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Signals and System Chapter 1 1

This document provides an introduction to basic signals in continuous-time and discrete-time systems, including step functions, impulse signals, and complex exponential signals. It defines the unit step function and discusses shifted step functions. It also discusses periodicity conditions for complex exponential signals and relationships between the unit impulse and step functions in continuous-time and discrete-time domains.

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Abdelrhman Mahfouz
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81 views20 pages

Signals and System Chapter 1 1

This document provides an introduction to basic signals in continuous-time and discrete-time systems, including step functions, impulse signals, and complex exponential signals. It defines the unit step function and discusses shifted step functions. It also discusses periodicity conditions for complex exponential signals and relationships between the unit impulse and step functions in continuous-time and discrete-time domains.

Uploaded by

Abdelrhman Mahfouz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 Signals and System Chapter 1 1

Signals and Systems


CE/EE301

2 Signals and System Chapter 1


Outline
• Introduction of basic signals
• Step function
• Unit impulse signal
• Continuous and time complex exponential signals
• Real and complex exponential
• Periodicity
Unit Step Function

3
Step Function
The switching process can be described mathematically by the function called the Unit
Step Function.

Unit Step Function

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Shifted Step Function

Right Left

f (t) = u(T-t)

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Examples Pulse Function
1 0≤𝑡≤2 1 −3≤𝑡 ≤6
𝑖 𝑓 𝑡 =ቊ 𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑡 = ቊ
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

f (t) = u(t)-u(t-2) f (t) = u(t+3)-u(t-6)

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• The relationship between the discrete-time unit impulse and step functions. In particular,
the continuous-time unit step is the running integral of the unit impulse

• The relationship between δ(t) and u(t)

1 represents the area of the pulse.

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• One of the simplest discrete-time signals is the unit impulse, which is defined as

• A second basic discrete-time signal is the discrete-time unit step, denoted by u[n] and defined by

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Signals and System Chapter 1 9
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 (𝑎+𝑗𝑤𝑜 )𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑡
𝑤𝑜 =0
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡

a>0 a<0

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𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 (𝑎+𝑗𝑤𝑜 )𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑡
𝑎=0 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑡 = 𝐶 cos 𝑤𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑗 sin 𝑤𝑜 𝑡

An important property of this signal is that it is periodic.

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𝑥[𝑛] = 𝛼 𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 cos 𝑤𝑜 𝑛 + 𝑗 sin 𝑤𝑜 𝑛

𝑤𝑜 =0 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝛼 𝑛

α>1 0<α<1

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𝑥[𝑛] = 𝛼 𝑛 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 cos 𝑤𝑜 𝑛 + 𝑗 sin 𝑤𝑜 𝑛

𝛼=1 𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑛 = cos 𝑤𝑜 𝑛 + 𝑗 sin 𝑤𝑜 𝑛

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In order for the signal to be periodic with period N > 0, we must have

w0N must be a
multiple of 2π.

• The signal is periodic if is a rational number.

• if x[n] is periodic with fundamental period N, its fundamental frequency is .

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• While there are many similarities between continuous-time and discrete-time signals, there are
also a number of important differences.

• We identified the following two properties of continuous-time


• The larger the magnitude of w0, the higher is the rate of oscillation in the signal;
• 𝑒 𝑗𝑤0𝑡 is periodic for any value of w0

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• Consider the discrete-time complex exponential with frequency
𝑗(𝑤𝑜 +2𝜋)𝑛 𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑛 𝑗2𝜋𝑛 𝑗𝑤𝑜 𝑛
𝑒 =𝑒 𝑒 =𝑒
• The exponential at frequency (w0 + 2π) is the same as that at frequency w0 .
• In discrete time, the signal with frequency w0 is identical to the signals with
frequencies w0 ± 2π, w0 ± 4π, and so on
• Therefore, in considering discrete-time complex exponentials, we need only
consider a frequency interval of length 2π in which to choose w0 .
• We will use the interval 0 ≤ 𝑤0 ≤ 2𝜋 or the interval −π ≤ 𝑤0 < 𝜋 .

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• This means in DT signal when we increase ω0 from 0, we obtain signals that
oscillate more and more rapidly until we reach ω0 = π.

• As we continue to increase ω0, we decrease the rate of oscillation until we reach


ω0 = 2π, which produces the same constant sequence as ω0 = 0.

• The Figure in the next slide explains this very well

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