Evaporator Design formulas and important design considerations with online calculator

Formulas and design parameters in  Robert Evaporator Design with online calculation sheet
1.1 Types of Evaporators:
1.2 Steps in calculation of evaporator design:
1.2.1 Number of tubes (N ):
1.2.2 Tube plate & Downtake dia :
1.2.2.1 Area occupied for tubes in tube plate :
1.2.2.2 Dia of the down take :
1.2.2.3 The final required tube plate diameter.
1.2.3 Dia required for vapour inlet & Dia of the Calendria in radial steam/ vapour entry
1.2.3.1 Dia of the Vapour Inlet :
1.2.3.2 Evaporator Bodies Vapour Velocities Recommended by E.Hugot
1.2.3.3 Calendria dia at the entry of the steam/vapour jocket
1.2.4 4. Vapour outlet pipe dia :
1.2.5 5. Dia of the condensate line :
1.2.6 6. Noxious gases connections :
1.2.7 7. Vapour space height :
1.2.8 8. Velocity in vapour space of body (Cross checking of the system ):
1.2.9 9. Calendria shell thickness :
1.2.10 10. Vapour shell thickness :
1.2.11 11. Tube plate thickness :
1.2.11.1 Generally shell thickness will be taken as follows as (in mm).
1.2.12 12. Vapour doom dia :
1.2.13 13. Top cone Height :
1.2.14 14. Center Umbrella area :
1.3 Online Calculation Sheet for Robert Evaporator Body Design
ulation sheet

ur entry
Types of Evaporators:
1. Robert type natural circulation evaporator.
2. Long tube vertical raising film evaporator (Kestner)
3. Long tube vertical falling film evaporator (FFE)
4. Plate type evaporator.
5. Thin film evaporators, high viscous liquid
6. Inclined tube evaporators
7. Horizontal tube evaporators.
8. Flash evaporators.
9. Compact evaporators.
Steps in calculation of evaporator design:
1. Number of tubes (N ):
Mean dia of the tube ( Dm) in mtr = Tube OD- Tube Thickness ( In some designers also take ID of the tube in the place of mean dia.
Effective Length of the tube ( L ) = Tube length – 2(Tube plate thickness)-2(Tube expansion allowance)
Number of tubes = Heating surface / π x Dm x  L.
The thickness of the tube generally take for juice heaters and for evaporator 18G and for pans take 16G. ( 18g = 1.22mm , 16g = 1.625

2. Tube plate & Downtake dia :

Area occupied for tubes in tube plate :
Tube Pitch (P ) = OD of the tube +Legment of the tube + tube clearance+hole clearance
proportional factor(β) = Generally β value taken for multiple pass(i.e Juice heaters) 0.6 to 0.8 and for single pass(l.e evaporators) 8 to 1

Take extra dia in percentage on area occupied for tubes in tube plate  for stay roads arrangement, free withdrawal of condensate and no
purpose. while providing the  multiple down design than this percentage may go higher side. Its value lies in the range 10 to 20% on ar

Tube plate area required for tubes only ( AT ) = (0.866 x P2 x N /β) x %extra
Tube plate dia required for tubes only = SQRT ( AT x 4/π )

Dia of the down take :

The central well or peripheral  downtake is often utilized to collect the concentrated juice in order to remove it from one vessel to the f

According to peter rein down take dia consider less than 25% of the tube plate dia.
According to E. Hugot The diameter of the centre well varies from ¼ to ⅛ of the interior diameter of the vessel.
Certain manufacturers replace the centre well by a lateral well or by a series of down takes of small diameter distributed over the calen
downtakes).
From the above generally downtake dia take 20% on tube plate.
Dia of the single downtake = Tube plate dia for tubes x % of downtake on tube plate.
Dia of the central downtake in multiple down takes design = SQRT [(Area of the single downtake – Total area of peripheral down take

The final required tube plate diameter.

Final Dia of the tube plate = = SQRT [(Area of the Tube plate for tubes + Downtake area) x 4/π )] .
3. Dia required for vapour inlet & Dia of the Calendria in radial steam/ vapour entry
Dia of the Vapour Inlet :
Number of steam/ vapour entries will take according to heating surface of the body, diameter of the body and performance of
evaporation.
Vapour required for calendria = Heating surface x Evaporation rate of the body.
Area required for the each vapour entry (m2) = Volume of the vapour in each (M3/sec) / Velocity of vapour.
Dia of the each steam entry = SQRT [ (Area required for the vapour entry / Number of vapour entries) x (4/π ) ]
As Per Hugot given Evaporation Rate of The Several Vessels of a multiple effect working under the condition of tempe
drop from 120oC to 55oC
 Evaporation rate in MEE Recommended by E.Hugot
Triple Effect Quadruple Effect Quintuple Effect
Kg/m2/hr Lb/Ft2/hr Kg/m2/hr Lb/Ft2/hr Kg/m2/hr Lb/Ft2/hr
1st effect 53 11 37 7.6 28 5.7
2nd effect 48 9.8 35 7.2 26 5.3
3rd effect 43 8.8 32 6.6 25 5.1
4th effect 28 5.7 25 5.1
5th effect 17 3.5
Evaporator Bodies Vapour Velocities Recommended by E.Hugot
Triple in m/sec Quadruple in m/sec Quintuple in m/sec
Min Max Min Max Min Max
Exhaust steam to 1st effect 25 30 25 30 25 30
Vapour from 1st effect 30 35 30 35 30 35
Vapour from 2nd effect 40 45 35 40 30 35
Vapour from 3rd effect 50 60 40 45 35 40
Vapour from 4th effect 50 60 40 45
Vapour from 5th effect 50 60
Calendria dia at the entry of the steam/vapour jocket
Area for the inlet vapour ( If more than one connection to calendria than take each inlet vapour area) = π/4 *
(Dia of the vapour inlet)2
Height of the steam entry = Take Effective Length of the tube.
Width of the steam entry = Area for the inlet vapour / Height of the steam entry.
Dia of calendria at the point of radial steam entry = Final Dia of the tube plate + Width of the steam entry.

(Note : This dia to be maintained at the vapour entry side later it may reduced in vapour travel direction.).
4. Vapour outlet pipe dia :
Vapour volume outlet vapour in M3/sec = Heating surface X Evap. Rate x Specific volume of outlet
vapour/3600.
Vapour outlet pipe dia in mtrs = SQRT [vapour volume /(0.785 x velocity of vapour)]

5. Dia of the condensate line :

Number of condensate withdrawal points = Consider minimum two numbers of withdrawal points and it can be
increase according to the diameter of the body.

Volume of the condensate in M3/sec = [Heating surface X Evap. Rate ] / [ Density of water x 3600].

Dia of the each condensate line = SQRT (Volume of the condensate each./(0.785 x velocity of condensate)).
6. Noxious gases connections :
Generally 10 m2   heating surface area required 1cm2 area for removal of noncondensable gases.
Cross section area of non condensable gases in cm2 = Heating surface in m2 /10
Dia of the each non condensable gases line = SQRT( Total area of non condensable gases /0.785*no. of points)

7. Vapour space height :

Generally for Robert type bodies will take for lost effect 2.5 times on calendria tube height and for remaining
bodies will take 2 times on Calendria tube height.
Tromp quotes an American view that the height of the cylindrical body, above the calandria, should be 1.5 times
to twice the length of the tubes. It is wise to specify at least twice; moreover, Tromp later recommended 2 In
Europe, a minimum of 3.6 – 4.0m is adopted.
8. Velocity in vapour space of body (Cross checking of the system ):

Generally in evaporator design vapour space dia may be take same as to calendria dia meter. But we have to
check,  how much vapour velocity maintained in body. It is helpful to avoid the entertainment of the system. The
velocity of vapour leaving the liquid surface would then be approximately 10 cm/sec.

In present designs, The vapour velocities in the vessels to be maintained below 3.6m/sec and for lost body it can
go upto 4.6 m/sec . Hence the necessity of providing entrainment separators or save all at the vapour outlets
from the evaporator vessels.
In any case, it is considered that entrainment rapidly becomes excessive from the moment when the vapour
velocity in the vessel reaches more than 6m/sec.

9. Calendria shell thickness :

P = Maximum allowable pressure in kg/cm2
Di = ID of the Calendria in mm
F = Allowable stress in kg/cm2
J = Welding Joint efficiency in mm
C= corrosion allowance in mm
Calendria shell thickness in mm = (P*  Di / (2*F*J – P) ) + C
10. Vapour shell thickness :
P = Maximum allowable pressure in kg/cm2
F = Allowable stress in kg/cm2
J = Welding Joint efficiency in mm
C= corrosion allowance in mm
Di = ID of the Calendria in mm
Vapour shell thickness = (P* Di / (2*F*J – P) ) + C

11. Tube plate thickness :

C= corrosion allowance in mm
F = Allowable stress in kg/cm2
P = Maximum allowable pressure in kg/cm2
Es = Modulus factor for MS sheet in kg/cm2
Et = Modulus factor for SS sheet in kg/cm2
G = ID of the shell inmm
ts = Thickness of the shell in mm
tt = Thickness of tube in mm
do= OD of the tube in mm
Do = OD of the calendria sheet in mm
Nt = Number of tubes
K =( Es x ts x (Do -ts)) /(Nt x Et x tt x(do -tt))
f = SQRT ( K / (2 + 3K))
Tube plate thickness in mm = f x G x SQRT((0.25 x P)/F) + C

Generally shell thickness will be taken as follows as (in mm).

[supsystic-tables id=3]
12. Vapour doom dia :
Generally for Robert type bodies vapour doom dia taken 2 to 2.5 times for vapour outlet pipe area.
Cross sectional area of the vapour doom = 2 x vapour outlet pipe area.
Vapour doom dia = SQRT (area of the vapour doom x 4/π ).
13. Top cone Height :
Top cone angle (φ) = generally take 30 to 35 deg.
Top cone height = Tan φ( (ID of body – ID of doom)/2)
14. Center Umbrella area :
In Center Umbrella area calculation follows two types of methods. They are
Area of Umbrella = Cross sectional Area of the body – cross sectional area of the doom
Area of Umbrella = consider 60 to 65% on body dia
Gap between Umbrella to top cone at the place of vapour inlet (  Hi ) = Area of vapour doom / π * Dia of
Umbrella
Gap between Umbrella to top cone at the place of vapour outlet (  Ho ) = Area of vapour doom / π * ID of the
vapour doom
 Robert Type Evaporator Design Calculation Sheet
INPUT DATA to be give in  Yellow colour cells
Heating surface 2 000
Tube OD 45
Tube thickness 1 .2 2
Tube Length 2 000
Tube plate thickness 32
Tube expansion allowance 5
Legment 10
Tube clearance 0 .3
Tube plate hole clearance 0 .1
proportional factor(β) 0 .9
Percentage of downtake Dia on tube plate area of tubes 20
S.No Description UOM
1 Number of tubes
Mean dia of the tube ( Dm) mtr 0
Effective Length of the tube ( L ) m 0
No. of tubes no.s 0
2 Tube plate & Downtake dia
a Area occupied for tube plate
Tube Pitch (P ) mtr 0
Taken extra dia for stay roads arrangement or multiple down take % 20
arrangement
Tube plate area required for tubes only m2 0
Tube plate Dia required for tubes only mtrs 0
mm 0
b Dia of the single down take
Dia of the down take mm 0
Area of the downtake m2 0
Total area of the tube plate m2 0
c Final Dia of the tube plate mtr 0
mm 0
d Dia of the  multiple down takes
Consider each peripheral down take dia mm 20 0
Consider number of peripheral down takes no.s 8
Total area of peripheral down takes mm2 0
Available area for central down take mm2 0
Dia of the central down take mm 0
3 Dia required for vapour inlet  and Dia of the Calendria in radial steam/ vapour entry
Number of steam/ vapour entries no.s 2
Evaporation rate of the body Kgs/m2 /hr 0
Vapour required for calendria Kgs/hr 0
m3/sec 0
Total area for vapour entry ( A ) m2 0
a Dia of the each steam entry mm 0
Say mm 0
 0
b Calendria dia at the entry of the steam/vapour jocket 
Area of each steam entry mm2 0
Height of the steam entry mm 0
Width of the steam entry mm 0
c Dia of calendria at the point of radial steam entry  mm 0
4 Vapour outlet pipe dia
Vapour volume m3/sec 0
Vapour outlet pipe dia mtr 0
Say mm 0
5 Dia of the condensate line
Volume of the condensate kgs/hr 0
m3/sec 0
No. of condensate withdrawals no.s 2
Condensate pipe dia each mtr 0
mm 0
6 Noxious gases 
Cross section area of non condensable gases cm2 0
No. of NCG withdrawal points 6
Dia of the each non condensable gases line cm 0
Say mm 0

7 Vapour space height Take  2

mm 0
8 Velocity in vapour space of body (Cross checking of the system )
Vapour volume m3/sec 0
Crossectional area of the body m2 0
Velocity in vapour space of body m/sec 0
Ft/sec 0
9 Calendria shell thickness
P = Maximum allowable pressure  kg/cm2 3
Di = ID of the Calendria mm 0
F = Allowable stress kg/cm2 14 00
J = Joint efficiency 0.7
C= corrosion allowance mm 1.5
Calendria shell thickness mm 0
Say mm 0
10 Vapour shell thickness
P = Maximum allowable pressure  kg/cm2 2
F = Allowable stress kg/cm2 14 00
J = Joint efficiency 0.7
C= corrosion allowance mm 1.5
Di = ID of the Calendria mm 0
Vapour shell thickness mm 0
Say mm 0
11 Tube plate thickness 
C= corrosion allowance mm 1.5
F = Allowable stress kg/cm2 14 00
P = Maximum allowable pressure  kg/cm2 2.7 2
21 0000 0
 2.7 2
Es = Modulus factor for MS sheet kg/cm2 21 0000 0
Et = Modulus factor for SS sheet kg/cm2 19 0000 0
G = ID of the shell mm 0
tts = Thickness of the shell mm 0
tt = Thickness of tube mm 0
do= OD of the tube mm 0
Do = OD of the calendria sheet mm 0
Nt = Number of tubes no.s 0
K 0
f = safety factor 0
Tube plate thickness  mm 0
12 Vapour doom dia On vapour o 2
Cross sectional area of the vapour doom mm2 0
Vapour doom dia 0
Say mm 0
Top cone angle (φ) Deg 30
Top cone height 0
13 Center Umbrella area
a Case 1 (cross sectional Area  of the body - cross sectional area of the mm 0
doom = area of Umbrella
Case 2 (While considering 65% on body dia) mm 0
Gap between Umbrella to top cone at entry H mm 0
Gap between Umbrella to top cone at exist H mm
 m2
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

%
Value

0
0
0

0
20

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

200
8
0
0
0
ntry
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
2
0
0

0
6
0
0

2
0

0
0
0
0

3
0
1400
0.7
1.5
0
0

2
1400
0.7
1.5
0
0
0

1.5
1400
2.7 2
2100 00 0
2.7 2
2100 00 0
1900 00 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
30
0

0
0
Inlet vapour temperature 1 03
outlet vapour temperature 93
Velocity of inlet vapour 30
velocity of outlet vapour 35
Velocity of condensate 0 .6
Evaporation rate of the body 25
Inlet vapour specific volume 0
outlet vapour specific volume 0

Formula

Tube OD- Tube Thickness

Tube lg - 2(Tube plate thk)-2(Tube expansion allowance)
Heating Surface = π D L N

OD+legment+tube clearance+hole clearance

(0.866 x P2 x N /β)  x %extra

SQRT ( A x 4/π )

Tube plate dia for tubes x % of downtake on tube plate

π r2
Area of the Tube plate for tubes + Downtake area
SQRT ( A x 4/π )

π r2 x  number of peripheral down takes (r = radious of each peripheral down take

Area of the single downtake - Total area of peripheral down takes 
SQRT ( A x 4/π )

Heating surface x Evap. Rate

Multiptiplyed by specific volume of vapour
 A = Q/ V
SQRT [ (A / Number of steam/ vapour entries)  x (4/π ) ]
π r2
Take Effective Length of the tube
A=LxW
It is to be maintained at the vapour entry side  later it may reduced in vapour travel direction.

Heating surface X Evap. Rate x Specific volume of vapour/3600

SQRT [vapour vol./(0.785 x velocity of vapour)]

Heating surface X Evap. Rate

Here considered density of water as 1 and also consider 10% extra for free removal of condensate

SQRT (vapour vol./(0.785 x velocity of condensate))

SQRT( 4*area./3.14*no. of points)

Generally for Robert type bodies taken for lost effect 2.5 times on calendria tube height  and for remaining bodies take 2 tmes o

Heating surface X Evap. Rate

The velocity of vapour leaving the liquid surface would then be approximately 10 cm/sec

(P*  Di / (2*F*J - P) ) + C

(P*  Di / (2*F*J - P) ) + C

OD - 2 x Calendria shell thickness

OD - 2 x Calendria shell thickness

K =( Es x ts x (Do -ts)) /(Nt x Et x tt x(do -tt))

f = SQRT ( K / (2 + 3K))
f x G x SQRT((0.25 x P)/F) + C
Generally for Robert type bodies vapour doom dia taken 2 to 2.5 times for vapour outlet pipe area

Tan φ( (ID of body  -ID of doom)/2)

Here Case 2 considered

π * Dia of Umbrella* H = Area of vapour doom
π * ID of doom* H = Area of vapour doom
oC
oC

m/sec
m/sec
m/sec
Kgs/m2 /hr
M3/kg
m3/kg
ing bodies take 2 tmes on Calendria tube height
EVAPORATOR

Pressure 13 Bar
mass flow rate 2.22 Kg/Sec
Tsat @ 13 bar 191.6 deg C

Q = m x ∆h
Q= 4488 kW
Also,
Tg, out 321 Deg.C

Q = UA(LMTD)

For LMTD,
Tg, in Tg,out Tw,in
373.4 321 175
Tw,out Tg,in - Tw, out Tg,out - Tw, in
191.6 181.8 146
LMTD LN
0.219

LMTD (deg C) 163.2

GAS SIDE CALCULATIONS

Outer dia m 0.0508

Inner Dia m 0.043
c 0.229
m 0.632
Gmax 9.0
μ 2.99E-05
Pr 7.13E-01
Kgas 4.30E-02

Reynold Number 15291.0

Re^m 441.1
Pr^1/3 0.893

Nusselt Nu 102.0 FLUE GAS FLOW

ho (W/m2K) 86.32

WATER SIDE CALCULATION

Inside fouling factor Ri 0.0002

Outside fousing factor Ro 0.001
K metal W/m.K 48
Circulation ratio 4

vf (m3/kg) 1.14E-03
(rho)f 714.2

vg (m3/kg) 0.15
(rho)g 6.7

v (avg) m3/kg 0.0309

(rho)avg kg/m3 572.69
velocity 5.0
μ 1.15E-04
Pr 0.994
K 0.543

Reynold Number Re 1071619

Now,
Nuselt Nu 1530.1
hi 19321.7
do/di 1.181
(1/ hi)(do/di) 4.3808515056E-05
Rfi (do/di) 0.000236279069767
do/2k.ln(do/di) 8.82100930798E-05
1/ho 0.011584800158949
Rfo 0.001

1/U 0.013

U W/m2K 77.2

A=Q/U*LMTD
Area A m2 356.1

FRONTAL AREA
Aff = mg/Aff

Aff= (ST-do)Nw.L
Putting we get
mg/G = (ST-do)Nw.L
So,
Nw.L = mg/(ST-do).G

mg kg/s 49.86
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
G kg/m2s 9

Nw.L 55.8

Area A = pi.do.L.Nw.Nh

Nh = A/pi.do.Nw.L

Nh A/pi.do Nw.L Nw

9 963.29 107.03 10
10 963.29 96.33 11
10 963.29 96.33 12
15 963.29 64.22 20
69.4 963.29 13.87 30
50 963.29 19.27 50
20 963.29 48.16 25
25 963.29 38.53 20
20 963.29 48.16 20
25 963.29 38.53 25
 30 963.29 32.11 30
35 963.29 27.52 35
50 963.29 19.27 40

Gass mass Vel (G) Velocity V

123.51 3.8537
74.11 2.3122
148.22 4.6244
185.27 5.7805
185.27 5.7805
148.22 4.6244
123.51 3.8537
105.87 3.3031
92.64 2.8902

SPECIFICATIONS:
Nw 20
Nh 20
V m/s 5.78 m/s
L m 9.62
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
di m 0.04445
Length L

10.70
8.76
8.03
3.21
0.46
0.39
1.93
1.93
2.41
1.54
 1.07
0.79
0.48

LMTD deg C 75.2

A m2 614.4
U W/m2.K 255.12
EVAPORATOR
Pressure 13 Bar
mass flow rate 2.22 Kg/Sec
Tsat @ 13 bar 191.6 deg C

Q = m x ∆h
Q= 4488 kW
Also,
Tg, out 321 Deg.C

Q = UA(LMTD)

For LMTD,
Tg, in Tg,out Tw,in Tw,out Tg,in - Tw, out Tg,out - Tw, in

373.4 321 175 191.6 181.8 146

LN

0.219300560035042

LMTD (deg C) 163.246

GAS SIDE CALCULATIONS

Outer dia m 0.0508
Inner Dia m 0.0488
c 0.229
m 0.632
Gmax 9
μ 2.99E-05
Pr 7.13E-01
Kgas 4.30E-02

Reynold Number 15291

Re^m 441.1263
Pr^1/3 0.893367

Nusselt Nu 101.978 FLUE GAS FLOW

ho (W/m2K) 86.32
WATER SIDE CALCULATION
Inside fouling factor Ri 0.0002
Outside fousing factor Ro 0.001
K metal W/m.K 63.9
Circulation ratio 4

vf (m3/kg) 1.14E-03
(rho)f 714.2

vg (m3/kg) 0.15
(rho)g 6.67

v (avg) m3/kg 0.0309

(rho)avg kg/m3 572.7
velocity 5
μ 1.15E-04
Pr 0.994
K 0.543

Reynold Number Re 1216163.39

Now,

Nuselt Nu 1693.1

hi 18838.9

do/di 1.041
(1/ hi)(do/di) 5.525708E-05
Rfi (do/di) 0.000208
do/2k.ln(do/di) 1.596584E-05
1/ho 0.0116
Rfo 0.001

1/U 0.01286422

U W/m2K 77.73

A=Q/U*LMTD
Area A m2 353.665759

FRONTAL AREA
Aff = mg/Aff

Aff= (ST-do)Nw.L
Putting we get
mg/G = (ST-do)Nw.L
So,
Nw.L = mg/(ST-do).G

mg kg/s 83.5
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
G kg/m2s 9

Nw.L 93.52599

Area A = pi.do.L.Nw.Nh

Nh = A/pi.do.Nw.L

Nh A/pi.do Nw.L Nw Length L

9 2216.96 246.32888889 10 24.63289

10 2216.96 221.696 11 20.15418
10 2216.96 221.696 12 18.47467
15 2216.96 147.79733333 20 7.389867
20 2216.96 110.848 30 3.694933
50 2216.96 44.3392 50 0.886784
20 2216.96 110.848 25 4.43392
25 2216.96 88.6784 20 4.43392
20 2216.96 110.848 20 5.5424
25 2216.96 88.6784 25 3.547136
30 2216.96 73.898666667 30 2.463289
35 2216.96 63.341714286 35 1.809763
50 2216.96 44.3392 40 1.10848

Gass mass Vel (G) Velocity V

 370.543284489547 11.560950476
336.857531354134 10.509954978
308.786070407956 9.6341253967
185.271642244774 5.780475238
123.514428163182 3.8536501587
74.1086568979095 2.3121900952
148.217313795819 4.6243801904
185.271642244774 5.780475238
185.271642244774 5.780475238
148.217313795819 4.6243801904
123.514428163182 3.8536501587
105.869509854156 3.3031287074
92.6358211223869 2.890237619

SPECIFICATIONS:
Nw 20 LMTD deg C 75.153
Nh 20 A m2 614.4231
V m/s 5.78 m/s U W/m2.K 255.12
L m 9.62
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
di m 0.04445
Tg,out - Tw, in
EVAPORATOR
Pressure 13 Bar
mass flow rate 2.22 Kg/Sec
Tsat @ 13 bar 191.6 deg C

Q = m x ∆h
Q= 4488 kW
Also,
Tg, out 321 Deg.C

Q = UA(LMTD)

For LMTD,
Tg, in Tg,out Tw,in Tw,out Tg,in - Tw, out Tg,out - Tw, in

373.4 321 175 191.6 181.8 146

LN

0.219300560035042

LMTD (deg C) 163.246

GAS SIDE CALCULATIONS

Outer dia m 0.04445
Inner Dia m 0.04245
c 0.229
m 0.632
Gmax 9
μ 2.99E-05
Pr 7.13E-01
Kgas 4.30E-02

ho (W/m2K) 114.8

WATER SIDE CALCULATION

Inside fouling factor Ri 0.0002
Outside fousing factor Ro 0.001
K metal W/m.K 63.9
Circulation ratio 4
vf (m3/kg) 1.14E-03
(rho)f 714.2

vg (m3/kg) 0.15
(rho)g 6.666667

v (avg) m3/kg 0.030915

(rho)avg kg/m3 572.6933
velocity 5
μ 1.15E-04
Pr 0.994
K 0.543

hi 20000

do/di 1.0471142521
(1/ hi)(do/di) 5.235571E-05
Rfi (do/di) 0.0002094229
do/2k.ln(do/di) 1.601245E-05
1/ho 0.0087108014
Rfo 0.001

1/U 0.00998859

U W/m2K 100.114206

A=Q/U*LMTD

Area A m2 274.608423

FRONTAL AREA
Aff = mg/Aff

Aff= (ST-do)Nw.L
Putting we get
mg/G = (ST-do)Nw.L
So,
Nw.L = mg/(ST-do).G
mg kg/s 49.86
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
G kg/m2s 9

Nw.L 55.84677

Area A = pi.do.L.Nw.Nh

Nh = A/pi.do.Nw.L

Nh A/pi.do Nw.L Nw Length L

9 963.29 107.03 10 10.70

10 963.29 96.33 11 8.76
10 963.29 96.33 12 8.03
15 963.29 64.22 20 3.21
69.43059991 963.29 13.87 30 0.46
50 963.29 19.27 50 0.39
20 963.29 48.16 25 1.93
25 963.29 38.53 20 1.93
20 963.29 48.16 20 2.41
25 963.29 38.53 25 1.54
30 963.29 32.11 30 1.07
35 963.29 27.52 35 0.79
50 963.29 19.27 40 0.48

Gass mass Vel (G) Velocity V

123.51 3.85
74.11 2.31
148.22 4.62
185.27 5.78
185.27 5.78
148.22 4.62
123.51 3.85
105.87 3.30
92.64 2.89
SPECIFICATIONS:
Nw 20 LMTD deg C 75.153
Nh 20 A m2 614.4231
V m/s 5.78 m/s U W/m2.K 255.12
L m 9.62
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
di m 0.04445
Tg,out - Tw, in
EVAPORATOR
Pressure 13 Bar
mass flow rate 2.22 Kg/Sec
Tsat @ 13 bar 191.6 deg C

Q = m x ∆h
Q= 4488 kW
Also,
Tg, out 321 Deg.C

Q = UA(LMTD)

For LMTD,
Tg, in Tg,out Tw,in Tw,out Tg,in - Tw, out

373.4 321 179.2 191.6 181.8

LN

0.248

LMTD (deg C) 160.972552607

GAS SIDE CALCULATIONS

Outer dia m 0.0508
Inner Dia m 0.043
c 0.229
m 0.632
Gmax 9
μ 2.99E-05
Pr 7.13E-01
Kgas 4.30E-02

Reynold Number 15290.9698997

Re^m 441.13
Pr^1/3 0.89

Nusselt Nu 101.978051639 FLUE GAS FLOW

ho (W/m2K) 86.3200043401
WATER SIDE CALCULATION
Inside fouling factor Ri 0.0002
Outside fousing factor Ro 0.001
K metal W/m.K 42
Circulation ratio 4

vf (m3/kg) 1.14E-03
(rho)f 714.2

vg (m3/kg) 0.15
(rho)g 6.67

v (avg) m3/kg 0.0309152

(rho)avg kg/m3 572.7
velocity 5
μ 1.15E-04
Pr 0.994
K 0.543

Reynold Number Re 1071619

Now,

Nuselt Nu 1530.1

hi 19321.7

do/di 1.181
(1/ hi)(do/di) 6.114332412E-05
Rfi (do/di) 0.0002362790698
do/2k.ln(do/di) 0.00010
1/ho 0.01158
Rfo 0.001

1/U 0.013

U W/m2K 77.0

A=Q/U*LMTD A=Q/U*LMTD
Area A-m2 362.0

FRONTAL AREA
Aff = mg/Aff

Aff= (ST-do)Nw.L
Putting we get
mg/G = (ST-do)Nw.L
So,
Nw.L = mg/(ST-do).G

mg kg/s 49.86
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
G kg/m2s 9

Nw.L 55.85

Area A = pi.do.L.Nw.Nh

Nh = A/pi.do.Nw.L

Nh A/pi.do Nw.L Nw Length L

9 963.29 107.03 10 10.703

10 963.29 96.33 11 8.757
10 963.29 96.33 12 8.027
15 963.29 64.22 20 3.211
69.43059991 963.29 13.87 30 0.462
50 963.29 19.27 50 0.385
20 963.29 48.16 25 1.927
25 963.29 38.53 20 1.927
20 963.29 48.16 20 2.408
25 963.29 38.53 25 1.541
30 963.29 32.11 30 1.070
35 963.29 27.52 35 0.786
50 963.29 19.27 40 0.482

Gass mass Vel (G) Velocity V

 123.51 3.85
74.11 2.31
148.22 4.62
185.27 5.78
185.27 5.78
148.22 4.62
123.51 3.85
105.87 3.30
92.64 2.89

SPECIFICATIONS:
Nw 20 LMTD deg C
Nh 20 A m2
V m/s 5.78 m/s U W/m2.K
L m 9.62
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
di m 0.04445
Tg,out - Tw, in

141.8
 75.153
614.4231
255.12
EVAPORATOR
Pressure 13 Bar
mass flow rate 2.22 Kg/Sec
Tsat @ 13 bar 191.6 deg C

Q = m x ∆h
Q= 4488 kW
Also,
Tg, out 321 Deg.C

Q = UA(LMTD)

For LMTD,
Tg, in Tg,out Tw,in Tw,out Tg,in - Tw, out Tg,out - Tw, in

373.4 321 179.2 191.6 181.8 141.8

LN

0.248489567645351

LMTD (deg C) 160.973

GAS SIDE CALCULATIONS

Outer dia m 0.0508
Inner Dia m 0.0488
c 0.229
m 0.632
Gmax 9
μ 2.99E-05
Pr 7.13E-01
Kgas 4.30E-02

Reynold Number 15291

Re^m 441.1263
Pr^1/3 0.893367

Nusselt Nu 101.978 FLUE GAS FLOW

ho (W/m2K) 86.32
WATER SIDE CALCULATION
Inside fouling factor Ri 0.0002
Outside fousing factor Ro 0.001
K metal W/m.K 63.9
Circulation ratio 4

vf (m3/kg) 1.14E-03
(rho)f 714.2

vg (m3/kg) 0.15
(rho)g 6.666667

v (avg) m3/kg 0.030915

(rho)avg kg/m3 572.6933
velocity 5
μ 1.15E-04
Pr 0.994
K 0.543

Reynold Number Re 1216163.39

Now,

Nuselt Nu 1693.07396

hi 18838.9172

do/di 1.0409836066
(1/ hi)(do/di) 5.525708E-05
Rfi (do/di) 0.0002081967
do/2k.ln(do/di) 1.596584E-05
1/ho 0.0115848002
Rfo 0.001

1/U 0.01286422

U W/m2K 77.7

A=Q/U*LMTD
Area A m2 358.7

FRONTAL AREA
Aff = mg/Aff

Aff= (ST-do)Nw.L
Putting we get
mg/G = (ST-do)Nw.L
So,
Nw.L = mg/(ST-do).G

mg kg/s 83.5
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
G kg/m2s 9

Nw.L 93.52599

Area A = pi.do.L.Nw.Nh

Nh = A/pi.do.Nw.L

Nh A/pi.do Nw.L Nw Length L

9 2216.96 246.32888889 10 24.63289

10 2216.96 221.696 11 20.15418
10 2216.96 221.696 12 18.47467
15 2216.96 147.79733333 20 7.389867
20 2216.96 110.848 30 3.694933
50 2216.96 44.3392 50 0.886784
20 2216.96 110.848 25 4.43392
25 2216.96 88.6784 20 4.43392
20 2216.96 110.848 20 5.5424
25 2216.96 88.6784 25 3.547136
30 2216.96 73.898666667 30 2.463289
35 2216.96 63.341714286 35 1.809763
50 2216.96 44.3392 40 1.10848

Gass mass Vel (G) Velocity V

 370.543284489547 11.560950476
336.857531354134 10.509954978
308.786070407956 9.6341253967
185.271642244774 5.780475238
123.514428163182 3.8536501587
74.1086568979095 2.3121900952
148.217313795819 4.6243801904
185.271642244774 5.780475238
185.271642244774 5.780475238
148.217313795819 4.6243801904
123.514428163182 3.8536501587
105.869509854156 3.3031287074
92.6358211223869 2.890237619

SPECIFICATIONS:
Nw 20 LMTD deg C 75.153
Nh 20 A m2 614.4231
V m/s 5.78 m/s U W/m2.K 255.12
L m 9.62
ST m 0.15
do m 0.0508
di m 0.04445
Tg,out - Tw, in
 CLIMBING / RISING FILM EVAPORATOR

Cyclone seperator

Steam
Condensate

Feed from storage

APORATOR

To condenser

Cyclone seperator
Feed from storage
 FALLING FILM EVAPORATOR

To Condenser

Concentrate withdrawl
PORATOR
Feed to FFE
Outside dry bulb temp. (DBT) 115 F
Outside wet bulb temp. (WBT) 68 F
Inside dry bulb temp. (T) 84 F
Total sensible heat gain 36000 BTU
Media Saturation Efficiency (Eff.) 0.85

Leaving Air DBT = DB - [( DB - WB ) * Eff.] 75.05 F

Sensible heat gain

Air Flow = 3724.395 CFM
1.08 ( T - LDBT )