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Case Study: Python: Functional Programming

The document discusses functional programming in Python. It covers immutable data, lambda functions, first-class functions, and high-order functions like map, filter and reduce. Lambda functions allow defining anonymous functions inline. First-class functions means functions can be assigned to variables or passed as arguments. Map applies a function to each element of a sequence. Filter returns elements where the function evaluates to True.

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Tân Như Đinh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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38 views45 pages

Case Study: Python: Functional Programming

The document discusses functional programming in Python. It covers immutable data, lambda functions, first-class functions, and high-order functions like map, filter and reduce. Lambda functions allow defining anonymous functions inline. First-class functions means functions can be assigned to variables or passed as arguments. Map applies a function to each element of a sequence. Filter returns elements where the function evaluates to True.

Uploaded by

Tân Như Đinh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Case Study: Python

Functional Programming

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung

HCMC University of Technology, Viet Nam

08, 2020

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 1/1


Functional Programming

Immutable Data
lambda function
First-class functions
High-order functions: map, filter, reduce
Closure
Decorator

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 2/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b
(lambda a,b: a + b)(3,4)

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b
(lambda a,b: a + b)(3,4) => 7

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b
(lambda a,b: a + b)(3,4) => 7
x = lambda a,b: a + b

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b
(lambda a,b: a + b)(3,4) => 7
x = lambda a,b: a + b
x(3,4)

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b
(lambda a,b: a + b)(3,4) => 7
x = lambda a,b: a + b
x(3,4) => 7

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b
(lambda a,b: a + b)(3,4) => 7
x = lambda a,b: a + b
x(3,4) => 7
Anonymous function

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b
(lambda a,b: a + b)(3,4) => 7
x = lambda a,b: a + b
x(3,4) => 7
Anonymous function
Any number of parameters

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b
(lambda a,b: a + b)(3,4) => 7
x = lambda a,b: a + b
x(3,4) => 7
Anonymous function
Any number of parameters
Body is just one expression

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


Lambda function

Syntax:
lambda ( <param > ( , <param ) ∗ ) ? : <exp>
For example,
lambda a,b: a + b
(lambda a,b: a + b)(3,4) => 7
x = lambda a,b: a + b
x(3,4) => 7
Anonymous function
Any number of parameters
Body is just one expression
Used in high-order functions

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 3/1


First-class function
A function is treated as any other value, i.e. it is
assigned to a variable
def f o o ( a , b ) : pass
x = foo
x (3 ,4)

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 4/1


First-class function
A function is treated as any other value, i.e. it is
assigned to a variable
def f o o ( a , b ) : pass
x = foo
x (3 ,4)
passed into another function as a parameter
def f o o ( f , x ) :
return f ( x )
f o o ( lambda a : a ∗∗ 2 , 4 )

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 4/1


First-class function
A function is treated as any other value, i.e. it is
assigned to a variable
def f o o ( a , b ) : pass
x = foo
x (3 ,4)
passed into another function as a parameter
def f o o ( f , x ) :
return f ( x )
f o o ( lambda a : a ∗∗ 2 , 4 ) => 16

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 4/1


First-class function
A function is treated as any other value, i.e. it is
assigned to a variable
def f o o ( a , b ) : pass
x = foo
x (3 ,4)
passed into another function as a parameter
def f o o ( f , x ) :
return f ( x )
f o o ( lambda a : a ∗∗ 2 , 4 ) => 16
returned as a value
def f ( x ) :
def g ( y ) :
return x ∗ y
return g
m = f (3)
m( 4 )
Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 4/1
First-class function
A function is treated as any other value, i.e. it is
assigned to a variable
def f o o ( a , b ) : pass
x = foo
x (3 ,4)
passed into another function as a parameter
def f o o ( f , x ) :
return f ( x )
f o o ( lambda a : a ∗∗ 2 , 4 ) => 16
returned as a value
def f ( x ) :
def g ( y ) :
return x ∗ y
return g
m = f (3)
m( 4 ) => 12
Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 4/1
High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
=> [97.7, 98.6, 99.5, 100.4, 102.2]

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
list(map(lambda x,y: x + y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7]))

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
list(map(lambda x,y: x + y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7])) => [5,7,9]

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
list(map(lambda x,y: x + y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7]))
filter(<function>,<sequence>) return an iterator that
contains elements in <sequence> for which
<function> returns True

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
list(map(lambda x,y: x + y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7]))
filter(<function>,<sequence>) return an iterator that
contains elements in <sequence> for which
<function> returns True
list(map(lambda c: c % 2 == 1, [0,1,2,3,4,5]))

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
list(map(lambda x,y: x + y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7]))
filter(<function>,<sequence>) return an iterator that
contains elements in <sequence> for which
<function> returns True
list(map(lambda c: c % 2 == 1, [0,1,2,3,4,5])) => [1,3,5]

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
list(map(lambda x,y: x + y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7]))
filter(<function>,<sequence>) return an iterator that
contains elements in <sequence> for which
<function> returns True
list(map(lambda c: c % 2 == 1, [0,1,2,3,4,5]))
reduce(<function>,<sequence>(,<initial>)?): if
<sequence> is [s1 ,s2 ,s3 ], reduce return
function(function(s1 ,s2 ),s3 ) or
function(function(function(<initial>,s1 ),s2 ),s3 )

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
list(map(lambda x,y: x + y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7]))
filter(<function>,<sequence>) return an iterator that
contains elements in <sequence> for which
<function> returns True
list(map(lambda c: c % 2 == 1, [0,1,2,3,4,5]))
reduce(<function>,<sequence>(,<initial>)?): if
<sequence> is [s1 ,s2 ,s3 ], reduce return
function(function(s1 ,s2 ),s3 ) or
function(function(function(<initial>,s1 ),s2 ),s3 )
from functools import reduce

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1


High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
list(map(lambda x,y: x + y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7]))
filter(<function>,<sequence>) return an iterator that
contains elements in <sequence> for which
<function> returns True
list(map(lambda c: c % 2 == 1, [0,1,2,3,4,5]))
reduce(<function>,<sequence>(,<initial>)?): if
<sequence> is [s1 ,s2 ,s3 ], reduce return
function(function(s1 ,s2 ),s3 ) or
function(function(function(<initial>,s1 ),s2 ),s3 )
from functools import reduce
reduce(lambda x,y: x+y,[1,2,3,4])
Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1
High-order functions: map, filter, reduce

map(<function>,<sequence>): apply <function> to


each element of <sequence> and return an iterator
cels = [36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 39]
fahr = list(map(lambda c: (float(9) / 5) * c + 32,cels))
list(map(lambda x,y: x + y,[1,2,3],[4,5,6,7]))
filter(<function>,<sequence>) return an iterator that
contains elements in <sequence> for which
<function> returns True
list(map(lambda c: c % 2 == 1, [0,1,2,3,4,5]))
reduce(<function>,<sequence>(,<initial>)?): if
<sequence> is [s1 ,s2 ,s3 ], reduce return
function(function(s1 ,s2 ),s3 ) or
function(function(function(<initial>,s1 ),s2 ),s3 )
from functools import reduce
reduce(lambda x,y: x+y,[1,2,3,4]) => 10
Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 5/1
Example

class Exp (ABC ) : pass


class I n t L i t ( Exp ) : # v a l : i n t
class BinExp ( Exp ) : #op : s t r , l e f t : Exp , r i g h t : Exp
exp = [ 1 2 , ( " + " , 2 3 ) , ( "−" , 1 4 ) ]
reduce ( lambda acc , e l e :
BinExp ( e l e [ 0 ] , acc , I n t L i t ( e l e [ 1 ] ) ) ,
exp [ 1 : ] , I n t L i t ( exp [ 0 ] ) )

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 6/1


Example

class Exp (ABC ) : pass


class I n t L i t ( Exp ) : # v a l : i n t
class BinExp ( Exp ) : #op : s t r , l e f t : Exp , r i g h t : Exp
exp = [ 1 2 , ( " + " , 2 3 ) , ( "−" , 1 4 ) ]
reduce ( lambda acc , e l e :
BinExp ( e l e [ 0 ] , acc , I n t L i t ( e l e [ 1 ] ) ) ,
exp [ 1 : ] , I n t L i t ( exp [ 0 ] ) )
BinExp

"-" BinExp IntLit(14)

"+" IntLit(12) IntLit(23)

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 6/1


Example

class Exp (ABC ) : pass


class I n t L i t ( Exp ) : # v a l : i n t
class BinExp ( Exp ) : #op : s t r , l e f t : Exp , r i g h t : Exp
exp = [ 1 2 , ( " + " , 2 3 ) , ( "−" , 1 4 ) ]
reduce ( lambda acc , e l e :
BinExp ( e l e [ 0 ] , acc , I n t L i t ( e l e [ 1 ] ) ) ,
exp [ 1 : ] , I n t L i t ( exp [ 0 ] ) )
BinExp
acc = IntLit(exp[0])
for ele in exp[1:]:
"-" BinExp IntLit(14) acc = BinExp(ele[0],
acc,
"+" IntLit(12) IntLit(23) IntLit(exp[1]))

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 6/1


Closure

Closure is a function object together with an


environment.
def power ( y ) :
def i n n e r ( x ) :
r e t u r n x ∗∗ y
return inner
square= power ( 2 )
square ( 5 )

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 7/1


Closure

Closure is a function object together with an


environment.
def power ( y ) :
def i n n e r ( x ) :
r e t u r n x ∗∗ y
return inner
square= power ( 2 )
square ( 5 ) => 25

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 7/1


Decorator

Decorator allows to modify the behavior of function


or class without permanently modifying it.

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 8/1


Decorator

Decorator allows to modify the behavior of function


or class without permanently modifying it.

def f o o ( x , y ) :
r e t u r n x∗y
print ( foo ( 3 , 4 ) )

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 8/1


Decorator

Decorator allows to modify the behavior of function


or class without permanently modifying it.

def f o o ( x , y ) :
r e t u r n x∗y
print ( foo ( 3 , 4 ) ) => 12

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 8/1


Decorator

Decorator allows to modify the behavior of function


or class without permanently modifying it.

@log_decorator
def f o o ( x , y ) :
r e t u r n x∗y
print ( foo ( 3 , 4 ) )

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 8/1


Decorator

Decorator allows to modify the behavior of function


or class without permanently modifying it.

@log_decorator
def f o o ( x , y ) :
r e t u r n x∗y
print ( foo ( 3 , 4 ) )
=> foo is running
=> 12

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 8/1


Decorator

Decorator allows to modify the behavior of function


or class without permanently modifying it.

@log_decorator
def f o o ( x , y ) :
r e t u r n x∗y
print ( foo ( 3 , 4 ) )

How?
def l o g _ d e c o r a t o r ( f u n c ) :
def i n n e r ( ∗ arg ) :
p r i n t ( f u n c . __name__+ " i s r u n n i n g " )
r e t u r n f u n c ( ∗ arg )
return inner

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 8/1


Decorator

Decorator allows to modify the behavior of function


or class without permanently modifying it.

@log_decorator def f o o ( x , y ) :
def f o o ( x , y ) : r e t u r n x∗y
r e t u r n x∗y foo = log_decorator ( foo )
print ( foo ( 3 , 4 ) ) print ( foo ( 3 , 4 ) )

How?
def l o g _ d e c o r a t o r ( f u n c ) :
def i n n e r ( ∗ arg ) :
p r i n t ( f u n c . __name__+ " i s r u n n i n g " )
r e t u r n f u n c ( ∗ arg )
return inner

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 8/1


References I

[1] Python Tutorial, http:w3schools.com/python, 10 08 2020.

[2] Python Programming Language, https://www.


geeksforgeeks.org/python-programming-language/,
10 08 2020.
[3] Python Tutorial,
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python, 10 08 2020.

[4] Introduction to Python 3,


https://realpython.com/python-introduction/, 10 08
2020.

Dr. Nguyen Hua Phung Case Study: Python 9/1

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