IDIA Maths Module

NUMBER SYSTEM

Number system comprises of 10 digits (0, 1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ).  When these digits are grouped together it
becomes a number. The place at which the digits are placed is its Place Value. But the value of digit
remains the same wherever it is placed hence we call it as Face Value

Ex. Let us take a number 395284 and place the digits in place value chart.

Ten
Place Value Lacs Thousands Hundreds Tens Units
Thousand

Digit 3 9 5 2 8 4

Power of 10 5 4 3 2 1 0

Types of Numbers:

1. Natural Numbers: Positive numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6……) beginning from 1 that can be counted

are known as Natural Numbers. These numbers are also known as Positive Integers.
2. Whole Numbers: All the numbers that can be counted including zero ( 0,1,2,3,4….) are
known as Whole Numbers.
3. Integers: All the numbers that can be counted (positive and negative) and 0 are Integers. …-
3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3….

 Positive Integers: Positive numbers including zero 0,1,2,….

 Negative Integers: Negative numbers ….-4,-3,-2,-1

4. Rational Number: Number that can be expressed in the format of (a/b) where b≠0 is a
rational number. This includes all integers, zero or fraction.
 5. Irrational Numbers: Numbers that cannot be expressed in proper (a/b) format are irrational
numbers.
For eg: π = 1415926535897932384626433832795028… And this value of pi never terminates
and we use 3.14 or 22/7 (where 22/7 is an irrational number). That’s why irrational numbers
are also known for their recurring property.
6. Even Numbers: Integers (+ve & -ve) that can be divided by 2 are even numbers
7. Odd Numbers: Integers that cannot be divided by 2 are odd numbers
8. Prime Numbers: Positive Integers that have only two factors 1 and itself are Prime
numbers. It is advisable to know all 25 prime numbers below 100 i.e., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,
19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89 & 97.

NOTE: 2 is the only even prime number.

9. Composite Number: All the numbers that are not prime are Composite Numbers.
10. Co- Prime Numbers: Two numbers that have HCF as 1 i.e, no other common factor exists
between them are called Co- Prime Numbers. Ex: 5 and 24
11. Real Number: All the numbers discussed above comes under the umbrella of Real numbers.
These numbers can be represented in the number line.

 Divisibility Tests

Any number is considered divisible when it is divided by other number or digit without leaving a
remainder.

Divisibility Rules

 for 2: If the unit digit is 0,2,4,6,8 then that number is divisible by 2.
 for 3: A number is only divisible by 3 when the sum of all the digits of the number is
divisible by 3.

Eg: 942, In the number 942351 sum of digits is  24 which is divisible by 3, therefore 942351 is also
divisible by 3.

 for 4: If the last digit of a number is 0 or the Last two digits are divisible by 4 then that
number is divisible by 4.
  for 5: If the number has 0 or 5 at its units place that it is divisible by 5
 for 6: If a number is divisible by 2 and 3 both are also divisible by 6
 for 7: Let’s learn this using an example 161. The first step would be to double the number at
units place i.e., 1*2 = 2. Now subtract this from remaining number 16-2=14. Check the
reduced number is divisible by 7 or not. If Yes than number 161 is also divisible.
 for 8: A number is only divisible by 8 when its last 3 digits (i.e., digits at hundreds, tens and
units place) are divisible by 8 or if the last 3 digits are zero.

Eg: Let’s check if 1111128 is divisible by 8 or not. The last 3 digits are 128 when we check the number
after dividing it to 8 it leaves no remainder, therefore we can say 1111128 is divisible by 8.

 for 9: A number is only divisible by 9 if the sum of all its digits is divisible by 9.

Ex: 652491, the sum of all the digits is 27, which is divisible by 9 therefore 652491 is also divisible by
9.

 for 11: If the difference between the sum of digits at odd places and the sum of digits at even
places is either 0 or multiple of 11, then the number is divisible by 11.

Ex: 95667, sum of digits at odd places = 7+6+9 = 22;

sum of digits at even places = 5+6 = 11;
Difference = 22-11 = 11;
Number is divisible by 11 as the difference is a multiple of 11.

 for 25: If the last two digits of a number are either of these: 00, 25, 50 or 75 (i.e., multiple of
25), then the number is divisible by 25.

Sample Questions 1:

1. Find out the value of x for which 7396×51 is divisible by 11? 9?

2. What should be subtracted from 2016 to make it completely divisible by 19?
3. Find the unit digit of the product (463 * 756 * 414 * 679).
4. What is the total number of Prime factors in (47 * 75 *1111)
5. What is the nearest natural number to 8488, which is completely divisible by 77?
6. Find out the smallest number to be subtracted from 13501, so that the remainder is divisible
by 87.
 7. Find out the smallest 5 digit number which is divisible by 31?
8. Find out the largest 5 digit number which is divisible by 91?
9. If a number is divided by 56 then the remainder is 29. Find out the remainder if the same
number is divided by 8.
10. Find out how many numbers between 100 to 1000 are divisible by 6.

Solutions:

1. Ans: 8

Odd places digits sum= 1+x+9+7 =17+x

Even places digits sum = 5+6+3 =14

Difference between the two sums = 17+x – 14 = 3+x

As per divisibility rule (3+x) should be divisible by 11, therefore 11= x+3

x = 11 – 3 = 8

2. Ans: 2

As we divide 2016 by 19 we get the remainder 2, that means when we subtract 2 from 2016 the number
gets completely divisible.

3. Ans: 8

*For solving unit digit questions we don’t have to use whole numbers of products, only significant
digits are of units place.

For such questions multiply all the digits at units place and what you get in the units place of the new
number is the digit at units place of multiple of numbers given in question.* 
Multiple of digits at units place 3*6*4*9 = 18*36

Now here you might find yourself stuck with big numbers but it’s not that complicated. For such big
numbers, you can again apply the same trick and it won’t change results i.e., 8*6 = 48

Thus the unit digit of (463 * 756 * 414 * 679) is 8

4. Ans: 30

Given number: 47* 75 * 1111 

Here we see other than 4, 7 and 11 are prime numbers but we also know that 4 is 2*2 which is a prime
number. Thus we can rewrite the numbers as

(22 )7  * (7)5  * (11)11  = 214 *75 *1111

The no. of prime numbers would be the sum of numbers in power because that many prime numbers are
there in the number ie., 14+5+11 = 30.

5. Ans: 8470

thus we see here 77*110 gives 8470 and 18 becomes remainder. Thus the nearest natural number is
8470.

6. Ans: 16
This is again a remainder question with just twisted language. If you find such questions in exam read th
question twice-thrice and you would get the trick.

7. Ans: 13

The smallest 5 digit number is 10000

If 10000 is the smallest number and adding 31-18= 13 would make it divisible by 31.

8. Ans: 81
 The largest 5 digit number is 99999

If 99999 is the largest number and subtracting 81would make it divisible by 91.

9. Ans: 5

Suppose a is the number being divided and b be the quotient

a= 56 *b + 29

= 8*7*b + 8*3 +5

= 8 ( 7*b + 3) +5

We need to divide a by 8 for fiding out the remainder, in the above explanation first part 8( 7*b + 3)
have a factor 8 but 5 would still remain as remainder.

10. Ans: 150

The first 3 digit number that is divisible by 6 is 102 and last would be 996 (you can find these numbers
using smallest and largest methods we discussed earlier ).

This becomes an A.P. with a= 102, d=6 and l=996

l= a + (n-1)d

996 = 102 + (n-1) 6

After solving above equation we get n=150. Therefore 150 3 digit numbers which are divisible by 6

Sample question 2:
1. If both 112 and 33 are factors of the number x * 43 * 62 * 1311, what is the smallest possible value of
‘x’?
1. 221
2. 363
3. 303
4. 343

2. Riya had to multiply two positive integers. Instead of taking 35 as one of the multipliers, she
incorrectly took 53. As a result, the product went up by 540. What is the new product?
1. 1440
2. 1590
3. 1050
4. 440

3. When a number is divided by 36, it leaves a remainder of 19. What will be the remainder when the
number is divided by 12?
1. 19
2. 192
3. 10
4. 7
4. If two fractions, each of which has a value between 0 and 1, are multiplied together, the product will
be ___
1. always greater than either of the original fractions
2. always less than either of the original fractions
3. sometimes greater and sometimes less than either of the original fractions
4. remains the same

5. The sum of the first 100 natural numbers, 1 to 100 is divisible by ____
1. 2, 4 and 8
2. 2 and 4
3. 2
4. 4 and 8

6. How many divisors does 7200 have?

1. 20
2. 54
3. 4
4. 32

7. What is the highest power of 7 that will divide 5000! without leaving a remainder?
1. 998
2. 816
3. 832
4. 714

8. 1025 – 7 is divisible by _____

1. 3
2. 2
3. 9
4. Both (2) and (3)

9. Find the largest five digit number that is divisible by 7, 10, 15, 21 and 28.
1. 99,840
2. 99,960
3. 99,900
4. 99,990.

10. How many divisors does 7200 have?

1. 20
2. 4
3. 54
4. 32

ANSWERS
1-2,
2-2,
3-4,
4-2,
5-3,
6-3,
7-3,
8-1,
9- 2,
10-3

Sample Questions 3:
Q1. The ratio between a two-digit number and the sum of the digits of that number is 4 : 1. If the digit in
the unit's is three more than the digit in the ten's places, what is the number?

A 25

B 36

C 47

D 58

Solution:

Correct Option: B

Let the ten's digit be x. then, unit's digit = (x + 3).

Sum of the digits = x + (x + 3) = 2x + 3.

Let the number = 10x + (x +3) = 11x + 3

So, 11x + 3 = 4

2x + 3 1

⇒ 11x + 3 = 4(2x + 3) ⇔ 11x + 3 = 4 (2x + 3)

⇒ 3x = 9 ⇒ x = 3

Hence, required number = 11x + 3 ⇒ 36.

Hence, option B is correct.

Q2. If three numbers are added in pairs, the sums equal 10, 19 and 21. Find the numbers?

A 2,3 and 5

B 6,8 and 10

C 6, 4 and 15

D 12, 9 and 15

Solution:
Correct Option: C

Smart Approach:

By 'Hit & Trial' method

(2 + 3) ≠ 10. Option 'A' gets eliminated

(6 + 8) ≠ 10. Option 'B' gets eliminated too.

(6 + 4) = 10

(4 + 15) = 19

& (15 + 6) = 21

It's evident that the numbers in option 'C' satisfy the given condition.

Hence, option 'C' is the correct answer.

_____________________________________________________________

Traditional Approach:

Let the numbers be x, y and z. then

x + y = 10 .....(1) y + z = 19 .....(2) x + z = 21 ....(3)

Adding (1), (2) and (3),

we get : 2(x + y + z) = 50 or (x + y + z) = 25.

Thus, x = (25 – 19) = 6; y = (25 – 21) = 4; z = (25 – 10) = 15.

Hence, the required numbers are 6, 4 and 15.

Hence, option C is correct.

Q3. 50 is divided into two parts such that the sum of their reciprocal is 1/12 find the two parts.

A 14, 36

B 20, 30

C 38, 12
D 35, 15

Solution:

Correct Option: B

Let the two parts be x and (50 – x).

Then, 1 + 1 = 1

x 50 – x 12

⇒ 50 – x + x = 1

x(50 – x) 12

⇒ x2 – 50x + 600 = 0 ⇒ (x – 30) (x – 20) = 0

⇒ x = 20 or x = 30

So, the parts are 30 and 20.

Hence, option B is correct.

Q4. If sum of two numbers is 50, one of them 2/5th of other one then the value of numbers?
A
11
235
5 ,
7 7

B
150 200
, 
7 7
C
240 110
, 
7 7
D
250 100
, 
7 7

Solution:

Correct Option: D
Let's the first number is x so,
another number will be 2x, then,
5⇒ x + 2x = 50
5⇒ 5x + 2x= 50
5⇒ 7x= 50
5⇒ x = 250
7

Similarly,
Another number will be

= 2× 250= 100
5 7 7

Hence, the numbers are 250, 100 .

7 7

Hence, option D is correct.

Q5. A number exceeds its two fifth by 75. The number is:

A 112

B 150

C 125

D 100

A5. Correct Option: C

Let the number be x

As per the equation,

x – 2x = 75

∴ 3x = 75 ⇒ x = 125.

Hence option C is correct.

Q6. The average of four consecutive even numbers is 27. find the largest of these numbers.

A 22

B 24

C 27

D 30

A6. Correct Option: D

Let the four consecutive even numbers be x, x + 2, x + 4 and x + 6.

Then, sum of these numbers = (27 × 4) = 108.

So, x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) = 108 or 4x = 96 or x = 24.

So, the largest number = (x + 6) = 30.

Hence, option D is correct.

Q7. Out of two numbers, 4 times the smaller one is less than 3 times the larger one by 5, If the sum of
the numbers is larger than 6 times their difference by 6, find the two numbers.

A 55 and 58

B 23 and 28

C 59 and 43

D 65 and 67

A7. Correct Option: C

Let the number be x and y, such that x > y .

Then, 3x – 4y = 5 ....(1) and (x + y) – 6 (x – y) = 6

⇒ – 5x + 7y = 6 .....(2)

Solving (1) and (2), we get : x = 59 and y = 43.

Hence, the required numbers are 59 and 43.

Hence, option C is correct.

Q8. The ratio between a two-digit number and the sum of the digits of that number is 4 : 1. If the digit in
the unit's is three more than the digit in the ten's places, what is the number?

A 25

B 36

C 47

D 58
A8. Correct Option: B
Let the ten's digit be x. then, unit's digit =  (x + 3).

Sum of the digits = x + (x + 3) = 2x + 3.

Let the number  = 10x + (x +3) = 11x + 3

11x + 3 4
So,    = 
2x + 3 1

⇒  11x + 3  = 4(2x + 3)  ⇔  11x + 3  = 4 (2x + 3) 

⇒  3x  =  9    ⇒   x  =  3

Hence, required number =  11x + 3  ⇒  36.

Hence, option B is correct.

Q9. If three numbers are added in pairs, the sums equal 10, 19 and 21. Find the numbers?

A 2, 3 and 5

B 6, 8 and 10

C 6, 4 and 15

D 12, 9 and 15

A9. Correct Option: C

Smart Approach:

By 'Hit & Trial' method

 
(2 + 3) ≠ 10. Option 'A' gets eliminated
 
(6 + 8) ≠ 10. Option 'B' gets eliminated too. 
 
(6 + 4) = 10
 
(4 + 15) = 19
 
& (15 + 6) = 21
 
It's evident that the numbers in option 'C' satisfy the given condition.
 
Hence, option 'C' is the correct answer.
_____________________________________________________________

Traditional Approach:

Let the numbers be x, y and z. then

x + y = 10      .....(1)     y + z = 19      .....(2)     x + z  =  21    ....(3)

Adding (1), (2) and (3),

we get : 2(x + y + z) = 50   or  (x + y + z) = 25.

Thus, x = (25 – 19) = 6;  y = (25 – 21) = 4;  z = (25 – 10) = 15.

Hence, the required numbers are 6, 4 and 15.

Hence, option C is correct.

Q10. 50 is divided into two parts such that the sum of their reciprocal is 1/12 find the two parts.

A 14, 36

B 20, 30

C 38, 12

D 35, 15

A10. Correct Option: B

For shortcut method kindly refer to the video.
Let the two parts be x and (50 – x).

1 1 1
Then,   + 50 –  = 
x 12
x

50 – x + x 1
⇒    = 
x(50 – x) 12

⇒  x2 – 50x + 600 = 0  ⇒  (x – 30) (x – 20) = 0

⇒  x = 20  or x = 30

So, the parts are 30 and 20.

Hence, option B is correct.

Percentages

mc-TY-percent-2009-1

In this unit we shall look at the meaning of percentages and carry out calculations involving
percentages. We will also look at the use of the percentage button on calculators.

In order to master the techniques explained here it is vital that you undertake plenty of practice
exercises so that they become second nature.

After reading this text, and/or viewing the video tutorial on this topic, you should be able to:

• calculate a percentage of a given quantity;

• increase or decrease a quantity by a given percentage;

• find the original value of a quantity when it has been increased or decreased by a given
percentage;
 • express one quantity as a percentage of another.

1. Introduction

The word ‘percentage’ is very familiar to us as it is used regularly in the media to describe anything
from changes in the interest rate, to the number of people taking holidays abroad, to the success rate
of the latest medical procedures or exam results. Percentages are a useful way of making
comparisons, apart from being used to calculate the many taxes that we pay such as VAT, income
tax, domestic fuel tax and insurance tax, to name but a few.
So percentages are very much part of our lives. But what does percentage actually mean?
Now ‘per cent’ means ‘out of 100’; and ‘out of’, in mathematical language, means ‘divide by’. So if
you score 85% (using the symbol ‘%’ for percentage) on a test then, if there were a possible 100
marks altogether, you would have achieved 85 marks. So
85
85% = .
100
Let us look at some other common percentage amounts, and their fraction and decimal equiva-
lents.
75 = 3 75
= 0.
100 4 = 5
0.
50 = 1
= 0.25
100 2
= 0.1
25 = 1
75% = 100 = 05 .
4
50% = 10
= 1
25% = 100 10
10% = 5 = 1
5% = 100 20
It is worth noting that 50% can be found be dividing by 2, and that 10% is easily found by dividing by
10.
Now let us look at writing fractions as percentages. For example, say you get 18 marks out of 20 in a
test. What percentage is this?
First, write the information as a fraction. You gained 18 out of 20 marks, so the fraction is 18 . 20
Since a percentage requires a denominator of 100, we can turn 18 20 into a fraction out of 100 by
multiplying both numerator and denominator by 5:
18 18 × 5 90
= =
20 20 × 5 = 90% .
100
Since we are multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by 5, we are not changing the
value of the fraction, merely finding an equivalent fraction.
In that example it was easy to see that, in order to make the denominator 100, we needed to multiply
20 by 5. But if it is not easy to see this, such as with a score of, say, 53 out of 68, then we simply
write the amount as a fraction and then multiply by 100 : 100
 53 100 = 53 ÷ 68 × 100% = 77.94%
×
68 100
which is 78% to the nearest whole number. Although it is easier to use a calculator for this type of
calculation, it is advisable not to use the % button at this stage. We shall look at using the percentage
button on a calculator at the end of this unit.
 Key Point
Percentage means ‘out of 100’, which means ‘divide by 100’.
To change a fraction to a percentage, divide the numerator by the denominator and multiply by
100%.

Exercises 1

(a) 7 out of every 10 people questioned who expressed a preference liked a certain brand of cereal.
What is this as a percentage?

(b) In a test you gained 24 marks out of 40. What percentage is this?

(c) 30 out of 37 gambling sites on the Internet failed to recognise the debit card of a child. What is
this as a percentage?

2. Finding percentage amounts

For many calculations, we need to find a certain percentage of a quantity. For example, it is common
in some countries to leave a tip of 10% of the cost of your meal for the waiter. Say a meal costs
£25.40:
10
10% of £25.40 =

× £25.40 = £2.54 .
100
As mentioned before, an easy way to find 10% is simply to divide by 10. However the written
method shown above is useful for more complicated calculations, such as the commission a salesman
earns if he receives 2% of the value of orders he secures. In one month he secures
£250,000 worth of orders. How much commission does he receive?
2

2% of £250, 000 = × £250, 000 = £5, 000 .

100
Many things that we buy have VAT added to the price, and to calculate the purchase price we
have to pay we need to find 17 1 %2 and add it on to the price. This can be done in two ways.
For example, the cost of a computer is £634 plus VAT. Find the total cost.
VAT = 17 1 % of £634
2
17.5
= × £634
100
= £110.95
www.mathcentre.ac.uk 3 Ⓧc mathcentre 2009
 so total cost = £634 + £110.95
= £744.95 .

www.mathcentre.ac.uk 3 Ⓧc mathcentre 2009

 Or, instead of thinking of the total cost as 100% of the price plus 171 % of the
2 price, we can
think of it as 117 %
1
2 of the price, so that
117.5
1171 % of £634 = × £634 = £744.95 .
2
100
Although 17 2% seems an awkward percentage to calculate, there is an easy method you can use so
1

that you do not need a calculator. Let us look at the same example again.
£634

10% is £63.40 (divide by 10)

5% is £31.70 (half of 10%)
12
2 % is £15.85 (half of 5%)

so 171% is £110.95 (add the above).

2
In a similar way to a percentage increase, there is a percentage decrease. For example, shops often
offer discounts on certain goods. A pair of trainers normally costs £75, but they are offered for 10%
off in the sale. Find the amount you will pay.

Now 10% of £75 is £7.50, so the sale price is £75 − £7.50 = £67.50.
What you are paying is the 100% of the cost, minus 10% of the cost, so in effect you are paying
90% of the cost. So we could calculate this directly by finding 90% of the cost.
90
90% of £75 = × £75 = £67. 0 .
100 5

3. Finding the original amount before a percentage change

Let us look at an example where the price includes VAT, and we need the price excluding VAT.
Example
The cost of a computer is £699 including VAT. Calculate the cost before VAT.
Solution
Now a common mistake here is to take 17 1 % 2
of the cost including VAT, and then subtract. But this
is wrong, because the VAT is not 17 1 % of the cost including the VAT, which is what we have been
2
given. Instead, the VAT is 17 1 % of the cost before the VAT, and this is what we are trying to find. So
we have to use a different method. 2

Now we have been told that £699 represents the cost including VAT, so that must equal the
cost before VAT, plus the VAT itself, which is 17 1 2% of the cost before VAT. So the total must be
100% + 171 %2= 1171 % 2of the cost before VAT. Thus, to find 1% we divide by 1171 . So 2

1171 % of the price excluding VAT = £699,

2
1% of the price excluding VAT = £699
.
117.5
To find the cost before VAT we want 100%, so now we need to multiply by 100. Then
£699
the price excluding VAT = 117.5 × 100
= £594.89 .
 Let us look at another situation where we need to find an original amount before a percentage increase
has taken place.
Example
An insurance company charges a customer £320 for his car insurance. The price includes gov- ernment
insurance premium tax at 5%. What is the cost before tax was added?
Solution
Here, the £320 represents 105% of the cost, so to calculate the original cost, 100%, we need to
calculate
£320

× 100 = £304.76 .
Here is one more similar calculation, but105
this time there has been a reduction in cost.
Example
A shop has reduced the cost of a coat by 15% in a sale, so that the sale price is £127.50. What was the
original cost of the coat?
Solution
In this case,
fraction, we £127.50
divide byrepresents
85 to find85% (thatthen
1% and is, 100% − 15%)
multiply of the
by 100 original
to find price. So
the original if we write this as a
price.
£127.50
× 100 = £150 .
85

Key Point
If you are given a percentage change and the final amount, write the final amount as 100% plus (or
minus) the percentage change, multiplied by the original amount.

4. Expressing a change as a percentage

We might wish to calculate the percentage by which something has increased or decreased. To do
this we use the rule
actual increase or decrease
× 100% .
original cost
So you write the amount of change as a fraction of the original amount, and then turn it into a
percentage.
Example
Four years ago, a couple paid £180,000 for their house. It is now valued at £350,000. Calculate the
percentage increase in the value of the house.
Solution
actual increase
Percentage increase = × 100%
original cost
£350, 000 − £180, 000
= £180, 000 × 100%
£170, 000
= £180, 000 × 100%
= 94% to the nearest 1% .
Let us look at an example where the change has been a decrease.
Example
A car cost £12,000. After 3 years it is worth £8,000. What is the percentage decrease?
Solution

actual decrease
Percentage decrease = × 100%
original cost
£12 000 − £8 000
, ,
= × 100%
, £12 000
£4, 000
= £12, 000 × 100%
= 33% to the nearest 1% .

Key Point
To write an increase or decrease as a percentage, use the formula

actual increase or decrease × 100%

.
original cost

5. Calculating percentages using a calculator

Here is a warning about using the percentage button on a calculator: the result depends on when you
press the % button in your calculation. Sometimes it has no effect, sometimes it seems to divide by
100, and at other times it multiplies by 100. Here are some examples
• Pressing 48 ÷ 400% gives an answer of 12. Now 48 ÷ 400 = 0.12, so pressing the % button has
had the effect of multiplying by 100. This has found 48 as a percentage of 400.
• Pressing 1 ÷ 2 × 300% gives the answer 1.5. Now 1 ÷ 2 × 300 = 150, so pressing the % button
here has divided by 100. This has found 300% of a half.
 • Pressing 400 × 50% gives an answer of 200. Now 400 × 50 = 20, 000, so pressing % here has divided by
100. This has found 50% of 400.
• Pressing 50% × 400 results in 400 on the display, requiring = to be pressed to display an answer of
20,000. So pressing the % button here has had no effect.

Key Point

We recommended that you use the % button on a calculator only when you understand what affect
it is having on your calculation.

Exercises 2

(a) What is the amount of VAT (at a rate of 17 1 %) which

2 must be paid on an imported computer
game costing £16.00?
(b) A visitor to this country buys a souvenir costing £27.50 including VAT at 17 1 %. How2
much
VAT can be reclaimed?
(c) At the end of 1999 you bought shares in a company for £100. During 2000 the shares increased in value by
10%. During 2001 the shares decreased in value by 10%. How much were the shares worth at the end of 2001?
(Give your answers to the nearest penny.)

Answers
1.
(a) 70% (b) 60% (c) 81%

2.
(a) £2.80 (b) £4.10 (c) £99.00 .

When we say "Percent" we are really saying "per 100"

One percent (1%) means 1 per 100

50% means 50 per 100

25% means 25 per 100

100% means all

Basic Definition:
Percent implies “for every hundred” and the sign % is read as percentage and x % is read as x per cent. In other
words, a fraction with denominator 100 is called a per cent. For example, 20 % means 20/100 (i.e. 20 parts from
100). This can also be written as 0.2.

Basic Formula:

In order to calculate p % of q, use the formula:

(p/100) x q = (pxq)/100

Also remember: p % of q = q % of p

Examples:

1. 100% of 60 is 60 x (100/100) = 60

2. 50% of 60 is 50/100 × 60 = 30

3. 5% of 60 is 5/100 × 60 = 3

A Half can be written...   As a percentage:

50%
As a decimal:
0.5
As a fraction:
1
/2
Q1. 15% of 200 apples are bad. How many apples are bad?

15% = 15/100

And 15/100 × 200   = 15 × 200/100 

    = 15 × 2  
    = 30 apples

Q2. if only 10 of the 200 apples are bad, what percent is that?

As a fraction, 10/200 = 0.05
As a percentage it is: 10/200 x 100 = 5%
Example: 60 % of a number is 360. What is 99 % of the same number?
Solution: Let the number be n.
Given (60/100) ×n = 360 => n = 600
99 % of 600 = (99/100) × 600 = 594
Example: 50 % of a number is 360. What is 99 % of the same number?
Solution: Let the number be y.
Given (50/100) x q = 360
=> q = 720
99% of 720 = (99/100) x 720 = 712.80
Expressing One Quantity as a Per Cent with respect to the other:
To express a quantity as a per cent with respect to other quantity, the following formula is used:

Example: What percent is 60 of 240?

Solution: First write the given numbers in the fraction form:
60/240 = ¼
Multiply the numerator and denominator with 25 to make the denominator equal to 100
(1×25)/(4×25) = 25/100
25 percent or 25 per 100 is called as 25%
Sample Question for the Basics of Percentage:
Example:A number exceeds 20% of itself by 40. The number is:
(a) 50
(b) 60
(c) 80
(d) 48
Solution: Let the number be p.
20% of itself means => p x (20/100)
Now, according to the question,
p – 20% of p = 40
=> {p – (20 x p)/100} = 40
=> {p-(p/5)} = 40
⇒ 5p – p = 200
∴ p = 50
Alternate Method:
Obviously, it is clear that difference is 80% i.e. 4/5 of number which is equal to 40
4/5p = 40
p = 40 x 5/4= 50.
Tips & Tricks for Percentages:
Basic Tip-1:  If the new value of something is n times the previous given value, then the percentage increase is (n-
1)  100%.
Derivation:
Let us consider two values p and q.
Let q be and original value and p be the new value.
According to conditions p= nq
We need to calculate the percentage increase.
You can either use direct formula= {(new value – old value)/old value} x 10
This value becomes= {(p – q)/q} x 100
{(nq – q)/q} x 100
=> (n-1) x 100%
Example: If X= 5.35 Y, then find the percentage increase when the value of something is from Y to X.
Solution:
Use the formula: (n-1)100%
Percentage increase from
Y to X = (5.35 -1)  100= 435%
Basic Tip-2:
When a quantity N is increased by K %, then the:
New quantity = N (1+ K/100 )
Examples:
Increase 150 by 20%= 150 {1+(20/100)} = 150 1.2= 180
Increase 300 by 30%= 300 {1+(30/100)}=  300 1.3= 390
Increase 250 by 27% = 250 {1+(27/100)} = 250 1.27 =317.5
Example: What is the new value when 265 is increased by 15%?
Solution: New quantity = N (1+ K/100)
= 265{1+(15/100)}
New quantity = 1.15 265= 304.75
Basic Tip 3:
When a quantity N is decreased by K %, then the:
New quantity =N (1 – K/100)
Examples:
Decrease 120 by 20%= 120 {1-(20/100)} = 120  0.8= 96
Decrease 150 by 40%=150 {1-(40/100)} = 150  0.6= 90
Decrease 340 by 27%= 340 {1-(27/100)}= 340  0.73= 248.2
Example: If the production in 2015 is 400 units and the decrease from 2014 to 2015 is 13%, find the
production in 2014?
Solution:
Remember the formula:
New quantity =N (1 – K/100)
Let the production in 2014 be x.
It has been decreased by 13% , which then becomes 400 in 2015
[X{1-(13/100)}]= 400
Production in 2014= 400 / 0.87= 459.77 units

1: If A is P% more/less than B, then B is {100P/(100+P)}% less/more than A.

Let us say A is P% more than B
Therefore, we can say:
A = {(100 + P)/100}B
Now, to calculate by what percentage is B is less than A, we need to make the following calculation:
{(A-B)/A} x 100

Now, let us take up the reverse case.

Let say A is P% less than B
Therefore, we can say:
A = (100 – P/100)B
Now, to calculate by what percentage is B is more than A, we need to make the following calculation:

Combining the two above, we arrive at our main result.

Result 2:  If the value of an item goes up/down by P%, the percentage reduction/increment that needs to be now
made to bring it back to the original point is {100P/(100+P)}%
Result 3:  If the price of an item goes up/down by P %, then the quantity consumed should be reduced/increased
by{100P/(100+P)}%   so that the total expenditure remains the same.
Derivation for the result:
Expenditure on any quantity = price per piece × total consumed quantity
{For example, if a pen is of Rs. 5 and we have bought 10 such pens, the total expenditure is = 5 × 10 = Rs. 50}
Let P be the original price per time.
Let Q be the quantity consumed.
Original Expenditure= P × Q  ….  (1)
Let say price is increased by R%.
This means that the quantity has to be decreased in order to maintain expenditure constant.
Let’s assume the consumption is decreased by y%.
New Expenditure , E = P{(100+R)/100}Q{(100-y)/100} ………2
Since the original expenditure and the new expenditure are the same, we arrive at the following equation:
Remember, each of these results effectively uses the basic concept of percentage and is a derivative of the same.
Example: If A’s income is 60% less than that of B’s, then B’s income is what percent more than that of A?

What is Successive Percentage Change?

The concept of successive percentage change deals with two or more percentage changes applied to quantity
consecutively. In this case, the final change is not the simple addition of the two percentage changes (as the base
changes after the first change).
Formula for Percentage Change:
Suppose a number N undergoes a percentage change of x % and then y%, the net change is:
New number = N × (1 + x/100) × (1 + y/100)
Now, (1 + x/100) × (1 + y/100) = 1 + x/100 + y/100 + xy/10000
If we say that x + y + xy/100 = z, then (1 + x/100) × (1 + y/100) = 1 + z/100
Here,  z is the effective percentage change when a number is changed successively by two percentage changes.
Various cases for Percentage Change:
Both percentage changes are positive:
x and y are positive and net increase = (x+y+xy/100) %.
One percentage change is positive and the other is negative:
x is positive and y is negative, then net percentage change = (x-y-xy/100)%
Both percentage changes are negative:
x and y both are negative and imply a clear decrease= (-x-y+xy/100)%
Percentage Change involving three changes:
If value of an object/number P is successively changed by x%, y% and then z%, then final value.

Example 1: The capacity of a ground was 100000 at the end of 2012. In 2013, it increased by 10% and in 2014, it
decreased by 18.18%. What was the ground’s capacity at the end of 2014?
Solution:
When One percentage change is positive and the other is negative:
x is positive and y is negative, then net percentage change = (x-y-xy/100)%
Final Percentage Change over the original value = 10-18.18 – (10 × 18.18/100)= -9.998
(the difference above is cause by using exact values).
So the capacity of the ground is decreased by 9.998%
Hence, net capacity = 90002
Example 2: A’s salary is increased by 10% and then decreased by 10%. The change in salary is
Solution:
Percentage change formula when x is positive and y is negative = {x – y – (xy/100)}%
Here, x = 10, y = 10
= {10 – 10 – (10 x 10)/100} = -1%
As negative sign shows a decrease, hence the final salary is decreased by 1%.
Example 3: A number is first increased by 10% and then it is further increased by 20%. The original
number is increased altogether by:
Answers:
Percentage change formula when both x and y are positive ={x + y + (xy/100)}%
Here, x = 10 and y = 20
Hence net percentage change == {10 + 20 + (10 x 20)/100} = 32%

In this concept, we essentially refer to the practice wherein two or more quantities make up a third quantity. With
the variation in the numbers of one quantity, the other quantities need to undergo change in order to maintain the
same product.
Let’s take an example.
Let there be two quantities A and B that multiply to form a quantity P. We can say:
A×B=P
Now if A is increased by a certain percentage, then B is required to be decreased by a certain percentage to keep
the product P stable.
The following table illustrates the varying values of A and B that will maintain the same product P.

Application of Product Constancy: Expenditure Questions

If the price of a commodity increases or decreases by a%, then, the percentage decrease or increase in
consumption, so as not to increase or decrease the expenditure is equal to:
(a/100+a) x 100%
Example: Length of a rectangle is increased by 33.33%. By what percentage should the breadth be decreased so
that area remains constant?
Solution: Using the table above:
Since length is increased by 33.33%, the breadth will decrease by 25% to keep area constant.
Let’s make these calculations also.
Let original length= L
Original Breadth= B
Increase length= 4/3 L
Since the area remains same, we can say
L x B = Increased Breadth x 4/3L
Therefore,
Increased breadth = ¾ Original Breadth = 25% reduction in breadth.
Example: When speed of a car is increased by 25%, time taken reduces by 40 minutes in covering a certain
distance.What is the actual time taken to cover the same distance by actual speed?
Solution: We have Speed × Time = Distance
Since speed has been increased by 25%, time will reduce by 20%.
Now, 20% of actual time = 40 min
Actual time = 200 min
Example: Price of a commodity has increased by 60%. By what percent must a consumer reduce the consumption
of the commodity so as not to increase the expenditure ?
(a) 37%
(b) 37.5%
(c) 40.5%
(d) 60%

Remember, it is extremely vital to save every second possible in the examination and what could be quicker in
Mathematics than using some clever calculation techniques. One such technique is the conversion tables for
Percentages.
In order to convert a fraction into percentage, multiply the fraction by 100 and put the “%” sign.
Example: ½ can be written as ½ x 100 = 50%.
To convert a percentage into a fraction, employ the reverse technique: divide the number by 100 and remove the
“%” sign.
Example: 25% can be written as 25/100 = 1/4
To convert a percentage into a ratio, first convert the percentage into a fraction, and then the fraction into a ratio.
Example: Convert 25% into a ratio.
25% = 25/100 = ¼ = 1 : 4
Conversion of Fraction into percentage table:
The following table will help you solve percentage questions quicker:

Problem Type-1:
If a reduction of p % in the price of an article enables a person to buy y kg more for Rs R,then we can arrive at the
following results:
Reduced price=> Rp/100y per kg
Original prices per kg= Rp/(100-p)y per kg
Example: A reduction of 21% in the price of an item enables a person to buy 3 kg more for 100. Thereduced price
of item per kg is:
(a) Rs. 5.50
(b) Rs. 7.50
(c) Rs. 10.50
(d) Rs. 7.00
Solution:(d)
Reduced price will be:
Rp/100y per kg
In our case R= Rs. 100 , x=21% , y=3kg
{(100 x 21)/(100 x 3)} = Rs. 7
Alternate method:
Expenditure = price per quantity × consumption
E = P × Q =100……. (1)
Now, as per the question,

Problem Type-2: Problems based on mixtures

Example: A vessel has 60 L of solution of acid and water having 80% acid. How much water is to be added to
make it solution in which acid forms 60%?
(a) 48 L
(b) 20 L
(c) 36 L
(d) None of these
Solution: (b)
Given, percentage of acid = 80%
Then, percentage of water = 20%
In 60L of solution, water = (60 x 20)/ 100 = 12L
Let p liter of water is to be added.
According to the question,
=>{(12 + p)/(60 + p)} x 100 = 40  (∵   100 – 60 = 40% water)
=>1200 + 100p = 2400 + 40p
⇒ 60p = 1200
p= 20L
Problem Type-3: Problems based on Ratios and Fractions
Example: If the numerator of a fraction is increased by 20% and the denominator is decreased by 5%, the value of
the new fraction become 5/2. The original fraction is:
(a) 24/19
(b) 3/18
(c) 95/48
(d) 48/95
Solution: (c)
Let original fraction be p/y
According to the question,
{(120/100)p/(95/100)y} = 5/2
120p/95y = 5/2
=> p/y = (5/2)x (95/120) = 95/48.
Problem Type-4: Problems based on Income, salary, expenditure
Example:The monthly income of a person was Rs 13500 and his monthly expenditure was Rs 9000. Nextyear his
income increased by 14% and his expenditure increased by 7%. The per cent increase inhis savings was:
(a) 7%
(b) 21%
(c) 28%
(d) 35%
Solution: (c)
Given, monthly income = 13500 and expenditure = 9000
Then, original savings= Rs. (13500-9000) = Rs 4500
New income = 114% of Rs. 13500 = Rs 15390
New expenditure= 107% of Rs 9000 = Rs 9630
New saving = Rs. (15390 – 9630) = Rs 5760
NS = new savings
OS = Original savings
Percentage increase in savings = {(NS – OS)/OS} X 100
{(5760 – 4500)/4500} X 100 = (1260/4500)X 100 = 28%

Problem Type-5: Problems based on students and marks

Shortcut-1 for the problem type:
A candidate scores x% is an examination fails by ‘a’ marks, while another candidate who scores y% marks and get
b marks more than the maximum required passing marks, then the maximum marks for the examination is given by

Shortcut-2 for the problem type:

In an examination a% of total number of candidates failed in a subject X and b% of total number of candidates
failed in subject Y and c% failed in both subjects, then percentage of candidates, who passed in both the subjects,
is [100 – (a + b – c)]%.
Example: In a quarterly examination a student secured 30% marks and failed by 12 marks. In the same
examination another student secured 40% marks and got 28 marks more than minimum marks to pass. The
maximum marks in the examination is:
(a) 300
(b) 500
(c) 700
(d) 400
Example: In an examination, 52% of the candidates failed in English and 42% failed in Mathematics. If17% failed
in both the subjects, then the percentage of candidates who passed in both the subjects, was:
(a) 23%
(b) 21%
(c) 25%
(d) 22%
Solution: (a)
In an examination a% of total number of candidates failed in a subject X and b% of total number of
candidates failed in subject Y and c% failed in both subjects.
Then, percentage of candidates who passed in both the subjects: [100–(a + b– c)%].
Why so?
We need to subtract failed candidate from total to calculate pass candidates, but in this process, we subtract people
who were fail in both of subjects twice, so we added c again.
Now equation can be read as [ 100—a-b+c]
Here, a = 52, b = 42 and c = 17, then Percentage of candidates who passed in both the subjects
= [100 –(52 +42–17)]
= 100–77=23%
Problem Type-2: Problems based on percentage in excess or in short

Example: lf A has 4/5 of the number of books that shelf B has. If 25% of the books A are transferred to B and then
25 % of the books from B are transferred to A then the percentage of the total number of books that on shelf A is:
(a) 25%
(b) 50%
(c) 75%
(d) 100%

Solution: (b)
Let the number of books in shelf B be 100.
∴ Number of books in shelf A = {(100 x 4)/5} = 80
On transferring 25% i.e.,of books of shelf A to shelf B, the books on
shelf B = {100 + (80 x 25)/100}
B = 100 + 20 = 120
Books left in shelf A = 80-20 = 60
Again, on transferring 1/4th books of shelf B to shelf A, the books on
shelf A = {60 + (120/4)} = 90
Total no of books in A and B = 120 +60 = 180
Required percentage of books on shelf A = (90/180) x 100 = 50%
Problem Type-3: Problems based on percentages and number system
Example: A number, on subtracting 15 from it, reduces to its 80%. What is 40% of the number?
(a) 75
(b) 60
(c) 30
(d) 90
Solution: (c)
Let the number be p.
According to the question,
p – 15 = p(80/100)
p -15 = 4p/5
⇒ 5p – 75 = 4p ⇒ p = 75
Now, 40% of 75 = (75 x 40)/ 100 = 30

In this article, we provide you a short and effective summary for Percentages. We cover a list of 15 formulas and
short-cuts that you can use for Percentage questions. The following is a list of important formulas for Percentage:
1. Percent implies “for every hundred”.
% is read as percentage and x % is read as x per cent.
2. To calculate p % of y
(p/100) x y = (p x y)/100
p % of y = y % of p
3. To find what percentage of x is y: y/x × 100
4. To calculate percentage change in value
Percentage change = {change/(initial value)} x 100
5. Percentage point change = Difference of two percentage figures
6. Increase N by S % = N( 1+ S/100 )
7. Decrease N by S % = N (1 – S/100)
8. If the value of an item goes up/down by x%, the percentage reduction/increment to be now made to bring it back
to the original point is 100x/ (100 + x) %.
9. If A is x% more /less than B, then B is 100x/(100 + x) % less/more than A.
10. If the price of an item goes up/down by x %, then the quantity consumed should be reduced by 100x/ (100 + x)
% so that the total expenditure remains the same.
11. Successive Percentage Change
If there are successive percentage increases of a % and b%, the effective percentage increase is:
{(a + b + (ab/100)}%
12. Percentage – Ratio Equivalence:
N is Numerator
D is the Denominator
13. Product Stability Ratio:
A×B=P
If A is increased by a certain percentage, then B is required to be decreased by a certain percentage to keep the
product P stable.
Expressing the percentage figures in ratios:
 Date Interpretation Mixed Chart Questions Quiz for SBI PO Pre, IBPS PO Pre, SBI Clerk Mains and
IBPS Clerk Mains Exams.

DI Mixed Chart Quiz 42

Directions : Study the following line and table chart carefully and answer the questions given beside.

Mehandi and Supriya are working in a chemistry laboratory and handled different number of student’s everyday

Number of students visiting the chemistry lab on different days

Number
Day
of
students
Monday 180
Tuesday 270
Wednesday 150
Thursday 240
Friday 225
Saturday 210
1. Students handled by Mehandi on Thursday and Friday are what percent of students handle by Supriya on
Thursday?
A. 214.67% B. 192.32% C. 184.09% D. 186.56% E. 134.64%

2. On which day of the week Mehandi handled minimum number of students?

A. Wednesday B. Tuesday C. Friday D. Saturday E. Monday

3. Find the ratio of the number of students handled by Mehandi on Monday and Tuesday together to number of
students handled by Supriya on Wednesday and Friday?
A. 59 : 22 B. 83 : 26 C. 44 : 31 D. 76 : 25 E. 87 : 55

4. The number of students handled by Supriya on Monday is what percent of the students handled by her on
Tuesday and Saturday together?

A. 48.39% B. 47.37% C. 50.41% D. 42.73% E. 45.56%

5. The number of students handled by Supriya from Monday to Friday are what
percent of number of students handled by Mehandi from Monday to Friday?

A. 83.94% B. 78.56% C. 87.34% D. 91.34% E. 88.30%

Correct Answers:

1 2 3 4 5
C D E B A

Explanations:

1. Students handled by Mehandi on Thursday and Friday together = 45% of 240 + 60% of 225 =

243 Students handled by Supriya on Thursday = 55% of 240 = 132

243
Therefore, Percentage = × 100 = 184.09%
132

Hence, option C is correct.

2. Students handled by Mehandi on Monday = 40% of 180 = 72

Students handled by Mehandi on Tuesday = 70% of 270 = 189

Students handled by Mehandi on Wednesday = 50% of 150 = 75

Students handled by Mehandi on Thursday = 45% of 240 = 108

Students handled by Mehandi on Friday = 60% of 225 = 135

Students handled by Mehandi on Saturday = 30% of 210 = 63

On Saturday Mehandi handled minimum number of students.

Hence, option D is correct.

3. Number of students handled by Mehandi on Monday and Tuesday together = 72 + 189 = 261

Number of students handled by Supriya on Wednesday and Friday = 50% of 150 + 40% of 225 = 165

Therefore, respected ratio = 87: 55 Hence, option E is correct.

4.Number of students handled by Supriya on Monday = 60% of 180 =

108
Number of students managed by her on Tuesday and Saturday together = 30% of 270 + 70% of 210 = 228

108
Therefore, Percentage = × 100 = 47.37%
228

Hence, option B is correct.

5. Number of students handled by Supriya from Monday to Friday = 486

Number of students handled by Mehandi from Monday to Friday = 579

486
Therefore, Percentage = × 100 = 83.94%
579

Hence, option A is correct.

Date Interpretation Pie Chart Questions for Bank PO Exams.

DI Pie Chart Quiz 6

Directions: Study the following graph carefully & answer the questions given below it.

Percentage-wise Distribution of Employees in Six Different Professions Total

Number of Employees = 26800

1. What is the difference between the total number of employees in teaching and medical profession
together and the number of employees in management profession?
A. 6770 B. 7700 C. 6700 D. 7770 E. 7670

2. In management profession three-fourth of the number of employees are female. What the number of
male employees in management profession?
A. 1239 B. 1143 C. 1156 D. 1289 E. 1139

3. 25% of employees from film production profession went on a strike. What is the number of employees from
film production who have not participated in the strike?
A. 3271 B. 3819 C. 3948 D. 1273 E. 1246

4. What is the total number of employees in engineering profession and industries together?

A. 5698 B. 5884 C. 5687 D. 5896 E. 5487

5. In teaching profession if three-fifth of the teachers are not permanent, what is the number of permanent
teachers in the teaching profession?
A. 1608 B. 1640 C. 1764 D. 1704 E. 1686
Correct Answers:

1 2 3 4 5
C E B D A

Explanations:

1. Percentage of employees in Teaching =

15% Percentage of employees in Medical = 27%
Percentage of employees in Management = 17% As
per the question,
Total percentage of employees in teaching and medical = 15% + 27% = 42%.
Now, difference between total employees in teaching and medical and total employees in management = (42%
– 17%) of 26800 = 25% of 26800
25
= × 26800 = 6700.
100

Hence, option C is correct.

2. Total employees in management = 17% of 26800

Now, Female employees = 3 h,
t then men = 1 – 3th = 1th.
4 44

∴ Male employees = 1× 17% of 26800 =

4
1139.
Hence, option E is correct.

3. Total number of employees in Film production = 19% of

26800 Number of employees that did not go on strike = 100 - 25 =
75%
3
= th part
4
3 19
Reqd. no. of employees = × × 26800 = 3819.
4 100

Hence, option B is correct.

4. Total percentage of Employees engineering and Industries = 9% + 13% =

22% So, Total employees in engineering and industries
22
= 26800 = 5896.
100
×
Hence, option D is correct.
 5. Total number of employees in Teaching = 15% of
26800 Not permanent teachers
3
= th, then permanent teachers
5
3 2
= 1– = th.
5 5

∴ Number of permanent teachers

2
= × 15% of 26800
5

2 15
= × = 1608.
5 10
0

Hence, option A is correct.

DI Mixed Chart Questions for SBI PO Mains, IBPS PO Mains and RBI Grade B Exams.
DI Mixed Chart No. 71

Directions : Study the following bar and table chart carefully and answer the questions given beside.

There are four groups A, B, C and D in a dance academy. Each group has two types of dancers who do
dance of exactly one type either hip-hop or classical. Total number of dancers in academy is 6000.

The chart given below shows the number of dancers in each group as percent of total dancers in the academy
and percentage of number of males in each group.

The chart given below shows the percentage of number of females (among females) who do hip-hop from
each group and percentage of number of dancers who do classical from each group.
The table chart given below shows the average expenditure on a dancer.

Hip- Classica
hop l
Male 80 120
Femal 60 150
e
1. What is the expenditure on group A?

A. Rs. 1,70,500 B. Rs. 1,60,000 C. Rs. 1,80,000 D. Rs. 1,90,200 E. Rs. 1,50,000

2. The expenditure on male dancers of group B and C is what percent of expenditure on female dancers
of group C and D?
A. 118% B. 120% C. 112% D. 126% E. 140%

3. Which group has most number of classical dancers?

A. Ground A B. Group B C. Group C D. Group D E. Can't be determined

4. What is the ratio of expenditure on female dancers of group B to expenditure on male dancers of
group D?

A. 8 : 3 B. 200 : 103 C. 174 : 101 D. 82 : 41 E. 183 : 94

5. What is the difference between expenditure on male classical dancers of group A and D and
expenditure on female hip-hop dancers of group B and C?
A. Rs. 10,440 B. Rs. 10,860 C. Rs. 11,220 D. Rs. 11,520 E. Rs. 10,280

Correct Answers:

1 2 3 4 5
C A C E A
 Common explanation :

For group A:

Number of dancers in group A = 30% of 6000 = 1800

Male dancers in group A = 40% of 1800 = 720 Female

dancers in group A = 1800 – 720 = 1080 Classical

dancers in group A = 50% of 1800 = 900 Hip-hop

dancers in group A = 1800 – 900 = 900

Female hip-hop dancers in group A = 60% of 1080 = 648

Female classical dancers in group A = 1080 – 648 = 432

Male hip-hop dancers in group A = 900 – 648 = 252 Male

classical dancers in group A = 900 – 432 = 468 Similarly

calculating for every group we get

Hip-hop Classica
Grou Dancers Male Female
dancers l
p
dancers
A 1800 720 1080 900 900
B 1500 900 600 825 675
C 2100 945 1155 840 1260
D 600 330 270 420 180

Females Males
Grou Hip-hop Classical Hip-hop Classical
p
A 648 432 252 468
B 390 210 435 465
C 462 693 378 567
D 135 135 285 45

Videos

Basic concepts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiL07Ftzz-M

Basic concepts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fX1xMWmU9p0

Basic Clat question https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09I9GusorQU

Basic Clat question https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNl3T88O42o

DI based percentage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaJRWAf769c

DI based percentage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-BJEXtbDQPM

Profit and loss

Cost Price (CP)

The amount paid for a product or commodity to purchase it is called a cost price. Also, denoted as CP. This cost
price is further classified into two different categories:
 Fixed Cost: The fixed cost is constant, it doesn’t vary under any circumstances
 Variable Cost: It could vary depending as per the number of units
Selling Price (SP)
The amount for which the product is sold is called Selling Price. It is usually denoted as SP. Also, sometimes
called a sale price.

Profit(P)
The amount gained by selling a product with more than its cost price.

Loss(L)
The amount, the seller incurs after selling the product less than its cost price, is mentioned as a loss.

Marked Price Formula (MP)

This is basically labelled by Shopkeepers to offer a discount to the customers in such a way that,
 Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
 And Discount Percentage = (Discount/Marked price) x 100
Profit and Loss Formulas
Now let us find profit formula and loss formula.
 The profit or gain is equal to the selling price minus cost price.
 Loss is equal to cost price minus selling price.

Profit or Gain = Selling price – Cost Price

Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price
The formula for the profit and loss percentage is:
Profit percentage = (Profit /Cost Price) x 100
Loss percentage = (Loss / Cost price) x 100
Also, read:
 Profit
 Profit Loss Percentage Formula
 Important Questions For Class 7 Maths
 Important Questions Class 8 Maths
Profit and Loss Examples
 If a shopkeeper brings a cloth for Rs.100 and sells it for Rs.120, then he has made a profit of Rs.20/-.
 If a salesperson has bought a textile material for Rs.300 and he has to sell it for Rs.250/-, then he has gone
through a loss of Rs.50/-.
 Suppose, Ram brings a football for Rs. 500/- and he sells it to his friend for Rs. 600/-, then Ram has made a
profit of Rs.100 with the gain percentage of 20%.
These are some common examples of the profit and loss concept in real life, which we can observe regularly.

Profit and Loss Tricks

As you have learned until now how to calculate profit as well as loss and also the percentage of them. Now let us
learn some tricks or formulas to solve maths problems based on gain and loss, starting from the general formulas.
 1. Profit, P = SP – CP; SP>CP
2. Loss, L = CP – SP; CP>SP
3. P% = (P/CP) x 100
4. L% = (L/CP) x 100
5. SP = {(100 + P%)/100} x CP
6. SP = {(100 – L%)/100} x CP
7. CP = {100/(100 + P%)} x SP
8. CP = {100/(100 – L%)} x SP
9. Discount = MP – SP
10. SP = MP -Discount
11. For false weight, profit percentage will be P% = (True weight – false weight/ false weight) x 100.
12. When there are two successful profits say m% and n%, then the net percentage profit equals to
(m+n+mn)/100
13. When the profit is m% and loss is n%, then the net % profit or loss will be: (m-n-mn)/100
14. If a product is sold at m% profit and then again sold at n% profit then the actual cost price of the product
will be: CP = [100 x 100 x P/(100+m)(100+n)]. In case of loss, CP = [100 x 100 x P/(100-m)(100-n)]
15. If P% and L% are equal then, P = L and %loss = P2/100
Let us explain the above-given formulas with examples.

Solved Problems
Q. 1: Suppose a shopkeeper has bought 1 kg of apples for 100 rs. And sold it for Rs. 120 per kg. How much
is the profit gained by him?
Solution:
Cost Price for apples is 100 rs.
Selling Price for apples is 120 rs.
Then profit gained by shopkeeper is ; P = SP – CP
P = 120 – 100 = Rs. 20/-
Q.2: For the above example calculate the percentage of the profit gained by the shopkeeper.
Solution:
We know, Profit percentage = (Profit /Cost Price) x 100
Therefore, Profit percentage = (20/100) x 100 = 20%.
Q.3: A man buys a fan for Rs. 1000 and sells it at a loss of 15%. What is the selling price of the fan?
Solution: Cost Price of the fan is Rs.1000
Loss percentage is 15%
As we know, Loss percentage = (Loss/Cost Price) x 100
15 = (Loss/1000) x 100
Therefore, Loss = 150 rs.
As we know,
Loss = Cost Price – Selling Price
So, Selling Price = Cost Price – Loss
= 1000 – 150
Selling Price = R.850/-
Q.4: If a pen cost Rs.50 after 10% discount, then what is the actual price or marked price of the Pen?
Solution: MP x (100 – 10) /100 = 50
MP x (90/100) = 50
MP = (50 x 100)/90
MP = Rs. 55.55/-
Points to remember:
 For-profit, the selling price should be more than the cost price
 For loss, cost price should be more than the selling price.
  The percentage value for profit and loss is calculated in terms of cost price.

Example 3:
By selling a table for Rs 330, a trader gains 10%. Find the cost price of the table.
Solution:
S.P. = Rs 330, Gain = 10%
∴C.P. = (100/(100+Gain %))×S.P.
=Rs 100/(100+10)×330
=100/110×330=Rs 300

Example 4:
A sells a bicycle to B at a profit of 20% and B sells it to C at a profit of 25%. If C pays `225 for it, what did A pay
for it.
Solution:
C.P. of A= 225× 100/(100+20)×100/(100+25)
=225×100/120×100/125=Rs 150.

Example 5:
A mobile phone is sold for Rs 5060 at a gain of 10%. What would have been the gain or loss per cent if it had been
sold for Rs 4370?
Solution:
S.P. = Rs 5060, gain = 10%
∴C.P. =(5060×100)/(100+10)=Rs 4600.
2nd S.P. = Rs 4370
Since, S.P. < C.P., so there is loss.
∴Loss % = ((4600-4370)×100)/4600 = 5%
If a man buys x items for Rs y and sells z items for Rs w, then the gain or loss percent made by him is (xw/zy-
1)×100%
Example 6:
Some articles were bought at 6 for Rs 5 and sold at 5 for Rs 6. Gain percent is:
Solution:
Suppose, number of articles bought = L.C.M of 6 and 5 = 30
C.P. of 30 articles = Rs (5/6×30)=25
S.P. of 30 articles = Rs (5/6×30)=36
Gain % = (11/25×100)%=44%

Shortcut method:
Quantity Price
65
56
% profit = (xw/yz-1)×100%
=((6×6)/(5×5)-1)×100%
=11/25×100%=44%

DISHONEST DEALING

A merchant uses y% less weight/length and sells his good at gain/loss of x%. The overall % gain/loss is given by
[((y+x)/(100-y))×100]%

Example 7:
A shopkeeper sells the goods at 44% loss on cost price but uses 30% less weight. What is his percentage profit or
loss?
Solution:
Given, x = -44, y = 30
The overall % gain/loss = ((30-44)/(100-30)×100)% = -20%
Which represents loss being a negative expression.

Example 8:
A cloth merchant says that due to slump in the market, he sells the cloth at 10% loss, but he uses a false metre-
scale and actually gain 15%. Find the actual length of the scale.
Solution:
(True Scale)/(False Scale)=(100+gain%)/(100-loss%)
100/(False Scale)=(100+15)/(100-10)
⇒False Scale=(100×90)/115=78.26cm
Example 9:
A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price, but he uses a weight of 960 g for the kg weight. Find
his gain per cent.
Solution:
Error = 1 kg – 960g
= 1000g – 960 g = 40g.
∴Gain% = 40/(1000-40)×100
=40/960×100=41/6%

GOODS PASSING THROUGH SUCCESSIVE HANDS

When there are two successive profits of a % and b%, then the resultant profit per cent is given by
(a+b+ab/100)%
When there is a profit of a % and loss by b % in a transaction, then the resultant profit or loss per cent is given by
(a-b-ab/100)%, according to the ve or –ve sign respectively.
When cost price and selling price are reduced by the same amount (A) and profit increases then cost price (C.P.)
=[Initial profit %+Increase in profit %]×A]/(Increase in profit %)

Example 10:
A table is sold at a profit of 20%. If the cost price and selling price are Rs 200 less, the profit would be 8% more.
Find the cost price.
Solution:
By direct method,
C.P. = Rs ((20+8)×200)/8=Rs 28×25 = Rs 700
If cost price of x articles is equal to the selling price of y articles, then profit/loss percentage =(x-y)/y×100%,
according to +ve or –ve sign respectively.

Example 11:
If the C.P. of 15 tables be equal to the S.P. of 20 tables, find the loss per cent.
Solution:
By direct method,
Profit/loss % = (-5)/20×100 = 25% loss, since it is –ve.
Example 12:
If the C.P. of 6 articles is equal to the S.P. of 4 articles. Find the gain per cent.
Solution:
Let C.P. of an article be Rs x; then,
C.P. of 6 articles = Rs 6x
C.P. of 4 articles = Rs 4x
But S.P. of 4 articles = C.P. of 6 articles
∴S.P. of 4 articles = 6x
Thus, gain = S.P. – C.P. = Rs (6x-4x) = Rs 2x
∴Gain % = 2x/4x×100 = 50
Thus, gain in the transaction = 50%

Example 13:
By selling 33 metres of cloth, a man gains the sale price of 11 metres. The gain % is
Solution:
Gain = S.P. of 33 metres – C.P. of 33 metres
= S.P. of 11 metres
⇒ S.P. of 22 metres = C.P. of 33 metres
∴% gain = gain/(C.P.of metres)×100
= (S.P.of 11 metres)/(C.P.of 33 metres)×100
= (S.P.of 11 metres)/(S.P.of 22 metres)×100=11/22×100 = 50%

Shortcut method:
If on selling ‘x’ articles a man gains equal to the S.P. of y articles.
Then,
%gain=y/(x-y)×100=11/(33-11)×100=11/22×100=50%
Marked Price: The price on the lable is called the marked price.
The marked price is abbreviated as M.P.
Discount: The reduction made on the ‘marked price’ of an article is called the discount.
NOTE:
When no discount is given, ‘selling price’ is the same as ‘marked price’.
Discount = Marked price × Rate of discount.
S.P. = M.P. – Discount.
Discount% = Discount/(M.P.)×100
Buy x get y free i.e., if x + y articles are sold at cost price of x articles, then the percentage discount =y/(x+y)×100.

Example 14:
How much % must be added to the cost price of goods so that a profit of 20%must be made after throwing off a
discount of 10% from the marked price?
Solution:
Let C.P. = Rs 100, then S.P. = Rs 120
Also, Let marked price be Rs x. Then
90% of x = 120 ⇒x=(120×100)/90=1331/3
∴ M.P. should be Rs 133 1/3
or M.P. = 33 1/3 % above C.P.

Example 15:
At a clearance sale, all goods are on sale at 45% discount. If I buy a skirt marked Rs600, how much would I need
to pay?
Solution:
M.P. =Rs 600, Discount = 45%
Discount = (M.P.×Discount %)/100=(600×45)/100=Rs270.
∴ S.P. = M.P. – Discount
s.p =600-270=330. Hence the amount I held to pay is 330.Alternate method; s.p capital =M.P×0.55
= Rs 600× 0.55 = Rs 330
A man purchases a certain number of articles at x a rupee and the same number at y a rupee. He mixes them
together and sells them at z a rupee. then his gain or loss %
=[2xy/z(x+y) -1]×100 according as the sign is +ve or –ve.
If two items are sold, each at Rs x, one at a gain of p% and the other at a loss of p%, there is an overall loss given
byp^2/100%.
Note that in such cases there is always a loss.
The absolute value of the loss is given by (〖2p〗^2 x)/(〖100〗^2-p^2 )
If CP of two items is the same and % Loss and % Gain on the two items are equal, then net loss or net profit is
zero.

Example 16:
A shopkeeper sold two radio sets for Rs 792 each, gaining 10% on one, and losing 10% on the other. Then he
Solution:
When selling price of two articles is same and % gain = % loss
then there will be always loss.
and overall % loss = (10)^2/100%= 1%

Example 17:
A man bought two housing apartments for Rs2 lakhs each. He sold one at 20% loss and the other at 20% gain. Find
his gain or loss.
Solution:
When C.P. of two articles is same and
% gain = % loss
Then, on net, there is no loss, no gain
If an article is sold at a price S.P1…, then % gain or % loss is x and if it is sold at a price S.P2… then % gain or %
loss is y. If the cost price of the article is C.P., then
〖S.P〗_1/(100+x)=〖S.P〗_2/(100+y)=(C.P.)/100=(〖S.P〗_1-〖S.P〗_2)/(x-y)
where x or y is negative, if in indicates a loss, otherwise it is positive.

Example 18:
By selling a radio for Rs 1536, Ramesh lost 20%. What per cent shall he gain or lose by selling it for Rs 2000?
Solution:
Given, S.P1 = 1536, x = -20 (-ve sign indicates loss)
S.P2 = Rs 2000, y =?
Using the formula,
〖S.P〗_1/(100+x)=〖S.P〗_2/(100+y)
we get 1536/(100-20)=2000/(100+y)
⇒100+y= (2000×80)/1536=1041/6
⇒y=41/6 %
Thus, Ramesh has a gain of 41/6% by selling it for Rs 2,000
It A sells an article to B at a gain/loss of m% and B sells it to C at a gain/loss of n%. If C pays Rs z for it to B then
the cost
price for A is [(〖100〗^2 z)/((100+m)(100+n))]
Where m or n is negative, of it indicates a loss, otherwise it positive.

Example 19:
Mohit sells a bicycle to Rohit at a gain of 10% and Rohit again sells it to Jyoti at a profit of 5%. If Jyoti pays Rs
462 to Rohit. What is the cost price of the bicycle for Mohit.
Solution:
Given, m = 10, n = 5, z = Rs 462
Using the formula, C.P. =[(〖100〗^2 z)/((100+m)(100+n))]
we get C.P. for Mohit = [(〖100〗^2×462)/((100+10)(100+5))]
When two different articles sold at same S.P. x and y are % gain (or loss) on them. Then overall % gain or loss
=[(100(x+y)+2xy)/((100+x)(100+y))]
The above expression represent overall gain or loss according to its sign.

Example 20:
A man sold two watches for ` 1000 each. On one he gains 25% and on the other 20% loss. Find how much % does
he gain or loss in the whole transaction?
Solution:
When S1 = S2, then
overall % gain or % loss
=((100(x+y)+2xy)/((100+x)+(100+y)))
=((100(25-20)+2×25×-20)/((100+25)+(100-20)) ))
=-100/41% loss (∵ it is –ve)

Example 21:
After allowing a discount of 12% on the marked price of an article, it is sold for `880. Find its marked price.
Solution:
S.P. = `880 and Discount % = 12
Let M.P. =x
Discount = (M.P.×Discount%)/100=(x×12)/100=3/25 x
Now, M.P. = S.P. + Discount
x =880 + 3/25x
⇒x-3/25 x=880 ⇒22x/25=880
⇒x= (880×25)/22=40×25 = `1000
∴ Marked price of the article is `1000

Example 22:
A shopkeeper offers his customers 10% discount and still makes a profit of 26%. What is the actual cost to him of
an article marked `280?
Solution:
M.P. = `280 and Discount % = 10
Discount = (M.P.×Discount%)/100=(280×10)/100=`28
S.P. =M.P. – Discount = `280- `252
Now, S.P. = `252 and profit = 26%
∴ C.P. = 100/(100+Profit %)×S.P.
=100/(100+26)×252=`200
Hence, the actual cost of the article is `200.

SUCCESSIVE DISCOUNT:
In successive discounts, first discount is subtracted from the marked price to get net price after the first discount.
Taking this price as the new marked price, the second discount is calculated and it is subtracted from it to get net
price after the second discount. Continuing in this manner, we finally obtain the net selling price.
In case of successive discounts a % and b%, the effective discount is (a+b-ab/100)%

Example 23:
Find the single discount equivalent to successive discounts of 15% and 20%
Solution:
By direct formula,
Single discount = (a+b-ab/100)%
=(15+20-(15×20)/100)%=32%
If three or more successive discounts on an article are a%, b%, c% and respectively then a single discount to the
successive discounts will be
[1-(1-(a%)/100)(1-(b%)/100)(1-(c%)/100)(1-(d%)/100) ]%

Example 24:
Find single equivalent discount of successive discount of 30%, 20%, 40% and 10%.
Solution:
Single discount = [1-(1-30) × (1-20) × (1-40)× (1-10)×100] = 69.76%

Example 25:
Find the S.P. of an article whose M.P. is `9988467 giving successive discount of 50%, 40% and 10%.
Solution:
Equivalent discount = [1-(.50×.60×.90) ×100] =73%
S.P. =9988467 × (100-73)/100 = 2696886.09

Example 26:
If an article is marked at `1000000, and on purchasing a person gets discount of 30%, 30%, 20%, 10% and 10%
successively. Find his over all discount percentage.
Solution:
[1-(.07×.07×.08×.09×.09)] × 100 = 68.24%

Example 27:
An article is listed at `65. A customer bought this article for `56.16 and got successive discounts of which the first
one is 10%. The other rate of discount of this scheme that was allowed by the shopkeeper was:
Solution:
Price of the article after discount 65 – 6.5 = `58.5
Therefore, the second discount
= (58.5-56.16)/58.5×100=4%

Example 28:
A shopkeeper offers 5% discount on all his goods to all his customers. He offers a further discount of 2% on the
reduced price to those customers who pay cash. What will you actually have to pay for an article in cash if its M.P.
is `4800?
Solution:
M.P. = `4800
First discount = 5% of M.P.
= 5/100×4800= `240
Net price after discount = `4800 – `240
= `4560
Second discount = 2% of `4560
= 2/100×4560= `91.20
Net price after discount = ` 4560 – ` 91.20
= `4468.80
By Direct Method:
S.P. = 4800 (1-5/100)(1-2/100)=`4468.80
A person buys two items for ` A and sells one at a loss of l% and other at a gain of g%. If each item was sold at the
same price, then
(a) The cost price of the items sold at loss
= (A (100+%gain))/((100-%loss)+(100+%gain))
(b) The cost price of the item sold at gain
= (A (100+%loss))/((100-%loss)+(100+%gain))

Example 29:
Ramesh buys two books for `410 and sells one at a loss of 20% and the other at a gain of 25%. If both the books
are sold at the same price. Find the cost price of two books.
Solution:
Give, A = 410
Cost price of the books sold at loss = ((410)(100+25))/((100-20)+(100+25))
= (410×125)/(80+125)= `250/-
Cost price of the books sold at profit
= ((410)(100-20))/((100-20)+(100+25))
= (410×80)/(80+125) = `160/-

SALES TAX
To meet government’s expenditures like construction of roads, railway, hospitals, schools etc, the government
imposes different types of taxes. Sales tax
(S.T.) is one of these tax.
Sales tax is calculated on selling price (S.P.)

NOTE:

If discount is given, selling price is calculated first and then sales tax is calculated on the selling price of the
article.

Example 30:
Sonika bought a V.C.R. at the list price of `18,500. If the rate of sales tax was 8%, find the amount she had to pay
for purchasing the V.C.R.

Solution:
List price of V.C.R. = `18,500
Rate of sales tax = 8%
∴ Sales tax = 8% of `18,500
= 8/100×18500= `1480
So, total amount which Sonika had to pay for purchasing the V.C.R. = `18,500 + `1480
= `19,980

Example 31:
The sale price of an article including the sales tax is `616. The rate of sales tax is 10%. If the shopkeeper has made
a profit of 12%, then the cost price of the article is:
Solution:
Let the CP of the article be `x
Then, SP = x × 1.12 × 1.1
Now, x ×1.12×1.1-616
⇒ x = 616/1.232=`500

Example 32:
Pure ghee cost ` 100 per kg. After adulterating it with vegetable oil costing `50 per kg, a shopkeeper sells the
mixture at the rate of ` 96 per kg, thereby making a profit of 20%. In what ratio does he mix the two?
Solution:
Mean cost price = ` (100/120×96) = `80 per kg.
By the rule of allegation:
C.P. of 1 kg ghee

∴ Required ratio = 30:20=3:2.

Imp basic videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_cW7_BUDYcw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2odvmxqi1I

Profit and loss Questions for SBI Clerk Mains, IBPS Clerk Mains, RBI Assistant Mains, LIC AAO,
SBI PO Pre, IBPS PO Pre and RRB Scale I Pre Exams.

Profit n Loss Quiz 16

Directions: Read the following questions carefully and choose the right answer.

1. A shopkeeper marked a product, 20% above the cost price and sold the product for Rs. 3888 by
giving two successive discounts of 10% each. Find the cost price of the product and the loss
percentage of the shopkeeper.
A. 4200, 7.4% B. 4000, 2.8% C. 4100, 5.1% D. 4050, 4% E. None of these

2. The marked price of a John Players Denim is Rs. 1490. On the occasion of Rakshabandhan, the
showroom offered two successive discounts of 11.25% and D% respectively. If an individual
purchased the Denim for Rs. 1193.44, then find the value of value of ‘D’?
A. 9.75 B. 8.75 C. 5.5 D. 10.75 E. 11.25

3. The C.P of a Denim is 10% more than C.P of a T-shirt. The shopkeeper marked up Denim at 20%
above the C.P and T-shirt at 30% above the C.P. Find the sum of marked price of 4 Denims and 5
T-shirts, if shopkeeper allowed discount of 20% on T-shirt and 25% on Denim and the difference
between selling prices of both is Rs. 50.

A. Rs. 11680 B. Rs. 10780 C. Rs. 12680 D. Rs. 11780 E. Rs. 13680

4. A vehicle dealer bought 5 second hand tractors for Rs. 2,00,000. He spent Rs. 2,00,000 additional
on the maintenance and repairing of these 5 tractors. He sold one of the tractors for Rs. 1,50,000.
What should be the average selling price of rest of the four tractors, if he makes 40% profit on the
whole transaction?

A. Rs. 120000 B. Rs. 100000 C. Rs. 102500 D. Rs. 125000 E. Rs. 150000

5. Two denims of Levi’s and Mufti, having same marked price have been sold at 15% and 12%
discounts, respectively. The cost price of Mufti was Rs. 160 less than the cost price of Levi’s. The
 profit earned on Levi’s and Mufti was 6.25% and 20% respectively. Find the marked price of
each denim.

A.Rs. 24000 B. Rs. 4000 C. Rs. 4200 D. Rs. 2040 E. Rs. 2080
6. Ram bought a Swift D’zire car with an exchange offer. The sale price of the car was Rs. 8 lacs. He
availed 20% discount from the showroom and then 10% reduction in price for his old car. He
spent 10% of the cost on the interiors and stereo system. After a month he sold the car to his
friend Dev for Rs. 6.4 lacs. Find his profit or loss percentage into this transaction.

A. 10% B. 1.5% C. 1.01% D. 1.4% E. 11%

7. Cost price and marked price of an article is in ratio 4:5. After allowing a discount of Rs. 100, ratio
between marked price and selling price is 10:9. Find the ratio of profit after discount as a percent
of cost price to the profit without discount as a percent of selling price?

9 7 9 7
A. B. C. D. E. None of these

8 9 16 3

8. The difference between successive discount of 20% followed by 25% and 20% followed by 30% on
the marked price of an article is Rs. 36. Find the marked price of the article.

A. Rs. 720 B. Rs. 360 C. Rs. 600 D. Rs. 900 E. None of these

9. Mr Anuj, MD of JK enterprises finds out the total revenue of the company is Rs. 999300 and total
expenditure of the company is Rs. 666200 and rest is profit. Due to the establishment of a new
plant, the revenue is increased by 19% and the expenditure is increased by 13%. Find the
percentage change in profit.

A. 48% B. 38% C. 12% D. 62% E. None of these

10. Naman bought a product at 30% discount on MRP, and claims to sell it at profit of 20% on his
cost price. When Shubham offered him Rs. 600, he cheated again, by giving him Rs. 100 instead of
Rs. 200. Find overall profit of Naman?

A. 50% B. 40% C. 45% D. 60% E. 38%

Correct Answers:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B A D C A C C D E A
Explanations:

1. Selling price of the product = Rs. 3888

10 × 10
Overall discount percentage = 10 + 10 – = 19%
100

3888
Marked price of the product = = Rs. 4800
0.81

4800
Cost price of the article = = Rs. 4000
1.2

4000 – 3888
Reqd. loss % × 100 = 2.8%
4000
=

Hence, option B is correct.

2. Marked price = 1490

1st discount = 11.25%
1490 × 11.25
Price after 1st discount = 1490 – = 1322.375
100
2nd discount = D%

1322.375 ×
Price after 2nd discount = 1322.375 – D = 1193.44
100

⇒ 1322.375 × ( 1 – D ) = 1193.44
10
0

D 1193.44
⇒1–
( =
) = 0.90249
100 1322.375

⇒ ( 100 – ) = 0.90249
D
100

⇒ D = 9.75%
Hence, option A is correct.
3. Let cost price of T-shirt Rs. 100x and cost price of Denim Rs.

110x Marked price of Denim

110x × 120 = Rs. 132x
100

100x × 130
Marked price of T-shirt = Rs. 130x
100
=

132x ×
Selling price of Denim 75 = Rs. 99x
= 100

130x × 80
Selling price of T-shirt = Rs. 104x
100
=

According to the question,

⇒ 104x – 99x = 50
⇒ 5x = 50
⇒ x = 10
Marked price of 4 Denim and 5 T-shirt = Rs. [(132 × 10) × 4 + (130 + 10) × 5] = Rs.
11780

Hence, option D is correct.

4. Initial cost price of 5 tractors = Rs. 2,00,000

Maintenance and repairing cost of the 5 tractors = Rs. 2,00,000

Final cost price of 5 tractors = 2,00,000 + = Rs. 4,00,000

2,00,000
Now,
Profit to be made on the whole transaction = 40%
Total selling price of the 5 tractors
⇒ 4,00,000 + 40% of 4,00,000 = Rs.
5,60,000
Selling price of 1 tractor = Rs. 1,50,000
Let the average selling price of the remaining 4 tractors be y.
Thus, 4 × y + 1,50,000 = 5,60,000

⇒y 5,60,000 – 1,50,000
= Rs. 1,02,500
= 4
 Hence, option C is correct.

5. Let the marked price of each denim was Rs. ‘x’

 17x
Then, the S.P. of Levi’s denim = 85% of x = Rs.
20

22x
And, the S.P. of Mufti denim = 88% of x =
25
Rs.

17x 100 4
C.P. of Levi’s denim × = x
= 20 106.25 Rs. 5

22x 100 11
C.P. of Mufti denim × = x
= 25 120 Rs. 15

According to the question,

⇒ 4 – 11x = 160
x
5 15

⇒ 12x –
11x = 160
15

⇒ x = 160
15
⇒ x = 2400
∴The marked price of each denim = Rs.
2400 Hence, option A is correct.

Selling price of the car = Rs. 800000

6.

Price after first discount of 20% = 800000 – 20% of 800000 = Rs.

640000
Price after second discount of 10% = 640000 – 10% of 640000 = Rs.
576000
Now, he spent 10% of cost price on the interiors.

Total cost price = 576000 + 10% of 576000 = Rs.633600

Profit percentage earned by selling it at Rs. 640000

⇒ 640000 – 633600 × 100 = 1.01

633600

Hence, option C is correct.

7. Let the cost price and marked price be 400x and 500x

500x = 10
 500x – 100 9

450x = 500x – 100 → x = 2

Cost price = 800

Selling price = 900

Marked price = 1000

[ 900 – ]
Profit after discount as percent of C.P = 100..............I
800
800

[ 1000 – ]
Profit without discount as a percent of S.P = 100..............II
800
900

I 9
=
II 16

Hence, option C is correct.

8. Successive discount of 20% and 25% is equal to single discount of 40%

A
successive discount = – A – B ( B )
+ 100

Successive discount of 20% and 30% is equal to single discount of 44%

According to the question,

(44 – 40)% of M.P =

36
M.P = 900

Hence, option D is correct.

9.
Revenue 99930 3
= 0=
Expenditure 66620 2
0
 Profit ⇒ revenue – expenditure × 100
Expenditure

3–2
× 100 = 50%
2

Let expenditure = 200

Therefore revenue = 300

Profit = 300 – 200 =

100
{We can assume any value for expenditure as we have to calculate the profit in terms of %, here 200 is
taken to avoid fractions)

300 × 119
New Revenue = = 357
100

Profit = (357 – 226) = 131 200 × 113

New Expenditure = = 226
100
Percentage increase in profit = (131 – 100) / 100 = 31% Hence, option E is correct.

11. Let the MRP be Rs.100, Cost price = Rs. 70 and Selling Price

= Rs. 70(1.2) = Rs. 84 Shubham gave him Rs. 600, he should

have returned Rs. 200.

Actual S.P = 600 – 200 = 400

84 unit corresponds to 400

 40 100
1 unit will correspond to 0 =
84 21

Profit = 84 – 70 =
14
14 200
14 units corresponds to 100 × =
21 3

He returned Rs. 100 instead of Rs. 200. So, he cheated of Rs.

100.

200 500
Actual profit + 100
3 3
= =

CP = Rs. 70

70 7000
70 will correspond to 100 × =
21 21

500 × 21 × 100
Actual profit % → 50%
3 × 7000
=
Ratio and proportion

Ratio and proportion

The concept of ratio and proportion is more about common sense than about any complex
formula or theory.

 As a formal definition, a ratio is used to show a relationship between two numbers or a

comparison between two items of the same type. The basic thing about understanding
the concept of ratios is that those two things you are comparing must be of the same type
or related.

 In simple words, the ratio is just the number of times one quantity contains other. By the
same type, we mean that they should be comparable. For instance, you cannot compare
two humans with 5 apples. You have to compare humans with humans and apples with
apples.

 The ratio is often reduced to its simplest form and represented as a: b or a/b. Unlike in
fractions, in ratios, ‘a’ is called antecedent and ‘b’ is called the consequent. Let us take
an example,

*If we want to find out about the gender of employees of a government department. If
there are a total of 2000 employees and the ratio of male employees to the female
employee is 5:3, you can find the no. of male employees and female employees. Let us
see how:

Here 5 in the ratio represents male employees and 3 in the ratio represents
female employees.

So, suppose there are 8 employees (5+3), then as per the ratio given, there are 5
males and 3 females. Therefore,

Males = 5/8 and females = 3/8

No. of male employees in office = (5/8)*2000 = 1250 No. of

female employees in office = (3/8)*2000 = 750

NOTE: The point worth noting in the example above is that firstly the quantities compared
were of the same type i.e. employees and secondly that we convert the ratio in fractions and
them solve them.

Although CLAT doesn’t focus much upon the concept of Proportion it is no harm to know a
little about it rather than risking even one mark by skipping it. So, when two ratios are
equal, they are said to be in proportion. Hence the equivalence of two ratios is called
proportion.
If a: b = c: d, then a, b, c, d are said to be in proportion. It is represented as a:b::c:d or
a:b=c:d. Let’s understand it with an example for our better understanding.

*If a car covers a distance of 30 km in 2 hours, will it be able to cover a distance of

90kms in 6 hours?

The first step here would be to find the ratio between the two distances. The ratio between
the two distances = 30: 90 = 1:3

Remember Speed here is constant. (Speed = Distance/ time)

We will now find the ratio between the time taken in covering both the distance. The
ratio between the time taken = 2:6 = 1:3

Since, The ratio between the two distances = The ratio between the time taken. Therefore,
they are in proportion. Hence it can be said that it will be able to cover the distance of 90
kilometres in 3 hours at the same speed.

 Now, because we want to find accurate and fast answers, it is always better to have
a list of formula that will make it easier.

1. If x:y = m:n, then it means that x, y, m and n are in proportion and x*n =y*m
2. There is a concept of a constant of proportionality. Remember:

 If x is directly proportional to y, it implies that x = k * y where k is the constant

of proportionality.
 If x is inversely proportional to y, it implies that x = k/y or it may be written as x*y
= k where k is the constant of proportionality.

3. If the antecedent i.e. x and the consequent i.e. y of the ratio x:y is multiplied by the
same number, it doesn’t change the property of the ratio. For instance, 1:3 is
multiplied by 8, it becomes 8:24 which is same as 1:3.
4. The concept of Componendo and Dividendo can be explained as: If x:y = m:n

i.e. x/y = m/n, then (x+y)/(x-y) = (m+)/(m-n)

5. The concept of Componendo and Dividendo can be explained as:

 If we have two ratios x:y and m:n, then the Compounded ratio = (x*m) : (y*n)

Now that we are done with the list of formula and the basic concept of ratio
proportion, then lets us look at some types of questions that may get asked from
this portion.

Illustration 1: Two numbers are in the ratio 3:7 and the smaller number is 35 more than the
one-fourth of the greater number. Find the numbers.

Solution: Here, the numbers are in the ratio 3:7. Let us assume the smaller number as 3x
and a greater number as 7x. As per the question:

3x = 35 +(7x/4)

12x = 140+7x

5x = 140

x = 28

Therefore, smaller number is 3x = 3*28 = 84 And the

greater number is 7x = 7* 28 = 196

Illustration 2: If one dozen notebooks cost Rs. 840, then at the same rate, how much will
17 notebooks cost?

Solution: Here, the concept of proportionality will apply. One

dozen = 12 items

Let the price of 17 notebooks be x

12 notebooks / Rs. 840 = 17 notebooks /x Applying the

formula,

If x:y = m:n, then it means than x, y, m and n are in proportion and x*n
=y*m

12 *x = 840*17
x = (840*17)/12

=Rs. 1190

Illustration 3: If the mixed fruit juice contains Grape juice and apple juice in the ratio of
7:5. Now, 20 litres of apple juice is added in this mixture, and the final ratio is 5:7. Find the
initial quantity of grape juice and apple juice in the mixture.

Solution: Here, Initial quantity of Grape juice = 7k Final

quantity of Grape juice = 7k

Initial quantity of apple juice = 5k Final

quantity of apple juice = 5k +20

Moreover, the final ratio is given as 5:7

Therefore, as per the question:

7k: 5k+20 = 5:7

Applying the formula,

If x:y = m:n, then it means than x, y, m and n are in proportion and x*n
=y*m

7k* 7 = 5*(5k+20)

49k = 25k +100

24k = 100

k= 4.16 = 4(approx.)

Therefore, Initial quantity of Apple juice= 5k = 5*4 = 20 L And, Initial

quantity of grape juice= 7k = 7*4 = 28 L

Illustration 4: Betty decided to distribute a sum of money among her four children Anna,
Bella, Rosy and Charlie in the ratio of 6:7:3:5. If Bella and Rose together got Rs. 1300, what
percentage of total money did Charlie get?

Solution: Since the money is distributed in the ratio of 6:7:3:5, let the money to Anna,
Bella, Rosy and Charlie be 6x, 7x, 3x and 5x respectively.

As per the question,

7x+3x = Rs. 1300

10x = 1300

x= Rs. 130

The money Charlie will get = 5x

= 5 *130

= Rs. 650

Total money distributed by Betty = 6x+7x+3x+5x = Rs. 2730 Percentage

of money Charlie will get = (650/2730)*100

= 23.8 %

Now, after going through some examples and theoritical, it is necessary to practice what
we have learned. Here are some questions to work on.

1. If the price of a commodity is reduced by 18% and the new price if Rs.
785, find the original price of that commodity.
2. If 250 is 25% more than 200, by what percent is 200 less than 250?
3. Because of the reduced taxes, the price of imported steel dropped by 30%,
what percent of steel more should be bought in order to keep the expenditure
unchanged?
4. Kirat Kohli scored 230 runs in test match against Australia including 8 sixes
and 11 fours. What percentage of his total score did he get without the
boundary scores?
 5. The fee of the most reputed college of Legal studies increased from 60,000 to
350,000 per year in 6 years. Calculate the average percent increase in the fee
per year.
6. Two friends, Adil and Aditi appeared in a test of maximum marks of 150
where Adil scored 17 marks more than Aditi while Aditi scored 66% of the
total marks. How much did Adil score?
7. What percentage of numbers from 51 to100 have 3 or 5 in their unit’s place?
8. The value of a mobile phone depreciates 10% per year. If Asha bought a
phone for Rs 20000 in 2017. Find its value in 2020.

Explanation:

1. Let the price of the commodity be x.

As per the question,
x- 18% of x = 785
100x- 18x = 78500

82x = 78500
x = 78500/82

= Rs. 957.3

2. Remember the formula, If X is m% more than Y, then Y is 100m/(100 +

m) % less than X.
Here, m = 25
X = 250
Y = 200
Therefore, the percent by which 200 is less than 250 = 100m/(100 + m) %
= 100 *25/( 125) %
= 20%

3. Here, the price has reduced by 30%, and therefore,

Percent of steel more that should be bought in order to keep the
expenditure unchanged =[ m/(100-m) *100] %
= [ 30/(100-30)*100]
= 42.8%
 4. Runs scored by 8 sixes and 11 fours = 8*6 + 11*4
= 48+ 44
= 92
Therefore run scored otherwise = 230- 92
= 138
Percentage of his total score that he got without the boundary scores = (138/230)*100

= 60%

5. Percent of increase in fee = [(350,000 – 60,000)/ 60,000] * 100

= (290,000/ 60,000)*100
= 483.33%
Average percentage increase per year = 483.33/ 6
= 80.5%

6. Aditi’s score out of 150 = (66/100) *150

= 99
Adil’s score out of 150 = 99+17
= 116

7. Total numbers with 3, 5 in their unit’s place = 10

Percent = (10/50) *100
= 20%

8. value of a mobile phone in 2018 = 20000 – (10/100)*20000

= 20000 – 2000
= Rs. 18000

Value of a mobile phone in 2019 = 18000- (10/00)*18000

= 18000- 180
= Rs. 17820
Value of a mobile phone in 2020 = 17820 – (10/100) * 17820
 = 17820 – 1782
= Rs. 16038

Exercise 2:

Q1. A bag contains 50 P, 25 P and 10 P coins in the ratio 5: 9: 4, amounting to Rs. 206.
Find the number of coins of each type respectively.
A) 360, 160, 200 B) 160, 360, 200

C) 200, 360,160 D) 200,160,300

Q2. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. The ratio of the
two numbers is:

A) 2:5 B) 3:5

C) 4:5 D) 5:4

Q3. Salaries of Ravi and Sumit are in the ratio 2:3. If the salary of each is increased by Rs.
4000, the new ratio becomes 40:57. What is Sumit's salary?

A) 38000 B) 46800

C) 36700 D) 50000

Q4. A sum of Rs.312 was divided among 100 boys and girls in such a way that the boy gets
Rs.3.60 and each girl Rs. 2.40 the number of girls is

A) 35 B) 40

C) 45 D) 50

Q5. If Rs. 782 be divided into three parts, proportional to 12:23:34, then the first part is?

A) Rs. 182 B) Rs. 190

C) Rs. 192 D) Rs. 204
 Q6. A mixture contains alcohol and water in the ratio 4 : 3. If 5 liters of water is added to
the mixture, the ratio becomes 4: 5. Find the quantity of alcohol in the given mixture.

A) 10 B) 12

C) 15 D) 18

Q7. The compounded ratio of (2 : 3), (6: 11) and (11 :2) is

A) 1:2 B) 2:1

C) 11:24 D) 36:121

Q8. If 0.75: x :: 5:8, then x is equal to:

A) 1.12 B) 1.16

C) 1.20 D) 1.30

Explanations:

A1. let ratio be x.

Hence no. of coins be 5x ,9x , 4x respectively Now

given total amount = Rs.206

=> (.50)(5x) + (.25)(9x) + (.10)(4x) = 206

we get x = 40

=> No. of 50p coins = 200

=> No. of 25p coins = 360

=> No. of 10p coins = 160

A2. Let the third number be x.

Then, first number = 120% of x =120x/100 = 6x/5

Second number =150% of x = 150x/100 = 3x/2

Ratio of first two numbers = 6x/5 : 3x/2 = 12x : 15x = 4 : 5

A3. Let the original salaries of Ravi and Sumit be Rs. 2x and Rs. 3x respectively. Then,
(2x+4000) / (3x+4000) = 40 / 57
⇒ 57 × (2x + 4000) = 40 × (3x+4000)
⇒ 6x = 68,000
⇒ 3x = 34,000
Sumit's present salary = (3x + 4000) = Rs.(34000 + 4000) = Rs. 38,000

A4. Step (i): Let x be the number of boys and y be the number of girls.
Given total number of boys and girls = 100
x+y=100----------------(i)

Step (ii): A boy gets Rs. 3.60 and a girl gets Rs. 2.40 The
amount given to 100 boys and girls = Rs. 312 3.60x +
2.40y = 312---------------------------(ii)

Step (iii):
Solving (i) and (ii)
3.60x + 3.60y = 360------------Multiply (i) by 3.60
3.60x + 2.40y = 312------------(ii)
1.20y = 48
y = 48 / 1.20
= 40

A5. Rs.(782*623)

Given ratio =12:23:34= 6:8:9

1st part = Rs.(782*623) = Rs. 204

A6. Let the quantity of alcohol and water be 4x litres and 3x litres respectively

4x/(3x+5) = 4/5

20x = 4(3x+5)
8x = 20

x = 2.5

Quantity of alcohol = (4 x 2.5) litres = 10 litres

A7. Compounded Ratio :: When we compound two or more ratio's with each other through
product or multiplication, the result is simply a compound ratio.

Thus, the product of two or more ratios; i.e, ab:cd is a ratio compounded of the simple
ratios a:c and b:d.

Required compounded ratio = (2/3 x 6/11 x 11/2) = 2/1.

A8. (x * 5) = (0.75 *8)

X=6/5
= 1.20

Now, after going through the theory, illustrations and practicing these questions you must
have grasped a basic concept of what exactly ratio and proportion is. But, there are some of
the things that one must keep in mind, they are as follows:

1. Practice is the key! Doing questions under pressure with the clock tickling test
ones understanding of the topic in real sense.
2. The more you do, the better you get. As you give more and more mocks,
you’ll get a better understanding of each topic.
3. Look for tricks! like any other law entrance test, CLAT is also a time barred
paper, hence it is necessary that one tries to solve each question as fast as
possible, which can be achieved aptly by using simple tricks.
4. I’ll again reiterate, practice as much as possible

Here are some Links to YouTube videos on ratio and proportion:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Axc-K4BMxrY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jghk6FODq_4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyixORvA6rA
 SPEED, TIME AND DISTANCE

Speed is a very basic concept in motion which is all about how fast or slow any object
moves. We define speed as distance divided by time.
Distance is directly proportional to Velocity when time is constant.

(i) Speed Distance Time formula is mathematically written as:-

Speed = distance/time

Formula of Time:- time = distance/ Speed

So Formula of time is, time is equal to distance upon speed.

(ii) Formula of Distance:-Distance = (Speed * Time)

Distance = Rate x Time

(iii) To find rate, divide through on both sides by time:

Rate = Distance/Time

Rate is distance (given in units such as miles, feet, kilometers, meters, etc.) divided by time
(hours, minutes, seconds, etc.). Rate can always be written as a fraction that has distance
units in the numerator and time units in the denominator, e.g., 25 miles/1hour.

So distance is simply speed into time.

Note: All three formulae that formula of speed, formula of time and formula of distance are
interrelated.

 Convert from kph (km/h) to mps(m/sec)

For converting kph(kilometre per hour) to mps(meter per second) we use following
formula
x km/hr=(x∗5/18) m/sec

 Convert from mps(m/sec) to kph(km/h)

For converting mps(meter per second) to kph(kilometre per hour) we use following
formula

x m/sec= X *(18/5) km/h

  If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the times taken by
then to cover the same distance is :1/a : 1/b or b : a
 Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr.
Then, the average speed during the whole journey is :-
2xy/(x + y)
 Relation between time, distance and speed: Speed is distance covered by a moving
object in unit time: Speed= Distance covered/ Time Taken

Rule 1: Ratio of the varying components when other is constant: Consider 2 objects A
and B having speed Sa, Sb.
Let the distance travelled by them are Da and Db respectively and time taken to cover these
distances be Ta and Tb respectively.
Let's see the relation between time distance and speed when one of them is kept constant

(1) When speed is constant distance covered by the object is directly

proportional to the time taken.
ie; If Sa=Sb then Da/Db = Ta/Tb

(2) When time is constant speed is directly proportional to the distance travelled.
ie; If Ta=Tb then Sa/Sb=Da/Db

(3) When distance is constant speed is inversely proportional to the time taken ie if speed
increases then time taken to cover the distance decreases.
ie; If Da=Db then Sa/Sb= Tb/Ta

Rule 2: We know that when distance travelled is constant, speed of the object is
inversely proportional to time taken
1. If the speeds given are in Harmonic progression or HP then the
corresponding time taken will be in Arithmetic progression or AP

2. If the speeds given are in AP then the corresponding time taken is in HP

 Distance Constant
 If distance travelled for each part of the journey, ie d1=d2=d3=...=dn=d, then
average speed of the object is Harmonic Mean of speeds.
Let each distance be covered with speeds s1,s2,...sn in t1,t2,...tn time
respectively.
Then t1 =d/s1
t2 = d/s2
tn =d/sn
then, Average Speed= [(d + d + d+ ... n times)]/ [d/s1 + d/s2+ d/s3+ ... d/sn

Average Speed= (n)/[(1/s1 + 1/s2+................1/sn)]

Time Constant
 If time taken to travel each part of the journey, ie t1=t2=t3=…tn=t, then
average speed of the object is Arithmetic
Let distance of parts of the journey be d1,d2,d3,. dn and let them be
covered with speed s1,s2,s3,. sn respectively.
Then d1=s1 t , d2=s2t, d3=s3t,.............dn=snt
then , Average Speed= [(s1/t+ s2/t+ .... s n/t)/(t + t+...................n times)]

Average Speed=( s1+ s2+s3+...............+ sn)/n

Relative Speed

 If two objects are moving in same direction with speeds a and b then their
relative speed is |a-b|
 If two objects are moving is opposite direction with speeds a and b then their
relative speed is (a+b)

Some Question on Above formulas

Ques 1:- A man covers a distance of 600m in 2min 30sec. What will be the speed in
km/hr?

Sol. Speed= Distance/Time

=Distance covered = 600m, Time taken = 2min 30sec = 150sec

Therefore, Speed= 600 / 150 = 4 m/sec
= 4m/sec = (4*18/5) km/hr = 14.4 km/ hr.

Ques 2:- A car travels along four sides of a square at speeds of 200, 400, 600 and 800
km/hr. Find average speed?

Sol: Let x km be the side of square and y km/hr be average speed Using
basic formula, Time = Total Distance / Average Speed x/200 + x/400 +
x/600 + x/800= 4x/y
=25x/ 2400 = 4x/ y
= y= 384

Average speed = 384 km/hr

Ques 3: A motor car does a journey in 10 hrs, the first half at 21 kmph and the second half
at 24kmph. Find the distance?

Sol: Distance = (2 x 10 x 21 x 24) / (21+24)

= 10080 / 45
= 224 km.

Ques 4:A boy goes to school at a speed of 3 kmph and returns to the village at a speed of 2
kmph. If he takes 5 hrs in all, what is the distance between the village and the school?

Sol : Let the required distance be x km.

Then time taken during the first journey = x/3 hr. and time
taken during the second journey = x/2 hr. x/3 + x/2 = 5 =>
(2x + 3x) / 6 = 5
=> 5x = 30.
=> x = 6
Required distance = 6 km.
Ques 5: Walking ¾ of his speed, a person is 10 min late to his office. Find his usual time to
cover the distance?

Sol : Usual time = Late time / {1/ (3/4) - 1)

= 10 / (4/3 -1 )
= 10 / (1/3)
= 30 minutes.

TYPE 1

1) A man on tour travels first 160 km at 64 km/hr and the next 160 km at 80 km/hr. The
average speed for the first 320 km of the tour is

a) 35.55 km/hr
b) 36 km/hr
c) 71.11km/hr
d) 71km/hr
e) None of these

2) An athlete runs 200 meters race in 24 seconds. His speed is

a) 20 km/hr
b) 24 km/hr
c) 28.5km/hr
d) 30km/hr
e) None of these

3) A person has to cover a distance of 6 km in 45 minutes. If he covers one-half of the

distance in two-thirds of the total time; to cover the remaining distance in the remaining
time, his speed (in Km/hr) must be

a) 6
b) 8
c) 12
d) 15
e) None of these

4) A person travels from P to Q at a speed of 40 km/hr and returns by increasing his speed
by 50%. What is his average speed for both the trips?
 a) 35kmph
b) 45kmph
c) 48kmph
d) 50kmph
e) None of these

5) A car moves at the speed of 80 km/hr. what is the speed of the car in meters per second?

a) 8m/sec
b) 20*1m/9sec
c) 21*2/9m/sec
d) 22*2/9m/sec
e) None of these

6) A and B walk a circulate track. They start at 8a.m from the same point in the opposite
directions. A and B walk at a speed of 2 rounds per hour and 3 rounds per hour respectively.
How many times shall they cross each other before 9.30a.m?

a) 5
b) 7
c) 9
d) 11
e) None of these

7) The distance between two cities A and B is 330 Km. A train starts from A at 8 a.m. and
travel towards B at 60 km/hr. Another train starts from B at 9a.m and travels towards A at 75
Km/hr. At what time do they meet?

a) 10 a.m
b) 10:30a.m
c) 11a.m
d) 11:30a.m
e) None of these
 8) A man in a train notices that he can count 21 telephone posts in one minute. If they are
known to be 50 meters apart, then at what speed is the train travelling?

a) 55km/hr
b) 57km/hr
c) 60km/hr
d) 63km/hr
e) None of these

9) A man walking at the rate of 5 km/hr crosses a bridge in 15 minutes. The length of
the bridge in meters is

a) 600
b) 750
c) 1000
d) 1250
e) None of these

10) A cyclist covers a distance of 750 m in 2 min. 30 sec. What is the speed in km/hr of
the cyclist?

a) 18 km/hr
b) 9 km/hr
c) 17 km/hr
d) 20 km/hr
e) None of these

11) A train crosses a man coming from the opposite direction in 7.5 seconds. If the speed
of man be 10 m/s and speed of train is 20 m/s, find the length of the train?

a) 225 m
b) 125m
c) 150 m
d) 180 m
 e) None of these

12) An aeroplane flies along the four sides of a square at the speeds of 200, 400, 600 and
800 km/hr. Find the average speed of the plane around the field.

a) 390 km/hr
b) 384 km/hr
c) 400 km/hr
d) 205 km/hr
e) None of these

13) In a 1 km race A wins over B by 80 m or 20second. B cangive a start of 100 m to C in 1

km race. Find out that by how much time A will win over C?

a) 47.77
b) 45.90
c) 46.80
d) 47.95
e) None of these

14) A goods train leaves a station at a certain time and at a fixed speed. After 6 hours, an
express train leaves the same station and moves in the same direction at a uniform speed of
90 kmph. This train catches up the goods train in 4 hours. Find the speed of the goods train.

a) 60 kmph
b) 36 kmph
c) 12 kmph
d) 24 kmph
e) None of these

15) A can run 1 km in 2 min 20 second and B can run the same distance in 3 min. What
is the distance travelled by B in the same time as A travels, when they start
simultaneously in the race of 4.5 km/

a) 5 km
b) 6 km
 c) 3.5 km
d) 5.6 km
e) None of these

16) A thief is spotted by a policeman from a distance of 100 metres. When the policeman
starts the chase, the thief also starts running. If the speed of the thief be 8 km/hr and that of
the policeman 10 km/hr how far the thief will have run before he is overtaken?

a) 200 m
b) 100 m
c) 300 m
d) 400 m
e) None of these

17) An athlete runs 200 metres race in 24 seconds. His speed is

a) 20 km/hr
b) 24 km/hr
c) 28.5 km/hr
d) 30 km/hr
e) None of these

18) A train M leaves Meerut at 5 a.m. and reaches Delhi at 9 a.m. Another train leaves Delhi
at 7 a.m. and reaches Meerut at 10.30 a.m. At what time do the two trains cross each other?

a) 7.36 a.m.
b) 7.56 a.m.
c) 8 a.m.
d) 8.26 a.m.
e) None of these

19) A person crosses a 600 m long street in 5 minutes. What is his speed in km per hour?

a) 3.6
b) 7.2
c) 8.4
d) 10
e) None of these

20) Two trains start from P and Q respectively and travel towards each other at a speed of
50 km/hr and 40 km/hr respectively. By the time they meet, the first train has travelled 100
km more than the second. The distance between P and Q is :

a) 500 km
b) 630 km
c) 660 km
d) 900 km
e) None of these

21) How long will a boy take to run round a square field of side 35 metres, if he runs at the
rate of 9 km/hr?

a) 50 sec
b) 52 sec
c) 54 sec
d) 56 sec
e) None of these

22) Two cars P and Q start at the same time from A and B which are 120 km apart. If the
two cars travel in opposite directions, they meet after one hour and if they travel in same
direction (from A towards B), then P meets Q after 6 hours. What is the speed of car P?

a) 60 kmph
b) 70 kmph
c) 80 kmph
d) Data inadequate
e) None of these
23) One of the two buses completes a journey of 300 km in 7 1 2 hours and the other a
journey of 450 km in 9 hours. The ratio of their average sppeds is :
a) 2 : 3
b) 3 : 4
c) 4 : 5
d) 8 : 9
e) None of these

24) The jogging track in a sports complex is 726 metres in circumference. Deepak and his
wife start from the same point and walk in opposite directions at
4.5 km/hr and 3.75 km/hr respectively. They will meet for the first time in :

a) 4.9 min
b) 5.28 min
c) 5.5 min
d) 6 min
e) None of these

25) The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7 : 8. If the second train runs 400 kms in
4 hours, then the speed of the first train is :

a) 70 km/hr
b) 75 km/hr
c) 84 km/hr
d) 87.5 km/hr
e) None of these

26) A man in a train notices that he can count 21 telephone posts inn one minute. If they
are known to be 50 metres apart, then at what speed is the train travelling?

a) 55 km/hr
b) 57 km/hr
c) 60 km/hr
d) 63 km/hr
e) None of these
 27) A thief steals a car at 2.30 p.m. and drives it at 60 kmph. The theft is discovered at
3 p.m. and the owner sets off in another car at 75 kmph. When will he overtake the
thief?

a) 4.30 p.m.
b) 4.45 p.m.
c) 5 p.m.
d) 5.15 p.m.
e) None of these

28) A covered half of his journey at 20 km/h and rest at x km/h, then his average
speed is 24 km/h. What is the value of x?

a) 30
b) 32
c) 36
d) 40
e) None of these

29) When do the hands of a clock coincide between 5 and 6? a) 5 : 30

: 16
b) 5 : 27 : 16
c) 5 : 32 : 16
d) 5 : 28 : 56
e) None of these

30) A train goes with a speed of 20 m/s. What is the speed of train in km/h?

a) 57 km/h
b) 72 km/h
c) 80 km/h
d) 120 km/h
e) None of these
 31) Vinay and Versha run a race with their speeds in the ratio of 5 : 3. They prefer to run
on a circular track of circumference 1.5 km. What is the distance covered by Vinay when
he passes Versha for the seventh time?

a) 25.25 km
b) 26.25 km
c) 132 m
d) Data inadequate
e) None of these

32) A is twice fast as B and B is thrice as fast as C. The journey covered by C in 78 minutes
will be covered by A in :

a) 12 min
b) 13 min
c) 15.5 min
d) Data inadequate
e) None of these

33) A beats B by 100 m in a race of 1200 m and B beats C by 200 m in a race of 1600 m.
Approximately by how many metres can A beat C in a race of 9600 m?

a) 1600 m
b) 1800 m
c) 1900 m
d) 2400 m
e) None of these

34) A motor car starts with the speed of 70 km/hr with its speed increasing every two
hours by 10 kmph. In how many hours will it cover 345 kms?

a) 2 1 4 hrs.
b) 4 hrs. 5 min.
c) 4 1 2 hrs.
d) Data inadequate
e) None of these
 35) Two men starting from the same place walk at the rate of 5 kmph and 5.5 kmph
respectively. What time will they take to be 8.5 km apart, if they walk in the same
direction?

a) 4 hrs 15 min
b) 8 hrs 30 min
c) 16 hrs.
d) 17 hrs.
e) None of these

36) A train covers a distance of 10 km in 12 minutes. If its speed is decreased by 5 km/hr

the time taken by it to cover the same distance will be :

a) 10 min
b) 11 min 20 s
c) 13 min
d) 13 min 20 s

e) None of these

37) It takes eight hours for a 600 km journey, if 120 km is done by train and the rest by car.
It takes 20 minutes more, if 200 km is done by train and the rest by car. The ratio of the
speed of the train to that of the car is :

a) 2 : 3
b) 3 : 2
c) 3 : 4
d) 4 : 3
e) None of these

38) A person has to cover a distance of 6 km in 45 minutes. If he covers one- half of the
distance in two-thirds of the total time; to cover the remaining distance in the remaining
time, his speed (in km/hr) must be :

a) 6
b) 8
c) 12
d) 15
e) None of these
39) With a uniform speed a car covers the distance in 8 hours. Had the speed been
increased by 4 km/hr, the same distance could have been covered in 7 1 2 hours. What is
the distance covered?

a) 420 km
b) 480 km
c) 640 km
d) Data inadequate
e) None of these

40) A can complete a journey in 10 hours. He travels first half of the journey at the rate of
21 km/hr and second half at the rate of 24 km/hr. Find the total journey in km.

a) 220 km
b) 224 km
c) 230 km
d) 234 km

e) None of these

TYPE 2

1. A truck travelled to a place Q from P, the first 50 km at 10 kmph faster than the usual
speed, but it returned the same distance at 10 kmph slower than usual speed. If the total time
taken by the truck is 12 hours, then how many hours will travel at the faster speed?
A. 8 hours
B. 6 hours
C. 2 hours
D. 3 hours

2. Mr.Kavin walks at 4/5 of his normal speed and takes 60 minutes more than the usual
time. What will be the new time taken by Mr. Kavin?
A. 260 minutes
B. 235 minutes
 C. 220 minutes
D. 300 minutes

3.A travel bus normally reaches its destination at 60 kmph in 20 hours. Find the speed of that
travel bus at which it travels to reduce the time by 5 hours?
A. 80 kmph
B. 60 kmph
C. 50 kmph
D. 40 kmph

4. A Lion starts chasing a Giraffe. It takes 4 hours to catch the Giraffe. If the speed of
the Lion is 40 km/h, what is the speed of Giraffe?
A. 20 km/h
B. 50 km/h
C. 40 km/h
D. 70 km/h

5. Anu and Purvi are running on a circular track of length 500m. The Speed of Anu is 40
m/s and that of Purvi is 30 m/s. They start from the same point at the same time in the same
direction. When will they meet again for the first time?
A. 25 s
B. 23 s
C. 50 s
D. 48 s

6. Two trains are running in opposite directions in the same speed. The length of each train is
120 meter. If they cross each other in 12 seconds, the speed of each train (in km/hr) is
A.30 Km/hr
B.36 Km/hr
C.80 Km/hr
D.90 Km/h

7. Length of train is 130 meters and speed of train is 45 km/hour. This train can pass a
bridge in 30 seconds, then find the length of the bridge.
A.230 meters
B.235 meters
C.240 meters
D.245 meters

8. A 300 meter long train crosses a platform in 39 seconds while it crosses a signal pole
in 18 seconds. What is the length of the platform?
A.310 meter
B.335 meter
C.345 meter
D.350 meter

9. A jogger running at 9 kmph alongside a railway track is 240 metres ahead of the engine
of a 120 metre long train running at 45 kmph in the same direction. In how much time will
the train pass the jogger?
A.30 seconds
B.32 seconds
C.34 seconds
D.36 seconds

10. A train running at the speed of 60 km/hr crosses a pole in 9 seconds. Find the length
of the train.
A.150 meter
B.145 meter
C.140 meter
D.135 meter

11. A train speeds past a pole in 15 seconds and a platform 100 meter long in 25 seconds.
What is the length of the train ?
A.40 meter
B.145 meter
C.150 meter
D.155 meter

12. How many seconds will a 500 meter long train take to cross a man walking with a
speed of 3
km/hr in the direction of the moving train if the speed of the train is 63 km/hr
A.25 Seconds
B.28 Seconds
C.30 Seconds
D.35 Seconds

13. A train overtakes two persons who are walking in the same direction in which the
train is going, at the rate of 2 kmph and 4 kmph and passes them completely in 9 and
10 seconds respectively. Find the length of train ?
A.45 m
B.50 m
C.55 m
D..60 m

14. A 270 metres long train running at the speed of 120 kmph crosses another train
running in opposite direction at the speed of 80 kmph in 9 seconds. What is the length of
the other train?
A.220 meter
B.225 meter
C.230 meter
D.235 meter

15. Two trains of equal length are running on parallel lines in the same direction at 46 km/hr
and 36 km/hr. The faster train passes the slower train in 36 seconds. The length of each train
is ?
A.40 meter
B.45 meter
C.50 meter
D.55 meter

16. Two trains running in opposite directions cross a man standing on the platform in 27
seconds and 17 seconds respectively and they cross each other in 23 seconds. The ratio of
their speeds is ?
A.1:3
B.3:2
C.3:5
D.3:7
 17. Two trains 140 metre and 160 metre long run at the speed of 60 km/hr and 40 km/hr
respectively in opposite direction on parallel tracks. What time these will take to cross
each other ?
A.10.7 Seconds
B.10.8 Seconds
C.10.9 Seconds
D.11.8 Seconds

18. Two trains 140 m and 160 m long run at the speed of 60 km/hr and 40 km/hr respectively
in
opposite directions on parallel tracks. The time which they take to cross each other, is
A.9.8 seconds
B.10.8 seconds
C.11.8 seconds
D.12.8 seconds

19. A train overtakes two persons walking along a railway track. The first one walks at
4.5 km/hr. The other one walks at 5.4 km/hr. The train needs 8.4 and
8.5 seconds respectively to overtake them. What is the speed of the train if both the persons
are walking in the same direction as the train?
A. 66 km/hr
B. 72 km/hr
C. 78 km/hr
D. 81 km/hr

20.Two stations A and B are 110 km apart on a straight line. One train starts from A at 7
a.m. and travels towards B at 20 kmph. Another train starts from B at 8 a.m. and travels
towards A at a speed of 25 kmph. At what time will they meet?
A. 9 a.m.
B. 10 a.m.
C. 10.30 a.m.
D. 11 a.m.
 21. Two, trains, one from Howrah to Patna and the other from Patna to Howrah, start
simultaneously. After they meet, the trains reach their destinations after 9 hours and 16 hours
respectively. The ratio of their speeds is:
A. 2 : 3
B. 4 : 3
C. 6 : 7
D. 9 : 16

22. Two goods train each 500 m long, are running in opposite directions on parallel
tracks. Their speeds are 45 km/hr and 30 km/hr respectively. Find the time taken by the
slower train to pass the driver of the faster one.
A. 12 sec
B. 24 sec
C. 48 sec
D. 60 sec

23. Two trains running in opposite directions cross a man standing on the platform in 27
seconds and 17 seconds respectively and they cross each other in 23 seconds. The ratio of
their speeds is:
A.1 : 3
B.3 : 4
C.3 : 2
D.Data inadequate
E.None of these

24. Two trains are moving in opposite directions @ 60 km/hr and 90 km/hr. Their
lengths are 1.10 km and 0.9 km respectively. The time taken by the slower train to cross
the faster train in seconds is:
A.36 sec
B.45 sec
C.48 sec
D.49 sec E.None of
these

25. A train travelling at a speed of 75 mph enters a tunnel 3 miles long. The train is mile
long. How long does it take for the train to pass through the tunnel from the moment the
front enters to the moment the rear emerges?
A.2.5 min
B.3 min
C.3.2 min
D.3.5 min E.None
of these

26. Two cogged wheels of which one has 32 cogs and other 54 cogs, work into each other.
If the latter turns 80 times in three quarters of a minute,how often does the other turn in
8seconds?
A.48
B.24
C.38
D.36

27. Two trains started at the same time, one from A to B and the other from B to A . If they
arrived at B and A respectively 4 hours and 9 hours after they passed each other the ratio of
the speeds of the two trains was
A.2:1
B.3:2
C.4:3
D.5:4

28. A train travelling at a speed of 75 mph enters a tunnel 312312miles long. The train is
1414mile long. How long does it take for the train to pass through the tunnel from the
moment the front enters to the moment the rear emerges? A.2.5min
B.3min
C.3.2min
D.3.5min

29. A 270 metres long train running at the speed of 120 kmph crosses another train
running in opposite direction at the speed of 80 kmph in 9 seconds. What is the length of
the other train ?
A.230m
B.240m
C.260m
D.320m
 30. Train K crosses a stationary Train L in 50 seconds and a pole in 20 seconds with the
same speed. The length of the Train K is 240 meters. What is the length of stationary Train L
?
A.60m
B.120m
C.240m
D.360m

31. A train is traveling at 48 kmph . It crosses another train having half of its length ,
traveling in opposite direction at 42 kmph, in 12 seconds. It also passes a railway platform
in 45 seconds. What is the length of the platform?
A.500
B.400
C.360
D.480

32. Two trains are moving in the same direction at 72 kmph and 36 kmph. The faster train
crosses a girl sitting at a window seat in the slower train in 32 seconds. Find the length of
the faster train ?
A. 0m
B.100m
C.270m
D.320m

33. A train for Fathehpur leaves for every 2 hrs 30 min from Agra station. An announcement
was made that the train left 37 mins ago and the next train comes at 17:00hrs. At what time
was the announcement made ?
A. 5:07hrs
B.15:20hrs
C.15:05hrs
D.15:00hrs

34. Two trains of equal length, running with the speeds of 60 and 40 kmph, take 50 seconds
to cross each other while they are running in the same direction. What time will they take to
cross each other if they are running in opposite directions ?
 A. 0sec
B.11sec
C.12sec
D.8sec

35. A train covers a distance between station A and station B in 45 min. If the speed of the
train is reduced by 5 km/hr, then the same distance is covered in 48 min. what is the distance
between the stations A and B ?
A. 0kms
B.60kms
C.45kms
D.32kms

36. Two trains, one from Hyderabad to Bangalore and the other from Bangalore to
Hyderabad, start simultaneously. After they meet, the trains reach their destinations after 9
hours and 16 hours respectively. The ratio of their speeds is
? A.3:4
B.4:3
C.2:3
D.3:2

37. Two passenger trains start at the same hour in the day from two different stations and
move towards each other at the rate of 16 kmph and 21 kmph respectively. When they meet,
it is found that one train has traveled 60 km more than the other one. The distance between
the two stations is ?
A. 7kms
B.242kms
C.145kms
D.244kms

38. The two trains of lengths 400 m, 600 m respectively, running at same directions.
The faster
train can cross the slower train in 180 sec, the speed of the slower train is 48 kmph. Then
find the speed of faster train ?
A. 8km/h
B.52km/h
C.76km/h
D.50km/h

39. A train travelling with a speed of 60 km/hr catches another train travelling in the same
direction and then leaves it 120m behind in 18 seconds. The speed of the second train is
A. 2km/h
B.72km/h
C.36km/h
D.44km/h

40 A train travelling at 48 kmph crosses another train, having half its length and travelling
in the opposite direction at 42 kmph, in 12 sec. It also covers a bridge in 45 sec. Find the
length of the bridge ?
A.250m
B.400m
C.320m
D.390m

TYPE 3

1. In how much time a train can cover a distance of 600 km if speed of train is 25% more
than the speed of car and speed of car is 20 % more than the speed of a truck which cover
640 km in 20 hours in which he takes 40 minute break after every 100 km.
(a) 9 hours
(b) 8 hours 20 mins
(c) 10 hours
(d) 8 hours
(e) None of these

2. A train travelling at 144 km/hr crosses another train, having 30 meter less length and
travelling in opposite direction at 126 km/hr in 6 seconds. If longer train cross a railway
platform in 20 second then find smaller train will cross same platform in how many
seconds?
(a) 22 seconds
(b) 24 seconds
(c) 28 seconds
(d) 32 seconds
(e) 30 seconds

3. Train A running at the speed of 108 km/hr crosses a man, who running in the opposite
direction at the speed of 12 km/hr in 7.2 sec. If speed of train A increased by 25% and it
takes 48 seconds to cross another train B, which running at the speed of 90 km/hr in same
direction. Find the length of train B?
(a) 280 meters
(b) 360 meters
(c) 180 meters
(d) 160 meters
(e) 220 meters

4. Train P leaves Delhi at 7 PM and is travelling at a speed of 80 kmph, 3 hours later another
train Q leaves Delhi and is travelling in same direction as train P in how many time (in
minutes) train Q will be 18 km ahead train P, if speed of train Q is 120 kmph?
(a) 383 minutes
(b) 387 minutes
(c) 380 minutes
(d) 377 minutes
(e) 375 minutes

5. A bus and a car start from a place A toward B simultaneously at 10:00 am. Bus reach at
B in 4 hours and return for C, which is exactly in the middle of A and B, and meet the car
after 1 hour after leaving B. Find the time at which car reach C after returning from B.
(a) 6:00 pm
(b) 8:00 pm
(c) 10:00 pm
(d) 8:00 am
(e) 12:00 pm

6. Two trains A and B running at the speed of 108km/hr and 162km/hr crossed another
train ‘P’, which is standing stationary of length 240 meters in 14 sec
and 16 sec respectively. How much time both train A and B will take to cross each other, if
both running in opposite direction?
(a) 8.4 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(b) 8.6 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(c) 8.8 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(d) 9 𝑠𝑒𝑐
(e) 8.2 𝑠𝑒𝑐

7. There was a race of 3000 meters between A & B on a circular track of 750 meters. First
time they meet during the race is after 5 minutes of starting the race. Find the time taken by
B to complete the race, if he runs at half the speed of A.
(a) 20 minutes
(b) 18 minutes
(c) 15 minutes
(d) 10 minutes
(e) None of these

8. Two cities Rampur and Dhamnagar are 300 km apart, Bhavya starts from Rampur at
8 : 24 am and an hour later Abhi starts from the same city. After travelling for one hour
Abhi reaches at city which Bhavya had passed 40 min earlier. The city is in the way of
Rampur and Dhamnagar. If they reaches city Dhamnagar at same time. Find their speed.
(a) 50 km/hr, 75 km/hr
(b) 75 km/hr, 75 km/hr
(c) 100 km/hr, 100 km/hr
(d) 75 km/hr, 100 km/hr
(e) None of these

9. A 240 meters long train crosses a 210 meters long train running in the opposite
direction in 6 sec. Ratio between the speed of the longer train and smaller train is 7 : 8. If a
faster train crosses a platform in 9 sec, then find time taken by slower train to cross a
bridge, which is 60 meters more long than the platform?
(a) 1427𝑠𝑒𝑐 (b)
1367𝑠𝑒𝑐 (c)
907𝑠𝑒𝑐
(d) 1487𝑠𝑒𝑐 (e)
1427𝑠𝑒𝑐

10. Train P leave place A by is travelling at a speed of 120 kmph. 4 hours later another train
Q leaves place by travelling in same direction as train P. Train Q will be 36 km ahead of train
P in T hours and speed of train Q is 160 kmph, then find a bus travel what distance in (T +
3.1) hr, if the speed of the bus is 75% of speed of train P?
(a) 1360 km
(b) 1440 km
(c) 1540 km
(d) 1280 km
(e) 1720 km

11. Satish started from point A in a boat to reach point B. After 6.5 hours he covered only
20% of the distance and reached at point M. Now, Satish started from point M reached at
mid point of A and B and came back to M in 29.25 hours. In what time Satish can cover the
distance between B and A if he started from B?
(a) 58.5 hours
(b) 32.5 hours
(c) 65 hours
(d) Can’t be determined
(e) 50 hours

12. Train X having length 130 m and train Y having length 145 m moving in opposite
direction. They enter into a tunnel which has length equal to the sum of length of both trains.
Trains meet after 10 second of entering in the tunnel. What percent of train X part is leave out
the tunnel when it meets train Y if they have their speed in the ratio of 5 :6.
(a) 2 11/13%
(b) 3 11/13%
(c) 4 1 /3%
(d) 5%
(e) 8%
 13. A car and a bus starts from point ‘A’. After ‘T’ hours the bus is 48 km ahead of the car,
while after ‘8’ hours the distance between bus and car is the same as the distance covered by
bus in one hour. If relative speed of car and bus if they move towards each other is 240, then
how much distance can bus cover in (𝑇 –
12) hour.
(a) 320 km
(b) 280 km
(c) 384 km
(d) 336 km
(e) 256 km

14. Point A to Point B is a downstream journey of 300 km on a stream which flows at a

speed of 5 km/hr. Two boats P and Q starts from point A and Point B respectively with
speed of 25 km/hr and 15 km/hr in still water. After reaching the opposite point they return
to their starting points, find after how much time will they meet the second time?
(a) 7.5hour
(b) 15hour
(c) 20hour
(d) 10hour
(e) None of these

15. Distance between Delhi and Jaipur is 300 km. Aman starts from Delhi and Rajiv from
Jaipur at same time. After two hours, Aman realized he was travelling slow and therefore
increased his speed by 25% and meet Rajiv at a point 108 km from Delhi. Find the increased
speed of Aman, if Rajiv derived at a constant speed of 75 km/hr.
(a) 40 km/hr
(b) 50 km/hr
(c) 60 km/hr
(d) 55 km/hr
(e) 65 km/hr Directions

(16-17): Time taken by train A to cover a distance is 1.5 times the time taken by train B to
cover the same distance. Train A and train C start simultaneously from a station in same
direction. Train B starts after 30 min and overtakes train C in 1.5 hour later than it crosses
train A.
 16. If the speed of train A is 80 km/hr, then what is the speed of train C.
(a) 60 km/hr
(b) 100 km/hr
(c) 125 km/hr
(d) 75 km/hr
(e) 80 km/hr

17. If train A double its speed, then speed of train A is what % more than the speed of
train C. (a) 60%
(b) 100%
(c) 80%
(d) 50%
(e) None of these

Directions (18-19): A consignment should deliver on time to the customer for which
Mahendra starts his journey with uniform speed, after 2 hours the customer calls Mahendra
to deliver his order 1 hour before the decided time. Mahendra increased his speed by 50%
to deliver it 1 hour before the decided time.

18. Find the total time taken by Mahendra to deliver the consignment?
(a) 4 hours
(b) 5 hours
(c) 6 hours
(d) 7 hours
(e) 3 hours

19. If initially, customer alto start moving toward Mahendra at speed of 60 km/hr and
take his consignment after 3 hours then find the total distance between Mahendra and
Customer initially. (a) 256 km
(b) 150 km
(c) 500 km
(d) 450 km
(e) 300 km
Directions (20-21): A man decided to run 15 rounds of a circular track of 400 m in certain
time with certain speed. He starts running but after completing some round around the track
he reduces his speed by 40% due to which he takes 4 min extra as scheduled. But if he
reduced his speed by completing 3 more rounds he would have reached 2 min earlier than the
time he actually reached.

20. Find the original speed of man?

(a) 240 m/min
(b) 160 m/min
(c) 200 m/min
(d) 400 m/min
(e) 350 m/min

21. Find the number of rounds at which he decided to reduce his speed?
(a) 7
(b) 9
(c) 10
(d) 8
(e) 11
PERMUTATION, COMBINATION AND PROBABILITY

The best way to define probability is number of favourable outcomes divided by total number of
possible outcomes. Eg. When we conduct an experiment of throwing a dice and we have to calculate the
probability of getting 2.
Now number of favorable outcome is 1 i.e. ‘2’ And total number of possible outcomes is 6 i.e it may
appear ‘1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6’ on throwing a dice. Hence probability of getting a ‘2’ is = 1/6
If we were asked what is the probability of getting an even number. Number of possible outcome = 3 (2,
4 or 6)
Probability of getting an even number on throwing a dice =
3/6 = 1/2

But the probability in bank exam is not this much easy, we encounter with way more complicated
questions.

Example 1: A C++ program shuffles all the letters of a word. When the word INDIA was entered, a new
word was given as an output. What is the probability that new word formed is having all the vowels
together?

Solution: We need to calculate two things

(i) Total number of possible outcomes
(ii) Total number of favorable outcomes

Imagine how many different words can be formed by rearranging the words of INDIA.
And then how many different possible words can be formed when ‘IIA’ of ‘INDIA’ are together.

To solve these kinds of questions we have PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION.

Permutation and Combination:

Basic definition: Permutation means different possible arrangement of things taken all or some of them
together. While Combination means different way of selection of things taken all or
some of them together.
Eg. Of arrangement/permutation:
There were two chairs numbered 1 and 2. In how many ways A, B and C could sit on them?
SOLUTION: AB or BA, AC or CA and BC or CB. (First person denotes to sit on chair named A).
Hence there are 6 possible ways.
Eg. Of selection/ Combination
There were two chairs and three persons. In how many different ways they can sit on chairs?

Solution: Either AB, BC or AC will sit on two chairs. Hence there are 3 possible ways.
The point is an arrangement when sequence matters is known as permutation or selecting some or all the
persons is called combination. Before further discussion, let us revise few terms of permutation and
combination.
! is called factorial.
N! where N is a natural number is N × (N-1) × (N-2)….. ×1

Example 2: What is the probability that after rearranging the word ‘INDIA’ a new word is formed in
which all vowels are together?

SOLUTION: When n things in which p are of one type, q are of one type , then total no. of arrangements
of those n things is = n!/p!q!
Taking two Is and one A as a single entity, we have in all 3 entities (N,D and the group of is and A).
Total no. of ways of arranging these three entities is 3!. Two Is and one A can be rearranged among
themselves in 3!/2! ways.
Hence, total no. of ways in which all vowels are together is equal to 3!× 3!/2!=18.
Total no. of ways in which all letters of word INDIA can be arranged = 5!/2!=60.
Hence required probability= 18/60=3/10

Example: What is the probability that a word formed after rearranging “ARRANGEMENT’’ such that
all vowels are together?
SOLUTION: Following the same method as that of the previous question, Total no. of ways of
rearranging the letters of word ARRANGEMENT= 11!/2!2!2!2!=11!/16
No. of ways of arranging letters such that all vowels are together=8!/2!2!×4!/2!2!=8!/4!16 Required

probability=

KEY POINTS: Number of permutation of n things taken all at a time is

1. There are 12 students in a class. If a group of 5 students has to be selected from the class in such a
way that one particular student is always included, in how many different ways can the selection be
made?
(1) 210
(2) 220
(3) 320
(4) 330
(5) 420

2. If the letters of the word PREVIOUS be arranged at random, what is the probability that all the
vowels come together?
(1) 1 /8
(2) 7/ 8
(3) 1/ 14
(4) 7 /14
(5) 1 /16

3. Letters of the word “SERIES” are arranged in such a way that all the vowels always come together.
What is the total number of ways of making such an arrangement?
(1) 720
(2) 180
(3) 144
(4) 72
(5) 36

4. From a pack of 52 cards, two cards are drawn at random. What is the probability of both of them
being queens?
(1) 200 /221
(2) 20 /221
(3) 201/ 221
(4) 1 /221
(5) 32/ 221

5. The ratio of the number of girls to the number of boys is the 5 : 2 in a class of 28 students. A group of
three students is to to be selected at random amongst them. What is the probability that the selected
group of students contain one boy and two girls?
(1) 14 /71
(2) 14 /117
(3) 20 /71
(4) 20 /117
(5) None of these

6. 18 persons are sitting around a circular table. In how many ways can they be seated if six particular
persons are to always sit together?
(1) 18! × 6!
(2) 17! × 5!
(3) 13! × 6!
(4) 12! × 6!
(5) 12! × 5!

7. In how many ways can the letters of the word “PRODUCT” be arranged so that all the vowels never
come together?
(1) 5040
(2) 720
(3) 4320
(4) 1440
(5) 3600
8. There are seven boys and six girls. They sit in a row randomly. What is the probability that all the
girls do not sit together?
(1) 1/ 429
(2) 428/ 429
(3) 2 /429
(4) 427/ 429
(5) 1 /1716

9. There are seven boys and four girls in a row. In how many ways can they be seated in the row so that
all the girls do not sit together?
(1) 7! × 4!
(2) 11! - 7! × 4!
(3) 11! - 7!
(4) 11! - 4!
(5) 11! - 8! × 4!

10. A bag contains four red, six black and and seven green balls. Three balls are drawn randomly. What
is the probability that the balls drawn contain exactly two red balls?
(1) 39/ 340
(2) 301 /340
(3) 55 /408
(4) 353 /408
(5) 54 /91

11. In how many ways can 6 boys and 5 girls be seated in a row so that they sit alternately?
(1) 43200
(2) 86400
(3) 21600
(4) 840
(5) 720

12. When two dice are thrown, what is the probability that the difference of the numbers shown by them
will be 3?
(1) 2 /9
(2) 1 /36
(3) 1 /6
(4) 1 /18
(5) None of these

13. In how many different ways can the letters of the word “PRODUCTION’ be arranged so that the
vowels always come together?
(1) 15120
(2) 30240
(3) 60480
(4) 120960
(5) 11! 2!

14. From a group of 8 men and 5 women, in how many different ways can six of them be included so
that at least one woman is chosen?
(1) 1715
(2) 1688
(3) 896
(4) 996
(5) 1714

15. In how many ways can you choose a group of four persons out of three girls and seven boys such
that the group has only one girl?
(1) 105
(2) 210
(3) 120
(4) 224
(5) 240

16. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that the card drawn is
either a Diamond or a Jack?
(1) 1/ 13
(2) 2/ 13
(3) 3/ 13
(4) 4/ 13
(5) 5/ 13

17. In a party, every person shakes hands with every other person. If there occur a total of 351
handshakes in the party, how many persons were present at the party?
(1) 25
(2) 26
(3) 27
(4) 28
(5) 29

18. A bag contains 10 white, 8 black and 6 blue balls. If two balls are drawn at random, find the
probability of both the balls being black?
(1) 1/ 3
(2) 1/ 12
(3) 7/ 69
(4) 9/ 69
(5) None of these

19. In how many different ways can the letters of the word “SCHOOL” be arranged?
(1) 720
(2) 360
(3) 180
(4) 120
(5) 60

20. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that it is either a Queen or a Jack?
(1) 1 /13
(2) 1 /26
(3) 2 /13
(4) 3/ 13
(5) None of these
21. From a pack of 52 cards, two cards are drawn at random. What is the probability that one is a Queen
and the other is an Ace?
(1) 1/ 221
(2) 32/ 221
(3) 20 /663
(4) 8/ 663
(5) None of these

22. If a total of nine students appear in an examination, in how many ways can the result be announced?
(1) 1024
(2) 512
(3) 256
(4) 2048
(5) 128

23. How many numbers between 300 and 800 can be made by using digits 2,4,5,6 and 0?
(1) 36
(2) 72
(3) 144
(4) 108
(5) None of these

24. If two dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability that the sum of the numbers appeared
is less than seven?
(1) 7/ 12
(2) 5/ 12
(3) 7/ 36
(4) 5 /18
(5) 5 /36

25. From a group of 8 boys and 6 girls, in how many ways can a group of 5 be chosen so as to include at
least one girl?
(1) 240
(2) 1260
(3) 1720
(4) 1840
(5) 1946

26. A bag contains 5 red and 8 black balls. A ball is drawn out of it and replaced in the bag. Then a ball
is drawn out again. What is the probability that both balls are red?
(1) 5 /13
(2) 8/ 13
(3) 25 /169
(4) 64 /169
(5) None of these

27. How many different arrangements can be made from the letters of the word “WEDNESDAY” such
that all vowels come together?
(1) 7560
(2) 15120
(3) 2520
(4) 5040
(5) None of these

28. Seven persons are sitting around a round table. What is the probability that three particular persons
are sitting together?
(1) 1/ 7
(2) 2/ 7
(3) 1/ 5
(4) 2/ 5
(5) 1/ 6

29. In a party, every member shakes hands with every other member. If the total number of handshakes
is 561, how many members are there in the party?
(1) 36
(2) 35
(3) 34
(4) 33
(5) 32

30. In a throw of two dice, what is the probablity that the sum of numbers appeared is greater than or
equal to eight?
(1) 5 /36
(2) 5 /18
(3) 5/ 12
(4) 1/ 6
(5) None of these

31. A bag contains 4 Red, 8 Black and 12 White balls. Three balls are drawn randomly. What is the
probability that the balls drawn are of different colours?
(1) 12/ 253
(2) 16/ 253
(3) 24/ 253
(4) 48/ 253
(5) 205/ 253

32. How many different words can be formed with the letters of the word ‘HINDUSTAN’ so that all the
vowels come together?
(1) 30240
(2) 15120
(3) 7560
(4) 362880
(5) 181440

33. In a group of 12 persons, 5 are females. In how many different ways can they sit in a row so that no
two females sit together?
1) 3386.88 × 103
2) 3386.88 × 102
3) 3386.88 × 104
4) 3386.88
5) None of these
34. 12 persons are to be seated around a round table. What is the probability that 5 particular persons sit
together?
(1) 2/ 33
(2) 1/ 66
(3) 4/ 65
(4) 3/ 65
(5) 26/ 65

35. In how many different ways can the letters of the word THERAPY’ be arranged so that the vowels
never come together ?
(1) 720
(2) 1440
(3) 5040
(4) 3600
(5) 4800

36. A bag contains 13 white and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the probability
that they are of the same colour ?
(1) 41/ 190
(2) 21 /190
(3) 59/ 190
(4) 99 /190
(5) 77/ 190

37. How many numbers between 300 and 1000 can be made with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 0?
(1) 280
(2) 210
(3) 5040
(4) 300
(5) None of these

38. 15 persons are seated around a table. What is the probability that four particular persons always sit
together?
(1) 1/ 546
(2) 1/ 91
(3) 4/ 455
(4) 1/ 2184
(5) None of these

39. What numbers between 500 and 1900 can be made with the digits 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 0 (Repetition of
digits is not allowed) ?
(1) 60
(2) 90
(3) 120
(4) 150
(5) None of these

40. From a pack of 52 cards, 3 cards are drawn. What is the probability that it has all three kings?
(1) 1 /52
(2) 16 /5525
(3) 1/ 5525
(4) 48/ 5525
(5) None of these

41. In how many different ways can the letters of the word PRODUCTION be arranged in such a way
that all the vowels always come together?
(1) 362880
(2) 1814400
(3) 10080
(4) 60480
(5) 120960

42. Six boys and seven girls are made to sit in a row. What is the probability that all the boys do not sit
together?
(1) 1/ 429
(2) 2/ 429
(3) 428/ 429
(4) 427/ 429
(5) None of these

43. In how many ways can six different things be divided equally among three persons?
(1) 3375
(2) 1125
(3) 375
(4) 90
(5) 22

44. A box contains 8 Red, 4 White and 3 Blackballs. Three balls are drawn randomly from the box.
What is the probability that the three balls drawn randomly are of different colours?
(1) 3/ 91
(2) 3/ 455
(3) 1 /5
(4) 91/ 455
(5) 96 /455

45. From a group of five males and six females, in how many ways can four be chosen to include
exactly one female?
(1) 210
(2) 180
(3) 120
(4) 80
(5) 60

46. A bag contains 6 red, 7 blue and 8 green balls. Three balls are drawn randomly. What is the
probability that the balls drawn contain exactly two blue balls?
(1) 147/ 665
(2) 518/ 665
(3) 54/ 455
(4) 44/ 455
(5) 401/ 455

47. In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘REPLACE’ be arranged?
(1) 2630
(2) 5040
(3) 1680
(4) 2580
(5) None of these

48. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word REGULAR?
(1) 1260
(2) 5040
(3) 2520
(4) 720
(5) 2880

49. A bag contains 3 black and 6 white balls. Two draws of one ball each are made without replacement.
What is the probability that one ball is black and the other is white?
(1) 1/ 2
(2) 1/ 3
(3) 1/ 6
(4) 2/ 9
(5) 7/ 9

50. In how many ways can 6 Americans, 5 Indians and 3 Russians be seated in a row so that all the
persons of the same nationality sit together?
(1) 1555200
(2) 777600
(3) 1036800
(4) 3110400
(5) 518400
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (5) 4. (4) 5. (4) 6. (4) 7. (5) 8. (4) 9. (5) 10. (1) 11. (2) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (1) 16. (4)
17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (2) 20. (3) 21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (1) 24. (2) 25. (5) 26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (3) 29. (3) 30. (3)
31. (4) 32. (2) 33. (3) 34. (2) 35. (4) 36. (4) 37. (2) 38. (2) 39. (1) 40. (3) 41. (4) 42. (4) 43. (4) 44. (5)
45. (5) 46. (1) 47. (5) 48. (3) 49. (1) 50. (4)
 Mensuration

Suppose you want to put a boundary around your garden or field. For that, you need to find
out the length of the boundary. Also, what if you want to find out the area and volume of
different geometrical shapes. So this is something we are going to see in his chapter. So
let us study the topic mensuration and mensuration formulas in detail.

Question. What is meant by mensuration?

Answer. Mensuration refers to the branch of mathematics which involves the study of
various geometrical shapes. Furthermore, it deals with the areas and Volume of such
geometrical figures. So, this subject is all about the process of measurement.

Question. Explain what is the volume in mensuration?

Answer. Any solid occupies some region in space. Furthermore, the magnitude of this
region is known as the volume of the solid. A standard unit of volume happens to be
the cubic centimetre.

Question. What do we understand by mensuration formula?

Answer. A mensuration formula helps in computing the length-related properties of an object.

This computation takes place on the basis of known lengths, areas, etc. Beyer (1987) came
forward with a collection of mensuration formulas for the various plane and geometric
figures.
 CLAT Mensuration: Tips and Tricks

These are four essential points that you need to keep in mind for this topic:

 Practice, practice and more practice: Like any other area, this area
too needs a lot of practice. Try to solve as many online CLAT mock
test/CLAT model tests you can and get familiar with the tricks for
mensuration.

 Consistency in practice: Students tend to forget the mensuration part

that they have done during school times. So key to score good
marks in this section is consistency in practice. Spend sufficient time
every day practicing quantitative aptitude in general and mensuration in
particular for CLAT exam. The more you spend time with the
problems, the more familiar they will get.

 Importance of Formulas: Learn the mensuration formulas like those

for cube, cuboid, cylinder, sphere etc. for CLAT as lot of problems
can be solved if you have the formula in place. Write the formulas
down on a piece of paper and stick it on to the wall where you can
see it regularly. It’ll help you to memorize them.

 During Exam: If you get stuck with a mensuration question, don’t

waste your time trying to solve it right away. Instead, get on with the
others and come back to the question when you are done with the rest
of the doable questions.
Question Bank 1

Q1 : Length of a rectangle is 53 metre, while its breath is 28 metre. Cost of covering

it with grass bed is Rs.27 sq meter. Find total expenditure?

(A) Rs. 40,098

(B) Rs. 40,048

(C) Rs. 40,058

(D) Rs. 40,088

(E) None of these

Correct Answer : E

Q2 : Base of a right-angle triangle is 9 cm and its area is 81 sq cm. Find its height.

(A)36 cm

(B)9 cm

(C)27 cm

(D)None of these
Correct Answer : D

Q3 : Difference between the circumferences of two circles is 132 cm and radius of

the smaller circle is 14 cm. Find the radius of the larger circle?

(A)14 cm

(B)21 cm

(C)30 cm

(D)None of these

Correct Answer : D

Q4 : Poles are to be created along the boundary of a rectangular field in such a way
that distance between any two adjacent poles is 1.5 metres. The perimeter of the field
is 21 metres and length and the breadth are in the ratio of 4:3 respectively. How
many poles will be required?

(A)14

(B)16

(C)15

(D)20
Correct Answer : A

Q5 : The ratio of length and breadth of rectangle is 5:2 respectively. The

respective ratio of its perimeter and area is 1:3 (irrespective of the unit). What is the
length of the rectangle?

(A)27 units

(B)32 units

(C)21 units

(D)None of these

Correct Answer : C

Q6 : The length of a rectangle, which is 25 cm is equal to the length of a square

and the area of the rectangle is 125 square cm less than the area of the square.
What is the breadth of the rectangle?

(A)15 cm

(B)20 cm

(C)12 cm

(D)14 cm
Correct Answer : B

Q7 : The area of a rectangle with 10 cm length is equal to the area of a circle. Find
the circumference of the circle.

(A)36 cm

(B)34 cm

(C)26 cm

(D)cannot be determined

Correct Answer : D

Q8 : If the length of a rectangle is increased by 20% and the breadth is decreased

by 10%. What will be the effect on its area?

(A)8% increase

(B)8% decrease

(C)2% increase

(D)2% decrease

Correct Answer : A
Q9 : The ratio of length and breadth of a rectangular plot is 71:16 respectively.
The area of the plot is 17324 sq.metres. What is the perimeter of the plot?

(A)284 metres

(B)528 metres

(C)264 metres

(D)614 metres

Correct Answer : B

Q10 : If area of a circular jogging track is 3850 sq.metres. What is the

circumference of the jogging track?

(A)225 metres

(B)214 metres

(C)220 metres

(D)235 metres

Correct Answer : C

Q11 : Ratio between areas of two squares is 36:25. What would be the ratio
between their perimeter.

(A) 5:4

(B) 6:5
(C) 4:6

(D) 8:7

Correct Answer : B

Q12 : A wheel can travel 22 km. in 100 rounds. Find the radius of that wheel.

(A)42 mtr

(B)28 mtr.

(C)35 mtr

(D)49 mtr

Correct Answer : C

Q13 : A cow is tied with a 14 ft. long rope in the centre of a field. If the cow can
graze the grass of 100 ft2 area per day. What will be the time taken by the cow in
grazing the grass of whole field?

(A)2 Days

(B)18 Days

(C)24 Days

(D)6 Days
Correct Answer : D

Q14 : A rectangular plot has the ratio of 5:3 between length and breath. If the
perimeter of the plot is 320 mtr. What’s the area of the plot?

(A)6000 sq.mtr.

(B)12000 sq.mtr.

(C)4500 sq.mtr.

(D)18000 sq.mtr.

Correct Answer : A

Q15 : Ratio of length, breath and height of a room is 5:4:2. Area of four wall is 144
square meter. Find diagonal of the floor.

(A)2√41 mtr

(B)3√41 mtr

(C)2√42 mtr

(D)2√41 mtr

Correct Answer : A
Q16 : Area of a rectangle is 4 times than that of a square. Breath of rectangle is
12cm. and length of side of square. What is the length of the side of square?

(A)10 cm

(B)12 cm

(C)14 cm

(D)16 cm

Correct Answer : B

Q17 : Diagonal of a square is 12√2. Find the ratio between the area of this square
and that of square drawn on diagonal.

(A) 2:1

(B) 1:1

(C) 1:2

(D) 1:3

Correct Answer : C

Q18 : Ratio between the length and breadth of a rectangular field is 9:4.
Rs.14400 are spent on the implantation of grass on this field. If the rate of
implantation is Rs. 4 per meter square. What is the breath of the field?
(A)38 mtr

(B)48 mtr

(C)42 mtr

(D)40 mtr

Correct Answer : D

Q19 : Length and breadth of a rectangular field is 140 m. and respectively. Poles
have to be fixed around this field at the distance of 5 m. How many such poles
are required?

(A)88

(B)40

(C)92

(D)41

Q20 : A carpet is to be laid in a room of 12m ×8m. measurement. Breath of the

carpet is 3m. What should be the length of this carpet?

(A)34 mtr

(B)32 mtr

(C)36 mtr

(D)40 mtr
Correct Answer : B

Q21. The length, breadth and height of a room are in the ratio 3:2:1. If the breadth
and height are halved while the length is doubled, then the total area of the four walls
of the room will

 1.Remain the same

 2.Dec. by 13.64%
 3.Dec. by 15%
 4.Dec. by 18.75%
 5.Dec. by 30%

Solution: In the present case, let Length = l = 3x, Breadth = b = 2x, Height = h = x Then,

Area of four walls = 2 (l + b) h = 2(3x + 2x) x = 10x2.

Now as Length gets doubled = 6x, Breadth halved = x, Height halved = x/2. New
area of four walls = 2 (6x + x) x/2 = 7x2.

Thus there is a decrease of 30%. Hence, fifth option is the answer.

Q22. A piece of string is 40 cm long. It is cut into 3 pieces. The longest piece is 3
times as long as the middle-sized piece & the shortest piece is 23 cm shorter than
the longest piece. Find the length of the shortest piece (in cm).

1.27
2.5
3.4
4.9
Solution: This is the perfect question where options can be used to answer the question
directly. If one considers option 3 i.e. 4 cm to be the length of the shortest piece then
that means the longest piece should be of 27 cm and the middle sized piece can then
found to be of 9 cm. Now the longest piece is clearly 3 times the middle sized piece
and hence option 3 satisfies all the conditions and thus option 3 is answer.

Q33. 3 identical cones with base radius r are placed on their bases so that each
is touching the other two. The radius of the circle drawn through their vertices is

1. < r
2. = r

3.> r
4.Depends on the height of the cone.

Solution: This is one of such questions where a student can get the answer based on
his/her analyzing power and SYMMETRY depicted in the question.
Just try to visualize the three cones from their heads. The central point between the three

is definitely at a distance, which is more than the radius; hence third option is the

answer. Otherwise; just check if you have taken three equal circles who are touching
the other two, the circle which will cover those three circles will be definitely the radius of
the smaller circle plus something. Now it should be sufficient to conclude that it is more
than r.

Q34. In the following figure the smallest cone has base radius 2 cm and height 1 cm.
The heights of successive cones from the top form a G.P. with 1 as the
first term and 2 as the common ratio. What shall be the ratio of the volumes of the
smallest cone, to the two following frustrums?

1. 1: 7 : 56
2. 1: 8 : 64
3. 3: 9 : 18
4. None of these

Solution: We get the heights of the successive cones as 1, 2 and 4. Since the base
radii will increase in the same proportion as the heights, the volumes will be proportional
to the cubes of the height (because volume = radius2 x height). So the ratio of the
volumes will be 13 : 23 : 43 = 1 : 8 : 64. But the question is asking about the smallest
cone to the frustum. Now the smallest cone has a volume of 1, the smaller frustum
will have a volume of 7 (i.e. 8 – 1) and the bigger frustum will have a volume of 56 (i.e.
64 – 8). Thus the answer will be the first option.
Q35. A solid spherical ball is cut into eight identical pieces by three mutually orthogonal
planes. The proportion the area of any of these pieces bears to the area of the uncut
solid spherical ball is
1. 9/13
2. 11/16
3. 5/16
4. None of these

Solution: The spherical ball will have a surface area equal to 4πr2. The outer surface area
of each of the smaller solid part will be 4πr2/8 ➾ πr2/2 and the inner part, which will look
like one eighth of an orange will be quarter of a circle on left side, quarter of a circle on the
right side and a quarter of a circle at the bottom as well. Opening it up you will get this
as three-fourth of a complete circle. Thus this one piece will have a surface area equal to
(πr2/2) + (πr2 × ¾). The total of this part will be 5/4πr2. This is what fraction of the original
surface area i.e. 4πr2. This will give the ratio as 5/16. Thus 3rd option is the answer.

Question Bank 2

Q1. The area of a rectangular field is 52000 m². This rectangular area has been
drawn on a map to the scale 1 cm to 100 m. The length is shown as 3.25 cm on
the map. The breadth of the rectangular field is :

(a)210 m
(b)150 m
(c)160 m
(d)123 m
Answer – C

Directions for questions 2 & 3: Answer the questions based on the following

information:

A cow is tethered at point A by a rope. Neither the rope nor the cow is allowed to enter
the triangle ABC Angle BAC = 30· Also AB =AC =10m.

Question 2: What is the area that can be grazed by the cow if the length of the rope is 8
m?

Answer : (d)
The figure shows the prohibited area for the cow and the area the cow can graze.
The length of the rope is 8 m whereas the length of the sides id 10 m. Hence the
scenario is as explained in the figure above. The height of this triangle can be
calculated and is approx 9.6m. So clearly greater than 8 m. So the area grazed by

the cow = Area of the circle – Area of the sector of 30o

Question 3: What is the area that can be grazed by the cow if the length of the rope is 12
m?
Answer: (c)

Here the length of the rope is 12 m which is greater than the side of the triangle.
Neither the cow nor the rope can enter the triangle. The area that can be grazed thereby is
the area of the circle – the area of the sector of 30 degrees of the same circle which is
equal to
Question 4: The figure below shows two concentric circles with centre O. PQRS is a
square inscribed in the outer circle. It also circumscribes the inner circle, touching it at
point B, C, D and A. What is the ratio of the perimeter of the outer circle to that of
polygon ABCD?

(a)π/4
(b)3π/2
(c)π/2
(d)π

Answer: (c)
Let r be the radius of the inner circle. A, B, C and D are points on its circumference
where the sides of the square PQRS touch it imply that the sides are tangent to the
circle. The radius and tangent are perpendicular at the point of contact. Thus if we join
the radius OB and OC then OB is perpendicular to PQ, OC is perpendicular to QR, OB
= OC = r, Hence OBQC is a square of side r. OQ is the diagonal = √2r = R = radius
of outer circle.
BC is also the diagonal of OQ = R
Clearly ABCD, is a square of side R and radius of outer circle is also R Perimeter of
ABCD = 4R
Perimeter of circle = 2πR
Hence ratio = 2πR/4R = π/2

Question 5: What is the number of distinct triangles with integral valued sides and
perimeter as 14?
(a)6
(b)5
(c)4
(d)3

Answer: (c)
An important property of the triangle is that the sum of its two sides should be greater
than the third side
Let the sides of the triangle be a, b and c
Given a + b + c = 14 and by property of triangle: a + b > c, b + c >a, c + a > b Let one
side be 1, sum of rest will be 13. Possible combinations are (1,12),(2,11),(3,10),(4,9),
(5,8),(6,7)
In all the combinations the property of triangle is violated. Hence 1 cannot be the side of
the triangle
Then if one side is 2, only combination satisfied is (6,6).
Accordingly, following 4 combinations can only be formed –
(4,4,6), (5,5,4), (6,5,3) and (6,6,2).
Question 5: A rectangular pool 20 meter wide and 60 meter long is surrounded by a
walkway of uniform width. If the total area of the walkway is 516 square meter, how
wide, in meter, is the walkway?
(a) 5
(b) 4·5

(c)3
(d) 3·5

Answer: (c)
Let the width of the path be x meters.

Given, Area of the path = 516 m22

Area of the path = Area of the outer rectangle – Area of the pool Area of
pool = 60×20
Area of outer rectangle = (60 + 2x)(20+2x)
Question 6: A right triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm is rotated the side of 3 cm to
form a cone. The volume of the cone so formed is:

A. 12 cm3

B. 15 cm3

C. 16 cm3

D. 20 cm3

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Clearly, we have r = 3 cm and h = 4 cm.
1 1
2
Volume = r h= x x 32 x 4 = 12 cm3.
3
3 3 cm

Question 7:

In a shower, 5 cm of rain falls. The volume of water that falls on 1.5 hectares of ground is:

A. 75 cu. m

B. 750 cu. m

C. 7500 cu. M

D. 75000 cu. M

Answer: Option B
Explanation:

1 hectare = 10,000 m2

So, Area = (1.5 x 10000) m2 = 15000 m2.

5 1
Depth = m= m.
100 20

1
Volume = (Area x Depth) = 15000 x = 750 m3.
3
20 m

Question 8:
A hall is 15 m long and 12 m broad. If the sum of the areas of the floor and the
ceiling is equal to the sum of the areas of four walls, the volume of the hall is:

A. 720

B. 900

C. 1200

D. 1800

Answer: Option C
Explanation:

2(15 + 12) x h = 2(15 x 12)

180 20
h= m= m.
27 3

20
Volume = 15 x 12 x = 1200 m3.
3
3 m
Question 9:
66 cubic centimetres of silver is drawn into a wire 1 mm in diameter. The length of the
wire in metres will be:

A. 84

B. 90

C. 168

D. 336

Answer: Option A
Explanation:

Let the length of the wire be h.

1 1
Radius = mm = cm. Then, 2
20
22 1 1
x x x h = 66.
7 20 20

66 x 20 x 20 x 7
h= = 8400 cm = 84 m.
22

Question 10:

A hollow iron pipe is 21 cm long and its external diameter is 8 cm. If the thickness of

the pipe is 1 cm and iron weighs 8 g/cm3, then the weight of the pipe is:
 A. 3.6 kg

B. 3.696 kg

C. 36 kg

D. 36.9 kg

Answer: Option B
Explanation:

External radius = 4 cm,

Internal radius = 3 cm.

22
Volume of iron =
2 2
7 x [(4) - (3) ] x 21
cm3

22
= x 7 x 1 x 21
7 cm3

= 462 cm3.

Weight of iron = (462 x 8) gm = 3696 gm = 3.696 kg.

Question 11:
boat having a length 3 m and breadth 2 m is floating on a lake. The boat sinks by 1 cm
when a man gets on it. The mass of the man is:

A. 12 kg
 B. 60 kg

C. 72 kg

D. 96 kg

Answer: Option B
Explanation:

Volume of water displaced = (3 x 2 x 0.01) m3

= 0.06 m3.

Mass of man = Volume of water displaced x Density of water

= (0.06 x 1000) kg

= 60 kg.

Question 12:

50 men took a dip in a water tank 40 m long and 20 m broad on a religious day. If the

average displacement of water by a man is 4 m3, then the rise in the water level in the
tank will be:

A. 20 cm

B. 25 cm

C. 35 cm

D. 50 cm
Answer: Option B
Explanation:

Total volume of water displaced = (4 x 50) m3 = 200 m3.

200
Rise in water level =
40 x 20 m 0.25 m = 25 cm.

Question 13:

The slant height of a right circular cone is 10 m and its height is 8 m. Find the area of its
curved surface.

A. 30 m2

B. 40 m2

C. 60 m2

D. 80 m2

Answer: Option C
Explanation:

l = 10 m,
h = 8 m.
So, r = l2 - h2 = (10)2 - 82 = 6 m.
Curved surface area = rl = ( x 6 x 10) m2 = 60 m2.
Question 14:

A cistern 6m long and 4 m wide contains water up to a depth of 1 m 25 cm. The

total area of the wet surface is:

A. 49 m2

B. 50 m2

C. 53.5 m2

D. 55 m2

Answer: Option A
Explanation:

Area of the wet surface = [2(lb + bh + lh) - lb]

= 2(bh + lh) + lb

= [2 (4 x 1.25 + 6 x 1.25) + 6 x 4] m2

= 49 m2.

Question 15:

A metallic sheet is of rectangular shape with dimensions 48 m x 36 m. From each of its

corners, a square is cut off so as to make an open box. If the length of the square is 8

m, the volume of the box (in m3) is:

A. 4830
 B. 5120

C. 6420

D. 8960

Answer: Option B
Explanation:

Clearly, l = (48 - 16)m = 32 m,

b = (36 -16)m = 20 m,

h = 8 m.
Volume of the box = (32 x 20 x 8) m3 = 5120 m3.
Question 16:

The curved surface area of a cylindrical pillar is 264 m2 and its volume is 924 m3. Find the
ratio of its diameter to its height.

A. 3 : 7

B. 7 : 3

C. 6 : 7

D. 7 : 6

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 r2h 924 924
= r= x2 = 7 m.
2 rh 264 264
7 1
And, 2 rh = 264 h= 264 x x x 1 = 6m.
22 2
7
Required ratio = 2r = 14 = 7 : 3.

Question 17:

A cistern of capacity 8000 litres measures externally 3.3 m by 2.6 m by 1.1 m and its
walls are 5 cm thick. The thickness of the bottom is:

A. 90 cm

B. 1 dm

C. 1 m

D. 1.1 cm

Answer: Option B
Explanation:

Let the thickness of the bottom be x cm.

Then, [(330 - 10) x (260 - 10) x (110 - x)] = 8000 x 1000
320 x 250 x (110 - x) = 8000 x 1000
8000 x 1000
(110 - x) = = 100
320 x 250
x = 10 cm = 1 dm.
Question 18:

What is the total surface area of a right circular cone of height 14 cm and base radius 7
cm?

A. 344.35 cm2

B. 462 cm2

C. 498.35 cm2

D. None of these

Answer: Option C
Explanation:

h = 14 cm, r = 7 cm.

So, l = (7)2 + (14)2 = 245 = 75 cm.

Total surface area = rl + r2

22 22
= x 7 x 75 + x7x7
7 7 cm2

= [154(5 + 1)] cm2

= (154 x 3.236) cm2

= 498.35 cm2.

Question 19:
A large cube is formed from the material obtained by melting three smaller cubes of 3, 4
and 5 cm side. What is the ratio of the total surface areas of the smaller cubes and the
large cube?

A. 2 : 1

B. 3 : 2

C. 25 : 18

D. 27 : 20

Answer : option
c