mind. In other words: "a sign is defined as an entity that indicates another
entity to some agent for some purpose". As Augustine states, a sign is "something that
shows itself to the senses and something other than itself to the mind"
The types of meanings vary according to the types of the thing that is being
represented. Namely: a) There are the things in the world, which might have meaning;
b) There are things in the world that are also signs of other things in the world, and so,
are always meaningful (i.e., natural signs of the physical world and ideas within the
mind);c) There are things that are always necessarily meaningful, such as words, and
other nonverbal symbols.
Definition of Terms
Contextual meaning – it is the meaning of words according to the situations in which
they are used.
Lebakeños – These are the people living in the municipality of Lebak.
Lexical meaning – It is a minimal unit that can take part in referring which has a
meaning without any additional grammatical pattern and also has a lexical relation in its
meaning such as antonym, synonymy, and hyponymy.
Pagtuon sa ambahanon – the Ilonggo term for analysis of song.
Semantic Analysis –It analyses how language organize and express meanings.
Organization of the Study
In order to give the guidance for the researcher and the readers in reading the
research paper, the researcher makes an outline about the contents of the research as
follows: Chapter I is Introduction , Problem Situation, Purpose of the study, Research
Questions, Limitations and Delimitation, Theoretical Lens, Significance of the study,
Definition of Terms, and Organization of the Study.
Chapter II is underlying theory of the Review of Related Literature of the study.
Chapter III is research method which deals with the Research Design, Research
Participants, Data Collection, Trustworthiness and Credibility, and Ethical
Considerations.
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
Related literature contains the main theory such as semantic analysis and related
study that was about the author’s research as the supporting theory and some
reference books and reliable sources that support the theory applied in this research.
This section aims at discussing the meaning and concept of text. Text, according
to Halliday (1976) is any passage spoken or written of whatever length, that does not
led whole. It is a chunk of language that is actually spoken or written for the purpose of
communication by real people in actual circumstances. In other words it is a language
stretch of language that makes meaning. Therefore, any group of sentences, which are
which are just collection of unrelated words cannot be described as a text.
A text can be described as a super sentence, that is, a grammatical unit larger
than a sentence but related to it in the same way that a sentence is related to a clause,
a clause to a phrase (group), a phrase to a word and a word to a morpheme (Halliday,
1976) A text may be spoken or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. It may
be anything from a single proverb to a whole play. It is a unit of language in use that is
not a grammatical unit like a clause or a sentence and it is not defined by its size. It is
just any piece of language that is operational and functioning as a unit in some context
of situation (Oladipupo, 2004).
Meaning is important to the concept of text because in judging whether there is
texture not in a text, we have recourse to some feelings about how much the sentences
do actually interrelate in meaning. It is the cohesion that makes the meaning of the
element interpretable. It should be noted that cohesion is inevitable where the
interpretation of any item in the text requires making reference to some other items in
the text. Cohesion itself is a relational concept. It lays emphasis on the relation between
one item and the other and also account for the essential semantic relations whereby
any passage of speech or writing is enabled to function as text. The concept of
cohesion which is classified into distinct categories like reference, substitution, ellipsis,
conjunction and lexical cohesion is represented in the text by particular features like
repetitions, omissions, occurrences of certain words and constructions which have in
common the property of signalling that the interpretation of the passage in question
depends on something else. Although there are other semantic relations associated
with text which are not embodied in the concept of cohesion, the one that it (cohesion)
does embody is in some ways the most essential, because it is common to text of every
kind and is in fact, what makes a text a text (Halliday 1976). In conclusion, the unity
that a text has is a unity of meaning in context: a texture that expresses the fact that it
relates as a whole to the environment in which it is produced. For a text to actually be a
text, it must be meaningful, logical, cohesive and coherent.
One of the insight modern linguistics is that speakers of a language have
different types of linguistics knowledge, including how to pronounce words, how to
construct sentences, and about the meaning of individual words and sentences. To
reflect this, linguistics description has different level of analysis. One of them is in giving
the meaning of linguistics expressions we should establish definitions of the meanings
of words. Semantics is commonly defined as the study of meaning communicated
through language. The word semantics comes from the Greek word, Semantikos mean
“significant”, Semainein mean “to show”, “signify” or “indicated by a sign”; from Sema
means “sign”. The concept of semantics has been use until the 20th century as can be
evident from ‘The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English’, published in 1972,
which defines semantics ‘branch of philosophy concerned with (changes in) the
meaning of words’. It is also interesting to know that their dictionary has classified
semantics into plural nouns, so has linguistics. The study of semantics includes the
study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, and
paraphrased.
Regarding the term semantics, there are emerging views about Semantics.
Saeed 1997 states that, semantics is the study of meaning communicated through
language. Crystal 1980 affirms that it is a major branch linguistics devoted to the study
of meaning in language. Additionally, semantics is the study of word meanings and the
ways in which words are related to one another lexicon in our mental (Gleason, 1998).
In fact, semantics is the study of meaning. It concerned with what the sentence and
other linguistics objects express, not with the arrangements of their syntactic parts of
their pronunciation. (J.J Katz, 1972:1) Leech (1974:ix) said, “Semantics is central to the
study of communication; and as communication becomes more and more a crucial
factor in social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more
pressing. Semantics is also at the centre of the study of human mind-thought process,
cognition and conceptualization”. In conveying the meaning within communication, there
are usually different perceptions and views from the listeners. We have to know the
speaker’s intent and the context of utterance in order to avoid misunderstanding. It
means that semantic analysis become more complicated than attaching definitions to
linguistic expressions. Modern linguistics assumed that when a speaker combines
words to form sentences according to the grammatical rules of his language, the word
definitions are combined to form phrase and then sentence definitions, giving us the
meanings of sentences. In attaching the definitions of words, we will be faced with 3
problems. The first is the problem of circularity. If the definitions of word meaning are
given in words, the process might never end.
The linguistic semantics is the topic of this study, but we need to limit ourselves
to the expression of meaning in a single language, English (Charles, 1998). Semantic is
the systematic study of meaning and linguistic semantic is the study how languages
organize and express meanings. It means that meaning in linguistic semantic is very
needed for us to limit ourselves to the expression of meanings in a single language
(Kreidler, 1998). Charles said that there were three disciplines were concerned with the
systematic study of meaning, in itself: psychology, philosophy and linguistics. It means
that a psychologist is interested in how individual humans learn, how they retain, recall
or loss information. Philosophies of language were concerned with how we know how
any particular fact that we know or accept as true was related to other possible facts.
Then, the last systematic study of meaning is about linguistics, linguistics wants to
understand how language works. The meaning of a word is fully reflected by its context.
Here, the meaning of a word is constituted by its contextual relations. Therefore, a
distinction between of participation as well as modes of participation was made. In order
to, accomplish this distinction any part of a sentence that bears a meaning and
combines with the meanings of other constituents.
All of the kind of meaning with the different reference, the researcher takes a
focus in lexical and conceptual meaning. Semantic as the study of linguistic meaning of
the words, phrases, and sentence, is not only concerned with meaning of lexeme but
also the relationship between language and culture. Lexical meaning is the smallest
unit system of language that could be distinguished from other similar units. A lexeme is
an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms of actual spoken or written
sentences. It is regarded as the same lexeme even when infected. This however,
Harimurti (1982) agreed that lexical meaning is the meaning of the word when the word
is seen in isolation, either in form or shape lexeme affixed whose meaning more or less
fixed, as can be read in a particular language dictionary. In any language, the semantic
relationship has a significance or relation between a word or set of words or other
languages with the language unit. Relation of meaning can be categorized as
synonyms, antonym, polysemy, hyponym, homonym, and ambiguity (Abdul Chaer
2002).
Contextual meaning is the meaning of a lexeme or word inside a context. A
contextual definition is also a definition in which the term is used by embedding it in a
larger expression containing its explanation. According to Parera, contextual meaning
could be regarded as a situational meaning. It arises as a result of the relationship
between speech and content. Contextual meaning is the meaning of a lexeme or word
inside a context. Context is a situation that occurs depends on whether phrase or
sentence appears. A contextual definition is also a definition in which the term is used
by embedding it in a larger expression containing its explanation.
Denotative meaning is the meaning of what it was. Denotative meaning is also
referred to as a word or group of words which based on straight relationships between
the unit and form of language beyond language unit was treated appropriately. A
denotation identifies the central aspect of word meaning (Harimurti, 1998).
Connotation is the emotional meaning attached to a word. In other words, it
refers to the meaning that goes beyond the ordinary meaning. Thus, it refers to the
suggestive, Associative or figurative meaning attached to a word (Bamigbade, 1999).
There are perspectives affirms that Connation refers to the personal aspect of meaning,
the emotional association that the word arouses (Parera, 2004; Charles K.W. 1998).
Connotative meaning can be said to be communal because it relates to people's
cultural background or ideology of life (Ogunsiji, 2002). Its meaning has to do with
history, age, sex and environment. Additionally, Charles K.W. (1998) said that
Connotations can arise between the meanings of synonyms and connotations also can
appear in a word. Therefore, the connotation and there appears to be done on a
historical significance and descriptive.
Related Studies
There are many previous studies in investigating semantics but the researcher
takes only three previous studies. The first is “Semantic Study on the Lyrics of
Eminem’s Songs” by Illah (2008), thesis English Letters and Language Department,
Faculty of Humanoria, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University. This study
conducts with the George Yule’s theory and uses descriptive qualitative method. This
study focuses one kind of meaning namely lexical meaning. This study finds that
generally the lyrics of Eminem’s song contain synonym, antonym, hyponym, denotation,
connotation and message.
Second is “Semantic Analysis on the English Translation of Surah Al-Muuzammil
by Yusuf Ali, by Khulala (2012), thesis English Letters and Language Department,
Faculty of Humanoria, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University. The study aims
to answer the following questions by using John Lyon’s theory. The answer is about
kind of meaning and message is used in English translation of Surah Al-Muzammil by
Yuseuf Ali. She uses descriptive qualitative method because the data of this study are
in form of the sentences or word of sural Al-Muzammil by Yusuf Ali. This study finds the
messages are dominated by religious message and various kind of meanings used.
Third is “An Analysis of Lexical and Contextual Meaning of Idiomatic
Expresssions found in Jalaluddin Rumi’s Poems” by Maimunah 2008, thesis English
Letters and Language Department, Faculty of Humaniora, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State
Islamic University. This study uses John Lyon’s theory. For method, this uses
descriptive qualitative. The result of this previous study is the contextual meaning
dominated the meaning of idiomatic expressions than the meaning lexically.
The readings have provided the researcher profound understanding on the
Semantic analysis on the English translation of Ilonggo folk song. The reviews also
provided the researcher pertinent insights on how to analyse the English Translation of
Ilonggo Folk Song. Additionally, the reviews deepen the researcher’s information on the
lexical and contextual meaning of Ilonggo folk song. Thus, making this study credible
and reliable.
Chapter III
Research Design
In this research, the researcher will use content analysis. Content analysis is
a research method that provides a systematic and objective means to make valid
inferences from verbal, visual, or written data in order to describe and quantify specific
phenomena.
Research Materials
Research materials include all types of materials generated and utilized in the
scope of scholarly research in the study. It will be used to make replicable and valid
inferences by interpreting and coding textual material and by systematically evaluating
texts e.g., documents, oral communication, and graphics.
Research Instruments
The research instruments will be used in this research included written text, such
as books and papers, oral text, such as speech and theatrical performance, and
hypertexts, which are texts found on the Internet. The researcher will also include
interviews from the respondents for additional data sources.
Locale of the Study
The study will be conducted at the Barangays of Lebak, Sultan Kudarat since the
chosen respondents are residents of Lebak.
Data Collection
The researcher will collect the data in the following step. First, the researcher
reads all the data sources. Second, the researcher selects the appropriate songs in the
lyrics of Ilonggo songs. Next, chooses five lyrics covered in the song. The last, the data
to be arranged systematically in accordance with the research focuses. To arrange the
data, the researcher defined about the lexical meaning, and the second explained about
contextual meaning.
Data Analysis
After the data will be collected, the researcher will use content analysis to
analyse the data. First of all, the researcher reads the data. Secondly, the researcher
finds out the meaning. Thirdly, the researcher categorizes the word which does not
have the real meaning. Finally, the researcher drew the conclusion based on the result.
More generally, content analysis is used for the categorization and classification of
speech, written text, interviews, images, or other forms of communication
Trustworthiness and Credibility
The triangulation strategy will be utilized to analyse three areas of data (Bryman,
2015).Triangulation is the method of using three approaches in researching a question
to enhance confidence and findings. These are individual interviews, focus groups and
a questionnaire (Eliot & Associates, 2005). The instrument, interview questions, will be
validated by allowing the participant and researcher to agree on the responses provided
and their accuracy.
Ethical Considerations
Measures will be taken to ensure that each person’s identity is confidential by
only asking for data such as female or male and age on the questionnaire. Numbers will
be assigned to participants in the focus groups to be used instead of names. In terms of
consent, each person will be asked to sign a release of liability form to participate in the
focus group portion of the study (Form Swift, 2014).
The researcher will ask permission from the administration of the Municipality of
Lebak, to the participants and their parents or guardians to allow the conduct of study.
In conclusion, a qualitative approach will be used to assess Ilonggos’ perceptions about
the Ilonggo folk songs through individual interviews, small focus groups, and
questionnaires. This method will allow me to validate and analyse results to find
recurring themes in responses assisting me in gaining valuable data about perceptions
Ilonggos may possess.
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