CLASSIFICATION MADE SIMPLE

Classification Made Simple

An Introduction to Knowledge Organisation
and Information Retrieval

Third Edition

ERIC J. HUNTER
Liverpool John Moores University, UK
First published 1988 by Ashgate Publishing
Second edition 2002
Third edition 2009

Published 2016 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright © Eric J. Hunter 2009

Eric J. Hunter has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be
identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Hunter, Eric J. (Eric Joseph), 1930-
Classification made simple. - 3rd ed.
1. Classification - Books
I. Title
025.4'2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2001099658

ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-7558-7 (pbk)

Contents
Acknowledgements ix

Introduction xi

1 What is Classification? 1

2 Classification in an Information System 4

Library and information services; Data processing
The Internet; Complexity of subjects; Hierarchical
and faceted classification compared

3 Faceted Classification 9
Definition 9
Illustrative scheme for a brewing company: 9
Analysis; Grouping; Notation; The process of
classification
Illustrative scheme for a real estate agent: 12
Analysis; Grouping; Notation; Order in array;
The impact of citation order; Filing order;
Differentiation between facets
The index and introduction 23
The complete scheme: Compilation procedure; 23
Analysis; Grouping; Order in array; Citation order;
Schedule order; Notation; Index; Introduction

4 Practical Examples of Faceted Classification Schemes 25

4.1 Classification of machine bolts 25
4.2 Brisch Building Classification 26
4.3 CI/SfB Construction Indexing Manual; Uniclass 27
4.4 London Classification of Business Studies 31
4.5 Broad System of Ordering (BSO) 33
4.6 Colon Classification 35

5 Hierarchical Classification 40
Definition; Compilation; Order in array;
Citation order; Notation; Index; Process of
classification; Complexity of hierarchical schemes
vi Classification Made Simple

6 Practical Examples of Hierarchical Enumerative 46

Classification Schemes
6.1 Classification for office organization 46
6.2 Guildhall classification for local material 47
6.3 ACM Computing Classification System 48
6.4 Dewey Decimal Classification 49
6.5 Library of Congress Classification 53
6.6 BIC Subject Categories; BISAC Subject Headings 57

7 The Use of Synthesis in a Basically Enumerative Scheme 61

Auxiliary tables; Number building
7.1 Bibliographic Classification 61
7.2 Dewey Decimal Classification 63
7.3 BIC Subject Categories 64

8 Synthesis Grafted on to an Enumerative Scheme 66

8.1 Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) 66
8.2 Bibliographic Classification (BC2) 70

9 More about Notation 73

Uniqueness; Simplicity; Brevity; Hospitality; Flexibility;
Expressiveness; Retroactive notation.
9.1 Uniform length, pure notation with unique 76
Identification of individual item – from the
NATO Codification System
9.2 Simplicity – from the London Education 78
Classification
9.3 Brevity – from the Bibliographic Classification 79
9.4 Brevity – from the Bliss Bibliographic 79
Classification (BC2)
9.5 Hospitality – from the NATO Codification System 79
9.6 Hospitality – from the Library of Congress 80
Classification
9.7 Flexibility – from the London Education 80
Classification
9.8 Expressiveness – from Uniclass 81
9.9 Non-expressiveness – from the British 81
Catalogue of Music Classification
9.10 Retroactive notation – from the British 82
Catalogue of Music Classification
9.11 Retroactive notation – from the Bliss 82
Bibliographic Classification (BC2)
 Contents vii

9.12 Retroactive notation – from the Dewey 83

Decimal Classification

10 More about Schedule and Citation Order 85

Citation order the reverse of schedule order;
General before special; Facet formulae

11 Other Features of Classification Schemes 89

The generalia class; Literary warrant; Main class order;
Free classification; Summary of advantages and
disadvantages of faceted and enumerative classification

12 The Relationship between Classification and 94

Alphabetical Authority Lists of Indexing Terms – the
Compilation of Thesauri
Use of classification in alphabetical indexing:
Relationship with classification; Authority lists
and controlled languages; Construction of sample
thesaurus.
Practical Examples of Faceted Classification Schemes
Combined with Thesauri 102.
12.1 London Education Classification 102
12.2 Thesaurofacet 103
12.3 London Classification of Business Studies 104
Abbreviations in thesauri – BSI Root Thesaurus 105

13 Classification as a Search Tool 108

Use of authority lists and thesauri 108
Boolean searching and full-text bases 110
Use of the classification schedule 112
Chain procedure 115
PRECIS and COMPASS 117
Systems with multiple search options; classified 118
and Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs))
Using a thesaurus as an aid to searching online 121
catalogues
Using the complete classification scheme 122
viii Classification Made Simple

14 Classification and the Internet 127

Use of classification by search engines; 127
Google and Yahoo
Use of conventional classification schemes 129
Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) 132
Classification of electronic documents 133
The Dublin Core 133
Classification schemes as aids to searching 134
Automatic classification 135
E-commerce 136
Hierarchical classification; Ebay; UNSPSC
Faceted classification
The Semantic Web 140
Web 2.0 142

15 Conclusion 145
Bibliography 151
Index 156
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to express his appreciation for the willing assistance
given by a number of people from various organizations and institutions,
including: Bob Bater (Infoplex-uk); Linda Baynham (London Institute of
Education Library); George Bond (NATO Codification Authority); Byron
W. Copley and the Classification Support Team (Library of Congress);
Helen Edwards (London Business School Library); Laura Medhurst (BSI
British Standards); Michael Milne (Sefton Libraries); and Keith Trickey,
(Liverpool John Moores University).
Grateful thanks are also due to those others who helped with the second
edition: Eric Coates (BSO); Cheryl Cook (Library of Congress); Gillian
Dwyer and Penny Camm-Jones (London Business School); Ken Linkman
(University of Liverpool); Claudia Merrick (RIBA); Richard Moore
(British Library); Peter Moss (London Institute of Education Library); and
Professor Mohinder Satija (Guru Nanak Dev University, India).
In addition, thanks are due to ex-colleagues on the staff of Liverpool
John Moores University for their help with the first edition.

E.J.H. Southport, 2009

Introduction
This work was written in an attempt to simplify the initial study of
classification as used for knowledge organisation and information retrieval.
The text adopts a gradual progression from very basic principles, a
progression that, hopefully, will enable the reader to gain a firm grasp of
one idea before proceeding to the next. It describes the different types of
classification scheme, the way in which they are compiled, and the features
that may be required. Practical examples are provided as illustration and
reinforcement at each stage.
This revision takes account of developments that have taken place since
the previous edition. Where published classification schemes are
concerned, for instance, a 22nd edition of the Dewey Decimal Classification
appeared in 2003 and a new edition of the London Classification of
Business Studies in 2005. There are also other important, recently
developed schemes designed for the electronic transfer of subject and
business information. Examples are BIC Subject Categories and BISAC
Subject Headings, intended for use in the book trade, and UNSPSC (United
Nations Standard Products and Services Code).
It must, however, be stressed that the book constitutes an introductory
study only; as such it should provide a gateway to more advanced treatises
and to a more detailed study of specific schemes or information handling
processes.
In information work, classification may be used in various ways: for
coding in computerised data processing; for the organisation of files and
catalogues; and for shelf arrangement in libraries and information services.
It can constitute a basis for the production of alphabetical authority lists of
subject terms, or thesauri, and can be applied to other subject indexing and
search techniques, including those used in online systems and the World
Wide Web. Where the latter is concerned, as noted above, classification
can facilitate e-commerce; the accurate coding of goods and services for
electronic interchange is becoming essential and some form of
categorisation can also be very helpful to the Internet shopper. The
approach adopted here is a wide one and is not limited to classification for
one specific purpose.
.
1 What is Classification?
We all have to process information. Consider the following images:

Could you tell the difference? Of course you could; you would be in a
certain amount of trouble if you couldn’t. This means that you are capable
of processing information and, in order to do that, you must make use of
classification.
In essence the process of classification simply means the grouping
together of like things according to some common quality or characteristic.
This automatically implies the separation of the unlike as in the above
example.
As human beings, we are able to recognise a member of a particular
class because it displays certain characteristics common to that class but
not to others. Examine the following collection:

.
2 Classification Made Simple

From observation, one is able to immediately identify like entities:

Forms of transport: Means of communication:

In making the above distinction and grouping the things as shown, a

process of classification has been carried out in that like things have been
grouped together and unlike things separated. It is essential for a person
to be able to think logically in this way and to make such distinctions –
classification ‘lies at the base of every well-managed life and occupation’
(Maltby, 1975). Otherwise one would be sitting on the television set
waiting to be transported to work! Beam me up, Scotty!
Wherever one looks, examples of the use of classification can be found.
Take, for instance, the case of Harrison Ford, alias Indiana Jones. Ford
hasn’t always been a film actor. In the early seventies he became seriously
dissatisfied with the sameness and blandness of the work that he was being
offered so he gave up acting and became a carpenter instead (Glock,
2008). Apparently he became a very good carpenter and examples of his
work are to be found to this day in many a home in Beverly Hills
(Norman, 1997). When Ford was whittling wood, he kept all of his
carpentry tools laid out in order of type and size right though his entire
workshop (Courtenay, 1994). He realised that this would make his work
that much easier. By putting all of his cutting tools together, Ford would
separate them immediately from his drilling tools and from his smoothing
tools. Clearly, he recognises the enormous value of classification.
What would Ford have to say do you think, if he visited his local
supermarket and found the goods arranged as shown below.
 What is Classification? 3

Liqueurs Lamb Bread

Beans Margarine Wine Potatoes

Cakes Beer Beef

Tea Butter Cabbage Pies Spirits

Carrots Coffee

Cheese Cocoa Pork Chicken

It would be chaos! Shopping would be very difficult and time

consuming.
No doubt Ford would much prefer, as we all would, to find similar
products shelved together and differing products separated:

Lamb Bread Liqueurs Beans Tea Margarine

Beef Cakes Wine Potatoes Coffee Butter

Pork Pies Beer Cabbage Cocoa Cheese

Chicken Spirits Carrots

It is now quite simple to process the information that we are being

given. Classification makes shopping, and indeed all aspects of our lives,
very much easier.

References
Courtenay, Chris (1994), ‘Indiana Jones and His Homely Crusade’, Daily Mail Weekend
(16 July), pp. 4-5.
Glock, Allison (2008), ‘Blade Runner’, Telegraph Magazine (10 May), pp.46-50. ,
Maltby, Arthur (1975), Sayers’ Manual of Classification for Librarians, 5th ed., Deutsch,
London, p. 15.
Norman, Barry (1997), ‘Why Ford Sticks To What He Does Best’, RadioTimes (12-18
April), p. 46.
References

1 What is Classification?

Courtenay, Chris (1994), ‘Indiana Jones and His Homely

Crusade’, Daily Mail Weekend (16 July), pp. 4-5.

Glock, Allison (2008), ‘Blade Runner’, Telegraph Magazine

(10 May), pp.46-50. ,

Maltby, Arthur (1975), Sayers’ Manual of Classification for

Librarians, 5 th ed., Deutsch, London, p. 15.

Norman, Barry (1997), ‘Why Ford Sticks To What He Does

Best’, RadioTimes (12-18 April), p. 46.
2 Classification in an Information System

Clifton, H.O. and Sutcliffe, A.G. (1994), Business

Information Systems, 5 th ed., Prentice Hall, London, p.
320.

Glock, Allison (2008), ‘Blade Runner’, Telegraph Magazine

(10 May), pp.46-50.

Harry, Mike (1994), Information Systems in Business,

Pitman, London, p. 131.

Sellers, Robert (1993), Harrison Ford: a Biography, Hale,

London, p. 33.
4 Practical Examples of Faceted
Classification Schemes

BSO: Broad System of Ordering (1991), FID/BSO Panel (Eric

Coates, et al.), rev. ed.

Available, including 1994 update, at

www.ucl.ac.uk.uk/fatks/bso.

The copyright of BSO is now held by University College

London and the responsibility for its future management
now lies with this institution.

Clifton, H.O. and Sutcliffe, A.G. (1994), Business

Information Systems, 5 th ed., Prentice Hall, London, New
York.

Crawford, Marshall, Cann, John and O’Leary, Ruth (ed.)

(1997), Uniclass: Unified Classification for the
Construction Industry, RIBA, London.

E.G. Brisch & Partners [n.d], The Brisch Building

Classification : prepared for the British Building
Documentation Committee, E.G. Brisch & Partners, [S.l.].

Foskett, A.C. (2000), ‘The Future of Faceted

Classification’, in Rita Marcella and Arthur Maltby
(eds.), The Future of Classification, Gower, Aldershot,
Hants, Brookfield, Vt., pp. 69-80.

Kyle, B. (1956), ‘E.G. Brisch: Something New in

Classification’, Special Libraries 47 (3), 100-105.

London Business School Library (2005), London

Classification of Business Studies: Thesaurus, The
Library, 2 v. [Vol.1] Classified Sequence, [Vol. 2]
Alphabetical Sequence. This is a new version of the
scheme first devised by K.D.C. Vernon and Valerie Lang
(see below).

Ranganathan, S.R., (1987), Colon Classification, 7 th ed.,

edited by M.A. Gopinath, Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for
Library Science, Bangalore.

Ranganathan, S.R. (1963), Colon Classification, 6 th ed.,

with annexure, Asia Publishing House, Bombay; London.

Ray-Jones, Alan and Clegg, David (1991), CI/SfB

Construction Indexing Manual, RIBA, London. Abridged
reprint of 1976 revision.
Vernon, K.D.C. and Lang, Valerie (1979), The London
Classification of Business Studies : a Classification and
Thesaurus for Business Libraries, 2 nd ed. rev., K.G.B.
Bakewell and David A. Cotton, Aslib, London.
6 Practical Examples of Hierarchical
Enumerative Classification Schemes

ACM Computing Classification (1998, (1999 – valid through

2009), Association for Computing Machinery. Available at:

BISAC Subject Headings (2008), Book Industry Standards and

Communication.

Available at:
www.bisg.org/standards/bisac_subject/index.html.

BIC Subject Categories (2006), Book Industry Communication.

Available at: www.bic.org.uk/7/subject-categories.

Dewey, Melvil (2003), Dewey Decimal Classification and

Relative Index, edition 22, ed. by Joan S. Mitchell … [et
al]., OCLC, Dublin, Ohio. 4 v.

Library of Congress (various dates), Classification, LC,

Washington, 43 v. The examples included here have been
checked in 2008 against www.classificationweb.net the
online version of the scheme from the Cataloging
Distribution Service of LC.

Shaw, Josephine (1984), Administration in Business, 2 nd

ed., Pitman, London, p. 91.

Smith, Raymond (1966), Classification for London Literature

Based Upon the Collection in the Guildhall Library, 3 rd
ed., The Library Committee, London. Cited in George A.
Carter (1973), J.L. Hobbs’s Local History and the Library,
2 nd rev. ed., Deutsch, London.
7 The Use of Synthesis in a Basically
Enumerative Scheme

BIC Subject Categories (2006), Book Industry Communication.

Available at: www.bic.org.uk/7/subject-categories.

Bliss, H.E. (1940-53), A Bibliographic Classification,

H.W. Wilson, New York, 4 v.

Dewey, Melvil (2003), Dewey Decimal Classification and

Relative Index, edition 22, ed. by Joan S. Mitchell … [et
al], OCLC, Dublin, Ohio. 4 v.
8 Synthesis Grafted on to an Enumerative
Scheme

Foskett, A.C. (2000), ‘The Future of Faceted

Classification’, in Rita Marcella and Arthur Maltby
(eds.), The Future of Classification, Gower, Aldershot,
Hants; Burlington, Vt.,p.78.

Maltby, Arthur (1975), Sayers' Manual of Classification for

Librarians, 5th ed., Deutsch, London, p. 208. Marcella
(1994) is essentially a revised edition of this manual.

Mills, J. (1976), ‘Bibliographic Classification’, in A.

Maltby (ed.), Classification in the 1970s: a Second
Look, rev. ed., Bingley, London, pp. 25-50.

Mills, J. et al, (1977-), Bliss Bibliographic

Classification (Second Edition), Butterworths, London,
and Saur,. Munchen, vols in progress.

(1977), Class Q Social Welfare, by J. Mills and V.

Broughton, with the assistance of Valerie Lang,
Butterworths, London. A revised edition by C. Peddle was
published in 1994.

(2007), Class W The Arts, by J. Mills and C. Ball. Saur,

Műnchen.

Rowley, Jennifer and Farrow, John (2000), Organizing

Knowledge: an Introduction to Managing Access to
Information, 3 rd ed., Gower, Aldershot, Hants;
Burlington, Vt., p. 233. A 4 th ed. of this work, by
Rowley and Hartley, was published in 2008.

Universal Decimal Classification (various dates), English

text, (BS 1000).

Available at: www.udconline.net. Examples shown here were

checked via this site in 2009. BSI British Standards
(British Standards Institution) is the distributor of
English Language UDC products including UDC Online.
9 More about Notation

Aitchison, Jean (1982), ‘Indexing Languages, Classification

Schemes and Thesauri’, in L.J. Anthony (ed)., Handbook of
Special Librarianship and Information Work, 5 th ed, Aslib,
London, pp. 207-61.

Crawford, Marshall, Cann, John and O’Leary, Ruth (eds)

(1997), Uniclass: Unified Classification for the
Construction Industry, RIBA, London.

Dewey, Melvil (2003), Dewey Decimal Classification and

Relative Index, edition 22, ed. by Joan S. Mitchell … [et
al]., OCLC, Dublin, Ohio. 4 v.

Foskett, D.J. and Foskett, Joy (1974), The London Education

Classification: a Thesaurus/classification of British
Educational Terms, 2 nd ed., University of London,
Institute of Education Library. Currently, (2009) the
Institute continues to use this scheme but see note on
pages 106-7.

Library of Congress (various dates), Classification, LC,

Washington, 43 v. Class Q : Science, 5 th ed., 1951, and
6 th ed., 1973.

MacConnell, W. (1971), Classification and Coding: an

Introduction and Review of Classification and Coding
Systems, British Institute of Management, London, p.2.

Mills, J., et al. (1977-), Bliss Bibliographic

Classification (Second Edition), Butterworths, London,
and Saur,. Munchen, vols in progress.

Palmer, Bernard I. and Wells, A.G. (1951), The

Fundamentals of Library Classification, Allen & Unwin,
London, p. 62.

NATO Group of National Directors on Codification (2008),

Brochure on the NATO Codification System (NCS). Available
at: www.nato.int/codification.

NATO Group of National Directors on Codification (2003).

Guide to the NATO Codification System (NCS).Available at
www.nato.int/codification.

Pergolesi, Mauro (2006), 50 years of NATO : Codification

Plays a Vital Role, p. [5]. Available at:
www.nato.int/codification.
10 More about Schedule and Citation Order

Foskett, A.C. (1996), The Subject Approach to Information,

5 th ed., Library Association, London, p. 154.

Maltby, Arthur (1975), Sayers' Manual of Classification for

Librarians, 5 th ed., Deutsch, London, p. 61.

Mills, J..et al. (1977-), Bliss Bibliographic

Classification (Second Edition), Butterworths, London, and
Saur,. Munchen, vols in progress.

Introduction and auxiliary schedules, by J. Mills and Vanda

Broughton. p.40.
11 Other Features of Classification
Schemes

Gnoli, Claudio and Mei, Hong (2006), ‘Freely Faceted

Classification for Web-based Information Retrieval’, New
Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia, 12 (1), pp. 6381.

Maltby, Arthur (1975), Sayer’s Manual of Classification for

Librarians, 5 th ed., Deutsch,

London, p. 59.
12 The Relationship between
Classification and Alphabetical Authority
Lists of Indexing Terms – the Compilation
of Thesauri

Aitchison, Jean (1982), ‘Indexing Languages, Classification

Schemes and Thesauri’, in L.J. Anthony (ed.), Handbook of
Special Librarianship and Information Work, 5 th ed.,
Aslib, London, pp. 205-261.

Aitchison, Jean, Gomersall, Alan and Ireland, Ralph (1969),

Thesaurofacet: a Thesaurus and Classification for
Engineering and Related Subjects, 4 th ed., English
Electric, Leicester.

British Standards Institution (1979), Guidelines for the

Establishment and Development of

Monolingual Thesauri, BSI, Milton Keynes. (BS 5723). Based

upon the ‘guidelines’

previously issued by the International Standards

Organisation (ISO 2788).

BSI Root Thesaurus (1988), 3 rd ed., British Standards

Institution, Milton Keynes.

Foskett, A.C. (1996), The Subject Approach to Information,

5 th ed., Library Association, London, p. 368.

Foskett, D.J. and Foskett, Joy (1974), The London Education

Classification: a Thesaurus/Classification of British
Educational Terms, 2 nd ed., University of London,
Institute of Education Library.

London Business School Library (2005), London

Classification of Business Studies: Thesaurus, The
Library, 2 v. [Vol.1] Classified Sequence, [Vol. 2]
Alphabetical Sequence. This is a new version of the
scheme first devised by K.D.C. Vernon and Valerie Lang in
1970, revised by K.G.B. Bakewell and David Cotton in 1979.

Pictorial Knowledge (1970), International Learning Systems,

London, 8 v.

Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms (2007), 11 th ed.,

edited by Lisa Gallagher Tuleya, American Psychological
Association, Washington. The entry cited in the text is
taken from the 1974 edition and varies slightly in this
latest edition.
Unesco Thesaurus: a Structured List of Descriptors for
Indexing and Retrieving Literature in the Fields of
Education, Science, Culture, Communication and Information
(1994), New ed., Unesco, Paris. Previous edition compiled
by Jean Aitchison, 1977.

Viet, Jean and Slype, Georges van (1984), EUDISED

Multilingual Thesaurus for Information Processing in the
Field of Education, New ed., English version, Mouton,
Berlin. At head of title: Council of Europe. Commission of
the European Communities.
13 Classification as a Search Tool

Bland, Robert N. and Stoffan, Mark A. (2008), ‘Returning

Classification to the Catalog’, Information Technology and
Libraries, (Sep), pp. 55-60.

Burton, Paul (1997), ‘The Decline and Fall of “Cat. and

Class.”’, Catalogue a Index, 124, p. 9.

Cutter, Charles A. (1904), Rules for a Dictionary Catalog,

4 th ed., GPO, Washington.

Dykstra, Mary (1988), ‘LC Subject Headings Disguised as a

Thesaurus’, Library Journal, 113 (4), pp. 42-7.

Fosket, A.C. (2000), ‘The Future of Faceted

Classification’, in Rita Marcella and Arthur Maltby
(eds.), The Future of Classification, Gower, Aldershot,
Hants; Brookfield, Vt., pp. 69-80.

Hildreth, Charles R. (1989), The Online Catalogue:

Developments and Directions, Library Association, London,
p. 19.

International Organization for Standardization (1986),

Documentation: Guidelines for the Establishment and
Development of Monolingu Thesauri, 2 nd ed., The
Organization, Geneva, (ISO 2788), p. 1.

Library of Congress (2008), Subject Headings, 31st ed., LC,

Washington, 5 v. The examples included here have been
checked in 2008 against ‘Classification Web’, available
from the Cataloging Distribution Service of LC at
http://classificationweb.net.

RCN Library Nursing Thesaurus: a Thesaurus of Terms Used in

Nursing, Midwifery, Health Visiting and Related Subject
Areas (2007), 5th ed., RCN [Royal College of Nursing]
Library and Information Services, London.

Svenonius, Elaine (1983), ‘Use of Classification in Online

Retrieval’, Library Resources an Technical Services, 27
(1), pp. 76-80.

Schneiderman, R. Anders (1997), ‘A Non-librarian Explains

Why Librarians Rule the ‘Net’, Information Outlook, 1 (4),
34-5.

Sparck-Jones, Karen (1976), ‘Automatic Classification’, in

Arthur Maltby (ed.), Classifcation in the 1970s: a Second
Look, Bingley, London, pp. 209-225.

Wellisch, Hans H. (ed.) (1977), The PRECIS Index

System: Principles, Applications and Prospects, H.W.
Wilson, New York.
14 Classification and the Internet

Adkisson, Heidi P. (2005), Use of Faceted Classification.

Available at:
www.webdesignpractices.com/navigation/facets.html.

Beaumont, Claudine and Warman, Matt (2009), ‘The Digital

Life’, Daily Telegraph, (12 Mar).

Blumberg, Robert and Atre, Shaju (2003), ‘Automatic

Classification : Moving to the Mainstream’. reprinted from
DM Review, (Apr) 2003 and available at:

Dodd, David G. (1996), ‘Grass Roots Cataloguing and

Classification : Food for Thought from World Wide Web
Subject-oriented Lists’, Library Resources and Technical

Services, 40 (3), pp. 275-286.

Harrison, Nicola and Place, Emma (2009), ‘The Best of the

Web’, Library & Information Update (Jan-Feb), p.48-50.

ISOK UK Conference (4 th : 2008 : University College,

London), Semantic Analysis Technology in Search of
Categories, Concepts & Context, ISOK UK, London.

Jenkins, Charlotte, et al. (2001), Automatic

Classification of Web Resources Using Java and Dewey
Decimal Classification. Available at:
www.scu.edu.au/programme/ posters/1846/com1846.htm

MacLennan Alan (2000), ‘Classification and the Internet’,

in Rita Marcella and Arthur Maltby (eds.), The Future of
Classification, Gower, Aldershot, Hants; Brookfield, Vt.,
pp. 59-68.

Neely, Mark (1999), All About Searching the Internet, rev.

ed., Net.Works, Harrogate, Yorks., p. 17.

Newton, Robert (2000), ‘Information Technology and New

Directions’ in Rita Marcella and Arthur Maltby (eds.), The
Future of Classification, Gower, Aldershot, Hants;
Brookfield, Vt., pp. 59-68.

O’Reilly, Tim (2008), What Is Web 2.0 : Design Patterns and

Business Models for the Next Generation of Software,
Available at: www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/
oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what is web 2.0.html.

Pergolesi, Mauro (2006), 50 years of NATO : Codification

Plays a Vital Role, p. [5]. Available at:
www.nato.int/codification.

Poulter, Alan (2008), ‘Is Web 2.0 the Answer to Records

Management?’: [review of Bailey, Steve, Managing the
Crowd: Rethinking Records Management for the Web 2.0
World, Facet, London, 2008], Library and Information
Update, (Dec), p. 23.

Turner, David (200?), UNSPSC: Introduction and Overview.

Available at:
www.unspsc.org/documents/UNSPSCBasicSlides.pdf.

UNSPSC (2009), What is UNSPSC and What Are the Benefits of

Coding Products and Services. Available at:
www.unspsc.org/FAQs.asp.

Web 2.0 (2009), Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/web_2.0.
15 Conclusion

Batley, Sue (2007), ‘Going Nowhere?’, Catalogue & Index,

155 (Spring), p. 6-7.

Chan, Lois Mai and Hodges, Theodora L. (2000), ‘The Library

of Congress Classification’, in Rita Marcella and Arthur
Maltby (eds), The Future of Classification, Gower,
Aldershot, Hants; Brookfield, Vt., pp. 105-127.

Clifton, H.O. and Sutcliffe, A.G. (1994), Business

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Crawford, Marshall, Cann, John and O’Leary, Ruth (eds.)

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Foskett, A.C. (1982), The Subject Approach to Information,

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La Barre, Kathryn, (2004), ‘Adventures in Faceted

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Langridge, Derek (1973), Approach to Classification for

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reading, have been added.
Mention should also be made of serials relevant to the subject.
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