CE er DEVELOPMENT LES RAN MES IN INDIA PROGRAM come generating sector, integrated with life of rural farmers. India posseses largest Tea ot cattle, but productivity is low. In order to improve production ae productivity. Government introduced several development progr ne Z 2.1 Livestock development programmes of Govt. o' Ini a: oat ad Systematic livestock development work was plant a oan executed with successive 5 year plans. Various programmes te le buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry and development are taken up which are as follows. 1) Keyvillage scheme.(KVS) Intensive cattle development project (ICDP). Central herd registration scheme (CHRS). All India Co-ordinated Research project (AICRP). 5) Gaushalas. 6) Technology mission on dairy development. National project for cattle and buffalo breeding (NPCBB). Integrated dairy development programme (IDDP) in non operation flood, hilly and backward areas. 9) Strengthening infrastructure for quality and clean milk production. 10) Assistance to Co-operatives. 11) Venture capital fund for dairy and poultry's sector. 12) Central fodder development organization scheme. 13) Livestock health and disease control scheme. 14) National dairy plan. 15) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY) Key Village Scheme (KVS) : All India KVS was launched in 1951 as part of 5 year plan. This was the first step initiated for systematic cattle improvementin country with the following objectives. a) Introduction of superior bull. b) Use of Artificial insemination atA.t. centres to supply semen. c) Improved fodder production. d) Prevention and treatment of diseases. 2) Intensive Cattle Development Project (ICDP) Objective : To increase the milk production and improvement of cattle. This is one of the large scale programme, was started in 1966 for increasing milk production as an area development approach and taking = Introduction : Dairy is dominant in 1care of every aspect of cattle improvement viz., breeding, feeding, health care, extension activities and marketing facilities. The ICDP was located in the breeding tract of indigenous breeds of cattle and buffaloes. Each ICDP was linked with a dairy project for processing and marketing of milk. Each project covered up to one lakh breedable cows and buffaloes. At present about 130 ICDP's exist. 3) Central Herd Registration Scheme (CHRS) Objective : To enlist purebred animals of high merit: The herd book contains list of animals which have qualifying breed characteristics, production standard and pure bred animals of high merit are enlisted in book. This helps the ‘owner to sale & purchase of breeding stock. In India, herd books were started by 1949 for indigenous cattles like Sahiwal, Red sindhi, Gir, Tharparkar, Ongale, Hariana, Kankrej and Kangayam etc. and Murrah breed of buffaloes. During 3rd Five year plan, breeding tract of important breeds were covered and organizes breeders societies for taking up this work. The animals to be registered should meet its breed characteristic like type, colour and milk yield. 4) All India Co-ordinated Research Project (AICRP) : ICAR had launched co-ordinated research project with objective of evolving high yielding breeds of different species for different utility viz., Cattle and buffalo for milk production, sheep for wool and mutton production, goat for milk, meat and mohair production, pig for meat production, poultry for egg and meat. 5) Gaushalas : Gaushalas are mostly existent in northern states of country for last two centuries based on religion economic considerations. There is great scope of improving the livestock of gaushalas if proper assistance and guidance is provided. This can be used as source of insitu conservation of indigenous breed and also can be associated in progeny testing programme. Gaushalas which maintains non descript animals can be engaged in crossbreeding programme so as to enhance milk production. There are about 4020 organized gaushalas in 21 states maintaining about 1,30,000 cattle and 1400 breeding bulls which enhances the employment opportunities. Some of Gaushalas have very good resources and facilities viz. grazing area and cultivable land. 6) Technology Mission on Dairy Development. Objective : To raise overall dairy productivity and to accelerate increasing rural employment and income. This programme was launched in 7th plan with budget of 1070.0 crore to increase India’s milk production to 61 MT by 1995 and commence with co-ordinating research institutes like ICAR, CSIR, NDDB, Agricultural Universities, Public institutions and Co-operative milk federation and union. The major objective was to improve the availability of milk to urban TEconsumers, provide stability and supply by application of technology in establishment of large, energy efficient, cost effective dairies and also development of technology for indigenous milk products. 7) National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding (NPCBB) : This project initiated from October 2000 for a period of ten years in two phases each of five years, genetic upgradation is encouraged with a focus on development and conservation of important indigenous breeds. The project provides 100% grant-in-aid to implementing agencies to arrange delivery of vastly improved artificial insemination service at the farmers doorstep; bring all breedable females among cattle and buffalo under organized breeding through artificial insemination or natural service by high quality bulls within a period of 10 years and undertake breed improvement programme for indigenous cattle and buffaloes so as to improve the genetic makeup as well as their availability. At present 28 States and one Union Territory are participating in the project. Financial assistance to the tune of Rs. 504.73 crore has been released to these States up to 31st july 2009. Semen production in the country has increased from 22 million straws (1999-2000) to 46 million straws (2008- 2009) and the number of inseminations has increased from 20 million to 44 million straws during the same period. As per the impact analysis report submitted by NABARD, overall conception rate has increased from 20% to 35%. 8) Integrated Dairy Development Programme (IDDP) in Non- Operation Flood, Hilly and Backward Areas. In order to fill up the gaps left after implementation of Operation Flood, a new scheme was launched in 1993-94 on 100% grant-in-aid basis. The main: objectives of the scheme were development of milk cattle, increasing milk production by providing technical input services, procurement, processing and marketing of milk in acost effective manner; ensure remunerative Prices to the milk producers, generate additional employment opportunities, improve social, nutritional and economic status of residents of comparatively more disadvantaged areas. 9) Strengthening infrastructure for ‘Quality and Clean Milk Production : The department introduced a new centrally sponsored scheme during the 10th plan with the main objective of improving the quality of raw milk produced at the village level in the Country by training farmers on good milking practices and providing detergents, stainless steel utensils, strengthening of existing laboratory facilities, adulteration test kit, disinfectants, etc. to ensure collection of clean milk, in addition to this milk, chilling facilities at village level in the form of bulk milk coolers are provided under the scheme. _10) Assistance to Co-operatives (Jan. 2000) : A number of dairy cooperatives with three-tier structure viz., village level primary cooperatives, district level union and state level federations were set up in different parts of the country under the Operation Flood Programme. Fora variety of reasons, a number of unions / federations have accumulated losses. These accumulated losses have been imposing severe hardships to the milk producers and resulting in, among other things, delayed and irregular payments to the poor farmer members of these cooperatives. In order to rehabilitate the milk unions a new central sector scheme namely, ‘Assistance to Cooperatives‘ was started in January 2000. 11) Venture Capital Fund for Dairy and Poultry Sector (December, 2004) Venture capital fund for dairy and Poultry's sector was started in December 2004. The assistance under the scheme is provided to the tural/urban beneficiaries under a schematic proposal through bankable projects with 50% interest free loan component. The scheme is implemented through NABARD and funds released by government to NABARD are keptas revolving fund, Since inception, a sum of Rs. 122.99 crore has been relased to NABARD for implementation of scheme throughout the country. Under the scheme, the entrepreneur has to contribute 10% and arrange 40% loan from local bank. The Government provides 50% interest free loan through NABARD. 12) Central Fodder Development Organization Scheme : Feed and fodder development plays an important role in dairy development as 60% of the cost of milk production is on account of feed and fodder. According to the report of working group on animal husbandry and dairying for 10th five year plan of Planning Commission available, fodder can meet the demand of only 46.7 per cent of livestock. Hence, the department is implementing two schemes namely, 1) Central Fodder Development Organization and 2) Centrally sponsored scheme for Assistance to States for Feed and Fodder development. Under central fodder development organization scheme, seven regional stations for forage production and demonstration located in different agro-climatic zones of the country and one central fodder seed production farm, Hessarghata, Bangalore have been established to administer the feed and fodder issues. Besides this, “a Central Minikit Testing Programme” on fodder crops is being funded under this scheme. These stations are catering to fodder related requirements of ten states in their respective regions. Under the centrally sponsored scheme for assistance to states for feed and fodder development, central assistance is provided to states to supplement their efforts in feed and fodder development. The scheme has four components; namely, assistance to fodder block making unit, grassland development including grass reserves, fodder seed production programme and biotechnology research projects. a |: |se Control Scheme : A centrai, {sy Livestock Health an. Mock Health and Disease Contot is ba \ sponsored scheme Con untry to provide Assistance to States for implemented throu eoases (ASCAD), for rinderpest eradication (NPRE), Conte eciency Tervelopment (PED) for foot and mouth disease " rinderpest disease freedom. posi lay an : With the increasing purchasing power ang mn demand for milk products of good quality is increasing. mahal tiny the government is also examining ‘order to meet the future demands, eartire ‘a national dairy plan with an outlay of more than Rs. 1 7, 300 crore 80 million tonnes of milk production annually Saerig lata to grow at 4% with an annual y juction is expected _ 1a Ss million tonnes in the next 15 years. Under this a the governments. contemplating to enhance milk production in mejor producing areas, strengthen and expand infrastructure to pr duce, process and market milk through the existing and new institutional structures. The plan envisages breed improvement through Artificial insemination and natural service, setting up plants to augment cattle feed, by-pass protein and mineral mixture. The plan also proposes to bring 65% of the surplus milk produced under the organized sector for procurement as against the present 30%. Efforts are on to tap for world bank funding for this project. 15) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY 5 year plan) : The government has launched a new scheme called Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) with a massive investment of Rs. 25,000 crore during X! plan to promote agriculture and allied sectors. All activities that can further do the development of AHD and F sectors are provided 100% grant under state plan, provided that the state government makes necessary budgetary allocation for agriculture and allied sectors. This is expected to stimulate greater involvement in this sector and help to achieve the target 6-7% per annum for AHD and F sector as a whole with dairy sector aes eae rreel eestor contributing 10% in XI plan. All these vities are e) to help India emerge as a maj ; dairy sector. (PIB Features) imerg major player in the world Like wise several development programmes s\ i t by providing financial assistance and eaiden itarted for improvementA text book of Livestock Production and Management BREEDS OF CATTLE Zoological Classification of Cattle Cattle belongs to the, Phyllum - Chordata (those animals having a backbone) Class - Mammalia (milk giving) Order - Artiodactyla (even toed, hooved) Suborder - Ruminatia (cud chewing) Family - Bovidae (hollow horn) Genus - Bos (ruminant quadrupeds) Species - Bos indicus (humped cattle) Bos taurus (without any hump) Vv Species “A group of individuals which have certain common characteristics that distinguish them from other group of individuals”. > Breed: “A group of animals having descent and similar in most characters like general appearance features, size, configuration etc. are said to be a breed”. In India there are 25 well defined breeds of cattle in addition to a large number of non descripts of low productivity in nature.A text book of Livestock Production and Management Classification of Indian breeds of cattle on the basis of utility [mm se breed Cow are medi yielder varies from 1200 to 1500 liters per lactation Draught purpose breed P reed Milch breed _ milk yielder jum milk yielder varies 1500to 2500 liters per | Bullocks are excellent lactation [tactation, “Bullocks are of poor Bullocks are good draft * quality animals draft animals | | Medium body s “| Large body size Heavy to medium | ° body size 1) Gir 1) Hariyana 1) Hallikar | 2) Sahiwal 2) Ongole 2) Amritmahal | 3) Red sindhi 3) Kankrej 3) Khillari | ) Tharparkar 4) Deoni 4) Bargur 5) Nimari 5) Nagori 6) Dangi 6) Bachaur 7) Mewati 7) Malvi | 8) Rathi 8) Kenkatha | 9) Kherigarh 10) kangayam 11) Ponwar 12) Siri 13) Gaolao 14) Krishna Valley 1. SAHIWAL Synonyms: Multani, Lola, Montgomery, Lambi - Bar Origin and distribution: Mont; istrict i i : igomery district in Pakist: is i bred throughout Punjab and in other states in India fh 1S now Distinguishing characters: Com; tingu 2 pact graceful appearance, de — ye ihente pane Jola), stumpy horns, short legs , broad aa, best various shades of red, pale red and dark b h f Ps a , rown splas| i pane i saa hump(in male), voluminous dewlap and penttios dh orn ong whip like tail. Average male weighs - 550kg and females ol 4 -3. . Pauteetine and remarks: One of the best dairy breed in India. Ai : tational yield is 2150kg. Bullocks are useful for slow Work. This breed i - This breed isA text book of Livestock Production and Management 9 now being maintained at NDRI. TRAIT, Government dairy farm Lucknow. R.B.S. col Rie farm Agra Sahiwal Red Sindhi 2. RED SINDHI Synonyms: Red Karachi, Scindhi Origin and distribution: Karachi and Hyderabad (sindh) in Pakistan. This breed hailing from kohistan i.e. Portion of sind. Distinguishing characters: Dark red dun colour, males are darker red than the cow.Medium body size and compact , animals having well proportional body, Thick hor, blunt point. Heavy hump dewlap and sheath. Capacious udder with tendency to become pendulous in heavy milkers. Average male weighs - 450kg while female - 295kg. Production and remarks: Average lactational yield is 1725kg. Bullocks suited for road and field work. They are medium paced steady workers. Bull are used to grade up the local stock NDRI, Naini (Allahabad) Hasur, Bangalore Government central Dairy (Gauhati). 3. GIR Synonyms: Surti, Decan, Kathiawarhi Origin and distribution: This breed probably originated in the gir forest of south Kathiawar. They are mainly found in Junagarh state of south kathiawar and in some states of western India. Distinguishing characters: Colour is varying from red to black, Spots of different colours are one of the chief characteristics of this breed. Head is moderately long but massive in appearance with prominent bony forehead, straight and levelled back are the most marking characters of the breed . Long whip like tail, heavy hump, dewlap and sheath. Ears are long, pendulous and resembling a tiny curled leaf. Average male weighs- 544 kgA text book of Livestock Production and Management 10 while females - 386 ke ; 5 ilkers. Average milk yield i 1d remarks: Cows are good mi . Trae kg. Bullocks are heavy and powerful, medium paced good for draught, Maintained at Junagarh farm , different goushalos of Ahmedabad, Bombay and Pune. Gir : Tharparkar 4. THARPARKAR Synonyms: Thari .Grey Sindhi, White Sindhi Origin and distribution: Home of the breed is the tharparkar district of Hyderabad, India and cattle are now distributed in south east Sind, Amorkot,Noukot,Dhoro Naro and Chor Area extends up to cutch deserts of West India Distinguishing characters: Medium size, deep built, short,straight and strong limbs . Broad poll and forehead is slightly convex , moderately and long back. Tail is fine with black switch. Udder developed with 3-4 inches long teats. Average male weighs - 480 kg and female weighs - 400 kg. Production and remarks: Cows are good yielders . bullocks suited for carting and pJoughing. Average lactational yield is 1474 kg. Large number of these cattle have been exported particularly to Zaire, Iraq, Srilanka and the Philippines,A text book of kivestock Production and Managentent 1 1, HARIYANA Origin and distribution: Breed originated in East Panjab, Rohtek, Hissar, Gurgaon, Karnal and Delhi provinces. The breed also exists in mote or less pure form in Jind, Nabha, Patiala, Jaipur, Jodhpur and Western U. P: Distinguishing characters: Compact graceful appearance ; short hort curving upward and inward and stumpy. White or light grey cotour, long and narrow face, small and sharp ears, skin is fine texture and close to the body. Sheath is short, naval flap absent. Udder is capacious, legs are longand lean, Tail is short reaching just belows the hocks. Average male weight - 490 kg. and female Weight - 344 kg, Production aid remarks: Cows are average milkers with 1400 kg per lactation: Bullocks are good working animals for fast ploughing and road transport. E Hariyana 2. ONGOLE Synonyms: Nellore Origin and distribution: Ongole tract of Andhra Pradesh. Guntur, Venukonda, Kandukar, Narasaraopet talukas of Nellore and Guntur districts. Distinguishing characters: Large, heavy and muscular body. Forehead is broad with stumpy horns thick at the base. Hump is well developed. Popular colour is white. Males are dark grey at extremites. Average male weight - 560 kg and female weight - 480 kg. Production and remarks: Cows are good milk yielders with 1255 to 2268 kg/ lactation. Bullocks are powerful and suitable for cart and road work. But are not fast. Govt. Livestock research farm, Guntur has maintained this breed. OeA text book of Livestock Production and Management 3. DEONT Synonyms: Dongar patti Origin and distribution: North is allied to Dangi cattle of former Distinguishing characters: Horn: west and western portion of Hyderabad. It Bombay state in India s have characteristic outward and back ward curve. Colour in black and white or a ae Eiiieiih sey t clear cut. Deep 5 wel Ss, Ri ion ea peta pet dulous sheath, are special characters. i id pen Straight back, heavy dewlap and p h Average male weighs - 550 kg and female weighs - 350 kg. Production and remarks: Cows are good milkers, with 900 kg in 300 days. Bullocks are well suited for heavy work. Kankrej Deoni 4. KANKREJ Synonyms: Nagu, Wadhair, Sanehore, Bannai, Vagadia Origin and distribution: The Breed originated in north Gujarat in the Bombay Province of India and distributed in south east of Rann of Kutch : tharparkar district in sind Distinguishing characters: It is heaviest Indian breed, broad chest, forehead dished in the centre, strong curved horn, powerful body, straight back. Hump is well developed, tough skin, moderately developed dewlap. The colour of the male is silver grey, iron grey or black, Walking style of this breed is known as ‘Sawai chal’. The animal is energetic and vigorous. excitable and nervous with Strangers, Average male weighs - i female weighs - 480 kg. Bhs S80 keg eee and remarks: Cows are fairly good milkers, Average yield is about 1333 kg. Bullock are Powerful and used for draught, wl tnA text book of Livestock Production and Management B 5. NIMARI Origin and distribution: Narmada Valley, Nimar district of Madhya Pradesh, khargon pure, Indore. Pedigree herds are maintained at the Gilligan cattle Breeding farm in Jalgaon District, Gangapuri Cattle Breeding Farm in Jalgaon district and Patilwadi farm in Dhulia district Distinguishing characters: Prominent forehead, long and narrow face, fine pendulous dewlap, medium size udder, moderately developed horns emerging from outer angles of poll in outward direction and carried upwards with a gentle curve to tum at points. The body is long with straight back. Skin is fine and slightly loose. Animals are energetic. Red in colour with white patches on the body. Average male weight - 390 kg, female - 300 kg. Production and remarks: Cows are poor milkers, yielding on an average 450 to 500 kg milk per lactation. Bullocks are docile and good at work. Bullocks are particularly used for lifting water. Bee Nimari 6. DANGI Synonyms: Kalkheri, Sonkheri Origin and distribution: Ahmednagar district Sonkhed region in old Khandesh district, ghats of Nasik, Thana and kolaba dist. of Maharashtra old states of Bansada, Dharampur, Jawahar and Dangs. Distinguishing characters: Medium size body with oily skin. Head small and bulged forehead, short and thick horn, sheath and developed, small ears, colour is black and white or Broken red and white, average male weight - 363 kg, female - 295 kg. Production and remarks: Cows are poor milkers with 550 to 700 kg milk per lactation. Males are excellent for work in rice field as they stand up well to heavy rainfall tracks. Dangi is a hardy breed.A text book of Livestock Production and Management 4 7, MEWATI Synonyms: Kosi Origin and distribution: Alwar, Bharatpur distric area of Gurgaon ( Haryana) , Mewati is found in kos! a district of Uttar Pradesh . Distinguishing characters: Long deep and powerful frames , they are similar to Hariana breed. large head and narrow face, small pendulous ear, bulging forehead, developed hump. Tail is long, strong and straight legs. Colour is white with dark head neck and shoulders. Average Body weight male - 386 kg and female - 327 kg. Production and remarks: Cows are moderately g00' milk yield is 4.55 kg per head per day. Bullocks are p' and are useful for heavy ploughing and carting. yy ts in Rajasthan, Mewat hi tract of the Mathura \d milkers, average owerful but docile Mewati Rathi 8. RATHI Synonyms: Rath Origin and distribution: Rath breed is found in north and west of Alwar and Rajputana region of Rajasthan. Good specimens of Rathi breed are also found in and around Bikaner district. Distinguishing characters: The animals are comy i i ; hin ters: pact, mediui basically similar to Hariana breed, well built and deep chest, teaniia fat forehead, eyes wide and large. Ears are short but pendulous well level oped fore and hind quarters short tail with black switch. White or light grey col jour average body weight, male - 386 kg and female - 327 kg. Production and remarks: The cows are fait milkers, yielding about 4.5 kg of milk per head per day. Bull i amen a oy. ul och are powerful and active, suitable for4 text book of Livestock Production and Management 15 FRAUGHT PURPOSE BREEDS a 1. HALLIKAR Origin and distribution: Hallik Karnataka and mainly found in the districts of Tum! in Karmataka state Distinguishing characters: The animals are of medium size, compact and muscular in appearance. The head is usually long with a bulging forehead, sharp and long horns. The face is long with small ears. The coat colour is grey to dark grey with deep shadings on the fore and hind quarters. The hump is moderately developed, Production and remarks: Bullocks are strong, well spirited, quick and steady in field as well as on road. Cows are poor milkers. Fe ar is a well known draught breed of kuir, Hassan and Mysore Hallikar Khillari 2. KHILLARI Origin and distribution: The breed originates from Solapur, Sangli and Satara districts and Satpura range of the former Bombay state. They are at present well distributed throughout the Maharashtra state Four types — 1. Atpadi Khillar 2. Mhaswad Khillar 3. Tapi Khillar 4. Nakali khillar Distinguishing characters: The animals are compact and tight and strongly set limbs. The body is of cylindrical, appearance with short limbs. The breed is having massive head, small eyes and ears, horns are long ie. thick at the base and taper with fine points, neck is short and firmly set. The shoulders are tightly muscled. The barrel is lon; i f 1 . ig and compact no loose skin. Legs are straight. The hoofs are black and digits clesslyact16 4 text book of Livestock Production and Management ‘They are small in comparison with the bulk of the body. Colour is white and grey ; Production and remarks: Cows are poor yielders i.e. average lactational yield is in between 300 to 400 kg. Khillar breed is highly valued at fast paced, powerful! draught animals through out the state of Maharashtra. 3. AMRIT MAHAL Origin and distribution: The home is in Karnataka state (Mysore and Utakmand) Distinguishing characters: The animals are small and active and compact body with short straight back. well arched ribs, and powerful sloping quarters. Narrow face and prominent forehead with a furrow in the middle. well developed dewlap and hump, very small sheath and close skin. Grey coloured body with dark head, neck, hump and quarters. . Production and remarks: One of the best draught breeds. of India. Animals of this breed are very active and famous for the power of endurance. Cows are not so good milkers. Amrit Mahal Kangayam. 4. KANGAYAM Synonyms: Kongu, Kanganad (The name Kangayam is derived from the Kangayam division of Dharampuram taluka of Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu) Origin and distribution: The breed is mainly found in Coimbatore district of Tamilnadu state. The breed is also found in Udamalpet, Palladam, pollachi and in other parts of South India. Distinguishing characters: They are medium in size, strong horns with sharp tips. Body moderately long, straight back, short and strong neck. Moderate sized hump, wide muzzle, strong limbs, small dewlap, fine skin. The colour of the bull is of grey with dark grey to black markings while the cow is white with black markings just in front of the fetlocks on all eeA text hook of Livestock Production and Management four legs and sometimes on the knees. : Production and remarks: Cows are poot milkers yiel per lactation. The bulls are excellent type for hard wor in large numbers for work in south India and Srilanka Iding about 666 kg kc. They are bought 5.MALVI . =... Ne ! | em RA \ - PS | (\ ‘a Malvi Synonyms: Mahadeopuri, Manthani (The name Malvi is derived from the Malwa tract, named after the family of kings called Malawa in Madhya Pradesh) Origin and distribution: The breed is mainly found in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. There are 2 types of Malvi breed 1) Agar type: Found around Shajapur district of Madhya Pradesh and Jhalawar dist. of Rajasthan. 2) Mandsaur of Bhopal type: Which is found in the Mandsaur and Bhopal districts Distinguishing characters: Deep short and compact body. Ears are alert and short in size. Short, thick horn tapering to a blunt point. Short neck, thin dewlap, short but straight and strong muscular legs. Colour of the breed is grey to iron grey. and almost black in the neck and quarters Production and remarks: Bullocks of this breed are very popular for medium and light draught work on road as well as in the field, Cows are poor milkers, ee18 A text book of Livestock Production and Management 6. SIRT , Origin and distribution: ‘The breed is mainly found in hill tracts of Darjeeling, Sikkim and Bhutan, ; Distinguishing characters: The animals have a thick coat on their body as a protection against serve cold and rain. Massive body, small head, wide and flat forehead. Sharp horns, relatively small ears, well placed hump covered with a tuft of hair at the top, Strong legs and feet, colour is black and white or red and white. Production and remarks: The bullocks of this breed are useful in drawing carts of 375 to 670 kg of load, particularly in mountainous regions. The cows are fair milk yielders. 7. BARGUR Origin and distribution: The breed originates from Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. This breed extensively found in the Bargur hill forest in Bhavani taluka in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu state. Distinguishing characters: The animals of this breed are small attractive and having compact body. Forehead not so prominent. Horns grow backwards and upwards. Hump moderately sized. Dewlap is fine. Short tail, Colour is usually red and white. Sometimes light grey Production and remarks: Cows are poor milkers. Bullocks unsurpassable in hardiness, spirit and speed, difficult to train 8. NAGORIA text hook of Livestock Production and Management Synonyms: Nagore . ; Origin and distribution: Jodhpur and Nagore district of Rajasthan, The breed is supposed to have been evolved from Hariana and Kankrej breeds Distinguishing characters: This breed is excellent example of the draught g. deep. powerful type cattle, Generally colour is white oF grey. Body lon ad. Ears are large and with straight back and well developed flat forehe: . pendulous, fine and small dewlap. Pointed horns. Average body weight. male - 408 kg and female - 340 kg. Production and remarks: Bullocks are very large size and are good trotter, useful for fast road work. They are specially suited for deep sandy soils, Cows are poor milkers, yield about 3.65 kg of milk per day 9. BACHAUR ‘Synonyms: Sitamarhi Origin and distribution: This breed is occ! of Darbhanga, Koilpur Pargana of Bhagalpur, Sitamarhi Subdivi Muzaffarpur and Champaran districts of Bihar state. Distinguishing characters: The animals of this breed having compact body. Straight back, well rounded barrel, broad and flat forehead, prominent and large eyes. Ears are of medium size compact and firm hump. Tail is short . Colour is grey. Average body weight, male - 385.5 kg. and female - 317.5 kg. Production and remarks: Cows of this breed are poor milk yielders. The average yield about 1.35 kg per day. The bullocks are well known for its medium draught ability. 10, KENKATHA Synonyms: Kenwariya Origin and distribution: Kenkatha breed is found along the river ken in Banda district of Uttar Pradesh and parts of Central India. Distinguishing characters: The bullocks of this breed are small but are sturdy and powerful. Body short, deep and compact, straight back, short head and broad forehead, strong and long horns, sharp pointed ears. Dewlap long and pendulous ,colour is grey to dark grey. Production and remarks: Bullocks are popular for light draught work on the road and for cultivation. Cows are poor milkers. eeeeeeeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS urring in the Bachaur pargna sion ofA text book of Livestock Production and Management ‘cad * Kherigarh bull Kenkatha 11, KHERIGARH oe Origin and distribution: It is found in the Lakhimpur and Kheri district in Uttar Pradesh . a Distinguishing characters: Animals of this breed are small in size with short length. They have bright eyes. Short neck with developed hump. Pointed horn bent on backside. Colour is generally white. Average body weight -male 476 kg. female 317.5 kg. Production and remarks: ‘The bullocks are good for light draught and trotting purposes. They are active cattle, thriving well on free grazing and are well suited for the Terai tract, Cows are poor milkers. 12. PONWAR Origin and distribution: Ponwar breed is located at puranpur subdivision of Pilibhit and north western part of Kheri districts of Uttar Pradesh. Distinguishing characters: Small narrow face, small ears, big and bright eyes, well developed hump, horns long and upstanding, tail long and tapering. Average body weight, male - 317.5kg and female - 295 kg. Production and remarks: Bullocks are active , remarkable for speed and stamina, good for field and road work. Cows are poor milkers, rected Gaolao eeA text book of Livestock Production and Management 13. GAOLAO Origin and distribution: Gaol Madhya Pradesh and North Wardha and Nagput nguishing characters: The animals are of medium light build. Very long narrow face with flat foreheads. Eyes almond shaped, cars of medium size. Horns stumpy and short, voluminous dewlap. Tail comparatively short. Females are pure white, males grey over head, neck and humps. Average body weight, male 431 kg and female 340 kg. cows are fair d of ao breed is mostly found in Chindwara, districts of Maharashtra. height and are of Production and remarks: Bullocks are good workers. milkers, and average milk yield is about 816.5kg. in a lactation perio 250 days 14. KRISHNA VALLEY Origin and distribution: Krishna Valley is a popular breed found in the black cotton soil near the Krishna river valley and areas of Ghata prabha and Malaprabha in Karnataka. »- Distinguishing characters: Large and massive body, short horn, large and pendulous ear, deep and broad chest. Head comparatively small with slightly bulging forehead, colour is grey white. Average body weight, Male - 499 kg. and female - 340 kg. Production and remarks: Bullocks are very powerful and suitable for slow draught and heavy ploughing. cows are fair milkers. Average lactation yield about 916 kg. Se ne ee22 A text book of Livestock Production and Management Pen EXOTIC BREEDS OF CATTLE a 1. JERSEY ; Origin and distribution: The jersey breed originated a ihe Iolo of Jersey in the English channel. Jersey breed is also a one if Europe and America, In India this breed is widely used ig with indigenous cows. Distinguishing characters: the 7 ly. Cows have straight top lines, Daler nee and capacious. “The typical body colour of Jersey cattle is reddish fawn with or without white markings. Bulls are often vicious, Capable of utilizing roughages efficiently can withstand tropical and humid climate more than Holstein Friesian. Mature Jersey cow weighs aroun 450 kg and male weighs around 675 kg, , Production and remarks: The average milk production of Jersey cows is 3000 to 4000 kg with a fat content of 5.5 per cent. animal of this breed have compact and evel rumps, sharp withers. Jersey Holstein Friesian 2. HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN Origin and distribution: Holstein Friesian breed originated in Holland, especially in the province of Friesland. It is widely distributed in temperate Zone, as well as in some tropical countries Distinguishing characters: Holstein cattle are ruggedly built and they possess large capacious udders. They are the largest dairy breed. They have typical markings of black and white that make them easily distinguishable with prominent milk vein. Body is wedge shaped. Average body weight of female - 675 kg and male - 1000 kg . Production and remarks: Holstein Friesian is best dairy breed. Average ss{ text book of Livestock Production and Management milk production of cow is 6150 Hit. in 305 days. However (! their milk is rather low i.e. 3.5 per cent 3, AYRSHIRE Origin and distribution: Hometract of Ayeshit Distinguishing characters: Ayrshire is considered as the most beautiful dairy breed. Animals have straight top lines. Level rumps and g vod udders. They have long homs. Ayrshifes have shorter and thikers neck in comparison to other breeds. ‘Animals are very active but hard to manage Colour is red, mahogany, brown or combination of these with white. Average body weight of female - 550 kg and male - 850 kg, Production and remarks: Average lactational milk yield is 4840 lit. The ‘ontent in their milk is 4.1 per cent. re breed is Scotland average fat c% Brown Swiss Aryshire 4. BROWN SWISS Origin and distribution: place of origin of the brown swiss breed. Distinguishing characters: They have large, wedge shaped body. The breed is quite and easily manageable; The breed is more heat tolerant than Jersey. Colour is brown having large and capacious udder, Average body weight of female - 625 ky. and male - 900 kg. Production and remarks: The breed is used for ploughing for pulling carts as well as for milk and beef production in Switzerland, Average production per cow is about 5250 lit, with an average fat content of 4.0 per cent. + The mountains region of Switzerland , is the24 4 text book of Livestock Production and Management fe NIVTREEDS 1. KARAN SWISS sbnal Dairy Origin and distribution: The breed has been evolved at til a wit Research Institute, Karnal in Haryana. By breeding the Sa datas of the frozen semen of Brown Swiss bulls imported from ee America. The breed is now distributed in many parts of Hary' ‘d useful a8 Distinguishing characters: The males are strong. atariy ney fo; deep draft animals. The colour of the animal varies from lig! 2 Es k " ite spot! “Ears are small. Nec brown, sometimes a white spot is seen on the foreher eas as excellent is of medium size. Hump is almost non existing. udder of good size, wide, deep and mostly bow! shaped. The average body weight of cow is 400 to 550 kg. and male is 600 to 750 kg. Production and remarks: The lactation yield is 3355 kg in 30: fat percentage averages 4.78. 5 days. The Karan Swiss Sunandini 2. SUNANDINI Origin and distribution: The breed originated in Kerala by crossing the local non descript cattle with Jersey, Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian breeds. More than two million Sunandini’s now contribute to Kerala’s milk production. Bulls have been exported to Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Orissa and Karnataka. Distinguishing characters: The use of number of breeds has resulted in the formation of a mosaic type of body colour and obviously the appearance vary between individuals within limits. The body is compact with well developed udder. Production and remarks: The average milk production per lactation is more than 2500 litres. The cow attains the average age of first calving at 32.2 months with a calving interval of 14 to 15 months,A text book of Livestock Production and Management 3. KARAN FRIES Origin and distribution: This breed has got its origin at the NDRi Kamal, out of crossing between Tharparkar and Holstein Friesian. In many parts of Haryana the breed is now gaining popularity. Distinguishing characters: The colour predominantly black patches and sometimes is completely dark with white patches on.the forehead and on the switch of the poll. The udder is also dark with white. patches on the teats found. The animals are extremely docile. Production and remarks: The average age at first calving is to 30 to 32 months and the milk production is 3700 kg. with 3.8 to 4.0 fat. The inter calving period is 400 to 430 days. Karan Fries Phule Triveni 4. PHULE TRIVENI Phule Triveni triple hybrid cow developed by Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,Rahuri.The breed has been developed through crossing of Holstein Friesian (50 per cent), Jersey (25 per cent), and Gir (25 per cent). The cow produces on an average 3000 to 3500 litre of milk per lactation with average fat content of 4.0 %. It has a good adaptability and disease resistance. Main features of this breed are high milk yield and more fat percentage in milk. Bees2 Cee een ere by Cross Breeding: os faurus to Bos i years attempts to introduce superior inheritance of insemination cross indicus have been made cross breeding by Artificial insen used for producti ling, (mating of animals of different breeds) have bows: ion of new breeds. New Breeds evolved are as 4) Brown Swiss x Sahiwal- Ka e 2) Holstein Frisian x Deoni- olde. fss- (Kamal) 3) HFxTharparkar - Karanfries dlereey x Tharparker ere Local x Jersey - Sunandini - (Kerala). : (eos rear and HF) ike) ) x HF x Jersey - Fule Triveni MPKV (Ri 3 (28%) (50%) x(25%) (Refuir) 3.3 Govt. jaharashtra State Breedin; licy for cattle = 4) Conservation Sfinaigenous purcbreedcate. 2) Improving Deshi and Non Deshi breeds by use of Jersey semen in all districts. If irrigation facility is available for green fodder, use Holstein Friesien semen. 3) Crossbred blood level is 50% exotic, if green fodder is available with good management then blood level should be 62.5% 8) Breeds of! Buffaloes Asian animal attracted Buffaloes commonly known as global Tent is the home tract of world best dairy buffalo. non-descript indian buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo) are di species (Bubalus mee). Domestic / water buffaloes are classified as two types. a. Water buffalo / Riverine buffalo b. Swamp buffalo (Wallowin muddy water.) Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) can rightly be because of its importance as key dairy animal. It has already made major contribution to agrarian economy of India from livestock in spite of its uffalo ject. The bi forms backbone domestic animal resources. ‘Asian buffalo holds the greatest and .d thus is very im potential for production in India anc at resource. The buffalo is used primarily for milk in Indian ‘subcontinent and it does contribute significantly to drought animal power and meat. Considered as India’s ‘milking machine it contributes more than 55% of ou total ral PO tion 1/3 of country’s cattle poplt fat content (7%) as cow milk (3.5%). Average prod 305 days lactation period ranges 7 500-2: Ne adopting pe breed with selection. .4 Breeding poli r Buffalo . ‘ 2d Po and Burtelernontof Nagpuriand Pandharpurs, 2 Genetic improvement of by Mural Surtiin rural. Inu semen of Murrah and Mehsana .A text book of Livestock Production and Management BREEDS OF BUFFALOES Indian buffaloes are an important source of milk supply even today. Milk yield of an average indigenous buffalo is nearly three times that often average indigenous cow. More than half of the total milk produced (54%) in the country is contribute by the buffaloes, Buffalo has now come to occupy an important place in the dairy industry of India. In India there are few well defined breeds with standard qualities & with specific physical characters that differentiate unmistakably from other types as may be found in various states of the country. On the basis of regions. The well defined buffalo breeds are as follows. Murrah Gujarat Uttar Central South India Group Group Pradesh | India Group Group Group 1. Murrah | 1. Surti 1. Bhadawari | 1. Nagpuri 1. Toda 2. Nili Ravi | 2. Jaffarabadi | 2. Tarai 2.-Pandharpuri | 2. South kanara 3. Kundi 3. Mehsana 3. Manda 4. Godavari 4. Jerangi 5. Kalhandi 6. Sambalpuri 1.MURRAH Synonyms: Delhi Buffalo Origin and distribution : The tract of Murrah buffalo is in the southern parts of Haryana i.e. Rohtek, karnal, Hissar, Jind and Gurgaon districts and Delhi. It is also used for the grading up of local buffaloes in the south and elsewhere in the India. Distinguishing Characters: The tightly curved horn is an important character of Murrah breed. The animals of this breeds are heavily built SEEA text book of Livestock Production and Management with a comparatively light neck and head. The udder in fom we developed, Popular colour is jet black with white marki and extremities. The skin is soft, smooth with scanty limbs with good bone, broad hoofs and drooping quarters. Ave weight of bull is 550 kg. and that of the she buffaloes to 450 ke Production: Murrah buffalo cows are one of the most efficient milk and butter fat producers in India. Average lactation yields in herds i it 1400 to 2000 kg. with a butter fat content of 7 per cent of milk. ir. Short 2. NILI- RAVI Origin and distribution : The Nili and Ravi are two types of buffaloes found in the valleys of the rivers Sutlej and Ravi in Punjab particularly in Ferozepur district. There is no essential difference between the two types of buffaloes. For long time they were treated as different breeds, but closer study indicated that it was a distinction without a difference and now they are officially treated as one breed. Distinguishing Characters : The animals are medium sized, massive in appearance and have white markings on the body. They are usually black in colour but some are brown also. Horns are small with a high coil and the neck is long, thin and fine. The typical Nili-Ravi buffalo has a well developed udder. The tail is long, almost touching the ground. Pink markings are sometimes seen on the udder and brisket. Nili-Ravi is similar to Murrah in body size and potential for milk production but is distinct from it because of its characteristic in wall eyes and white markings on the forchead, face, muzzle and legs. Adult male and females weigh about 570 and 460 kg respectively . aA text book of Livestock Production and Management 28 heavy draught work. She Tactational yield 1600 kg. in a 1 ig recognized to be one of the try. The name of the breed ) of the water of the Production: Males of this breed are used fot buffaloes are high milkers. average lactation period of 250 days. This breed best and exported to the big cities of the country. Th is supposedly derived from the deep blue colour (Nili Sutlej river. 3.SURTI ; Origin and distribution : The home tract of this breed is Kaira, Baroda and Nadiad districts of Gujarat. Surti is known as Deshi or Nadiadi. Distinguishing Characters : The body is well proportioned and medium sized. The animals of this breed having compact body, sickle shaped horns. d other at the brisket. Head and two white bands — one round the jaw an e ‘5 is long. The back is straight. The tail is long, thin with white switch. The skin‘colour is black and brown and the colour of the hair varies from rusty brown to silver grey. Surti bulls weigh around 500 kg. while she buffaloes weigh up to 410 kg. Production: The bullocks are good for lig! producer of milk and butter fat, with an average lat 1600 kg with 7.5 per cent. nt work, Surti is an economical tation milk yield of Surti 4. JAFFARABADI Origin and distribution : Its home tract is in Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Pure Jaffarabadi animals found in the Gir forests and in the neighbourhood of Jaffarabad in Saurashtra region in Gujarat state. Distinguishing Characters : This is the heaviest breed of Indian buffaloes. Jaffarabadi buffaloes are massively built with a rather shorter body. Their noticeable feature is the very prominent forehead and heavy horns whichA text book of Livestock Production and ‘fanagement and then turn up at the are well developed are inclined to droop on each side of the neck while female weigh 460 The colour is usually black. Dewlap and udde JafTarabadi male on the average weigh 60 ke» kg. Production: The bullocks are heavy and are used fo Jaffarabadi buffalo cows are good milkers, indivi high yield as 2450 kg per lactation with high fat content. 5. MEHSANA Origin and distribution : It derives its name from its home tract of the town Mehsana of located in the north of Gujarat state. Animals of this breed are commonly found in Palanpur, Deésa, and other parts of Banaskantha district and Radhanpur and Tharad in:Sabarkantha district in Gujarat state. oped from Distinguishing Characters : Mchsana breed has been devel crosses between Murrah and Surti. The animals of this breed are medium sized. The skin colour is mostly jet black and occasionally brown grey with some white markings on the face, legs or tips of the tail. The breed is docile. The horns resemble the Surti or Murrah breed i.e. they may vary from long sickle type of the former to curved knot of the latter. The neck is long and fine. It has well developed udder. Production: Mehsana buffaloes are good milk yielders. The milk yield varies from 1360 to 1825 kg in one lactation period of over 300 days. It is also highly valued for Ghee production. 1 ploughing and c2tins. dual animals giving as Mehsana 6. BHADAWARI Origin and distribution : It is found originally from Bhadawari Estate, in bah area in Agra and Etawah district of Uttar Pradesh and Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh. Bhadawari30 { text book of Livestock Production and Management . edge shaped body and are istinguishing C : The animals have wedge shape $ Distinguishing Characters The animal short and stout, fmedi , i ative! . legs ar of medium sized. The head is comparatively small. leg i e ed. Forehea Colour is copper, hair scanty, barrel is short but well developed. Forchead Eyes are prominent, active nd ‘ nose. Udder is is slightly broad and deep in the middle. bright, Face is comparatively narrow with s " not so well developed but milk veins are fairly prominent. / Production: The bullocks are reputed as a good draft animals with heat tolerance. Fat content of the milk is very high up t0 14%, Average milk yield ranges from 2000 to 2070 kg ina lactation period of 305 days. Jightly marked 7. TARAI Origin and distribution : The breed gets the name from the Tarai area of Uttar Pradesh, where it is mostly found between Tanakpur and Ramnagar. The breed is native to hilly area. They are frequently crossed with murrah bulls. Distinguishing Characters : Animals of this breed has a moderate body, slightly convex head with prominent nasal bones. Horns are long and flat with coils, bending backwards and upwards having pointed tips. The eyes are rather small but ears are long and coarse. Legs are short and strong, Tail is long, reaching below the hocks. Colour is black to brown, Sometimes there is a white blaze on the forehead. The switch of the tail is white. Production: Bullocks are efficient draught animals used for agricultural operations as powers including transport. Tarai buffaloes are poor milkers. 8. NAGPURI Synonyms: Ellichpuri Marathwada, Berari, Gauli, Varad, Gaulani Origin and distribution : It is found in central and south India, particularly in Nagpur, Wardha, Akola, Amravati districts of Maharashtra and adjoining areas of former Hyderabad state. Distinguishing Characters : The body colour is black, with white patches on face, legs and switch of the tail. Medium sized animals. The body weight of bulls amounts, on the average to 525 kg while female attains about 425 kg. The horns are long, flat, wide and thick at the base carried backwards in each side of the neck nearly upto the shoulders resembling like a pair of swords. Face is long and thin, cone shaped with straight nasal bone. Production: The bullocks are good for heavy trotting work but slow in eeeA text book of Livestock Production and Manager movement. The females are mivierately good yielder ducing of average 1000 litres milk per fact ion of 300 days with 8.0 per cent OGIO ITE ye 4 eens ke Nagpuri Pandharpuri 9. PANDHARPURI Synonyms: Dharwar. Origin and distribution = The name is derived from the town pandharpur in solapur district in Maharashtra state. The breed is found in solapur. Kolhapur, Satara, and Sangli districts in south Maharashtra. Distinguishing Characters = The breed can be easily identified by its long, sword shaped sometimes twisted horns, which measures from 45-50 cm to 1 to 1.5 meter of length. The animals of this breed are medium sized. Body colour are black with white markings found on the forehead, legs and switch of the tail. The udder is compact cylindrical teats. The head is long, narrow with prominent nasal bone and the horizontal ears. Production: Males of this breed are hardy and well suited for draught work. The breed is famous for its high reproductive ability. Under average managemental conditions and hot dry climate these buffaloes yield 6-7 litre of milk per day. 10. MANDA Synonyms: Ganjam, Parlakimedi Origin and distribution + These buffaloes are found in whole Koraput district and adjoining parts of Malkangiri and Nawarangpur district in Orissa. The animals are bred in the hills above Parlakimedi and Mandasa on the borders of Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, Distinguishing Characters + Body colour of these butfaloes is ash grey or brown or grey with yellowish tufts of hair on the knees and fetlocks and _PRINCIPLES OF MAXIMIZATION OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 4.1 Principles of maximization of livestock production For enhancing milk production of dairy animals, advancement in research and scientific management practices need to be considered in various areas Of dairying viz., breeding, feeding, shelter management and health care. Some important aspect of management of these areas for enhanced financial viability of enterprise are discussed here. Management is art and science and it is managerial capacity that can convert the resources into return. Generally due to lack of awareness, management is ignored. This hampers the productivity of dairy animals. Dairy owner should plan out and put the plan into action under strict supervision. This would certainly increase the productive efficiency. a. Breeding Management: For increasing and promotion of breeding efficiency, two strategies are essentiali.e. i) Selection of genetically superior animals, free from diseases, having yearly calving from the records, having faster growth rate after birth, lower age at first calving, better feed conversion efficiency etc. In addition, timely observance of heat, mating of females and pregnancy diagnosis are importantin order to get better’ breeding efficiency. ii) Extensive use of Artificial insemination technology which is most successful method for breed improvement and development. In addition, bull is the most important player in dairy improvement, therefore even in case of natural service, bull should be of true type and progeny of high yielders. Natural service Artificial insemination be practiced at proper time i.e. 12-18 hrs after onset of heat. Service should be given within 60-20 days after calving (60 days rest). The major factor which determines the success of breeding programme is bringing genetic improvement, selective breeding and crossbreeding improving milk production potential of milk animals. In case of crossbred animals, the blood level should be maintained at 50-62 per cent. Crossbred animals are better yielder of milk. The Govemment of maharashtras policy for breeding are the conservation of indigenous pure breeds (Gaoloo, Red kandhari, Deoni, Dangi and khillar) cattle. Improvement of low producing deshi and non-descript breeds by use of Jersey and Holstein Friesian TEion and improvement of Nagpuri and Pandharpur t of local buffalo by using semen o¢ hould be undertaken, semen. Conservati buffaloes and genetic improvement Murrah, Surti and Mahesana buffaloes s| b. Feeding Scientific feeding and successful livestock farming. its application is an important factor jn Cost of feeds and fodder constites 65-79 er cent of total cost of livestock production, hence should be useq jucicousty Major reason of low animal productivity is shortage of feeds and fodder and their poor quality. Crop residues and grasses are major sources of roughage. Being poor nutritive value, they can not meet nutrient requirement of animals. Treatment with urea (ammoniation) improved nutritive value (digestibility) and feed intake of poor quality straw, It is often recommended that balance feeding (dry, green fodder and concentrates) be practiced so that animal get all essential nutrients, which will keep the animal in health state and will ultimately lead to higher milk production. Concentrate feed can be prepared at home by mixing 20-25 parts oil cakes, 25-35 parts cereal grains, 10-25 parts wheat rice bran, 5-20 parts dal chuni. This should be fortified with 2% mineral mixture and 1% common salt. For better production and maximizing potential, animal should specifically be fed ration for maintenance, gestation and production according to their body requirement and body weight. Green fodder is essential in feeding for economic milk production. It is a cheap source of several nutrients. Proper ratio of green to dry (4:1) fodder should be maintained. Residues of crops like sorghum, maize and millets are long needs chopping before fed to livestock to avoid wastage and prevent selective consumption. Conservation of surplus green forages available during flush period of growth as hay or silage provides some quality fodder to milk animals during scarcity period (summer). Mineral supplementation have lot of significance in animal nutrition with regard to growth, production and reproduction. Giving mineral mixture is integral part of successful herd management programme. Unconventical feed which are not commonly used for feeding livestock but used during fodder scarcity like babul tree leves and pods, bagasse, salseed cake, neemseed cake, fruit and vegetable wastes. Besides this quality and quantity of water is a very important component for maximizing the production of dairy animals especially milking animals, because milk constituents about 83.87% of water. In dairy animals 3kg of water is required for production of 1 kg milk along with additional water for [6maintenance. The supply of clean drinking water at least 3 to 4 times a day is essential. In general feeding management, fresh feed, easily digestible, palatable, succulent and variety of feed and fodders is important. Feed at regular interval during the day, avoid sudden change in feeding and watering. Feed colustrum to calves at 10% of body weight within two hours of birth. c. Shelter Management: Shelter management plays a key role in production of dairy animals because it protects the animals from extreme weather and provide comfort. Cattle shed should be located a high, well drained land. The floor should be hard, non-slipery easy to clean and dry with suitable drainage system and ventilation. Proper manger should be provided for feeding. Cleaning brushing and washing of animals should be done regularly. Animals should be provided with fresh clean, cool and odorless water. Moderate exercise should be given daily. Periodical spraying on animals and houses with pesticides is important to control ectoparasites like ticks, lices etc. Measure for production of clean milk like hygiene of animal cleaning of milking barn, utensils, cleanliness of milk should be followed which significantly improve quality and safty of milk. All manure should be removed daily and disposed into pit for decomposition. Special care should be provided to heifer, advanced pregnant animals as well as new born calves. It would prove beneficial if dairy owner keep some record regarding accounts of milk production, reproduction, sale and purchase of animals. d. Health care: Healthy animals are vital for good milk production. Sickly condition cause loss through reduced milk production and draughtability, which result in set back to economic dairy. Detection of symptoms of disease is important. Isolate the infected animals and should not come in contact with other animals. Treatment of sick animals should be done by veterinarian. Vaccination is very important because preventions is better than cure. Timely vaccination should be given to the animals to prevent livestock against infections and other diseases. The animals should be free from endo (worms) and ectoparasites for which deworming and spraying with insecticides are highly beneficial. Once the dairy owner will practice the above points in the areas of animal breeding, feeding, shelter management and health care. This will ultimately maximize the milk, production and dairy farming will lead to economical and profitable.A text book of Livestock Production and Management 75 12 CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF CALF AND HEIFER A. Care and Management of Calf a i oe. o i The future of the dairy herd depends on how calves are raised. Calves may be raised for future milk production, draft purpose, breeding purpose. Itis said that “good animals are raised, not purchased.” Nobody can go on purchasing good animals of high pedigree endlessly. One has to raise one’s own calves to make a good herd. Due to the high mortality of calves in India, calf rearing should be taken up on scientific lines and economically achieved. The dairy farming starting with the birth ofa healthy and vigorous calf. The care of calf starts in the womb of cow itself. Therefore, the advanced pregnant cows especially during the last 15 days of pregnancy need special care and attention of the dairyman, I. Feeding and Management of the calf before birth : Cows which are not fed properly will give birth to under-nourished calves. Since the unborn calf makes most of its growth during the last 3 or‘ 76 A text book of Livestock Production and Management ows liberal] ecial care must be el felds. a should have free grain in addition to grazing is in a low condition, she should get 23 kgo as kg of milk in addition to for maintenance and one kg of gral for each 29 NE all the good quality roughages she eats » IL. Care of calf after birth : 1, Immediately after birth of t mouth and on the body shou dry with a clean cloth to provide warmt! Normally the calf starts respiration imme give artificial respiration. Allow the mother to lick the newborn calf, A light bedding of straw or dry grass should be provided to dam and calf. Remove yellow coloured tender hooves. fuel Cut the naval cord 3 cm away from the body with clean sterile scissor and then entire naval cord should be disinfected by dipping it into a cup containing tincture iodine. Feed colostrums to calf within two hours after birth @ 10% of body weight. Help the weak calf to suckle the mother. Body weight of calves is recorded along with length, breadth and height for the computation of milk ‘allowances. Systems of calf Rearing There are mainly two systems of calf rearing a) Suckling system b) Weaning system a) Suckling system : 1, In this system, calf is allowed to suckle one or two teats of its mother during milking or allowed to suckle for a short period after milking. 2. Calfis allowed to remain with its mother for the whole day, so that calf suckles the dam whenever required. This method is adopted in case of low producing cows. Two to four calves of similar age and vigour are kept in a stall pen with one cow which is called as nurse Cow. —$——— 5 months before birth, sP at that time. Pregnant coW i from nostrils, = calf, all slimy mucus tls, if be removed and calf should be wiped h to calf. diately after birth, ifnecessary BY aw weA text book of Livestock Production and Management 7 Advantages : Aa 1. Suckling system is the most casy and practical method of raising calves. 2. This is natural system of feeding. 3, No much care is required to take during feeding. 4, Calf grows rapidly . 5. The mother - calf affection developed. Disadvantages. : It is problematic to manage when calf or mother dies. . Actual milk production of cow cannot calculate. Feeding is uncontrolled, hence risk of over and underfeeding. It may cause injury to teats. |. It is uneconomical or expensive method. b) Weaning system : , In this system, calf is separated from its mother/ dam imme: after birth or within two or three days from birth. Advantages : 1. The actual amount of milk produced by cow can be determined. 2, If the calf dies, there is no difficulty in regular milking of the cow. 3. Feeding is controlled, hence less risk over and underfeeding i.e. calf can be save from diarrhoea, scours etc. 4. The calf can be culled out at an early age. 5, Milking without calf is more hygienic and sanitary . 6. Cow becomes regular breeder, the calving interval is less than the unweaned calves. Disadvantages : Labour requirement for feeding calf is more. The immediate step after weaning of the calf is to teach calf to drink milk 1. Nipple pail feeding , seta cal Tet pal has hvacage i ae calf ehos mh more slowly and is thus less likely to have i a what he calf takes mils . 7 . ave digestive upsets. Care to be taken at the time of feeding that nipple pail should be kept at a convenient height. It facilitates training of calves to suckle milk. ee WwW diatelyA text book of Livestock Production and. Management 2. Pail feeding | | In this method pail is used for milk feeding to as considerable patience, aS some calves are slow IN eee 7 mil ‘fr a pail ili ilking pail should be used. At the time ing, cleaner sterilize the mouth of calf lower the head of calf till the ; in the mouth of calf and put the forefinger in the mouth icking it and graduall “hes the milk in pail. Then calf starts licking it and gradually Je touches ! ig Ihe mouth of calf and uzzik E from pail. After milk feeding , clean t sucks the milk the pail. Ill. Feeding of Calf a) Feeding of Colostrum : Colostrum is the first milk of cow immediately after Importance of colostrum : It is the first feed for the new born calf. It is thick and yellow in colour. It contains antibodies named gammaglobulins. Which provides immunity against calfhood diseases . Colostrum contains 3 to 5 times more protein and 5 to 15 times more vitamin A than normal milk. Its laxative action helps to remove meconium i.e. first faeces of calf, Colostrum is also rich in some important minerals, like copper, iron, magnesium and manganese. Colostrum is also greater amount of several other vitamins including riboflavin, choline, thiamine and pantothenic acid. Feeding : 1. Colostrum should be fed to calf within 2 hrs. after birth because during this period antibodies present in the colostrums' are absorbed intact due to increased permeability of the intestinal wall. Later on this absorption rate goes on decreasing. 2. Colostrum should be fed @ 10% of the calf body weight per day. In conditions where there are no facilities to weigh the calf, quantity of 2.5 to 3.0 kg. colostrum per d ——* 5 per day per calf may be offered, . It should be gi i ivi ; belween tale ae te ea ged doses in a day. The interval intaine id dicesti complications. Constant to avoid digestive 4. The calf should be fed with colostrum fc for the first 3 to 4 d; its bi Colostrum Substitute : eys.of its birth, If colostrum is not available due to death of dam or non secretion from the udder. Then colostrum from other freshly calved cow can be given. ee nnee nena alving.A text book of Livestock Production and Management 9 A mixture of the following ingredients can act as colostrum substitute in emergency, Egg - one, Milk - 575 ml, Water - 284 ml, Castor oil - 2.5 ml In addition to this, injection of 50 ml of dam’s serum intravenously is also recommended. b) Feeding of Whole milk Maximum growth can be observed when the calf is fed liberally on milk. Whole milk should be fed at a tate of 1/10 of the body weight for first 3 weeks, for next 2 weeks it is 1/15 * then itis given at 1/20" of the body weight per day to calf and finally to switch to skim milk (the same amount in proportion to body weight) . It should be given in 2 to 3 divided doses in a day. The interval between feeding should be maintained constant to avoid indigestion. Whole milk is generally provide adequate amount of vitamin ‘A’. Addition of vitamin *A’ supplements when skim milk fed will provide insurance against vitamin ‘A’ deficiency. Feeding of skim milk Jowers the cost of raising calves and can be used for partial replacement of whole milk. c) Feeding of-milk replacer : On the dairy farms, where production costs are high and the product is sold as whole milk, many dairymen are turning to milk replacers as a means of lowering the cost of raising calves. Milk replacer is dry feed mixture that is reconstituted with warm water and fed to calf as replacement for milk. Composition of good milk replacer is as follows : Dried skim milk -70% Dried whey - 18% Animal fat - 10% Lecithin - 2% Dicalcium phosphate - 1.7% To this add, CuSo,, FeSo,, M,S0,, CoSo, and antibiotics in traces. The milk replacer should be reconstituted with warm water in the proportion of 1:8. For the first, five days the calves should be fed the cow’s milk. After that, milk replacer should be fed @ 10% of calf’s body weight twice daily. ways es80 ‘A lext book of Livestock Production and. ‘Management radually reduced Ives are 50 days old, the milk replacer may beg! is of BBE. er the cal ad e discontinued when the calves are two mont and it may b d) Feeding of Calf starter: {ll start to eat es are approximately 10 days old, they will s ea When calv ; Ives will be i : k is sold, ca dry feed, On many dairy farms where whole mil 20 Oe heft started on whole milk and gradually shifted to a cal concentrate mixture fed to calves. wn i it : iti y te and will supply sufficient Good calf starters are nutritionally adequat 2 eaeir of the various nutrients for growth and development wae f calf. In the beginning, ii t 4 months of age 0! 2 : nate call Ee on its et ips and muzzle, which will sae amtto eat more. Itis stated with 100 gms per day at beginning then gradually increased to 1 kg. at 2 months and 2 kg at 3 months of age. An ideal calf starter contains about 20-23 % DCP and about 70% TDN. Composition of an ideal calf starter is as, follows: Crushed barley — 50 parts Groundnut cake — 30 parts Fish meal — 10 parts Wheat bran — 08 parts Mineral mixture — 02 parts. To 100 kg of above mixture, the following may be added, a) Molasses — 5 to 10% b) Salt—0.5% ©) Antibiotic powder — 0.2% d) Vitamin mixture — 10 gms/ quintals e) Feeding of roughages : yep o During early period of life, rumen is not devel i functional. It is advantageous to make the rumen fete age by giving good hay or green tender grass to calf from 15 days of a; 2 Calves will startto eat tenderhay at about 15 days of age. Feedin, ae has oes establishes ruminal microorganisms and rumen becomes functional They should be given soft textured, high quality hay ona free choice bi is from 15 days of age. Soiled hay should be removed & always fresh hay fed.A text book of Livestock Production and Management al f) Feeding of concentrates |Graii After four months of ag ‘ of grains needed for calf will depend upon the qua’ concentrate should have 18% DCP & 70% TDN IV. Housing : The young calves should bs to their age & sex .For an efficient management u viz. under three months, three to six months and over six months till they are weaned should be housed separately. Calf pens should be have proper ventilation , drainage and sufficient light . Overcrowding of calves ina pen should be avoided. It is desirable that an open exercise paddock directly communicating with their shelter and feeding house should be provided. Calf pens should be located close to the cow sheds and clean drinking water should always be accessible to them. An area of 100 sq. ft per head for a stoc! of 50 sq.ft. for every additional calf will make a good paddoc covered space of : 20-25 sq. ft. / calf below the age of 3 months, 25-30 sq. ft. / calf from the age of 3 - 6 months, 30-40 sq. ft. / calf from the age of 6 - 12 months, and over ‘And 40-50 square feet for every calf above one year should be made available for sheltering such calves. . V. Management : 1. Identification of calf - Perform tattooings at age of 3 to 4 days for the identification of calf. |. Dehorning - Dehorning should be done when calf is 4 to 10 days old. 3. Deworming - Deworm calf first at the age of 8-10 days and there after every month till one year of age. 4. Vaccination - Vaccinate the calf against BQ, HS and FMD diseases at the age of 3 months. 5, Removing Extra teats - Extra teats beyond the normal four should be removed when the female calf is between one and two months old. 6. Castrating the bull calf - Bull calves should castrated while they are young. The best time is between 8 to 10 weeks for calves. itilize grain mixture. The amount ity of roughages. he ¢ housed separately in calf pens according t, calves of different ages k of 10 calves and an increase k. An overall te a82 A text book of Livestock Production and. Management 7. Spraying of insecticide in calf shed to avoid tick or lice infestation, 8. Clean calf pen daily with disinfectant . 9. Calves should have access to clean and fresh water. B. Care and Management of Heifer Heifer: A young female of cattle and buffaloes over one year which has not calved known as heifer. After calving she becomes cow. Or Heifer is a female animal of cattle and buffaloes from one year of age upto first calving . Thus heifers are known as future cows of the herd. | Productive performance of cows depends on the care and attention given to them during their heifer hood. Hence, proper nutrition and management of heifers are necessary to provide healthy and genetically superior cows in the future. A) Feeding : Heifer can be reared by two methods, 1. Grazing method or outdoor system. 2. Stallfeeding or Indoor system. 1) Grazing system : a, In this method, heifers are fed at the grassland or pasture by allowing grazing . b. Pasture plots should be grazed rotationally, c. Sufficient amount of legume grass should be fed. 4. Grazing land must have provision of shade and supply of drinking water. ¢) Number of heifers should be proportional to grassland available. 2) Stall feeding or Indoor system : a. In this method, heifer are confined by compound and provided with shelter and not allowed for grazing, b. Good quality of legume ha: and n fod available for feeding, Y ae He al c. The feed must be rich in nutrients | vitamins, ike proteins, energy, minerals and About I to 1.5 kg of concentrate mixture should be given dai