REVIEW OF DIFFERENTIATION

Rules
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
1. Constant: 𝑑𝑥 𝑐 = 0 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥)
5. Quotient: 𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) = [𝑔(𝑥)]2
𝑑
2. Constant Multiple: 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑
6. Chain: 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 ′(𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑
3. Sum: 𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓 ′(𝑥) ± 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑
7. Power: 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑
4. Product: 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) + 𝑑
8. Power: 𝑑𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥)]𝑛 = 𝑛[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑛−1 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′(𝑥)

Functions
Trigonometric
𝑑 𝑑
9. 𝑑𝑥 sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 12. 𝑑𝑥 cot 𝑥 = − csc 2 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
10. 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 13. 𝑑𝑥 sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
11. 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 14. 𝑑𝑥 csc 𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥

Inverse trigonometric
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
15. 𝑑𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 = 18. 𝑑𝑥 cot −1 𝑥 = − 1+𝑥 2
√1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
16. 𝑑𝑥 cos −1 𝑥 = − √1−𝑥 2 19. 𝑑𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 = |𝑥|√𝑥 2−1
𝑑 1
17. 𝑑𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 𝑑
20. 𝑑𝑥 csc −1 𝑥 = − |𝑥|√𝑥 2−1
1

Hyperbolic
d 𝑑
21. 𝑑𝑥 sinh 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 24. 𝑑𝑥 coth 𝑥 = − csch2 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
22. 𝑑𝑥 cosh 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 25. 𝑑𝑥 sech 𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
23. 𝑑𝑥 tanh 𝑥 = sech2 𝑥 26. 𝑑𝑥 csch 𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 coth 𝑥
Inverse hyperbolic
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
27. 𝑑𝑥 sinh−1 𝑥 = √𝑥 2+1 30. 𝑑𝑥 coth−1 𝑥 = 1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1
𝑑
28. 𝑑𝑥 cosh−1 𝑥 = √𝑥 2 −1
1
31. 𝑑𝑥 sech−1 𝑥 = − 𝑥√1−𝑥 2
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
29. 𝑑𝑥 tanh−1 𝑥 = 1−𝑥 2 32. 𝑑𝑥 csch−1 𝑥 = − |𝑥|√𝑥 2
+1

Exponential
𝑑 𝑑
33. 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 34. 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑥 (ln 𝑏)

Logarithmic
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
35. 𝑑𝑥 ln|𝑥 | = 𝑥 36. 𝑑𝑥 log𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥(ln 𝑏)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LECTURE GUIDE | 2

 BRIEF TABLE OF INTEGRALS
𝑥 𝑛+1 1
1. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐; 𝑛 ≠ −1 26. ∫ csc 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 +
𝑛+1 2
1 1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑥| + 𝑐 ln|csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝑐
𝑥 2
sin(𝑎−𝑏)𝑥
3. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 27. ∫ sin 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −
2(𝑎−𝑏)
1
4. ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 +𝑐 sin(𝑎+𝑏)𝑥
ln 𝑎 +𝑐
2(𝑎+𝑏)
5. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 sin(𝑎−𝑏)𝑥
28. ∫ cos 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +
6. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝑐 2(𝑎−𝑏)
sin(𝑎+𝑏)𝑥
7. ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝑐 +𝑐
2(𝑎+𝑏)

8. ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝑐 29. ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
(𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 −
𝑎2 +𝑏2
9. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐
10. ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
30. ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 +
𝑎2 +𝑏2
11. ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ln|cos 𝑥 | + 𝑐
𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐
12. ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sin 𝑥 | + 𝑐
31. ∫ sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 + 𝑐
13. ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝑐
32. ∫ cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 + 𝑐
14. ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝑐
33. ∫ sech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝑐
15. ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
34. ∫ csch2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − coth 𝑥 + 𝑐
16. ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
1 1 35. ∫ tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln(cosh 𝑥) + 𝑐
17. ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 4
36. ∫ coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|sinh 𝑥 | + 𝑐
1 1
18. ∫ cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 +𝑐 37. ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 4

19. ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 1

38. ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
1
2 4
20. ∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 1 𝑥
39. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 +𝑐
1 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
21. ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − (2 + sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
3 1
40. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐
1 √𝑎2 +𝑥 2
22. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
3 (2 + 2
cos 𝑥) sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
3 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
1 41. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 +𝑐
23. ∫ tan3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan2 𝑥 + ln|cos 𝑥 | + 𝑐 2 2 𝑎
2 𝑥
1
42. ∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 +
2
24. ∫ cot 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =− cot 2 𝑥 − ln|sin 𝑥 | + 𝑐
2 𝑎2
1 ln|𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐
25. ∫ sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 2
2
1 1 𝑥
1 43. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 + 𝑐
ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝑐 𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
2
1 1 𝑎+𝑥
44. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln | | + 𝑐
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS LECTURE GUIDE | 3