PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF A SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Pumping Unit

A pump is needed to convey water from the source via the main line and laterals to the

sprinkler. The pressurized water at the nozzles is sprayed and applied to crops in the field.

Depending on the topography, sufficient pressure may develop at the nozzle and eliminate the

need for additional pumps (Scott, 2007). The most common pumps used are centrifugal or

submersible pumps which are fitted with requisite accessories. Nevertheless, the pumps under

consideration ought to be prescribed under the IS 10804 standard.

Main Line

It is made up of Aluminum or uPVC as per the BIS stipulation (IS 7092) for aluminum

tubes and IS 4985 for uPVC tubes. Light weight aluminum is preferable in case of designing

portable systems. The main line serves the purpose of carrying water from the pumping section

to other regions of the field (Scott, 2007). Portable main lines are relatively economical to fixed

main lines when the sprinkler system has variant applications in different fields.

Lateral pipes

They carry water from the main line to nozzles or sprinklers. The lateral lines are made

up of uPVC or aluminum tubes with quick couplings. These pipes are often purchasable in

lengths of 5m, 6m and 12m along with quick couplings (Keesen, 2013). The lateral pipes should

be of desirable quality and prescribed standards. The crop geometry, area to be wetted, water

requirement of crop among other factors determines the number of laterals on a main pipe line

(Scott, 2007).
Regulators, gauges and valves

These comprise pressure regulators which are installed under the sprinkler to maintain an

incessant pressure applied to the sprinkler regardless of the upward or downward alignment of

the pipeline. Moreover, flow regulators are integrated to regulate the flow and pressure of

flowing via the sprinkler (Scott, 2007). The pressure gauges serve the purpose of establishing the

pressure at the sprinkler. The valves, on the contrary, control the flow of water. Screw type

valves are the most common with drain valves finding their application at valley portions of the

land. Other types of valves used include: conventional pressure relief valves, outlet valves, check

valves and air relief valves.

Sprinkler heads

They are the most indispensible part of the sprinkler system. The operating dimensions of

sprinkler heads under optimal water pressure and climatic circumstances determine the

suitability and efficiency of the system. They range from small-single nozzle sprinklers to

multiple nozzle sprinklers operating at high pressure. The jointure of pressure and rotation result

in the throwing of water to a reasonable distance (Scott, 2007).

Types of solar pumps

Submerged multistage centrifugal motor irrigation pump set: It is the most

commonly used solar pump for supplying water to towns and cities. It’s easy to install, has lay-

flat flexible pipe work and the motor irrigation pump set is submersed to prevent damage

(Agriculture Solar Powered Irrigation Pump Methods, 2013). AC or DC motors can be integrated
to the motor with the exception that an inverter would be required for AC and replacement of

brushes (after 2 years). The most adopted system for irrigation has an AC pump and inverter

along with a solar panel.

Submersed irrigation pump with surface mounted motor: It is mostly used with

turbine pumps. It provisions for easy access to the pump motor when changing brush during

maintenance. However, it has low efficiency from power losses in its shaft bearings and has high

installation costs (Agriculture Solar Powered Irrigation Pump Methods, 2013).

Reciprocating positive displacement irrigation pump: This pump is well-suited for

high head and low flow applications. The water output is directly proportional to the speed of

irrigating pump (Agriculture Solar Powered Irrigation Pump Methods, 2013). Nevertheless, these

pumps create a cyclic load on the motor that should be balanced for efficient operation. For this

reason, the ground constituents are usually heavy and robust. Power controllers are also utilized

for impedance matching.

Floating motor irrigation pump sets: Its versatile floating unit set makes it handy for

irrigation pumping for canals and open wells. The pump set is portable and its dc motor is

electronically commutated: used on single stage submerged centrifugal irrigation pump. Its solar

panel has a handle to facilitate easy transportation (Agriculture Solar Powered Irrigation Pump

Methods, 2013).

Surface suction irrigation pump sets: It uses primary chambers and non-return valves

to guard against priming predicaments. However, its suction heads of over 8 meters are

impractical and it will always require an operator’s attendance (Agriculture Solar Powered

Irrigation Pump Methods, 2013).

Collection of Climatic data
Average monthly rainfall data (mm), maximum temperature (oC), minimum temperature

(oC), sunshine hours, wind speed (km/hr) and humidity from 2004 to 2014 was acquired from the

nearby meteorological station (Table 1).

Table 1 : Monthly average Climatic Data

Month Rainfall Max. Temp Min. Temp Sunshine Wind Humidity

(mm) (oC) (oC) (Hrs) speed(km/day) (%)
Jan 62 30.6 13.9 9.005 242.2 44.125

Feb 101 30.8 14.4 9.106 259.6 40.125

March 160 30.2 14.7 8.364 244.9 45.750

April 202 28.9 15.2 7.919 199.6 52.625

May 152 28.4 14.7 7.605 176.0 54.875

June 105 28.2 13.9 7.846 176.5 52.125

July 93 28.0 13.9 7.625 198.7 47.875

Aug 104 28.2 13.5 7.915 203.6 50.500

Sep 84 29.2 13.4 8.031 215.1 51.000

Oct 85 29.7 13.9 7.849 204.0 47.125

Nov 121 29.5 14.2 7.927 199.1 48.875

Dec 96 30.0 13.9 8.542 222.2 46.000

5.1 Climatic Data

According to the climatic data shown below, the highest average monthly rainfall is 202

mm with the lowest average as 62 mm. The mean maximum monthly temperature is 30.8 oC and

a low temperature of 13.4 oC. The least mean sunshine hours are 7.625 hrs; this value was primal

in the determination of desirable operating hours since the irrigation system is solar powered.

The highest average of wind speed recorded per hr is 10.82 m3 / hr: the value will be used in the

selection of appropriate sprinkler spacing.

Generation of contour map for the site
A contour map for the site was generated with the aid of Google Earth, TCX converter

and Surfer software. The diagram below is an illustration of the contour map output on Surfer:

Figure 1 : Contour map of Menara Site

Calculation of Crop Water Requirement

The Crop water requirement was established using the application
calculate the reference crop evapo-transpiration. It is the most accurate method. The crop
coefficient Kc, development stage of the crop. The average ETo value

obtained on farm 5.46 mm/day. The ETc values for various stages of crop

development were computed

Criteria for Analyzing Data

Establishment of the Irrigation Water Requirement

The quantity of water required for irrigation was calculated in the given hierarchy using
the following equations:

dnet = (FC-PWP) × RZD × P

ETc = Kc×ETo

IF =

dgross =

System capacity Determination

Following the acquisition of irrigation water requirement, the following equation was
used to give the theoretical system capacity:

Q=

Sprinkler Selection and spacing

The basic soil infiltration rate was used in selecting sprinklers and their spacing. This

ensured that the sprinkler precipitation rate was lower than the infiltration rate so as to avoid

runoff.

Determination of set time

The set time for the irrigation shift was calculated and compared against monthly minimum

sunshine hours.

Determination of Application Rate

The system capacity obtained above was compared against the practical required

discharge until an efficient sprinkler selection and spacing was obtained. The practical system

capacity due to application rate was calculated using the following equation:
Q = Nc × Ns ×Qs

Where:

Q = required discharge

Nc = the number of laterals operating per shift

Ns = the number of sprinklers per lateral

Qs = the sprinkler discharge (from the manufacturer’s table)

Pipe type and size determination

UPVC pipes were used in the design of the laterals, risers, supply line and main line. Size

and type of pipe were determined based on a comparison of their pressure ratings and cost.

Provisioned friction loss charts were used in sizing the pipes. The friction losses were then

corrected using the Christiansen’s adjustment factor “F” (See Appendix I: Table 2).

Factorization of Total Head Requirements

The head losses of the system for various discharges were read from a friction head-loss

chart and added to obtain the total dynamic head. The following equation were used

H = HSL + HS + HM + HL +HR + SOP + HF + HE

Where: H = total dynamic head

H = total dynamic head

HS = supply line head loss HSL = suction lift head loss

HM = sub-main line head loss HL = lateral head

HR = riser head loss SOP = sprinkler operating pressure head

HF = fitting head loss HE = loss due to elevation

Calculation of Power Requirements and Pump Selection
The power requirement to overcome the head losses was calculated from the total

dynamic head (H) obtained. Power requirement was computed using the given

equation in kW:

P=

The appropriate solar powered pump for irrigation was recommended. Ep was obtained from a

pump efficiency chart.

Table 2: Christiansens "F" factors for various outlets (Source: Keller and Bliesner, 1990)

Number of Outlets F for m = 2.0 Number of Outlets F for m = 2.0

1 1.000 13 0.373
2 0.625 14 0.370
3 0.518 15 0.367
4 0.469 16 0.365
5 0.440 17 0.363
6 0.421 18 0.361
7 0.408 19 0.360
8 0.398 20 0.359
9 0.391 21 0.357
10 0.385 22 0.355
11 0.380 23 0.353
12 0.376 24 0.351

Soil Moisture Content

Table 3 : Soil Moisture Content

REF No. Empty Can Can + Wet Can + Dry Moisture % Water
(g) Soil (g) Soil (g) Content (g) Content
A1T 24.57 69.04 58.06 10.98 32.79
A1B 23.34 75.22 60.46 14.76 39.76
B1T 24.27 70.02 57.28 12.74 38.59
B1B 25.10 67.42 54.91 12.51 41.97
C1T 24.99 61.15 52.09 9.06 33.43
C1B 25.34 68.09 55.02 13.07 44.04
Average 12.19 38.43
The average soil moisture content was calculated as 38.43 %
Classification Results
Table 4 : Soil Classification

Start Time After 3 Hrs Quantified Results (%)

REF No. H1 T1 (oC) H2 T2 (oC) Sand Clay Silt
Water 0 22.5 0 23.0 -- -- --
A1T 23 23.0 17 23.0 51.84 36.16 12.00
A1B 24 23.0 19 23.0 49.84 40.16 10.00
B1T 24 23.0 18 23.0 49.84 38.16 12.00
B1B 25 23.0 20 23.0 47.84 42.16 10.00
C1T 22 23.0 17 23.0 53.84 36.16 10.00
C1B 24 23.0 19 23.0 49.84 40.16 10.00
From the results given in the table above, the soil type is generally Sandy Clay.

However, the top soils represented by A1T, B1T and C1T have relatively high percentage of

sand than their counter parts. Nevertheless, the bottom soils have relatively high clay content

than top soils as depicted in AIB, B1B and C1B percentages. Thus, the top soils have higher

infiltration rate on the top soils but infiltration slows as water traverses the lower soil profiles.

Moreover, the lower soils have reasonable water retention capacity which is suitable for sprinkler
irrigation.
Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity Results
Table 5 : Soil pH and Electrical Conductivity

REF No. Weight (grams) pH Electrical Conductivity

(dS/m)
A1T 6 6.3 2.0
A1B 6 6.3 2.0
B1T 6 6.4 2.0
B1B 6 6.4 2.0
C1T 6 6.3 2.0
C1B 6 6.3 2.0
The average electrical conductivity of the soil is 2.0 dS/m which is within range the
recommended range for crop Spinarch (2.0 – 3.2) dS/m, therefore; the soils are non-saline. The lower
soils are more saline than the top soils. The pH results depict that the soil under consideration is
slightly acidic with a pH of 6.333.
Soil Hydraulic Conductivity Results
Table 6 : Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

REF No. H Q L A Infiltration

(cm) (ml/30min) (cm) (cm2) (cm/hr)
A1T 2.0 3.4 5.1 19.635 0.883116

A1B 2.4 2.0 5.1 19.635 0.519481

B1T 2.0 3.2 5.1 19.635 0.831169

B1B 2.0 2.6 5.1 19.635 0.675325

C1T 1.2 2.9 5.1 19.635 1.004329

C1B 1.5 2.3 5.1 19.635 0.796536

Average 0.784993

From the table above, the average soil infiltration rate is 7.85 mm/hr notably; the

infiltration rate is slightly higher in the top soil than lower soils because of the distribution of soil

particles described in the soil classification results.

 Net depth of water application
dnet = (FC-PWP) × RZD × P
Where: (FC-PWP) = 120.083mm/day
RZD = 0.5 m ( Root depth)
P = 20%
dne t= 120.083 × 0.2 × 0.5

dnet = 12.0083 mm

Irrigation Frequency
IF =

ETc = 4.76 mm/day (Designing for worst case scenario)

.
IF = = 2.523 days
.

IF ≈ 2 days
Gross depth of water application dgross
=

E = 70% (Assumption: irrigation efficiency for sprinklers)

.
dgross = = 17.155 mm
.

Theoretical System Capacity

Q=

Where:

A = 0.8832 Ha (area of farm)

dgross = 17.155 mm

Ns = 1 (a single shift per day)

T = 3 hrs (irrigation time per shift)

I = 2 days (irrigation cycle)

. .
Q= = 25.252 m3/hr

 Table 7 : Performance of Some Sprinklers (Source: Keller and Bliesner)

Sprinkler precipitation rate (mm/hr)

Sprinkler Specifications
Sprinkler spacing (m × m)
Nozzle Pressure Q Wetted 9×12 9×15 12×12 12×15 12×18 15×15 18×18
Size (kPa) (m3/hr) Dia (m)
(mm)
3.0 250 0.57 25.00 5.28 4.22 3.96
3.0 300 0.63 25.60 5.83 4.67 4.38
3.0 350 0.68 26.20 6.30 5.04 4.72
3.5 250 0.75 26.85 6.94 5.56 5.21 4.17
3.5 300 0.82 27.60 7.59 6.07 5.69 4.56
3.5 350 0.89 28.35 8.24 6.59 6.18 4.94
4.0 300 1.08 26.60 8.00 7.50 6.00 5.00 4.60
4.0 350 1.16 30.50 8.59 8.06 6.44 5.37 5.16
4.5 300 1.32 30.95 9.17 7.33 6.11 5.87
4.5 350 1.42 32.00 9.86 7.89 6.57 6.31

Sprinkler selection and Spacing

As a rule of thumb, the chosen sprinkler ought to have a co-efficient of uniformity of at

least 85%. However, locally manufactured sprinklers are not often tested for co-efficient of

uniformity, hence it’s ethical to avoid using lower pressure sprinklers since they correspond to

low co-efficient of uniformity values.

In light of this information, the most preferable sprinklers are those with nozzle size 3.5

mm, 4.0 mm to 5.0 mm of higher pressures Table 7. Additionally, the soil type is

Sandy Clay which falls under the category of medium textured soils with 6 – 12 mm/hr

precipitation rate ( Table 8). Moreover, the precipitation rate should not exceed the

soil infiltration rate (7.85 mm/hr). Therefore, the selection of appropriate sprinkler is between

precipitation rates 6 mm/hr to less than 7.85 mm/hr.

 Table 8 : Maximum precipitation rates to use on level ground (Source: Keller and Bliesner, 1990)

Soil Type Maximum Precipitation Rates (mm/hr)

Light sandy soils 18 – 12
Medium textured soils 12 – 6
Heavy textured soils 6 – 2.5

Table 9 : Maximum sprinkler spacing as related to wind velocity, rectangular pattern (Source: Keller and
Bliesner, 1990)

Average wind speed (km/hr) Spacing as Percent of Wetted Diameter (D)

Up to 10 40% between sprinklers
65% between laterals
10 – 15 40% between sprinklers
60% between laterals
Above 15 30% between sprinklers
50% between laterals

Table 10 : Maximum sprinkler spacing as related to wind velocity, square pattern (Source: Keller
and Bliesner, 1990)

Average wind speed (km/hr) Spacing as Percent of Wetted Diameter (D)

Up to 5 55%
6 – 11 50%
13 – 19 45%

According to the climatic data, February has the highest wind speed of up to 10.82 km/hr

which is considered for design purposes. Having considered the effect of wind on the type of

spacing using conversion percentages from Table 9 and Table 10), the following

results came forthwith:

Computation:
For nozzle size 4.0mm, Pressure 300kPa, Wetted Diameter (D) 26.60 m and Sprinkler
spacing 12×12 and precipitation rate 7.50 mm/hr (Table 7). The sprinkler has a square pattern
with average wind speed at 10.82 km/hr, thus the conversion percentage is 50 % ( Table 10)

New sprinkler spacing = (wetted diameter*0.5) × (wetted diameter*0.5)

= (26.60*0.5) × (26.60*0.5)

New sprinkler spacing = 13.3 × 13.3 (m × m).

 Since, 50% of D exceeds the 12×12, the wind requirement is satisfied. 40 % for

sprinklers and 60 % for laterals is used for rectangular spacing. Therefore, similar computations

are as given:

Table 11 : Selection of sprinkler spacing

Nozzle Pressure Wetted Precipitation Sprinkler Calculated Remarks on

Size (kPa) Diameter rate (mm/hr) spacing spacing wind
(mm) (m) (m×m) (m×m) requirement
3.5 250 26.85 6.94 9×12 10.74×16.11 OK

3.5 300 27.60 7.59 9×12 11.04×16.56 OK

3.5 350 28.35 6.59 9×15 11.34×17.01 OK, selected

4.0 300 26.60 7.50 12×12 13.30×13.30 OK

4.0 300 26.60 6.00 12×15 10.64×15.96 Not OK

4.0 350 30.50 6.44 12×15 12.20×18.30 OK

4.5 300 30.95 7.33 12×15 12.38×18.57 OK

4.5 300 30.95 6.11 12×18 12.38×18.57 OK

4.5 350 32.00 6.57 12×18 12.80×19.20 OK

4.5 350 32.00 6.31 15×15 16.00×16.00 OK,

4.5 400 33.05 7.04 12×18 13.22×19.83 OK

4.5 400 33.05 7.56 15×15 16.53×16.53 OK

5.0 400 35.60 6.05 18×18 17.80×17.80 Not OK

. .
Slope percentage = = × 100%

Slope percentage = 1.19 %

 Therefore, a precipitation reduction is not necessary with reference to the slope

percentage on Table 2.3. The area has prevailing wind pattern which suits the chosen sprinkler

spacing. A sprinkler of nozzle size 3.5 mm, 350kPa and 9×15 spacing is a suitable choice: it has

a wetted diameter of 28.35 m.

Calculation of set time Ts =

where: dgross = 17.155 mm and Pr = 6.59 mm/hr (sprinkler precipitation rate)

.
Ts = = 2.603 hrs
.

Ts ≈ 3 hrs

The set time of 3 hrs for a single shift is below the minimum 7.605 hrs sunshine for the

month with the lowest sunshine average, therefore, the irrigation will complete even on a day of

least sunshine hours. The system is scaled to operate in a single shift. Therefore, the set time

factors in the sunshine required to power the solar system and complete an irrigation shift.

Practical System Capacity / Application rate

Dimension of the farm land is Assume 96m × 92m. Assumption: 1 shift in a day’s
irrigation
operation which lasts averagely 3 hrs, therefore:

Number of Laterals operating per shift= = = 6.4

Therefore, number of laterals = 6

Number of sprinklers per lateral = = = 10.22

Thus, number of sprinklers per lateral = 10

Q = Nc × Ns × Qs
Where: Nc = number of laterals per shift = 3

Ns = number of sprinklers per lateral = 10

Qs = sprinkler discharge = 0.89 m3/ hr. (Table 7)

Practical system capacity as per the sprinkler spacing 9 × 15

Q = 3 × 10 × 0.89 = 26.7 m3/ hr

Retrospectively, the practical system capacity is considerably bigger than the theoretical system

capacity of 25.252 m3/ hr. Thus, a relatively bigger pumping unit will be required if the irrigation

is to complete in the set time per shift.

Pipe type and size determination

Determination of the diameter of laterals

The recommended velocity upper limit for uPVC pipes is approximately 2 m/s. Having

considered the discharge per sprinkler of the selected spacing as:

Q = 0.89 m3/hr

Total Discharge per lateral = 0.89 × 10 = 8.90 m3/hr

From the readings on the friction loss chart (Table 7) and using a recommended

design velocity of 1.75 m/s:

Q A V where: Q = 8.90 m3/hr, V= 1.75 (m2/s)

π
A D=d=
π

. .
A= = 0.001526 m2 where: 1m3/hr = 0.0003 m3/s
.
Figure 2 : Friction loss chart for uPVC pipes (Source: South African Bureau of Standards)
 .
D=d= = 44.07 mm
π

However, lateral pipes of diameter 44.07 mm are not in the PVC specification table

Fig 3. Therefore, adjustments were made for the design velocity using existing nearest

upper diameter which is 50 mm (0.05 m).

Lateral’s design velocity scaling

= 0.05 m New Area = 0.0019635 m2

π

. .
V= = 1.36 m/s
.

Therefore, CLASS C pipes of diameter 50 mm (D50) and design velocity 1.36 m/s were chosen

for laterals.
Determination of the diameter of rising pipes of each sprinkler
Sprinkler Discharge = 0.89 m3/hr
Q A V where: Q = 0.89 m3/hr, V= 1.75 (m2/s)

. .
A= = 0.0001526 m2
.

.
D=d= = 13.94 mm
π

Riser pipes of diameter 13.94 mm are not available, thus the design velocity was recomputed
using D25 (Figure 3).

Figure 3 : PVC Pipe Specifications ( Source : Davis & Shirtliff)

Riser’s design velocity scaling

= 0.025 m New Area = 0.0004909 m2

π

. .
V= = 0.544 m/s
.

Therefore, CLASS E pipes of diameter 25 mm (D25) and design velocity 0.544 m/s were chosen

for risers.

Determination of the diameter of main line

Total discharge via main line = 0.89 × 10 × 3 = 26.70 m3/hr

Q A V where: Q = 26.70 m3/hr, V= 1.85 (m2/s)

. .
A= = 0.004330 m2
.

.
D=d= = 74.25 mm
π

Pipes of diameter 74.25 mm are not available, thus the design velocity was recomputed using

D75 (Appendix II: Figure 9.10).

Main line’s design velocity scaling

= 0.075 m New Area = 0.004418 m2

π

. .
V= = 1.813 m/s
.

Therefore, CLASS B pipes of diameter 75 mm (D75) and design velocity 1.813 m/s were chosen

for both sub-main line and supply line.

Calculation of Head Losses

Suction Lift
To satisfy the condition that the velocity in suction pipes used with centrifugal pumps

should not exceed 3.3 m/s. A velocity of 2.8 m/s in the suction pipe was assumed. Using Darcy’s

equation:

.
Head loss due to friction in suction pipe (dynamic head) = = = 0.4 m
.

Where: g = 9.81 m2/s

Difference in elevation between the pump and point of abstraction (static head) = 0.7 m

Suction lift Head loss (HSL) = 0.4 + 0.7 = 1.1 m

Supply line
At discharge rate = 26.70 m3/hr. The head loss per 100 meters gives a conversion factor of 0.042

1.81 m/s.

Length of supply line = 80 m

Supply line Head loss (HS) = 0.042 × 80 = 3.360 m

Sub-main line
At discharge rate = 26.70 m3/hr. The head loss per 100 meters gives a conversion factor of 0.042

at 1.81 m/s.

Length of Sub-main line = 92 m Christensen’s Friction factor (1 outlet) = 1.0

Sub-main line Head loss (HM) = 0.042 × 92 × 1.000 = 3.864 m

Laterals
At discharge rate = 8.90 m3/hr. The head loss per 100 meters gives a conversion factor of 0.035

at 1.3 m/s.

Length of a single lateral = 85 m No. of laterals per shift = 3

Christensen’s adjustment factor for 10 outlets = 0.444

Lateral Head loss (HL) = 0.035 × 85 × 0.385 × 3 = 3.436 m

Risers
At discharge rate = 0.89 m3/hr. The head loss per 100 meters gives a conversion factor of 0.027

at 0.544 m/s.

Length of a single riser = 1 m No. of risers per shift = 30

Riser Head loss (HR) = 0.027 × 1 × 30 = 0.810 m

Sprinkler Operating Pressure

From Table 7, the chosen sprinkler operates at 350kPa which corresponds to a

pressure head of 35 m.

SOP = 35 m.

Fitting Head Losses

Fitting losses is 10 % of (SOP + HR + HM +HSL + HL + HS)

Fitting Head losses (HF) = 0.1 × (35 + 0.810 + 3.864 + 1.1 + 3.436 + 3.360) = 4.757 m

Elevation difference
The highest point through which the pipe passes is at an altitude of 1373 m whereas the lowest

altitude under consideration is 1371 m (the eye of the pump impeller).

Loss due to elevation (HE) = 1373 – 1371 = 2.000 m.

Total Dynamic Head Requirements
Table 12. Total Dynamic Head

Total Dynamic Head Component Head Loss (m)

Suction Lift (HSL) 1.100

Supply Line (HS) 3.360

Sub-main line (HM) 3.864

Laterals (HL) 3.436

Risers (HR) 0.810

Sprinkler Operating Pressure (SOP) 35.000

Fittings (HF) 4.757

Elevation difference (HE) 2.000

Total Dynamic Head (TDH) 54.327

Power Requirements

P=

Where: Q = 26.70 m3/hr TDH = 54.327 m

Ep = 60% (pump efficiency chart. See Appendix II: Figure 9.11)

Metric conversion unit = 360

. .
P= = 6.715 kW
.

Therefore, a centrifugal pump of TDH = 55 m, P = 7 kW and Ep = 60% was recommended given

that some of the energy is lost in power transmission and motor losses for a motor of efficiency

90%.
END