Co2+ CoS Black
Mn2+ MnS Flesh colour
Zn2+ ZnS Dirty white
V (NH4)2 CO3 in presence of NH4OH Ba2+ BaCO3 White
Ca2+ CaCO3 White
Sr2+ SrCO3 White
VI Na2HPO4 in presence of NH4OH Mg2+ MgNH4PO4 White
EXPERIMENT – 3
Aim :- To analyse the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radicals [(NH4)2 CO3]
Preliminary Investigation
Physical State Solid
Colour White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ , Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+absent)
Odour Ammonium smell (may be NH4+)
Solubility Soluble in water
Flame Test No Characteristic flame (Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+,
Zn2+ absent)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
(a) Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 Colourless, colourless gas with brisk Group A anion (CO32- may be
effervescence which turn lime water present)
milky
Confirmative test :
1. BaCl2 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of BaCO3 CO32- Confirmed
BaCl2
2. MgSO4 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of MgCO3 CO32- Confirmed
MgSO4
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
a) Preliminary Test
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt Solution + NaOH+ Heat Smell of NH3
2. Place a red litmus on the mouth of Red litmus turns blue
test tube.
Zero group present NH 4 may be
Confirmative test
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Nessler’s reagent test : Salt + Reddish brown ppt. is formed
NH confirmed.
4
Solution + NaOH + Nessler’s Reagent
2. NaOH test : Smell of NH3
Salt Solution + NaOH + Heat. Dense white fumes of NH4Cl are
Bring a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl formed. NH 4 Confirmed.
Chemical Reactions : -
Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :-
1. NH 4 2 CO3 H 2 SO4 NH 4 2 SO4 CO2 ↑ H 2O
2. Ca(OH ) 2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H 2O
Confirmative Test
1. BaCl2 Test :
(NH ) CO
4 2 3 + BaCl 2 → BaCO3 ↓+2 NH 4Cl
2- MgSO4
NH 4 2 CO3 MgSO4 MgCO3 ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 2
2. Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary Test :-
1. NH 4 2 CO3 2NaOH Na2CO3 2H 2O 2NH 3
NH3+ Red litmus ----- Litmus turns blue
(b) Confirmative test :-
1. Nessler’s Test :
K2HgI4 2KI + Hg I2
(Nessler’s Reagent)
HgI2 + NH3 NH2HgI + HI
2NH2HgI + H2O NH2
/
Hg
\
O + NH4I
/
Hg
\
I
2. NaOH Test
NH 4 2 CO3 2NaOH
Na2CO3 2H 2O 2 NH 3
NH 3 ↑ HCl
NH 4Cl ( Dense white fumes )
Result : The given inorganic salt contains following
Acidic Radical : - CO32-
Basic Radical : NH 4
EXPERIMENT – 4
Aim : To analyse the given salt of acidic and basic radical (NH4Cl)
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : white (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+ absent)
Odour : Ammonium smell ( NH 4 may be present)
Solubility : Soluble in water
Flame Test : No characteristic flame (Cu2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,Sr2+,Pb+2 , Zn2+absent)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
a- Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A anion
(CO 2-
3 , CH 3COO- , NO - 2 , SO32- , S 2- , absent )
2 Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas with Group B anion (Cl- may be)
Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH pungent smell which
gives dense white fumes
of NH4Cl
(b) Confirmative Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 AgNO3 test : Salt Solution + Curdy white ppt Cl- confirmed
AgNO3.
Dissolve the ppt in NH4OH White ppt soluble in
NH4OH
2 Chromyl chloride Test: Reddish orange gas Cl– confirmed
a) Salt + Solid K2Cr2O7 (1:2) is evolved
+ conc. H2SO4 + Heat
b) Pass these vapour through Solution be comes
NaOH yellow
c) Add acetic acid and lead Yellow ppt of lead
acetate to yellow solution chromate is formed.
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 3
Identification of Basic Radical
Preliminary Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH + Smell of Ammonia Zero group (NH4+)
Heat May be
2 Place a red litmus on the Red litmus turns
mouth of test tube blue
Confirmative Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Nessler Test: Salt solution + NaOH + Reddish brown ppt is NH4+ Confirmed
Nessler’s reagent formed
2 NaOH Test : Salt Solution + NaOH + Heat Smell of NH3 NH4+ Confirmed
Bring a glass rod dipped in dil HCl
white dense fumes of
NH4Cl are formed
Preliminary Test :
→(NH 4 )2 SO4 + 2HCl
Heat
2 NH 4Cl + H 2 SO4
NH 4OH + HCl → NH 4Cl + H 2O
(White dense fumes)
Confirmative Test :
AgNO3 test NH 4Cl + 2 AgNO3 → 2 AgCl ↓+ NH 4 NO3
(Curdy white ppt)
AgCl NH 4OH
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ] Cl 2H 2O
(Diammine silver (I) Chloride)
Chromyl Chloride Test :
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
K2SO4+2Cr2O3 + H2O
2NH4 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4+ 2HCl
CrO3 2 HCl
Cr2O2Cl2 H 2O
(Vapour )
CrO2Cl2 4 NaOH
Na2CrO4 2 NaCl H 2O
(Sodium Chromate (Yellow Solution)
dit.
Na2 CrO4 Pb(CH 3COO) 2 PbCrO4 CH 3COONa
CH3COOH
(Lead Chromate)
Chemical Reaction for Basic Radical
Preliminary Test :
NH 4Cl NaOH
NaCl H 2O NH 3
NH3+ Red litmus ----- Litmus turns blue
Confirmative Test :
Nessler’s Test : K2HgI4 2KI+ HgI2
HgI2 + NH4
NH2 HgI + Hl
2NH2HgI + H2O
NH2 +NH4I
/
Hg
\
O
/
Hg
\
I (Iodide of millon base)
NaOH Test :
NH4Cl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O + NH3 (g)
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 4
NH3 + HCl
NH4Cl
(Dense white fumes)
Result : The given inorganic salt contains
Acidic Radical Cl–
Basic Radical NH4+
EXPERIMENT – 5
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical. Pb(NO3)2
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : Creamish white (Cu2+, Co2+,Ni2+ Fe2+ , Mn2+ Fe3+absent)
Odour : No characteristic odour ( NH 4 , S2- ,
CH3COO- absent)
Solubility : Soluble in water
Flame Test : Dull Bluish white flame is obtained (Pb2+may be)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
a- Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A
(CO 2-
3 , CH 3COO- , NO - 2 , SO32- , S 2- , absent )
2 Salt + Concn H2SO4 + Heat Brown Colourled gas Group B (NO3- may be present)
(NO2) is evolved
(b) Confirmative test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Diphenyl amine test : Deep blue coloured NO3- - confirmed
salt + Concn H2SO4 + diphenyl amine solution
2 Ring Test : Brown ring is formed at NO3- - confirmed
Salt + Freshly prepared FeSO4 + Concn the junction of two liquids
H2SO4 along the side of the test tube
Identification of Basic Radical
a- Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH No Smell of ammonia Zero group [NH4+ ] absent
2 Salt Solution + dil HCl White ppt of PbCl2 is I group [Pb2+ may be]
Filter the above ppt and boil it with water formed
and divide into parts.
Identification of Basic Radical
a- Confirmative test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 KI test : 1st part + KI Pb I2 (Yellow Ppt) Pb2+ Confirmed
2 K2CrO4 Test : 2nd part + K2CrO4 Yellow ppt of PbCrO4 is Pb2+ Confirmed
formed
Chemical reaction for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test : Pb (NO3)2 + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2HNO3
Cu + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + H2O
Confirmative Test :
i) Ring Test Pb (NO3)2 + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3 3Fe2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 5
FeSO4 + NO FeSO4 . NO
(Nitroso ferrous sulphate)
ii) Diphenyl amine Test
2(C6H5)2 NH + [O] (C6H5)2 N – N (C6H5)2 + H2O
(Diphenyl amine hydrazine)
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
Preliminary Test : Pb (NO3)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2HNO3
(White)
Confirmative Test :
i) KI Test : PbCl2 + 2KI PbI2 + 2KCI
ii) K2CrO4 Test : PbCl2 + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2KCl
(Yellow ppt.)
Result : The given inorganic salt contains
Acidic Radical NO3 Basic Radical Pb 2
EXPERIMENT – 6
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.[CuSO4]
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : Blue (Cu2+ may be)
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4 , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : Bluish green flame (Cu2+ may be)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
a- Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A
CO 2
3 , S 2 , SO32 NO2 CH 3COO- absent
n
2 Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat No gas evolved Group B anions
Cl
, Br , I , NO3 , C2O42 areabsent
(b) Confirmative test :
Experiment Observation Inference
2-
1 BaCl2 test : Salt Solution + BaCl2 Solution White Ppt formed SO4 confirmed
Add dil. HCl or dil HNO3
Ppt remains insoluble
2 Lead Acetate Test : - White ppt. formed SO42- confirmed
Salt Solution + lead acetate solution
Add ammonium acetate Solution (CH3COO NH4 ) Ppt becomes soluble
to above ppt.
Identification of basic Radical
a- Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH + heat No smell of ammonia
Zero Group, NH 4 absent
2 Salt solution + dil . HCl No white Ppt Group I, (Pb2+ absent)
3 Above solution + H2S gas Black Ppt is formed Group II, (Cu2+ / Pb2+ may be
present )
4 Dissolve above ppt in HNO3 Solution turms bluish
green
5 Divide the above solution in 2 parts .
(b) Confirmative test :
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 6
Experiment Observation Inference
1 NH4OH test : 1st part + Deep bule colour Cu2+ confirmed
NH4 OH
2 Potassium ferrocynide test : Chocolate brown Cu2+ confirmed
IInd part + K4[Fe(CN)6] ppt of Copper
ferrocyanide is
formed
Acidic Radical
1- BaCl2 Test:
CuSO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + CuCl2
(White Ppt)
2- (CH3COO)2 Pb Test :
CuSO4 + (CH3COO)2 Pb PbSO4 +2(CH3COO)2 Cu
(White Ppt)
PbSO4 +2CH3COONH4 (CH3COO)2 Pb + (NH4)2SO4
(b) Basic radical
Cu2+ + H2S CuS + 2H+
Black ppt
3CuS 8HNO3
Cu(OH ) 2 2 NO 4H 2O 3S
1. NH4OH test
Cu ( NO3 ) 2 4 NH 4OH
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ]( NO3 ) 4 4 H 2O
Deep blue ppt
2. K4[Fe(CN)6 test
2Cu( NO3 ) 2 + K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] → Cu 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ] + 4KNO3
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical – SO42
Basic Radical Cu 2
EXPERIMENT – 7
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.Al2(SO4)3
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+ , Co2+absent)
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4 , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : No characteristics flame (Pb+2, Sr+2, Cu2+, Ca+2, Ba+2,Ni+2, Zn2+absent)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
a- Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
CO 2
3 , S 2 , SO32 NO2 CH 3COO-
Absent
2 Salt + Concn H2SO4 + Heat No gas evolved Group B anions
Cl -
, Br - , I - , NO3 - , C2O42 absent
3. Salt + BaCl2 White ppt is formed Group C anion ( SO42 may be)
(b) Confirmative test :
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 7
Experiment Observation Inference
1 BaCl2 test :Salt Solution + BaCl2 White Ppt 2
SO 4 confirmed
Add dil HCl to above ppt Ppt remains insoluble
2 Lead Acetate Test : -
Salt Solution + (CH3COO)2 Pb. solution White ppt. SO42 confirmed
Add CH3COO NH4 to above ppt. Ppt dissolves in
ammonium acetate.
B- Identification of Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH + No smell of NH3 Zero
heat
Group, NH 4 absent
2 Salt solution + dil . HCl No Ppt Group I, (Pb2+ absent)
3 To the above solution No ppt. Group II (Cd2+ , Pb2+ ,
pass H2S gas As2+ Cu2+ absent)
4 Boil H2S gas and add White gelatinous Group III (Al3+ may be)
NH4Cl + NH4OH & ppt.
divide the Solution in
two parts.
(b) Confirmative test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Take test : 1st part + dil + HCl + 2 drops of Blue ppt.floats over Al3+ confirmed
blue litmus + NH4OH colourless solution
2 Ammonium chloride Test : Formation of white Al3+ confirmed
IInd part + NH4Cl + Boil the solution gelatinous ppt.
Acidic Radical
1. BaCl2 test :
Al 2 SO4 3 BaCl 2
BaSO4 2AlCl 3
White ppt
2. (CH3COO)2 Pb test :
Al 2 SO4 3 (CH 3COO) 2 Pb
PbSO4 Al CH 3COO3
White ppt
PbSO4 2CH 3COONH4
(CH 3COO) 2 Pb ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4
Basic Radical
Al 2 SO4 3 NH 4OH
Al (OH )3 ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H 2 O
Al OH 3 3NH 4Cl
AlCl 3 3NH 4OH
White ppt
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical – SO42
Basic Radical Al 3
EXPERIMENT – 8
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 8
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical. (ZnCl2)
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe+2, Fe+3,Ni+2, Mn+2 , Co+2 are
absent)
Qdour : No characteristic above
(S 2 , NH 4 , CH 3COO )absent
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : Green flashes ( Zn2+ may be )
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
a- Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
CO2
3 , S 2 , SO32 NO2- CH 3COO absent
n
2 Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas having Group B anions
pungent smell which (Cl– may be )
gives white dense
fumes with glass rod
dipped in NH4OH
(b) Confirmative test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Chromyl chloride test : Salt + K2Cr2O7 (1 : 2) + Orangish red or reddish Cl– Confirmed
conc. H2SO4 + heat orange vapour of chromyl
chloride are evolved
Pass the vapour in a test tube containing Yellow solution of
NaOH solution Na2CrO4 is obtained
Add (CH3COOH + (CH3COO)2 Pb into Yellow ppt of lead
above solution chromate is formed
2 AgNO3 Test : Salt Solution + AgNO3 White ppt. Cl– confirmed
Dissolve ppt. in NH4OH ppt becomes soluble.
B- Identification of Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH + No smell of NH3 Zero Group,
heat NH
4 absent
2+
2 Salt solution + dil . HCl No white Ppt Group I (Pb absent)
3 To the above solution No ppt. Group II, (Cu2+ , As+3,
pass H2S gas Cd+2 , Pb+2 absent)
4 Boil above solution to No ppt. Group III [Fe2+,
remove H2S and add Fe3+,Al3+ absent ]
NH4Cl (s) + NH4OH in
exess.
5 To above test tube pass White ppt is Group IV [Zn2+ may
H2S gas obtained be]
Dissolve the white ppt in
HCl and divide it into 2
parts.
(b) Confirmative test :
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 9
Experiment Observation Inference
1 K4[Fe(CN)6] Test : 1st part + K4[Fe(CN)6] White ppt of zinc +2
Zn conformed
ferrocyanide
2 NaOH Test : 2nd part + NaOH Bluish white ppt. Zn+2 confirmed
Chemical reaction for Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :
ZnCl2 H 2 SO4
ZnSO4 3HCl
HCl NH 4OH
NH 4Cl H 2O
(White dense fumes )
Confirmative Test :
i) Chromyl chloride test : K 2Cr2O7 H 2 SO4 K 2 SO4 2Cr2O3 H 2O
ZnCl2 H 2 SO4
ZnSO4 2HCl
CrO3 + 2HCl → CrO 2 Cl 2 ↑+H 2
(red vapours of chromyl chloride)
CrO2Cl2 4 NaOH
Na2CrO4 2 NaCl H 2O
Dil .
Na2 CrO4 + Pb(CH 3COO) 2 → PbCrO4 + CH 3COONa
CH3COOH
ii) Silver Nitrate Test
ZnCl2 2 AgNO3
2 AgCl Zn( NO3 ) 2
(Curdy white ppt.)
AgCl 2 NH 4OH
[ Ag ( NH 3 ) 2 ]Cl 2H 2O
[Diammine silver (I) chloride ) {Soluble complex]
Chemical reaction for Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary Test :
ZnCl2 + H 2 S → ZnS ↓+2 HCl
ZnS + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H 2 S ↑
(b) Confirmative Test :
1 K 4 [ Fe(CN ) 6 ]Test : ZnCl2 + K 4 [ Fe(CN ) 6 ] → Zn2 [ Fe(CN ) 6 ] ↓+4KCl
2. NaOH test :
ZnCl2 NaOH
Zn(OH ) 2 2 NaCl
Zn(OH ) 2 + 2 NaOH → Na2 ZnO2 + 2H 2O
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical Cl
Basic Radical Zn+2
EXPERIMENT – 9
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical. (BaBr2)
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe+2, Fe+3,Ni+2, Mn+2 , CO+2 are absent)
Qdour : No characteristic adour ( NH 4+ , CH 3COO- , S 2- )absent
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Physical Test : Solid
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 10
