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Calculus Concepts On Complex Functions-I

The document discusses key concepts in complex variables including limits, continuity, differentiability, and analytic functions. It defines a limit of a complex function as z approaches a point zo. A function is continuous if its limit exists and equals the function value at zo. A function is differentiable if the limit defining the derivative exists. An analytic function is differentiable in a neighborhood of each point, and an entire function is analytic at each point in the complex plane. Standard results on complex differentiation are also presented.

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136 views4 pages

Calculus Concepts On Complex Functions-I

The document discusses key concepts in complex variables including limits, continuity, differentiability, and analytic functions. It defines a limit of a complex function as z approaches a point zo. A function is continuous if its limit exists and equals the function value at zo. A function is differentiable if the limit defining the derivative exists. An analytic function is differentiable in a neighborhood of each point, and an entire function is analytic at each point in the complex plane. Standard results on complex differentiation are also presented.

Uploaded by

Balaji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Variables

Calculus Concepts on Complex Functions-I

Limits

Let w = f(z) be any function of z defined in a bounded closed domain D, then the
Lim
limit of f(z) as z approaches zo is denoted by ‘l’ and written as z → z o f(z) = l i.e. for
every ∈ > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that |f(z) − l| < ∈ whenever z − zo< δ, where ∈
and δ are arbitrary small positive real numbers.

Note:

(1) Here z should approach zo through all possible curves.


(2) ‘l’ is the simultaneous limit of f(z) as z → z0.

z 3 − 10 3
Eg 1. Evaluate Lim
z →10 z − 10

z 3 − 10 3
Sol. Lim = Lim (z2 + 10z + 100)
z →10 z − 10 z →10
= 100 + 100 + 100 = 300
(using standard limits as in real variable calculus)

 x2y 
Eg 2. Show that Lim   does not exist.
( x, y ) →(0,0 ) x + y 
 4 2

Sol. Path Ι
Lim x2y
x → 0, y → 0 = Lt 0 = 0
x4 + y2 y→ 0

Path ΙΙ
Complex Variables

x2y
Lim Lim 0 = 0
y → 0, x → 0 x 4 + y 2 x → 0

Path ΙΙΙ along any straight line through the origin. Let y = mx
Lim  x2y 
y → mx, x → 0  
 x4 + y2 
 
Lim  mx 3 
=x → 0  
 x 4 + m2 x 2 
 
Lim  mx 
= x → 0   = 0
 x 2 + m2 
Path IV Let y = mx2
Lim
 x2y 
y → mx , x → 0 
2 
 x4 + y2 
 
Lim  mx 4 
=x → 0  
 x 4 + m2 x 4 
 
Lim  m 
= x → 0   , which depends on the values of m. Therefore the limit does
2
1+ m 
not exist.

Continuity

A function w = f(z) defined in the bounded closed domain D, is said to be continuous


at a point Z0, if f(z0) is defined, Lt f ( z ) exists and Lt f ( z ) = f(z0)
z→ z 0 z→ z 0
Note:
(i) A function f(z) is said to be continuous in a domain if it is continuous at every
point of the domain.

(ii) A function f(z) is not continuous at z0 implies either f(z0) does not exist or Lt f ( z)
z→ z 0
does not exists or Lt f ( z ) # f ( z 0 )
z→ z 0
Complex Variables

(iii) If f(z) = u + iv is continuous, then both u and v are continuous.

(iv) If f(z) and g(z) are two continuous functions in D, then f + g, f − g, fg and f/g
(g(z) ≠ 0)are all continuous.

Differentiability: A function f(z) defined in a domain D is said to be differentiable at a


point z0, if the limit
 f (z + ∆z ) − f (z 0 ) 
f'(z0) = Lim  0 
∆z → 0 ∆z 
 f (z ) − f (z 0 ) 
= Lt   exists
z → z0  z − z0 

The limit f' (z0) is known as the derivative of f(z) at z0.

Analytic Function: A function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point z0, if f is


differentiable not only at z0, but also at every point in some neighborhood of z0.

Note:
(i) Analytic functions are also called as holomorphic, regular or monogenic functions.

(ii) A function f(z) is analytic in a domain if it is analytic at every point of the domain.

(iii) Sum difference product and quotient of analytic functions are also analytic.

Entire Function: A function which is analytic every where (i,e., at every point Z on the
complex plane) is known as an entire function.
Example: All polynomial functions are entire functions.

Standard Results on Complex Differentiation

dc
1. = 0, where ‘c’ is a complex constant.
dz
Complex Variables

d df dg
2. [f ± g] = +
dz dz dz

d df
3. [c f(z)] = c.
dz dz

d dg df
4. [f.g) = f. + g.
dz dz dz

df dg
g. −f
d f dz dz
5.  =
dz  g  g2

d n
6. z = n.zn − 1
dz

7. If f(z) = G (h(z))
d
then (f(z)) = G’(h(z)).h’(z) (termed as chain rule]
dz

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