based on the size of the material they remove (the screenings). The ‘size’ of screening material refers to its diameter. Types of Screens 1. Most large facilities use mechanically-cleaned screening systems to remove larger materials because they reduce labour costs and they improve flow conditions and screening capture. The savings in labour costs soon make up for the additional cost of a mechanical screen.
Selection 2. Typically, only older or smaller treatment facilities
use a manually cleaned screen as the primary or only screening device.
of Screen 3. A screening compactor is usually situated close
Type to the mechanically cleaned screen and usually
bagged and conveyed to a dumpster or disposal area.
4. Plants utilizing mechanically cleaned screens
should have a standby hand-raked screen to put in operation when the primary screening device is out of service. This is standard design practice for most newly designed plants. of Screens
• The quantity of screenings depends on the length and slope of
the collection system and the presence of pumping stations.
• When the collection system is long and steep or when pumping
stations exist, fewer screenings are produced because of disintegration of solids.
• Other factors that affect screening quantities are related to flow,
as quantities generally increase greatly during storm flows. Design Parameters of Primary Screens Design Parameters for Secondary Screens Typical Drawing of Screen Chamber based on depth (< 5 m for different PE) Typical Drawing of Screen Chamber based on Depth (> 5 m for different PE) Example: Design of screen chamber – Bar rack
Assuming suitable criteria, design a screen chamber to treat a
maximum flow of 0.15 m3/s of domestic wastewater in each channel from the approach channel. Given the width = 0.6 m and depth = 0.4 m. It is also assumed that the screening production is 0.0015 m3/ML of flow.
(a) Compute flow through (approaching) velocity
(b) Compute the number of bars (c) Compute flow through velocity through the screen bars (d) Compute the head loss through the bar rack (e) Compute the quantity of screening (f) Design of perforated plate (g) Compute the inclined length of bars (h) Compute the length of the screen chamber Available data: Example 2: Design of screen chamber – Bar rack Qmax = 0.15 m3 /s B = 0.6 m B D = 0.4 m Ax Solution (Con’t): D
(a) Compute approach velocity, va
Qmax 0.15 m3 / s 0.15 m3 / s The approach velocity, v a = = = = 0.625 m/s Ax (B D ) ( 0.6 m 0.4 m ) (b) Compute the number of bars, n Provide bars of 10 mm wide with a clear opening of 25 mm. Let n be the number of bars, then opening (n + 1) + size of bars (n ) = B (total width) 0.025(n + 1) + 0.01 n = 0.6 m n = 16.43 16 bars Check : The total width of the screen chamber, B = 0.6 m If n =16 bars: 0.025(16+1)+0.01(16) = 0.59 m (accepted) If n =17 bars: 0.025(17+1)+0.01(17) = 0.62 m (exceeded the total width)
Hence, the provided 16 bars for the chamber width of 0.6 m is acceptable. Available data: Example 2: Design of screen chamber – Bar rack B = 0.6 m D = 0.4 m Dimensions of the screen chamber Bar width = 0.01 m Clear bar spacing = 0.025 m Free board = 0.3 m
FRONT VIEW Example 2: Design of screen chamber – Bar rack Available data: Qmax = 15 m3 /s B = 0.6 m Solution: D = 0.4 m n = 16 (c) Compute flow velocity through the screen bars, vb
The effective width of channel, Be
Be = total width - width of 16 bars or Be = 0.6 − (0.01 x n ) Be = 0.6 − (0.01 x 16 ) = 0.44 m and sidewater depth, D = 0.4 m
Therefore, the effective cross-sectional area of the screen is A x effective = Be D
Then, the velocity of flow through screen bars, v b is given by
Qmax 0.15 m3 / s 0.15 m3 / s 0.15 m3 / s vb = = = = = 0.85 m/s A x effective ( e ) ( B x D 0.44 m x 0.4 m ) 0.176 m 2 Available data: Example 2: Design of screen chamber – Bar rack Qmax = 0.15m3 /s v b = 0.85 m/s Solution: v a = 0.625 m/s Screening production = 0.0015 m3 / ML (d) Compute head loss through the rack (v b 2 − v a 2 ) 1 hL = . 2g 0.7 where v b = velocity through the bar screen = 0.85 m/s v a = velocity apprach = 0.625 m/s g = 9.81 m/s2
hL = ( 0.85 )2 − ( 0.625 )2 . 1 = 0.016 m 0.02 m
0.7
(e) Compute the quantity of screening
Assum ed (in the question) the screening production of 0.0015 m3 / ML of flow.
m3 m3 86400s 1000 L Quantity of screening produced = 0.0015 0.15 ML s 1d 1 m3 m3 ML = 0.0015 12.96 ML d = 0.019 m3 / d = 19 L/d Example 2: Design of screen chamber – Bar rack Solution:
(f) Design of perforated plate
Pr ovided the length of the plate = width of the chamber = 0.6 m, width of the plate is half of its length, and the depth of the pocket equal to 0.15 m for collecting screenings, the capacity of the screening pocket, Cs Cs = L B D = 0.6 m 0.3 m 0.15 m = 0.027 m3
Cleaning needs to be done manually everyday for an approximate quantity of screenings of 0.019 m3/d. Inclined bar screen (g) Compute the inclined length of the bars
D 0.7 m Inclined length of bars, = =1m sin 45 sin 45
D = 0.7 m So, provide bars of total length of 1 m. (h) Compute the length of the screen chamber 45
Horizontal projected length of bar screen is 1 cos 45 = 0.7 m
Let, the length of the inlet zone = Length of the perforated plate + 0.2 m = 0.6 m + 0.2 m = 0.8 m, while the length of outlet zone = Width of perforated plate + 0.2 m = 0.3 m + 0.2 m = 0.5 m. The total length of the screen channel = 0.8 m + 0.7 m + 0.5 m = 2.0 m Example 2: Design of screen chamber – Bar rack
Details of bar screen
W= PLAN VIEW
SIDE VIEW
2m
INLET ZONE OUTLET ZONE
1. Manually cleaned screens require frequent raking to prevent clogging.
2. Cleaning frequency depends on the characteristics of the wastewater entering a plant.
3. Some plants have incorporated screening devices, such as basket-type trash racks, that are manually hoisted and cleaned.
4. Mechanically cleaned screens usually require less labour or operation than manually cleaned screens because screenings are raked with a mechanical device rather than by facility personnel.
5. However, the rake teeth on mechanically cleaned screens must be routinely inspected because of their susceptibility to breakage and bending.
6. Drive mechanisms must also be frequently inspected to prevent fouling due to grit and rags.
7. Grit removed from screens must be disposed of regularly.
