25-01-2022
ES200 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES:
Science & Engineering
Module-B
Ecosystem & Biodiversity
Water Quality & Health
Water & Wastewater Treatment
Lecture-1 Amritanshu Shriwastav
ESED, IIT Bombay
amritan@iitb.ac.in
2 Contents: Module B
Ecosystem & Biodiversity
Water Resources
Water Quality & Pollution Sources
Parameters for Water Quality Characteristics, and Standards
Conventional Surface Water Treatment System
Conventional Municipal Wastewater Treatment System
Alternate Water & Wastewater Treatment
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3 Text/References
Cunningham W.P., Cunningham M.A. (2002) Principles of
Environmental Science, 4th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Ltd. New Delhi.
Miller, G.T.J. (2005) Essentials of Ecology, 3rd edition, Thomson
Learning Inc.
Masters, G.M., Ela, W.P. (2008) Introduction to Environmental
Engineering and Science, 3rd edition, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
Arceivala, S.J., Asolekar, S.R. (2007) Wastewater Treatment for
Pollution Control and Reuse, 3rd edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.
Other texts and references
4 Evaluation
1 Assignment (10 Marks)
1 End Semester Exam (23 Marks)
Module B – 33% weightage towards final grades
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5 Learning Objectives
Ecosystem & Biodiversity
Definition and examples of ecosystem
Important concepts and contributors in an ecosystem
Biodiversity: concept & importance
Biodiversity hotspots in India/World
Conservation of biodiversity
6 What is an Ecosystem?
Eco + System
An ecosystem is a community of different species interacting
with one another and with their physical environment in which
matter cycles and energy flows.
http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-an-ecosystem.html
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7 Components of an Ecosystem
Ecosystem
Biotic Abiotic
Plants Sunlight
Animals Air
Microorganisms Water
Soil
8 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Food Chain
??
??
http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-a-foodchain.html
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9 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Food Web
http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-a-foodchain.html
10 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Trophic Levels of Food Chain
http://apbioecologyproject.weebly.com/uploads/4/9/7/2/49723057/1416103_orig.png
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11 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Is it Possible??
Botkin and Keller (2010)
12 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Pyramid of Energy
https://upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/thumb/3/3a/E
cological_Pyramid.svg
/1200px-
Ecological_Pyramid.sv
g.png
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13 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Primary Productivity
The rate at which an ecosystem’s producers convert solar
energy into chemical energy as biomass is the ecosystem’s
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP).
To stay alive, grow, and reproduce, an ecosystem’s
producers must use some of the biomass they produce for
their own respiration (R).
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = GPP – R
NPP is a measure of how fast producers can provide the food
needed by consumers in an ecosystem.
The planet’s NPP ultimately limits the number of consumers
(including humans) that can survive on the Earth.
14 Concepts in an Ecosystem
http://krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu/BIOL200/powerpnt/ecolprin/img040.jpg
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15 Concepts in an Ecosystem
Ecological Efficiency
Ecological efficiency is the efficiency with which production at
one trophic level is converted into production at the next level.
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16 Examples of Ecosystem
Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem
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17 Examples of Ecosystem
Fresh Water Ecosystem
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18 Examples of Ecosystem
Marine Ecosystem
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19 Examples of Ecosystem
Reading Assignment
Identify members in various trophic levels in the following
ecosystems, and develop their food chains and food webs:
Tropical rain forest ecosystem
Freshwater ecosystem
Marine ecosystem
Desert ecosystem
20 Ecosystem Services
http://roa.midatlanticocean.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/ecosystem_services.png
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21 Human Impacts on Ecosystems
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22 Human Impacts on Ecosystems
http://awsassets.panda.org/img/original/infographic___deforestation_since_1990.png
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23 Human Impacts on Ecosystems
http://naturalsociety.com/wp-
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/present
content/uploads/fish_plastic_p
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24 Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life-forms, commonly
expressed as the number of species in an area, or the number
of genetic types in an area.
Biodiversity helps maintain the sustainability and ecological
functioning of ecosystems
It also serves as a source of adaptations to changing
environmental conditions
Biodiversity includes:
Genetic diversity: variety in the genetic makeup among
individuals within a species or a population
Species diversity: variety among the species found in
different habitats
Ecological diversity: variety of different ecosystems found in
an area or on the Earth
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25 Importance of Biodiversity
Instrumental Value for Humans
Intrinsic Value and Ecological Services
26 Biodiversity Index
Species Location-1 Location-2 Location-3 Richness
A (nA) 200 550 950 Evenness
B (nB) 250 420 50
C (nC) 250 20 0
D (nD) 150 8 0 Rare
E (nE) 150 2 0
Species?
Total (N) 1000 1000 1000
Simpson’s 0.79 0.52 0.10
Shannon’s 1.58 0.82 0.20
Simpson’s Index of Diversity Shannon’s Index
=1− =−
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27 Threat to Biodiversity
Habitat destruction
Habitat fragmentation
Pollution
Over exploitation
Introduction of exotic or invasive species
Diseases
Poaching of wild life
28 Biodiversity Hotspots
Any region with very high biodiversity endangered with
destruction may be called as biodiversity hotspot.
To qualify as a Biodiversity Hotspot, a region must meet two
strict criteria:
1. It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants
(> 0.5% of the world’s total) as endemics,
2. It has to have lost at least 70% of its original habitat.
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29 Biodiversity Hotspots
35 Hotspots
https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog30/sites/www.e-education.psu.edu.geog30/files/Biodiversity_Hotspots_Map.jpg
30 Conservation of Biodiversity
UN lead effort: member countries to make their
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action
Plans
National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP),
MoEFCC, GoI
Biological Diversity Act in 2002
http://nbaindia.org/
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31 Conservation of Biodiversity
Biodiversity Conservation
In-situ Conservation Ex-situ Conservation
Protected Area 1. Seed Bank
2. Field Gene Bank
3. Cryopreservation
National Park
1. Botanical Gardens
Sanctuary 2. Zoological Parks
3. Aquariums
Biosphere Reserve
1. Home Gardens
2. Sacred Plants
Terrestrial Marine
32 Next Lecture:
Water Resources
16
