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 NCERT Solutions for Class 11
Physics
Chapter 12 Thermodynamics

1. A geyser heats water flowing at the rate of 3.0 litres per minute from
27C to 77C . If the geyser operates on a gas burner, what is the rate of
consumption of the fuel if its heat of combustion is 4.0  104 J / g ?
Ans: It is provided that,
Water flows at a rate of 3.0 litre/min  3 103 m3 / min
Density of water,   103 kg / m3 .
Clearly, mass of water flowing per minute  3  103  103 kg / min  3kg / min
The geyser heats the water, raising the temperature from 27C to 77C .
Initial temperature, T1  27C
Final temperature, T2  77C
Thus, rise in temperature,
T  T2  T1
 T  77C  27C
 T  50C
Now, heat of combustion  4  104 J / g  4  107 J / kg
Specific heat of water  4.2J / g C
It is known that total heat used, Q  mcT
 Q  3  4.2 103  50
 Q  6.3 105 J / min
Now, consider m kg of fuel to be used per minute.
Thus, the heat produced  m  4 107 J / min
However, the heat energy taken by water  heat produced by fuel
Thus, equating both the sides,
 6.3  105  m  4  107
6.3  105
m
4  104
 m  15.75g / min
Clearly, the rate of consumption of the fuel when its heat of combustion is
4.0  104 J / g supposing the geyser operates on a gas burner is 15.75 g / min .

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 1

2. What amount of heat must be supplied to 2.0  102 kg of Nitrogen (at
room temperature) to raise its temperature by 45C at constant
pressure? (Molecular mass of N 2  28 ; R  8.3Jmol 1K 1 .)
Ans: Provided that,
Mass of Nitrogen, m  2.0  102 kg  20g .
Rise in temperature, T  45C .
Molecular mass of N 2 , M  28
Universal gas constant, R  8.3J mol1K 1 .
m
Number of moles, n 
M
2
2  10  103
n
28
 n  0.714
Now, molar specific heat at constant pressure for nitrogen,
7
Cp  R
2
7
 Cp   8.3
2
 Cp  29.05J mol1K1
The total amount of heat to be supplied is given by the relation:
Q  nCp T
 Q  0.714  29.05  45
 Q  933.38J
Clearly, the amount of heat to be supplied is 933.38J .

3. Explain why
a) Two bodies at different temperatures T1 and T2 if brought in
thermal contact do not necessarily settle to the mean temperature.
Ans: If two bodies at different temperatures T1 and T2 are brought in
thermal contact, heat is said to flow from the body at higher temperature
to the body at lower temperature until an equilibrium is obtained, i.e.,
until a point at which the temperatures of both the bodies becomes the
same.
The equilibrium temperature turns out to be the same as the mean
temperature, which can be denoted as
 T1  T2  only when thermal
2

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 2

 capacities of the two bodies are the same.

b) The coolant in a chemical or a nuclear plant (i.e., the liquid used to

prevent the different parts of a plant from getting too hot) should
have high specific heat.
Ans: The coolant in a chemical or nuclear plant must have a high specific
heat as it is known that higher the specific heat of the coolant, higher is its
heat-absorbing capacity and vice-versa.
Thus, a liquid which has a high specific heat is the best coolant to be
utilized in a nuclear or chemical plant. This prevents different parts of the
plant from becoming too hot.

c) Air pressure in a car tyre increases during driving.

Ans: When the car is in motion, the temperature of air inside the tyre rises
due to motion of the air molecules. Charle’s law suggests that pressure is
directly proportional to the temperature, P  T .
Clearly, when the temperature inside a tyre rises, the air pressure inside
the tyre would also increase.

d) The climate of a harbour town is more temperate than that of a

town in a desert at the same latitude.
Ans: A harbour town has a more temperate climate than a town located
in a desert at the same latitude.
In a harbour town, the relative humidity is greater than that in a desert
town.

4. A cylinder with a movable piston contains 3 moles of hydrogen at

standard temperature and pressure. The walls of the cylinder are made
of a heat insulator, and the piston is insulated by having a pile of sand on
it. By what factor does the pressure of the gas increase if the gas is
compressed to half its original volume?
Ans: Here, the cylinder is said to be completely insulated from its
neighbourhood. As a result, no heat gets exchanged between the system
(cylinder) and its neighbourhood. Clearly, the process turns out to be
adiabatic.
Now, consider:
Initial pressure inside the cylinder  P1
Final pressure inside the cylinder  P2
Initial volume inside the cylinder  V1
Final volume inside the cylinder  V2

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 3

Ratio of specific heats,   1.4
For an adiabatic process, it is known that P1V 1  P2V2  .
Also, the final volume is compressed to half of its initial volume.
V
 V2  1
2
Thus,

  V2 
 P1V 1  P2   .
 2 

P V
 2 1 
P1  V1 
 
 2
P
 2  2  21.4  2.639
P1
Clearly, the pressure rises by a factor of 2.639 .

5. In changing the state of a gas adiabatically from an equilibrium state A

to another equilibrium state B, an amount of work equal to 22.3J is done
on the system. If the gas is taken from state A to B via a process in which
the net heat absorbed by the system is 9.35cal , how much is the net work
done by the system in the latter case? (Take 1cal  4.19J )
Ans: It is provided that the work done  W  on the system when the gas
transforms from state A to state B is 22.3J .
This is an adiabatic process. Thus, the change in heat is zero.
 Q  0
(As the work is done on the system)
Using the first law of thermodynamics,
Q  U  W
where,
U  change in the internal energy of the gas
When the gas transforms from state A to state B via a process, the net heat
absorbed by the system is given by
Q  9.35cal  9.35  4.19J  39.1765J
Heat absorbed can be given by the equation,
Q  U  W
 W  Q  U  39.1765  22.3  16.8765J
Clearly, 16.88J work is done by the system.

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 4

6. Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are connected to each other
via a stopcock. A contains a gas at standard temperature and pressure.
B is completely evacuated. The entire system is thermally insulated. The
stopcock is suddenly opened. Answer the following:
a) What is the final pressure of the gas in A and B ?
Ans: The volume which can be availed by the gas at 1 atmospheric
pressure would be doubled when the stopcock is opened instantly.
As volume is inversely proportional to pressure, the pressure reduces to
one-half times its original value.
The initial pressure of the gas being 1 atm results in the pressure of each
cylinder to be 0.5 atm.

b) What is the change in internal energy of the gas?

Ans: Change in the internal energy of any gas occurs when work is done
by or on the gas.
Here, as no work is done by or on the gas and thus, the internal energy of
the gas would not change. Clearly, the change in internal energy of the gas
is 0 .

c) What is the change in the temperature of the gas?

Ans: Change in the temperature of any gas occurs when work is done by
or on the gas.
Here, as no work is done by the gas during the expansion of the gas, the
temperature of the gas would not change. Clearly, the change in
temperature of the gas is 0 .

d) Do the intermediate states of the system (before settling to the final

equilibrium state) lie on its P-V-T surface?
Ans: No, the intermediate states of the system do not lie on the P-V-T
surface since the process of free expansion is rapid and cannot be limited.
The intermediate states are non-equilibrium states and do not follow the
gas equation. In due course of time, the gas returns to its original state.

7. A steam engine delivers 5.4  108 J of work per minute and services
3.6  109 J of heat per minute from its boiler. What is the efficiency of the
engine? How much heat is wasted per minute?
Ans: Provided that,
Work done by the steam engine per minute, W  5.4 108 J
Heat supplied from the boiler, H  3.6  109 J

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 5

 Output Energy
Efficiencyof theengine 
Input Energy
W

H
5.4  108

3.6  109
   0.15
Thus, the percentage efficiency of the engine is 15% .
Amount of heat wasted  3.6 109  5.4 108  30.6 108  3.06 109 J
Clearly, the amount of heat wasted per minute is 3.06  109 J .

8. An electric heater supplies heat to a system at a rate of 100W . If

system performs work at a rate of 75 Joules per second. At what rate is
the internal energy increasing?
Ans: It is provided that,
Heat is supplied to the system by an electric heater at a rate of 100W .
Thus, heat supplied, Q  100J / s
The system operates at a rate of 75J / s .
Clearly, work done, W  75J / s
Using the first law of thermodynamics,
QUW
where,
U  internal energy
U QW
 U  100  75
 U  25J / s
 U  25W
Clearly, the internal energy of the given electric heater rises at a rate of 25W
or 25J / s .

9. A thermodynamic system is taken from an original state to an

intermediate state by the linear process shown in figure.

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 6

Calculate the total work done by the gas from D to E to F .
Ans: Considering the given linear process in a thermodynamic system, it can
be understood that,
Total work done by the gas from D to E to F is equal to the area of DEF .
1
Area of DEF   DE  EF
2
where,
DF  Change in pressure
 DF  600N / m2  300N / m2
 DF  300N / m2
Also,
FE  Change in volume  5  2  3m3
Thus,
1
Area of DEF   300  3  450J
2
Clearly, the total work done by the gas from D to E to F is 450J .

10. A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at 9C . If room

temperature is 36C , calculate the coefficient of performance.
Ans: Here, the temperature inside the refrigerator can be provided as,
T1  9C  282K
Room temperature is given as,
T2  36C  309K
Coefficient of performance can be given by the relation,
T1
COP 
 T2  T1 
282
 COP 
 309  282 
 COP  10.44
Clearly, the coefficient of performance of the mentioned refrigerator is 10.44 .

Class XI Physics www.vedantu.com 7

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