UNIT 1 LESSON 3 (LOGIC code for a program before

FORMULATION) implemented in a specific program.

Program Logic FORMULATION PROGRAM: actual code written for
problem succeeding all the rules of
provides tools needed to design right
the programming language
solution by helping you define and
identify the problem, requirements FLOWCHART
and instructions.
 Graphic representation that
The two most used tools to formulate illustrates the sequence of
a better solution operations performed to get the
solution.
are: flowchart and algorithm.
 Visual representation of
ALGORITHM algorithm.
 List of steps for solving a problem SPECIAL SYMBOLS
 Methodological approach, a
Variable- memory cell used for
precise, step-by-step process that
storing a program’s input data and
permits the computer to solve
computation results
problem.
 Often the most challenging part of Example: int a, b, c;
the problemsolving process Top-
Constant- contain a value that does
down design (also called as divide
not change
and conquer).
Example: Long width = 5;
ALGORITHM STEPS IN SOLVING A
PROBLEM: Note: variables that hold a number
must be initialized by equating it to
1. Initialize data
zero, and variables that will keep
2. Read/input data
words may initialized by equating it
3. Perform computations
to space and enclosed it in double-
4. Display/output data
quotes (name””)
Remember:
PSEUDOCODE: simpler version of
programming code in plain English,
which uses short phrases to write
TYPES OF FLOWCHART PREPARATION SYMBOL (HEXAGON)
PROGRAM FLOWCHART -instructions that will alter, or modify
operations such as control, index
 defines graphically the logical
registration, switch setting,
operations and stages within a
initialization, and loops.
program.
TERMINAL SYMBOL (OVAL)
SYSTEM FLOWCHART
-used to designate the beginning and
 graphical procedures involved in
the end of a program, or a point of
converting data on the input
interruption.
media to data in output form.
 represents interactions among -can be used for stipulating error
data, hardware, and personnel. situations

FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS PREDEFINED PROCESS SYMBOL

(RECTANGLE WITH TWO VERTICAL
 Input/Output Symbol
BARS)
(Parallelogram)
 -represents an instruction to an -specialized process symbol that
input or output device. represents a named operation or
programmed step not explicitly
PROCESSING SYMBOL (RECTANGLE)
detailed in the program flowchart.
-program instructions that
-subroutine symbol, it can be used
accomplish a program’s processing
when a procedure needs to be
function, e.g. performing arithmetic
repeated several times.
operations.
ON-PAGE CONNECTOR (SMALL
DECISION SYMBOL (DIAMOND)
CIRCLE)
-point in computer program where
- a nonprecessing symbol used to
more than track can be taken, a
connect one part of a flowchart to
branch to alternative path is possible.
another without drawing flow lines.
- It signified an entry or an exit from
another part of the flowchart and
used to change the reading order on
the same page.
FLOW DIRECTION INDICATORS 5. All the symbols except the
(ARROWHEADS) diamond may have only one indicator
branching out, but may have one or
- show the direction of the processing
more arrows branching in;
of data flow.
6. Whenever circles are used, the
OFF-PAGE CONNECTOR (SMALL
symbol leading to the circle should
PENTAGON)
flow to the symbol where a circle
-appoint entry or exit from a page containing a similar character is
when a flowchart requires more than leading to;
one page.
7. The sequence of a procedure using
FLOW LINE (HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL symbols matters because it indicates
LINES) the logical steps to be followed;
-used to showing reading order or 8. A flowchart may contain many
sequence in which flowchart symbols symbols of the same kind depending
are to be read on the solution of the problem;
-often used with arrowheads 9. Straightforward flowchart is
advisable and most efficient.
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING A
FLOWCHART FLOWCHART DEVELOPMENT

1. A flowchart always begins with -The program that executes this

START and is completed by END flowchart is likewise in an orderly,
symbol; understandable, and transparent
way.
2. Symbols are interconnected using
arrows; STRUCTURED FLOWCHART

3. Use comma (,) to separate data, - an orderly, legible, and exact

and use a semicolon (;) to separate solution.
instructions; Structured flowcharts are designed
4. The arrowhead indicates the using the
direction to be followed;
FOUR PROGRAM STRUCTURES: Advantages of Using Modules
a) SEQUENTIAL ✓ Simpler Code
- steps are performed in a strictly ✓ Code Reuse
sequential manner and are executed
once. ✓ Better Testing

- simplest method of control. ✓ Faster Development

b) SELECTION ✓ Easier Facilitation of Teamwork

- execution of instructions by section, TOP-DOWN DESIGN

wherein conditions for a series of -The overall task that the program is
alternative statements are evaluated to perform is divided into a series of
to specify which instruction is to be
executed. subtasks.

c) REPETITION - It consists of -Each of the subtasks is evaluated to

repeating steps on more than one set determine whether it can be further
of data broken down into more subtasks.

d) MODULAR STRUCTURE This step is repetitive until no more

subtasks can be recognized.
The approach is sometimes called
divide and conquer because an -Once all of the subtasks have been
enormous task is split up into several identified, code will be written.
smaller tasks that are easily CALLING A MODULE
performed.
-A module definition specifies what
-A structure chart, also is known as a the module does and must be called
hierarchy chart, shows the functional to execute.
flow through the different modules in
-When a module is called, the control
a program.
jumps to that module and then
executes the statement in the body
of the module.
FLOWCHARTING A PROGRAM WITH
MODULES
-A module call is shown in a flowchart
with a rectangle with vertical bars on
each side.
-The name of the module that is
being called is written on the symbol.
FLOWCHART TRACING
-To determine the correctness of
logic flow within any given
flowcharting, it will usually require
some tracing and testing.