TECARRO COLLEGE

FOUNDATION, INC.
G.E., Torres Street, New Matina, Davao City
Telephone Nos. (082)297-2511, (082)296-0132,
(082)296-9534, (082)296-0635
Email address: tcfi_eduph@yahoo.com

===============================================================
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL MODULE
GRADE 11
======================================================

21st Century Literature

From Philippine
And the World

ALFIE Y. FRANCISCO, LPT

TEACHER

________________________________

Student’s Name
Module 1
LESSON ONE
Content Standards
The learner will be able to understand and appreciate the elements and contexts of 21 st century
Philippines literature from the region.

Performance Standards
The learner will be able to demonstrate understanding and appreciation of 21 st Century
Philippine Literature from the region through:
1). A written close analysis and critical interpretation of a literary text in terms of form and
theme, with a description of its context derived from research, and
2). An adaptation of a text into other creative forms using multimedia.

Geographic, Linguistic, and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine Literary History from Pre-
Colonial to Contemporary

Pre-Spanish Literature of the Philippines

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW:

Learning Competencies (MELCS)
Writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and doing an adaptation of
these require from the learner the ability to identify:

a. the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philip

Specific learning Objectives

After reading and doing the exercises, learners are expected to:
 Define what is pre-colonial literature.
 Learn different literature in pre-colonial ear in the Philippines.
 Create own myth story out from imagination.
WHAT I KNOW:
Let’s see how much you know before we tackle the lesson. Below is a 5-item multiple test
question. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

___ 1). Tanaga is the Filipino version of Haiku in Japan.

a). True b). False
___ 2). G-string is for Filipino women during pre-colonial period.
a). True b). False
___ 3). Oral tradition is a old form for communication during precolonial era in the Philippines.
a). True b). False
___ 4). Bi-ag ni Lam-ang story is Hinduism religion influence in the Philippine.
a). True b). False

Very Good…
Now it’s time to proceed to the next step of the lesson.
Have fun and enjoy reading…

WHAT’S NEW:
What do you know about Pre-Spanish? Label your answer in the given word.

Pre-Spanish

WHAT IS IT:

LEARNING LESSON

Historical Background

Long before the Spaniard and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our
forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient
literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as trace in our folk stories, old plays
and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was different from that
brought by the Spaniards. The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar to that of the
Malayo-Polynesian alphabet.

Many of these customs and traditions, government and way of life, have come down to
the present day, despite the changes brought about by westernization and modernization. This is
why it is possible to know about our distant past by simply observing some customs and
practices that have resisted change and modernization.

The Spaniards who came to the Philippines tried to prove that our ancestors were really
fond of poetry, songs, stories, riddles and proverbs which we still enjoy today and which serve
to show to generations the true culture of our people.

Pre-Spanish Literature is characterized by:

A. LEGENDS. Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of
a thing, place, location or name. The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable.
Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends. Its aim is to entertain. Here is an example of
a legend is THE LEGEND OF THE TAGALOGS.

B. FOLK TALES. Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and
humor where one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to us because they help us
appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives in life. An
example of this is THE MOON AND THE SUN. C. THE EPIC AGE. Epics are long narrative
poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events, usually of a hero, are dealt with at
length. Nobody can determine which epics are the oldest because in their translations from other
languages, even in English and Spanish. We can only determine their origins from the time
mentioned in the said epics.

Aside from the aforementioned epics, there are still other epics that can be read and studied like
the following epics.

Bidasari-Moro epic Biag ni Lam-ang-Ilokano epic Maragtas-Visayan epic

Haraya-Visayan epic Lagda-Visayan epic Hari sa Bukid-Visayan epic
Kumintang-Tagalog epic Parang Sabir-Moro epic Dagoy” at “Sudsod”-
Tagbanua epic
D. FOLK SONGS. Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged
in the pre-Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these have
12 syllables. Here are the examples:

a. Kundiman b. Kumintang o Tagumpay c. Ang Dalit o Imno

d. Ang Oyayi o Hele e. Diana f. Soliraning g. Talindaw

OTHER FORMS OF PRE-SPANISH POETRY

Epigrams (Salawikain). These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good
behavior by our ancestors. To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for
the young.

Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan. These are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme
and may consist of four to 12 syllables.

Chant (Bulong). Used in witchcraft or enchantment.

Maxims. Some are rhyming couplets with verses of 5, 6 or 8 syllables, each line having the
same number of syllables.

Sayings (Kasabihan). Often used in teasing or to comment on a person’s actuations.

Sawikain (Sayings with no hidden meanings)

The following is a description of the way of life of pre-colonial Filipinos:

Mode of Dressing
• male attire was composed of the kanggan (sleeveless jacket) and bahag (loincloth)
• the color of the kanggan indicates rank – red for the chief, black or blue for the commoners.
• Men also wear a turban called putong , which also tell the social status/achievement of the
individual wearing it.
• While the female attire consisted of baro or camisa (jacket with sleeves) and saya or
patadyong (a long skirt); – some women wore a piece of red or white cloth on top of their skirt
called tapis.

Ornaments
• men and women wore ornaments to look attractive
• both wear kalumbiga, pendants, bracelets, and leglets
• these ornaments were made of gold
• some wore gold fillings between the teeth
• tattoos were also fashionable for some pre-colonial Filipinos; they also exhibit a man’s war
record • Islas del Pintados – term coined by the Spaniards for the Visayans
Houses
• built to suit the tropical climate
• called bahay kubo, made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm; it was built on stilts and can be
entered through ladders that can be drawn up
• some Filipinos, such as the Kalingas, Mandayas and Bagobos built their houses on treetops
• others, such as the Badjaos, built their houses on boats

Social Classes
• the society was made up of three classes:
– nobles (made up of the datu and their families),
– mahadlika or maharlika (freemen) and
– the alipin (dependents)
• members of the nobility were addressed with the title Gat or Lakan among the Tagalogs
• alipin or dependents acquired their status by inheritance, captivity, purchase, failure to settle
debts, or by committing a crime
• there were two kinds of dependents:
– aliping namamahay
– aliping sagigilid
Government
• unit of government was the barangay, which consisted of from 30 to 100 families. The term
came from the Malay word balangay, meaning boat
• barangays were headed by chieftains called datu
• the subjects served their chieftain during wars, voyages, planting and harvest, and when his
house needs to be built or repaired; they also paid tributes called buwis
• the chief or datu was the chief executive, the legislator, and the judge; he was also the supreme
commander in times of war
• alliances among barangays were common and these were formalized in a ritual called
sangduguan
• conflicts between or among barangays were settled by violence; those who win by force is
always right

Religious Beliefs
• Pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after death
• They also believed in the existence of a number of gods whom they worship and made
offerings to according to rank.

• i.e. Bathalang Maykapal (Creator), • Idinayale (god of agriculture),

• Sidapa (god of death), • Balangaw (rainbow god),
• Mandarangan (war god), • Agni (fire god)
• Lalahon (goddess of harvest), • Siginarugan (god of hell),
• Diyan Masalanta (goddess of love)

Burial
• the dead was placed in a wooden coffin and buried under the house complete with cloth, gold
and other valuable things
• upon the death of the person, fires were made under the house and armed men acted as
sentinels to guard the corpse from sorcerers
• professional mourners were hired to accentuate the depth of mourning
• the ancients distinguished mourning for a woman from that of a man – morotal (for women)
and maglahi (for men)
• mourning for

a dead chief is called laraw, and this was accompanied by certain prohibitions like engaging in
petty quarrels, wars, carrying daggers with hilts in the normal position, singing in boats coming
from the sea or river, and wearing loud clothes
WHAT’S MORE:
Let’s practice…

LEARNING ACTIVITY

WORKSHEET 1
Answer the English, Filipino and Bisaya reddles. Write your answer in the space provided.

1). I walk with you almost every day, yet you never notice me. You step on me, but you never
say sorry. What am I? answer: ____________
2). Look at me. I can bring a smile to your face, a tear to your eye, or even a thought to your
mind. But I can't be seen. What am I? answer: __________
3). You can crack me; You can make me; You can tell me; You can play me. What am I?
Answer: ____________
4). What is black when you buy it, red when you use it, and gray when you throw it away?
Answer: ____________
5). I’m tall when I’m young and I’m short when I’m old. What am I?
Answer: ____________
6). Nakatayo ang reyna di na laglag ang korona:
Sagot: __________
7). Naabot na ng kamay, ipinagawa pa sa tulay.
Sagot: __________
8). Munting hayop na pangahas, aaligid-aligid sa ningas.
Sagot: __________
9). Sa araw ay bungbong, sa gabi ay dahon.
Sagot: __________
10). Isang butil ng palay, sakot ang buong buhay.
Sagot: __________
11). Puwa unya bunguton, kung imong ukbon naay liso sa ilawom.
Tubag: __________
12). Sa layo murag motor apan sa duol doctor.
Tubag: __________
13). Gibuwad nga dili basa, Gibitay nga walay sala
Pasak-on, pakanaugon, Apan mao’y atong tahuron.
Tubag: __________
14). Sa gamay pa gisanina-an, sa dako na gihubu-an.
Tubag: __________
15). Ug malipay mogamay; ug masuko, modako.
Tubag: __________
WORKSHEET 2
Direction: write your own English and Filipino version Tanaga and Dalit. Your version must be
the same of content and theme of the following Tanaga and Dalit below.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
____
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_______
WORKSHEET 3
Criteria for Grading
Content - 60% (5 points) Direction: read and analyze the riddles in Column A and look for the
Grammar - 30% (3 points) answer in Column B. write the letter of your answer in the space
Clarity - 20% (2 points)
100% 10 points provided.

Column A. Column B.
____ 1). A piece of charcoal, it can reach far. A. door
____ 2). The king’s house is surrounded by saws b. string beans
____ 3). A fellow creature carries a piece of meat c. coconut
Wherever he goes
____ 4). Wherever Abaggoy passes by, the grass waves d. eyes
____ 5). If I pull your mother’s tail, your father will shout e. pestle
____ 6). Shy on either side, water in the middle f. wind
____ 7). If you pull, it is tube, when you push, g. pineapple
It is a house.
____ 8). A long, round thing, divide into room inside h. rooster
____ 9). Hold my waist and I jump and jump i. bell
____ 10). When it young, it is butterfly, when it is big, j. bamboo
It is a sword k. umbrella

WORKSHEET 4
Write your interpretation of each salawikain. Write your answer in the space provided.
1). Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
__
2). Ang maniwala sa sabi-sabi, walang bait sarili.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
__

WORKSHEET 5
Read and analyze the story of “The Widow’s Son” of Subanon tribe and answer the following
questions. Write your answer in the space provided.

SUBANON
The Widow’s Son
In a little house at the edge of a village lived a widow with her only son, and they were very
happy together. The son was kind to his mother, and they made their living by growing rice in
clearings on the mountain side and by hunting wild pig in the forest.

One evening when their supply of meat was low, the boy said:

“Mother, I am going to hunt pig in the morning, and I wish you would prepare rice for me
before daylight.” So the widow rose early and cooked the rice, and at dawn the boy started out
with his spear and dog.

Some distance from the village, he entered the thick forest. He walked on and on, ever on the
lookout for game, but none appeared. At last when he had traveled far and the sun was hot, he
sat down on a rock to rest and took out his brass box to get a piece of betel-nut. He prepared the
nut and leaf for chewing, and as he did so he wondered why it was that he had been so
unsuccessful that day. But even as he pondered, he heard his dog barking sharply, and
cramming the betel-nut into his mouth he leaped up and ran toward the dog.

As he drew near, he could see that the game was a fine large pig, all black save its four legs
which were white. He lifted his spear and took aim, but before he could throw the pig started to
run, and instead of going toward a water course it ran straight up the mountain. The boy went on
in hot pursuit, and when the pig paused, he again took aim, but before he could throw it ran on.
Six times the pig stopped just long enough for the boy to take aim, and then started on before he
could throw. The seventh time, however, it halted on the top of a large flat rock and the boy
succeeded in killing it.

He tied its legs together with a piece of rattan and was about to start for home with the pig on
his back, when to his surprise a door in the large stone swung open and a man stepped out.

“Why have you killed my master’s pig?” asked the man.

“I did not know that this pig belonged to anyone,” replied the widow’s son. “I was hunting, as
I often do, and when my dog found the pig, I helped him to catch it”

“Come in and see my master,” said the man, and the boy followed him into the stone where
he found himself in a large room. The ceiling and floor were covered with peculiar cloth that
had seven wide stripes of red alternating with a like number of yellow stripes. When the master
of the place appeared, his trousers were of seven colors, as were also his jacket and the kerchief
about his head.

The master ordered betel-nut, and when it was brought, they chewed together. Then he called
for wine, and it was brought in a jar so large that it had to be set on the ground under the house,
and even then the top came so high above the floor that they brought a seat for the widow’s son,
and it raised him just high enough to drink from the reed in the top of the jar. He drank seven
cups of wine, and then they ate rice and fish and talked together. The master did not blame the
boy for killing the pig, and declared that he wished to make a brother of him. So they became
friends, and the boy remained seven days in the stone. At the end of that time, he said that he
must return to his mother who would be worried about him. In the early morning he left the
strange house and started for home.

At first, he walked briskly, but as the morning wore on he went more slowly, and finally
when the sun was high he sat down on a rock to rest. Suddenly looking up, he saw before him
seven men each armed with a spear, a shield, and a sword. They were dressed in different
colors, and each man had eyes the same color as his clothes. The leader, who was dressed all in
red with red eyes to match, spoke first, asking the boy where he was going. The boy replied that
he was going home to his mother who would be looking for him, and added:

“Now I ask where you are going, all armed ready for war.”

“We are warriors,” replied the man in red. “And we go up and down the world killing
whatever we see that has life. Now that we have met you, we must kill you also.”

The boy, startled by this strange speech, was about to answer when he heard a voice near him
say: “Fight, for they will try to kill you,” and upon looking up he saw his spear, shield, and
sword which he had left at home. Then he knew that the command came from a spirit, so he
took his weapons and began to fight. For three days and nights they contended, and never before
had the seven seen one man so brave. On the fourth day the leader was wounded and fell dead,
and then, one by one, the other six fell.

When they were all killed, the widow’s son was so crazed with fighting that he thought no
longer of returning home, but started out to find more to slay. In his wanderings he came to the
home of a great giant whose house was already full of the men he had conquered in battle, and
he called up from outside:

“Is the master of the house at home? If he is, let him come out and fight.”

This threw the giant into a rage, and seizing his shield and his spear, the shaft of which was
the trunk of a tree, he sprang to the door and leaped to the ground, not waiting to go down the
notched pole which served for steps. He looked around for his antagonist, and seeing only the
widow’s son he roared:

“Where is the man that wants to fight? That thing? It is only a fly!”The boy did not stop to
answer, but rushed at the giant with his knife; and for three days and nights they struggled, till
the giant fell, wounded at the waist.

After that the widow’s son stopped only long enough to burn the giant’s house, and then
rushed on looking for someone else to slay. Suddenly he again heard the voice which had bade
him fight with the seven men, and this time it said: “Go home now, for your mother is grieved
at your absence.” In a rage he sprang forward with his sword, though he could see no enemy.
Then the spirit which had spoken to him made him sleep for a short time. When he awoke the
rage was spent.

Again, the spirit appeared, and it said: “The seven men whom you killed were sent to kill you
by the spirit of the great stone, for he looked in your hand and saw that you were to marry the
orphan girl whom he himself wished to wed. But you have conquered. Your enemies are dead.
Go home now and prepare a great quantity of wine, for I shall bring your enemies to life again,
and you will all live in peace.”

So, the widow’s son went home, and his mother, who had believed him dead, was filled with
joy at his coming, and all the people in the town came out to welcome him. When he had told
them his story, they hastened to get wine, and all day they bore jarful to the widow’s house.
That night there was a great feast, and the spirit of the great stone, his seven warriors, the
friendly spirit, and the giant all came. The widow’s son married the orphan girl, while another
beautiful woman became the wife of the spirit of the stone

1). For those of you who have brother/s/sister/s, what are you your observations regarding the
relationship of mother/s and son/s or daughter/s? How do they each other?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____

2). What can say about “feeding the anger”? Have you ever experienced the need to be angry or
to get that anger out of the way before moving on from a situation?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____

3). Do you believe that both envy and jealous can make a person unreasonable? Why or why
not? Have you ever experienced either of these emotions? Or are you the receipt of these
emotions?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____

4). Why can say about t he characters of the story? Does the character represent your emotions
sometimes? Do you feel what the character feel about the situation?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____

WHAT I CAN DO:

PERFORMANCE TASK

Write a myth of modern objects or occurrences. Select an object, event, or situation that you are
both curious about. Invent the myth. Invent where the object, event, or situation originated. Be
as inventive as you can. Write your story with the minimum of two to three pages. You will be
graded based on the following rubrics. Proved extra sheet for your story.
 Criteria Performance indicator Points Score
Content Complete and thoughtful explanation of ideas 5
Interesting myth 5
Novelty or inventiveness 5
Mechanics Written in complete sentence 5
Correct and appropriate grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc. 5
Total 25

WHAT I HAVE LEARNED:

What you have learned in the Pre-colonial era in the Philippines? Write your learnings
inside the shape provided.
 LESSON TWO

Content Standards
The learner will be able to understand and appreciate the elements and contexts of 21 st century
Philippines literature from the region.

Performance Standards
The learner will be able to demonstrate understanding and appreciation of 21 st Century
Philippine Literature from the region through:
1). A written close analysis and critical interpretation of a literary text in terms of form and
theme, with a description of its context derived from research, and
2). An adaptation of a text into other creative forms using multimedia.

Geographic, Linguistic, and Ethnic Dimensions of Philippine Literary History from Pre-
Colonial to Contemporary

Literature of the Philippines during Spanish Colonization

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW:

Learning Competencies (MELCS)
Writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and doing an adaptation of
these require from the learner the ability to identify:

a. the geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philip

Specific learning Objectives

After reading and doing the exercises, learners are expected to:
 Define what is Spanish colonial literature.
 Learn different literature during colonial ear in the Philippines.
 Relearn the abuses of the Spanish Period through humorous writing like satirical
character sketch “Fray Botod” by Graciano Lopez Jaena and the prayer parodies of
Marcelo H. del Pilar.
 Create own parody prayers.
WHAT I KNOW:
Let’s see how much you know before we tackle the lesson. Below is a 5-item multiple test
question. Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

___ 1). Tanaga is the Filipino version of Haiku in Japan.

a). True b). False
___ 2). G-string is for Filipino women during pre-colonial period.
a). True b). False
___ 3). Oral tradition is a old form for communication during precolonial era in the Philippines.
a). True b). False
___ 4). Bi-ag ni Lam-ang story is Hinduism religion influence in the Philippine.
a). True b). False

Very Good…
Now it’s time to proceed to the next step of the lesson.

Have fun and enjoy reading…

WHAT’S IN:
Let’s review…

Before the coming of foreign occupation, our forebears or ancestors had developed their
own literature in the form of songs, epics, myths, folk tales, and legends. Most of these
primitive forms of the literature revealed our ancestor’s way of life, belief systems, tradition,
norms, and mores. Legends and myths provided temporary answers to man’s curiosity as to the
existence of things around him. Also, these were also taught not just for amusement but also to
teach positive behavior among the young.

WHAT’S NEW:

Complete the following statement by supplying the appropriate sentence to complete the context
clues.

1. I am Filipino and I am
________________________________________________________
2. I have a power to change my future to make ______________________________________
3. I am the child of my ancestor; my father is Jose Rizal and I am _______________________
4. I live, I die and I am _________________________________________________________
5. Nothing impossible because I am
_______________________________________________
6. It’s more in the Philippine,
because______________________________________________
7. I am the leader of my __________________because I am
____________________________
8. Dr. Jose Rizal is ______________________ because
_______________________________
9. I have power to
_____________________________________________________________
10. Philippines is the _____________________ because
________________________________
WHAT IS IT:

LEARNING LESSON

Historical Background

It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565
during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the
Philippines. Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt continued unabated until
the Cavite Revolt in 1872. The Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three
centuries. During these times, many changes occurred in the lives of Filipinos. They embraced
the Catholic religion, changed their names, and were baptized.

Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses mad of stones and bricks, used beautiful
furniture like the piano and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains and boats were used as
means of travel. They held fiestas to honor the saints, the pope and the governors. They had
cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of recreation. This gave rise to the formation of
the different classes of society like the rich and the landlords. Some Filipinos finished courses
like medicine, law, agriculture and teaching. Many Filipinos finished their schooling already
had been established.

SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE LITERATURE

Due to the long period of colonization of the Philippines by the Spaniards, they have
exerted a strong influence on our literature.

1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA was replaced by the Roman alphabet.
2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became the basis of religious practices.
3. The Spanish language which became the literary language during this time lent many of its
words to our language.
4. European legends and traditions brought here became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and
moro-moros.
5. Ancient literature was collected and translated to Tagalog and other dialects.
6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan 7. Our
periodicals during these times gained a religious tone.

The First Books

1. Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine). This was the first book printed in the
Philippines in 1593 in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo
Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. It contained the Pater Noster (Out Father), Ave Maria (Hail
Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy Queen), the Ten Commandments of God, the Commandments
of the Catholic Church, the Seven Mortal Sins, How to Confess, and the Cathecism. Three old
original copies of this book can still be found at the Vatican, at the Madrid Musem and at the
US Congress. It contains only 87 pages but costs $5,000.0.

2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario. The second book printed in the Philippines was written by Fr.
Blancas de San Jose in 1602, and printed at the UST Printing Press with the help of Juan de
Vera, a Chinese mestizo. It contains the biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and
answers on religion.

3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in Spanish and Tagalog). This is the first
book printed in typography.

4. Barlaan at Josephat. This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and translated to
Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio de Borja. It is believed to be the first Tagalog novel
published in the Philippines even if it is only a translation. The printed translation has only 556
pages. The Ilocano translation in poetry was done by Fr. Agustin Mejia.

5. The Pasion. This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus Christ. It is read only
during Lent. There were 4 versions of this in Tagalog and each version is according to the name
of the writer. These are the Pilapil version (by Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, 1814), the de Belen
version (by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bat. in 1704), the de la Merced (by Aniceto de la
Merced of Norzagaray, Bulacan in 1856) and the de Guia version (by Luis de Guia in 1750).
Critics are not agreed whether it is the Pilapil or the de la Merced version which is the most
popular.
6. Urbana at Felisa. A book by Modesto de Castro, the so called Father of Classic Prose in
Tagalog. These are letters between two sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the
behavior of people in society because the letters dealt with good behavior.

7. Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary). A collection of songs praising the Virgin
Mary. Fr. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865 and it was popular especially
during the Maytime “Flores de Mayo” festival.

Literary Compositions
1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and rules of the Tagalog language). Written by Fr.
Blancas de San Jose and translated to Tagalog by Tomas Pinpin in 1610.

2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language). Written by Fr.

Gaspar de San Agustin in 1703.

3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary). The first Tagalog dictionary written
by Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura in 1613.

4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampanga vocabulary). The first book in Pampanga

written by Fr. Diego in 1732.

5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary). The best language book in Visayan
by Mateo Sanchez in 1711

6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language). The first Ilocano grammar book
by Francisco Lopez.

7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol language). The first book in the Bicol
language and written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon in 1754.

Folk Songs
Folk songs became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had its national song from the
lowlands to the mountains of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Folk songs truly manifest the
artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They show the Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and love of
beauty. The examples are Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi and
Atin Cu Pung Singsing.

Recreational Plays.
There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times. Almost all
of them were in poetic form. Here are examples:

1. Tibag – the word tibag means to excavate. This ritual was brought here by the Spaniard to
remind the people about the search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died.

2. Lagaylay – this is a special occasion for the Pilareños of Sorsogon during Maytime to get
together. As early as April, the participating ladies are chosen and sometimes, mothers
volunteer their girls in order to fulfill a vow made during an illness or for a favor received. In
some parts of Bicol, a different presentation is made but the objective is the same – praise,
respect and offering of love to the Blessed Cross by St. Helen on the mound she had dug in.

3. The Cenaculo – this is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of
Jesus Christ. There are two kinds: the Cantada and Hablada . In the Hablada the lines are spoken
in a more deliberate manner showing the rhythmic measure of each verse and the rhyming in
each stanza and is more dignified in theme; the Cantada is chanted like the Pasion.

4. Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the
search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver the baby Jesus.
5. The Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of
the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many Philippine towns.

6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless

night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. This shadow play is made by
projecting cardboard figures before a lamp against a white sheet. The figures are moved like
marionettes whose dialogues are produced by some experts. The dialogues are drawn from a
Corrido or Awit or some religious play interspersed with songs. These are called by various
names in different places:

7. Carillo in Manila, Rizal and Batangas and Laguan; TITRES in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan,
Bataa, Capiz and Negros; TITIRI in Zambales; GAGALO or KIKIMUT in Pampanga and
Tarlac; and ALIALA in La Union.

8. The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or melodrama
three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty,
avarice or some social or political proble.

9.The Sainete – this was a short musical comedy popular during the 18 th century. They were
exaggerated comedies shown between acts of long plays and were mostly performed by
characters from the lower classes. Themes were taken from everyday life scenarios.

The Moro-Moro
Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro is presented also on a special stage. This is performed
during town fiestas to entertain the people and to remind them of their Christian religion. The
plot is usually the same that of a Christian princess or a nobleman’s daughter who is captured
by the Mohammedans. The father organizes a rescue party where fighting between the Moros
and the Christians ensue. The Mohammedans are defeated by some miracle or Divine
Intercession and the Mohammedans are converted to Christianity. In some instances, the whole
kingdom is baptized and converted. One example of this is Prinsipe Rodante.

Karagatan
This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious nature celebrated during the death of a person. In
this contest, more or less formal, a ritual is performed based on a legend about a princess who
dropped her ring into the middle of the sea and who offered here hand in marriage to anyone
who can retrieve it. A leader starts off with an extemporaneous poem announcing the purpose.
He then spins a “lumbo” o “tabo” marked with a white line. Whoever comes in the direction of
the white line when the spinning stops gets his turn to “go into the sea to look for the ring.”
This means a girl will ask him a riddle and if he is able to answer, he will offer the ring to the
girl.

Duplo
The Duplo replace the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust in speaking and reasoning. The roles are
taken from the Bible and from proverbs and saying. It is usually played during wakes for the
dead.

Balagtasan
This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue. This is
replaced the duplo and is held to honor Francisco “Balagtas” Baltazar.

The Dung-Aw
This is a chant in free verse by a bereaved person or his representative beside the corpse of the
dead. No definite meter or rhyming scheme is used. The person chanting it freely recites in
poetic rhythm according to his feelings, emotions and thoughts. It is personalized and usually
deals with the life, sufferings and sacrifices of the dead and includes apologies for his
misdeeds.
The Awit And The Corrido
Some use these two interchangeably because distinction is not clear

Some national Heroes play during Spanish colonization and their contribution

Graciano Lopez Jaena was born in Jaro, Iloilo, 1856 to a modest family. Jaena was sent
Seminario de San Vicente Ferrer to study for priesthood, but he had wanted to become a doctor.
Since his degree in the seminary was not in line with medicine, he could only go to San Juan de
Dios Hospital and serve as an apprentice of studying in a university. Because of poverty, he left
Manila and went back to Iloilo where he served small communities. He saw the injustice around
him and wrote about them until threats to his life made him leave for Barcelona, Spain in1879.
He activism through his speeches and founded the newspaper La Solidaridad. He dead in 1896,
buried in an unmarked grave; thus, his body was not brought to Iloilo.

Marcelo H. del Pilar was born in Bulacan, 1850, and the ninth to ten siblings. His parents were
wealthy and they owned several farms, fish ponds, and mills. Del Pilar’s father was the
municipal mayor and clerk of the provincial governor. He finished Bachelor of Arts in Colegio
de San Jose in Manila and pursued law in the Universidad de Santo. Tomas. He was just starting
his law degree in 1869 when he was put in jail for 30 days because he questioned the baptismal
fee of the PARISH in San Miguel Manila. He was able to go back to his Bachelor in Law in
1878 and he finished it in 1880. Wherever he went, he was active in his anti-friar campaign.
Using the pen name “Plaridel” he exposed the injustice of that time in the short live “Diariong
Tagalog” which he founded in 1882. He was accused of being subversive and a warrant for his
arrest was issued. Thus, he left for Madrid, Spain in 1882. He continued his propaganda in
Madrid, and in 1889, he succeeded Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of La Solidaridad. He died
in poverty and sickness in 1896, but his name remains were brought back to the Philippines in
1920.

Context of the Works

Both “Fray Botod” and “Dasalan at Tocsohan” are satirical works that were parts of the anti-
friar campaign. These works and many more served as propaganda materials that laid the
groundwork for people to actualize their discontentment with colonization. The cry for justice
was spurred on for years, finally leading to the Philippines Revolution of 1896. Both Jaena and
del Pilar were campaigning for reforms at the time and not necessarily for an armed battle. Their
works are humorous, graphic, and detailed to show the grievous crimes of the friars. “Dasalan at
Tocsohan” is also a parody of the Catholic prayers, a subversive act that used religion the friars
taught the Filipino it back at them.

“Dasalan at Tocsohan”
By: Marcelo del Pilar

Ang Amain Namin (Parody of Our Father)

Amain naming sumasaconvento ka, sumpainanf ngalan mo, malayo sa amin ang kasakiman mo,
quitlin ang liig mo dito sa lupa para nang sa langit. Saulan mo cami ngayon nan gaming kaning
iyong inaraoarao at patauanin mo cami sa iyong pagungal para nang papataua mo kung cami’y
nacucualtahan; at huag kaming ipahintulot sa iyong manunukso at iadyak mo cami sa masama
mong dila. Amen.

Ang Aba Guinoong Barya (Parody of Hail Mary)

Aba gunoong Baria nakapupuno ka nag alcancia ang Fraile’I sumasainyo bukod ka naiyang
pinagpapala’t pina higuit sa lahat, pinagpala nanam kaban mong mapasok. Santa Baria Ina nang
Deretsos, ipinalanagin mo caming huag anitan ngayon at cami ipapatay. Siya aua.

Ang Aba Po Santa Baria

Aba po Santa Bariang hari, inagao nang Fraile, ikao ang kabuhayan at katamisan. Aba bunga
nan aming pausi, ikaw ang pinagpaguran naming pinapanaw na tauong Anac in Eva, ikaw nga
ang ipinagbubuntong hininga naming sa aming pagtangis dito sa bayang pinakahapishapis. Ay
aba pinakahanaphanap naming para sa aming managa anak, ilingon mo sa aming ang cara-i-cruz
mo man lang sa ata saka bago matapos ang pagpanaw mo sa amin ay iparinig mo sa amin ang
iyong kalasing Santa Baria ina nnag deretsos, malakas at maalam, matunog na Guinto cami
ipanalangin mong huag magpatuloy sa aming ang manga banta nnag Fraile. Amen.

Ang Manga Uto nnag Fraile (Parody of the ten Commandments)

Ang mg utos nnag prayle ay sampu

Ang una: sambahin mo ang prayle na lao sa lahat.

Ang ikalawa: huwag kang magpapahamak o manumba ng ngalang deretsoso
Ang ikatatlo: manalangin ka sa prayle lingo man at piyesta
Ang ikaapat: insala mo ang katauhan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama’t ina,
Ang ikalima: huwag kang mamamatay kung wala pang salaping panlibing
Ang ika-anim: huwag kang makiapid sa kanyang asawa
Ang ikapito: huwag kang makinakaw
Ang ikawalo: Huwag mo silang pagbibintanagn, kahit ka masinungalingan
Ang ikasiyam: Huwag mong ipagkait ang iyong asawa
Ang ikasampo: Huwag mong itangi ang iyong sarili.

WORKSHEET 1
Encircle the words related to the Literature of the Philippines During Spanish Colonization. Use
the hints given below.

O U O G O L A G A T G N O I R A I D L L
R P O W E R W D U N G A W J E S U S A N
O L L I R A C O L A I B R A Y N A L O A
M E C E E V E O L H A D A N A P P L E Y
O R I V E R O J G O M O S I S K I V D U
R A B R A H A M H S A L U B O N G O H L
O A S A R A H H F C A T H O L I C L J U
M F I S H J K H J O G L A S S H Y C N N
J A C O B A B E L T A L L O F L W E R U
A R O S E A N D J T A O L H O T O L L N
A F A K E S N W E A H O T E L U G F R A
F I K A W H U I G N H Y R F G J U I N P
O H E A V E N J G A I O A L E U Z R A Z
L I K S W A N G O L U C A N E C K H T G
K L I W A N A G J A P A S K O J U G A J
S M A S A Y A N A S A T G A L A B N G H
O S A N A H H P L A R I D E L A N G A J
N P A S K O K J Y D O T O B Y A R F R H
G N A T I N H L A S O L I D A R I D A D
S A I N E T E S A M U N D O H Y T R K F

HINT…
1 and 2). Propaganda against Friars
3). Pen name of Marcelo h. del Pilar
4). A Propaganda establish by Marcelo H. del Pilar.
5). Another Propaganda establish by Graciano Lopez Jaena.
6). A free verse chant allowed to express all the emotion by the bereaved person during the
burial.
7). This is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate.
8). A poetic verse use in socio-religious to celebrate the death of a person.
9). Use to perform and entertained people during festas.
10). It is exaggerated comedy mostly performed and characterized from the lower classes.
11). It is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night during a town fiesta
or on dark nights after a harvest.
12). They dramatize the meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many
Philippine towns.
13). It is a presentation of the search of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to
deliver the baby Jesus.
14). It is the national song from the lowlands to the mountains of Luzon
15). It is a dramatic performance to commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ.

WORKSHEET 2
Answer the following questions below briefly and concise.

Fray Botod
1). After reading, do you think that Fray Botod was a real person? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____

2). Do you think that the ignorance of the people played a part in letting Fray Botod reign in
abuse for many years? Why or why not?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____
3). What emotion/s did you feel towards Fray Botod? Why did you feel this way?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____

WORKSHEET 3
Interpret the parody prayer “Dasalan at Tocsohan” and identify what is the meaning of such
mocking prayer. Does the prayer imply about the actions of the friars? Discuss your answer.

Ang Amain Namin (Parody of Our Father)

Amain naming sumasaconvento ka, sumpainanf ngalan mo, malayo sa amin ang kasakiman mo,
quitlin ang liig mo dito sa lupa para nang sa langit. Saulan mo cami ngayon nan gaming kaning
iyong inaraoarao at patauanin mo cami sa iyong pagungal para nang papataua mo kung cami’y
nacucualtahan; at huag kaming ipahintulot sa iyong manunukso at iadyak mo cami sa masama
mong dila. Amen.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______

WORKSHEET 4
1). Do you think present day Filipinos, after more than 300 years of Spanish colonization,
remain subservient? In what ways is this manifested?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____

2) Do present Filipino possesses the quality of a true rebellion even we are now in the year of
2020? Defend your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____

3). Cite at least three (3) injustices around:

a. In the government:
a.1
_____________________________________________________________________
a.2
_____________________________________________________________________
a.3
_____________________________________________________________________

b. In the school:
b.1
_____________________________________________________________________
b.2
_____________________________________________________________________
c.3
_____________________________________________________________________

c. In the church:
c. 1
____________________________________________________________________
c.2
_____________________________________________________________________
c.3
_____________________________________________________________________

d. At Home:
d.1 ____________________________________________________________________
d.2 ____________________________________________________________________
d. 3
____________________________________________________________________

WORKSHEET 5
Inside the box skits you own version of “Fray Botod”. Your drawing must reflect to the current
situation of the society.

WHAT I CAN DO:

PERFORMANCE TASK

Write at least one own version Filipino parody prayer or mocking prayer. Your parody prayer
must relate and reflect to the current situation of the society. Your prayer must be in Filipino
language for extra emphasis.
 Criteria Performance indicator Points Score
Content Presentation of prayer 5
Intensity of words choice 5
Quality of the parody prayer 5
15
Total
WHAT I HAVE LEARNED:

What you have learned in the Pre-colonial era in the Philippines? Write your learnings
inside the shape provided.