CHAPTER 15: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Chapter 15: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  takes in food, drink, and air

Laryngopharynx
Respiration  extends from epiglottis to esophagus
 Respiration includes the following processes:  food and drink pass through
1. Ventilation, or breathing, which is the movement of air
into and out of the lungs. Uvula
2. The exchange of oxygen (O 2) and carbon dioxide (CO 2)  “little grape”
between the air in the lungs and the blood.  extension of soft palate
3. The transport of O 2 and CO 2 in the blood.
Pharyngeal tonsil
4. The exchange of O2 and CO 2 between the blood and
 aids in defending against infections
the tissues.

Functions
1. Respiration
2. Regulation of blood pH
3. Voice production
4. Olfaction
5. Innate immunity

Upper Respiratory Tract

Lower Respiratory Tract

 External nose
 composed mainly of hyaline cartilage

 Nasal cavity
 extends from nares (nostrils) to choana
 choana: opening to pharynx
 hard palate Is its roof

Nose
Paranasal sinuses
 air filled spaces within bone
 open into nasal cavity
 lined with mucous

Conchae
 on each side of nasal cavity
 increase surface area of nasal cavity
 help in cleaning, humidifying, warming of air

Nasolacrimal ducts
 carry tears from eyes
 open into nasal cavity

Functions of Nose
1. Filters
2. Airway for respiration
3. Involved in speech
4. Olfactory receptors
5. Warms air  Larynx
6. Sneezing dislodges materials from nose  located in the anterior throat and extends from the
base of the tongue to the trachea
 Pharynx  consists of cartilages
 a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive
systems Thyroid cartilage
 the largest piece of cartilage
Nasopharynx
 takes in air Epiglottis
 piece of cartilage
Oropharynx  flap that prevents swallowed materials from
 extends from vulva to epiglottis entering larynx
Precious Faith Rodriguez
CHAPTER 15: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Vocal folds/cords
 source of voice production Pleural Membranes and Cavities
 air moves past them, they vibrate, and sound is
produced
 force of air determines loudness
 tension determines pitch

Laryngitis
 inflammation of vocal folds
 caused by overuse, dry air, infection
 Trachea
 consists of 16 to 20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage
 contains cilia pseudostratified columnar epi
 smoking kills cilia
 coughing dislodges materials from trachea
 divides into right and left primary bronchi (lungs)

 Bronchi
 divide from trachea  Pleura
 connect to lungs  double-layered membrane around lungs
 lined with cilia
 contain C-shaped pieces of cartilage  Parietal pleura
 membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
 Lungs
 Visceral pleura
 Membrane that covers lung’s surface

 Pleural Cavity
 space around each lung
Ventilation (breathing)
 a process of moving air in and out of the lungs
 uses the diaphragm, which is a skeletal muscle that separates the
thoracic and abdominal cavities

Phases of Ventilation
 Inspiration
 breath in
 uses the diaphragm and the external intercoastal muscle

 Expiration
 breathe out
 uses the diaphragm

 primary organ of respiration

 Forceful expiration
 cone shaped
 uses internal intercoastal muscles
 the base rests on the diaphragm
 the apex extends above the clavicle Surfactant
 right lung has 3 lobes  a mixture of lipoproteins
 left lung has 2 lobes  is produced by secretory cells of the alveoli
 contains many air passageways (divisions)  is a single fluid layer on the surface of thin fluid lining alveoli
 reduces surface tension
Lung Airway Passages
 keep lungs from collapsing
1. Primary bronchi
2. Lobar (secondary)
Pleural Pressure
3. Segmental (tertiary)
 pressure in the pleural cavity
4. Bronchioles
 less than alveolar pressure
5. Terminal bronchioles
 keep the alveoli from collapsing
6. Respiratory bronchioles
7. Alveolar ducts
Pulmonary Volumes
8. Alveoli
 Spirometer
 structures become smaller and more
 device that measures pulmonary volumes
 numerous from primary bronchi to alveoli
Alveoli
 Tidal volume (TV)
 small air sacs
 volume of air inspired and expired during quiet breathing
 where gas exchange occurs
 surrounded by capillaries
 Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
 300 million in lungs
 volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after a
normal inspiration
Asthma attack
 contraction of terminal bronchioles leads to  Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
reduced air flow
 volume of air that can be expired forcefully after a normal
expiration
Precious Faith Rodriguez
CHAPTER 15: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 Residual volume (RV)

 volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximal
expiration (can’t be measured with spirometer)

 Vital capacity (VC)

 maximum amount of air a person can expire after a
maximum inspiration VC =IRV + ERV +TV

 Total lung capacity (TLC)

 TLC=VC + RV

Factors that Influence Pulmonary Volumes

1. Gender
2. Age
3. Height
4. Weight

Diffusion of Gases in Lungs

 Cells in body use O 2 and produce CO 2
 Blood returning from tissues and entering lungs has a decreased
PO and increased PCO
2 2

 O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries (blood)

 CO 2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli

Diffusion of Gases in Tissues

 Blood flow from lungs through left side of heart to tissue
capillaries
 Oxygen diffuses from capillaries into interstitial fluid because PO 2

in interstitial fluid is lower than capillary

 Oxygen diffuses from interstitial fluid into cells ( PO2 ¿ is less
Rhythmic Ventilation
 Normal respiratory rate is 12 to 20 respirations per minute
(adults)
 In children, the rates are higher and may vary from 20 to 40 per
minute
 The rhythm is controlled by neurons in the medulla oblongata
 Rate is determined by the number of times respiratory muscles
are stimulated

Chemical Control of Breathing

 Chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata respond to changes in
blood pH
 Blood pH are produced by changes in blood CO 2 levels
 An increase in CO 2 causes decreased pH, result is increased
breathing
 Low blood levels of O 2 stimulate chemoreceptors in carotid and
aortic bodies, increased breathing

Precious Faith Rodriguez