Trade Practices Act 1974

Act No. 51 of 1974 as amended

Volume 1 includes: Table of Contents

Sections 1 – 110

This compilation was prepared on 26 July 2004

taking into account amendments up to Act No. 118 of 2004

The text of any of those amendments not in force

on that date is appended in the Notes section

The operation of amendments that have been incorporated may be

affected by application provisions that are set out in the Notes section
Volume 2 includes: Sections 10.01 – 173
Schedule
Volume 3 includes: Table of Acts
Act Notes
Table of Amendments
EndNotes
Table A

Prepared by the Office of Legislative Drafting,

Attorney-General’s Department, Canberra

TradePrac1974Vol1_WD02.DOC 07/01/2003 9:57 AM

Contents
Part I—Preliminary 1
1 Short title [see Note 1] ...................................................................1
2 Object of this Act ...........................................................................1
2A Application of Act to Commonwealth and Commonwealth
authorities......................................................................................1
2B Application of Act to States and Territories.....................................2
2C Activities that are not business........................................................2
2D Exemption of certain activities of local government bodies
from Part IV ..................................................................................4
3 Repeal ...........................................................................................4
4 Interpretation .................................................................................5
4A Subsidiary, holding and related bodies corporate...........................12
4B Consumers...................................................................................14
4C Acquisition, supply and re-supply.................................................17
4D Exclusionary provisions ...............................................................18
4E Market.........................................................................................19
4F References to purpose or reason....................................................19
4G Lessening of competition to include preventing or hindering
competition..................................................................................20
4H Application of Act in relation to leases and licences of land
and buildings ...............................................................................20
4J Joint ventures...............................................................................20
4K Loss or damage to include injury ..................................................21
4KA Personal injury.............................................................................21
4L Severability..................................................................................21
4M Saving of law relating to restraint of trade and breaches of
confidence ...................................................................................22
4N Extended application of Part IIIA .................................................22
5 Extended application of Parts IV, IVA, V, VB and VC..................23
6 Extended application of Parts IV, IVA, IVB, V, VA, VB and
VC ..............................................................................................24
6AA Application of the Criminal Code .................................................27

Part II—The Australian Competition and Consumer

Commission 28
6A Establishment of Commission ......................................................28
7 Constitution of Commission .........................................................28
8 Terms and conditions of appointment ...........................................29
8A Associate members ......................................................................29
9 Remuneration ..............................................................................30

Trade Practices Act 1974 iii

 10 Deputy Chairperson .....................................................................30
11 Acting Chairperson ......................................................................31
12 Leave of absence..........................................................................32
13 Termination of appointment of members of the Commission .........32
14 Termination of appointment of associate members of the
Commission.................................................................................33
15 Resignation..................................................................................33
16 Arrangement of business ..............................................................33
17 Disclosure of interests by members..............................................33
18 Meetings of Commission..............................................................34
19 Chairperson may direct Commission to sit in Divisions .................35
25 Delegation by Commission...........................................................36
26 Delegation by Commission in relation to unconscionable
conduct and consumer protection..................................................37
27 Staff of Commission ....................................................................37
27A Consultants..................................................................................37
28 Functions of Commission in relation to dissemination of
information, law reform and research............................................38
29 Commission to comply with directions of Minister and
requirements of the Parliament .....................................................39

Part IIA—The National Competition Council 41

29A Establishment of Council..............................................................41
29B Functions and powers of Council ..................................................41
29C Membership of Council................................................................42
29D Terms and conditions of office .....................................................42
29E Acting Council President..............................................................42
29F Remuneration of Councillors........................................................43
29G Leave of absence..........................................................................43
29H Termination of appointment of Councillors...................................43
29I Resignation of Councillors ...........................................................44
29J Arrangement of Council business .................................................44
29K Disclosure of interests by Councillors ...........................................44
29L Council meetings .........................................................................45
29M Staff to help Council ....................................................................46
29N Consultants..................................................................................46
29O Annual report...............................................................................46

Part III—The Australian Competition Tribunal 47

30 Constitution of Tribunal ...............................................................47
31 Qualifications of members of Tribunal..........................................47
31A Appointment of Judge as presidential member of Tribunal
not to affect tenure etc..................................................................47

iv Trade Practices Act 1974

 32 Terms and conditions of appointment ...........................................48
33 Remuneration and allowances of members of Tribunal..................48
34 Acting appointments ....................................................................48
35 Suspension and removal of members of Tribunal ..........................49
36 Resignation..................................................................................50
37 Constitution of Tribunal for particular matters...............................50
38 Validity of determinations............................................................51
39 Arrangement of business ..............................................................51
40 Disclosure of interests by members of Tribunal.............................51
41 Presidential member to preside .....................................................52
42 Decision of questions ...................................................................52
43 Member of Tribunal ceasing to be available ..................................52
43A Counsel assisting Tribunal............................................................53
43B Consultants..................................................................................53
44 Staff of Tribunal ..........................................................................53
44A Acting appointments ....................................................................54

Part IIIA—Access to services 56

Division 1—Preliminary 56
44B Definitions...................................................................................56
44C How this Part applies to partnerships and joint ventures.................58
44D Meaning of designated Minister ...................................................59
44DA The principles in the Competition Principles Agreement
have status as guidelines...............................................................59
44E This Part binds the Crown ............................................................60
Division 2—Declared services 61
Subdivision A—Recommendation by the Council 61
44F Person may request recommendation ............................................61
44G Limits on the Council recommending declaration of a service........61
Subdivision B—Declaration by the designated Minister 63
44H Designated Minister may declare a service....................................63
44I Duration and effect of declaration.................................................64
44J Revocation of declaration.............................................................65
44K Review of declaration...................................................................66
44L Review of decision not to revoke a declaration..............................66
Subdivision C—Miscellaneous 67
44M Recommendation for a Ministerial decision on effectiveness
of access regime...........................................................................67
44N Ministerial decision on effectiveness of access regime...................68

Trade Practices Act 1974 v

 44O Review of Ministerial decision on effectiveness of access
regime .........................................................................................68
44P State or Territory ceasing to be a party to Competition
Principles Agreement ...................................................................69
44Q Register of decisions and declarations...........................................69
Division 3—Access to declared services 71
Subdivision A—Scope of Division 71
44R Constitutional limits on operation of this Division.........................71
Subdivision B—Notification of access disputes 71
44S Notification of access disputes......................................................71
44T Withdrawal of notifications ..........................................................71
Subdivision C—Arbitration of access disputes 72
44U Parties to the arbitration................................................................72
44V Determination by Commission .....................................................72
44W Restrictions on access determinations ...........................................73
44X Matters that the Commission must take into account .....................75
44Y Commission may terminate arbitration in certain cases..................75
Subdivision D—Procedure in arbitrations 76
44Z Constitution of Commission for conduct of arbitration ..................76
44ZA Member of the Commission presiding at an arbitration..................76
44ZB Reconstitution of Commission......................................................76
44ZC Determination of questions...........................................................77
44ZD Hearing to be in private ................................................................77
44ZE Right to representation .................................................................77
44ZF Procedure of Commission ............................................................77
44ZG Particular powers of Commission .................................................78
44ZH Power to take evidence on oath or affirmation...............................79
44ZI Failing to attend as a witness ........................................................79
44ZJ Failing to answer questions etc. ....................................................80
44ZK Intimidation etc............................................................................80
44ZL Party may request Commission to treat material as
confidential..................................................................................81
44ZM Sections 18 and 19 do not apply to the Commission in an
arbitration ....................................................................................81
44ZN Parties to pay costs of an arbitration..............................................82
Subdivision E—Effect of determinations 82
44ZO Operation of determinations .........................................................82
Subdivision F—Review of determinations 82
44ZP Review by Tribunal......................................................................82

vi Trade Practices Act 1974

 44ZQ Provisions that do not apply in relation to a Tribunal review..........83
44ZR Appeals to Federal Court from determinations of the
Tribunal.......................................................................................83
44ZS Operation and implementation of a determination that is
subject to appeal ..........................................................................84
44ZT Transmission of documents ..........................................................84
Subdivision G—Variation of determinations 85
44ZU Variation of determinations ..........................................................85
Division 4—Registered contracts for access to declared services 86
44ZV Constitutional limits on operation of this Division.........................86
44ZW Registration of contract ................................................................86
44ZX Review of decision not to register contract....................................87
44ZY Effect of registration of contract ...................................................87
Division 5—Hindering access to declared services 88
44ZZ Prohibition on hindering access to declared services......................88
Division 6—Access undertakings for non-declared services 89
44ZZA Access undertakings by providers.................................................89
44ZZAA Access codes prepared by industry bodies.....................................91
44ZZB Undertakings cannot be accepted in certain cases ..........................92
44ZZC Register of access undertakings and access codes..........................92
Division 7—Enforcement and remedies 93
44ZZD Enforcement of determinations.....................................................93
44ZZE Enforcement of prohibition on hindering access ............................94
44ZZF Consent injunctions......................................................................95
44ZZG Interim injunctions.......................................................................95
44ZZH Factors relevant to granting a restraining injunction.......................95
44ZZI Factors relevant to granting a mandatory injunction.......................95
44ZZJ Enforcement of access undertakings .............................................96
44ZZK Discharge or variation of injunction or other order ........................96
Division 8—Miscellaneous 97
44ZZL Register of determinations............................................................97
44ZZM Commonwealth consent to conferral of functions etc. on the
Commission or Tribunal by State or Territory laws .......................97
44ZZMAHow duty is imposed....................................................................98
44ZZMBWhen a law of a State or Territory imposes a duty.........................99
44ZZN Compensation for acquisition of property......................................99
44ZZNAOperation of Parts IV and VII not affected by this Part ................100
44ZZO Conduct by directors, servants or agents .....................................100
44ZZP Regulations about review by the Tribunal ...................................101
44ZZQ Regulations about fees for inspection etc. of registers..................102

Trade Practices Act 1974 vii

Part IV—Restrictive trade practices 103
45 Contracts, arrangements or understandings that restrict
dealings or affect competition.....................................................103
45A Contracts, arrangements or understandings in relation to
prices.........................................................................................106
45B Covenants affecting competition.................................................109
45C Covenants in relation to prices....................................................112
45D Secondary boycotts for the purpose of causing substantial
loss or damage ...........................................................................115
45DA Secondary boycotts for the purpose of causing substantial
lessening of competition.............................................................115
45DB Boycotts affecting trade or commerce .........................................116
45DC Involvement and liability of employee organisations ...................117
45DD Situations in which boycotts permitted........................................119
45E Prohibition of contracts, arrangements or understandings
affecting the supply or acquisition of goods or services ...............122
45EA Provisions contravening section 45E not to be given effect ..........126
45EB Sections 45D to 45EA do not affect operation of other
provisions of Part.......................................................................126
46 Misuse of market power .............................................................126
46A Misuse of market power—corporation with substantial
degree of power in trans-Tasman market.....................................128
46B No immunity from jurisdiction in relation to certain New
Zealand laws..............................................................................130
47 Exclusive dealing.......................................................................131
48 Resale price maintenance ...........................................................137
50 Prohibition of acquisitions that would result in a substantial
lessening of competition.............................................................137
50A Acquisitions that occur outside Australia ....................................139
51 Exceptions.................................................................................142
51AAA Concurrent operation of State and Territory laws.........................147

Part IVA—Unconscionable conduct 148

51AAB Part does not apply to financial services......................................148
51AA Unconscionable conduct within the meaning of the unwritten
law of the States and Territories..................................................148
51AB Unconscionable conduct.............................................................148
51AC Unconscionable conduct in business transactions ........................150
51ACAAConcurrent operation of State and Territory laws ........................155

Part IVB—Industry codes 156

51ACA Definitions.................................................................................156
51AD Contravention of industry codes .................................................157
51AE Regulations relating to industry codes.........................................157

viii Trade Practices Act 1974

 51AEA Concurrent operation of State and Territory laws.........................157

Part V—Consumer protection 158

Division 1—Unfair practices 158
51AF Part does not apply to financial services......................................158
51A Interpretation .............................................................................158
52 Misleading or deceptive conduct.................................................159
53 False or misleading representations.............................................159
53A False representations and other misleading or offensive
conduct in relation to land ..........................................................160
53B Misleading conduct in relation to employment ............................161
53C Cash price to be stated in certain circumstances...........................161
54 Offering gifts and prizes.............................................................161
55 Misleading conduct to which Industrial Property Convention
applies .......................................................................................162
55A Certain misleading conduct in relation to services .......................162
56 Bait advertising..........................................................................162
57 Referral selling ..........................................................................162
58 Accepting payment without intending or being able to supply
as ordered ..................................................................................163
59 Misleading representations about certain business activities.........163
60 Harassment and coercion............................................................164
63A Unsolicited credit and debit cards ...............................................164
64 Assertion of right to payment for unsolicited goods or
services or for making entry in directory .....................................165
65 Liability of recipient of unsolicited goods ...................................168
65A Application of provisions of Division to prescribed
information providers.................................................................169
Division 1AAA—Pyramid selling 172
65AAA Overview...................................................................................172
65AAB Definitions.................................................................................172
65AAC Pyramid selling schemes—participation......................................173
65AAD What is a pyramid selling scheme? .............................................173
65AAE Marketing schemes—are they pyramid selling schemes?.............174
Division 1AA—Country of origin representations 175
Subdivision A—General 175
65AA Overview...................................................................................175
65AB General test for country of origin representations ........................175
65AC Test for representations that goods are product of/produce of
a country....................................................................................175
65AD Test for representations made by means of prescribed logo..........176

Trade Practices Act 1974 ix

 65AE Substantial transformation of goods ............................................176
65AF Method of working out costs of production or manufacture .........177
Subdivision B—Cost of production or manufacture of goods 177
65AG Definitions.................................................................................177
65AH Cost of producing or manufacturing goods..................................177
65AJ Expenditure on materials............................................................178
65AK Expenditure on labour ................................................................178
65AL Expenditure on overheads...........................................................179
65AM Regulations may prescribe rules for determining the local
percentage costs of production or manufacture ............................179
Subdivision C—Evidentiary matters 180
65AN Proceedings relating to false, misleading or deceptive
conduct or representations ..........................................................180
Division 1A—Product safety and product information 181
65B Warning notice to public ............................................................181
65C Product safety standards and unsafe goods ..................................181
65D Product information standards ....................................................183
65E Power of Minister to declare product safety or information
standards ...................................................................................185
65F Compulsory product recall .........................................................186
65G Compliance with product recall order .........................................189
65H Loss or damage caused by contravention of product recall
order..........................................................................................189
65J Opportunity for conference to be afforded before certain
powers exercised........................................................................190
65K Recommendation after conclusion of conference.........................191
65L Exception in case of danger to public..........................................192
65M Conference after goods banned...................................................192
65N Recommendation after conclusion of conference.........................193
65P Minister to have regard to recommendation of Commission.........194
65Q Power to obtain information, documents and evidence.................194
65R Notification of voluntary recall...................................................198
65S Copies of certain notices to be given to suppliers or
published in certain newspapers..................................................198
65T Certain action not to affect insurance contracts............................199
Division 2—Conditions and warranties in consumer transactions 200
66 Interpretation .............................................................................200
66A Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods .......200
67 Conflict of laws .........................................................................201
68 Application of provisions not to be excluded or modified ............201

x Trade Practices Act 1974

 68A Limitation of liability for breach of certain conditions or
warranties ..................................................................................201
68B Limitation of liability in relation to supply of recreational
services......................................................................................203
69 Implied undertakings as to title, encumbrances and quiet
possession..................................................................................204
70 Supply by description.................................................................206
71 Implied undertakings as to quality or fitness................................206
72 Supply by sample.......................................................................207
73 Liability for loss or damage from breach of certain contracts .......207
73A Continuing credit contract ..........................................................214
73B Loan contract.............................................................................215
74 Warranties in relation to the supply of services............................216
Division 2A—Actions against manufacturers and importers of
goods 218
74A Interpretation .............................................................................218
74B Actions in respect of unsuitable goods ........................................220
74C Actions in respect of false descriptions .......................................221
74D Actions in respect of goods of unmerchantable quality ................223
74E Actions in respect of non-correspondence with samples etc. ........224
74F Actions in respect of failure to provide facilities for repairs
or parts ......................................................................................225
74G Actions in respect of non-compliance with express warranty .......227
74H Right of seller to recover against manufacturer or importer..........228
74J Time for commencing actions.....................................................229
74K Application of Division not to be excluded or modified...............230
74L Limitation in certain circumstances of liability of
manufacturer to seller.................................................................230
74M The effect of Part VIB on this Division .......................................231
Division 3—Miscellaneous 232
75 Saving of other laws and remedies..............................................232
75A Rescission of contracts ...............................................................232

Part VA—Liability of manufacturers and importers for

defective goods 234
75AA Interpretation .............................................................................234
75AB Certain interpretation provisions (importers and others taken
to be manufacturers etc.) apply to this Part..................................235
75AC Meaning of goods having defect .................................................235
75AD Liability for defective goods causing injuries—loss by
injured individual.......................................................................236

Trade Practices Act 1974 xi

 75AE Liability for defective goods causing injuries—loss by
person other than injured individual............................................236
75AF Liability for defective goods—loss relating to other goods ..........237
75AG Liability for defective goods—loss relating to buildings etc.........238
75AH Survival of liability actions.........................................................238
75AI No liability action where workers’ compensation or law
giving effect to an international agreement applies ......................238
75AJ Unidentified manufacturer..........................................................239
75AK Defences....................................................................................239
75AL Commonwealth liability for goods that are defective only
because of compliance with Commonwealth mandatory
standard.....................................................................................240
75AM Liability joint and several ...........................................................241
75AN Contributory acts or omissions to reduce compensation ...............241
75AO Time for commencing actions.....................................................241
75AP Application of provisions not to be excluded or modified ............242
75AQ Representative actions by the Commission..................................242
75AR Saving of other laws and remedies..............................................242
75AS Jurisdiction of courts ..................................................................243

Part VB—Price exploitation in relation to A New Tax System 244

75AT Definitions.................................................................................244
75AU Price exploitation in relation to New Tax System changes ...........245
75AV Price exploitation—guidelines about when prices contravene
section 75AU.............................................................................246
75AW Commission may issue notice to corporation it considers has
contravened section 75AU..........................................................247
75AX Commission may issue notice to aid prevention of price
exploitation................................................................................247
75AY Commission may monitor prices.................................................248
75AYA Prohibition on misrepresenting the effect of the New Tax
System changes..........................................................................250
75AZ Reporting...................................................................................250

Part VC—Offences 252

Division 1—Application of Part 252
75AZA Part does not apply to financial services......................................252
Division 2—Offences relating to unfair practices 253
75AZB Interpretation .............................................................................253
75AZC False or misleading representations.............................................253
75AZD False representations and other misleading or offensive
conduct in relation to land ..........................................................254
75AZE Misleading conduct in relation to employment ............................256

xii Trade Practices Act 1974

 75AZF Cash price to be stated in certain circumstances...........................257
75AZG Offering gifts and prizes.............................................................258
75AZH Misleading conduct to which Industrial Property Convention
applies .......................................................................................258
75AZI Certain misleading conduct in relation to services .......................259
75AZJ Bait advertising..........................................................................259
75AZK Referral selling ..........................................................................261
75AZL Accepting payment without intending or being able to supply
as ordered ..................................................................................261
75AZM Misleading representations about certain business activities.........262
75AZN Harassment and coercion............................................................263
75AZO Pyramid selling..........................................................................264
75AZP Unsolicited credit and debit cards ...............................................264
75AZQ Assertion of right to payment for unsolicited goods or
services or for making an entry in a directory..............................266
75AZR Application of provisions of Division to prescribed
information providers.................................................................269
Division 3—Offences relating to product safety and product
information 271
75AZS Product safety standards and unsafe goods ..................................271
75AZT Product information standards ....................................................272
75AZU Compliance with product recall notice ........................................273

Part VI—Enforcement and remedies 275

75B Interpretation .............................................................................275
76 Pecuniary penalties ....................................................................275
76A Defence to proceedings under section 76 relating to a
contravention of section 75AYA.................................................277
76B What happens if substantially the same conduct is a
contravention of section 75AYA and an offence? ........................278
77 Civil action for recovery of pecuniary penalties...........................279
78 Criminal proceedings not to be brought for contraventions of
Part IV or V or section 75AU or 75AYA ....................................279
79 Offences against Part VC etc. .....................................................280
79A Enforcement and recovery of certain fines ..................................281
79B Preference must be given to compensation for victims.................283
80 Injunctions.................................................................................284
80AA Division 7 of Part VI of the Workplace Relations Act does
not prevent granting of injunction ...............................................287
80AB Stay of injunctions .....................................................................287
80B Section 75AU contraventions—orders limiting prices or
requiring refunds of money.........................................................288
81 Divestiture.................................................................................289

Trade Practices Act 1974 xiii

 82 Actions for damages...................................................................291
83 Finding in proceedings to be evidence ........................................292
84 Conduct by directors, servants or agents .....................................292
85 Defences....................................................................................293
86 Jurisdiction of courts ..................................................................296
86AA Limit on jurisdiction of Federal Magistrates Court in
proceedings under section 82......................................................297
86A Transfer of matters.....................................................................297
86B Transfer of certain proceedings to Family Court..........................299
86C Non-punitive orders ...................................................................301
86D Punitive orders—adverse publicity .............................................302
87 Other orders...............................................................................303
87A Power of Court to prohibit payment or transfer of moneys or
other property ............................................................................307
87AA Special provision relating to Court’s exercise of powers
under this Part in relation to boycott conduct...............................309
87AB Limit on liability for misleading or deceptive conduct .................310
87B Enforcement of undertakings......................................................312
87C Enforcement of undertakings—Secretary to the Department ........312
87CA Intervention by Commission.......................................................313
87CAA The effect of Part VIB on this Part..............................................313

Part VIA—Proportionate liability for misleading and deceptive

conduct 314
87CB Application of Part.....................................................................314
87CC Certain concurrent wrongdoers not to have benefit of
apportionment............................................................................314
87CD Proportionate liability for apportionable claims...........................315
87CE Defendant to notify plaintiff of concurrent wrongdoer of
whom defendant aware...............................................................316
87CF Contribution not recoverable from defendant ..............................316
87CG Subsequent actions.....................................................................317
87CH Joining non-party concurrent wrongdoer in the action .................317
87CI Application of Part.....................................................................317

Part VIB—Claims for damages or compensation for death or

personal injury 319
Division 1—Introduction 319
87D Definitions.................................................................................319
87E Proceedings to which this Part applies ........................................320
Division 2—Limitation periods 322
87F Basic rule...................................................................................322

xiv Trade Practices Act 1974

 87G Date of discoverability ...............................................................323
87H Long-stop period........................................................................325
87J The effect of minority or incapacity ............................................325
87K The effect of close relationships..................................................326
Division 3—Limits on personal injury damages for
non-economic loss 327
87L Limits on damages for non-economic loss...................................327
87M Maximum amount of damages for non-economic loss .................327
87N Index numbers ...........................................................................328
87P Most extreme cases ....................................................................328
87Q Cases of 33% or more (but not 100%) of a most extreme
case ...........................................................................................329
87R Cases of 15% or more (but less than 33%) of a most extreme
case ...........................................................................................329
87S Cases of less than 15% of a most extreme case............................330
87T Referring to earlier decisions on non-economic loss ....................330
Division 4—Limits on personal injury damages for loss of
earning capacity 331
87U Personal injury damages for loss of earning capacity ...................331
87V Average weekly earnings............................................................331
Division 5—Limits on personal injury damages for gratuitous
attendant care services 333
87W Personal injury damages for gratuitous attendant care
services for plaintiff ...................................................................333
87X Personal injury damages for loss of plaintiff’s capacity to
provide gratuitous attendant care services ...................................334
Division 6—Other limits on personal injury damages 336
87Y Damages for future economic loss—discount rate .......................336
87Z Damages for loss of superannuation entitlements ........................336
87ZA Interest on damages....................................................................337
87ZB Exemplary and aggravated damages ...........................................338
Division 7—Structured settlements 339
87ZC Court may make orders under section 87 for structured
settlements.................................................................................339

Part VII—Authorizations and notifications in respect of

restrictive trade practices 340
Division 1—Authorizations 340
87ZD Definitions.................................................................................340
88 Power of Commission to grant authorisations..............................340

Trade Practices Act 1974 xv

 89 Procedure for applications and the keeping of a register...............346
90 Determination of applications for authorisations..........................349
90A Commission to afford opportunity for conference before
determining application for authorisation ....................................354
91 Grant and variation of authorisations ..........................................358
91A Minor variations of authorizations ..............................................360
91B Revocation of an authorization ...................................................362
91C Revocation of an authorization and substitution of a
replacement ...............................................................................363
Division 2—Notifications 366
93 Notification of exclusive dealing ................................................366
93A Commission to afford opportunity for conference before
giving notice in relation to exclusive dealing...............................371
95 Register of notifications .............................................................373

Part VIIA—Prices surveillance 377

Division 1—Preliminary 377
95A Interpretation .............................................................................377
95B Exempt supplies.........................................................................381
95C Application of Part.....................................................................381
95D Crown to be bound.....................................................................382
95E Object of this Part ......................................................................382
95F Simplified overview of this Part..................................................383
Division 2—Commission’s functions under this Part 384
95G Commission’s functions under this Part ......................................384
Division 3—Price inquiries 386
Subdivision A—Holding of inquiries 386
95H Price inquiries............................................................................386
95J Content of inquiry notices ..........................................................387
95K Period for completing inquiry.....................................................388
95L Notice of holding of inquiry .......................................................389
95M Notice of extension of period for completing inquiry...................389
95N Price restrictions ........................................................................390
Subdivision B—Reports on inquiries 392
95P Copies of report to be made available .........................................392
95Q Notification of proposed prices after receipt of report..................393
Subdivision C—Procedure at inquiries 394
95R Public inquiries etc.....................................................................394
95S Taking of evidence on oath or affirmation...................................395

xvi Trade Practices Act 1974

 95T Failure of witness to attend.........................................................396
95U Refusal to be sworn or to answer question...................................396
95V Protection of witnesses...............................................................397
95W Allowances to witnesses.............................................................397
Division 4—Price notifications 399
95X Declarations by Minister or Commission ....................................399
95Y Declarations in relation to State or Territory authorities...............399
95Z Price restrictions ........................................................................401
95ZA Later notices modifying a locality notice.....................................404
95ZB Applicable period in relation to a locality notice..........................404
95ZC Register of price notifications.....................................................405
95ZD Delegation by Commission.........................................................406
Division 5—Price monitoring 408
95ZE Directions to monitor prices, costs and profits of an industry .......408
95ZF Directions to monitor prices, costs and profits of a business.........408
95ZG Exceptions to price monitoring ...................................................409
Division 6—Other provisions 410
95ZH Ministerial directions .................................................................410
95ZI Inquiries by an unincorporated body or a group of 2 or more
individuals.................................................................................410
95ZJ Withdrawal of notices ................................................................411
95ZK Power to obtain information or documents ..................................411
95ZL Inspection of documents etc........................................................414
95ZM Retention of documents..............................................................415
95ZN Confidential information ............................................................415
95ZO Immunity...................................................................................416
95ZP Secrecy: members or staff members of the Commission etc. ........417
95ZQ Secrecy: persons involved in inquiries by bodies other than
the Commission .........................................................................418

Part VIII—Resale price maintenance 421

96 Acts constituting engaging in resale price maintenance................421
96A Resale price maintenance in relation to services ..........................423
97 Recommended prices .................................................................424
98 Withholding the supply of goods ................................................424
99 Statements as to the minimum price of goods..............................425
100 Evidentiary provisions................................................................426

Trade Practices Act 1974 xvii

Part IX—Review by Tribunal of Determinations of
Commission 427
Division 1—Applications for Review 427
101 Applications for review ..............................................................427
101A Application for review of notice under subsection 93(3) or
(3A)...........................................................................................428
102 Functions and powers of Tribunal...............................................428
Division 2—Procedure and Evidence 432
103 Procedure generally....................................................................432
104 Regulations as to certain matters.................................................432
105 Power to take evidence on oath...................................................433
106 Hearings to be in public except in special circumstances..............433
107 Evidence in form of written statement.........................................433
108 Taking of evidence by single member.........................................434
109 Participants in proceedings before Tribunal.................................434
110 Representation ...........................................................................434

xviii Trade Practices Act 1974

An Act relating to certain Trade Practices

Part I—Preliminary

1 Short title [see Note 1]

This Act may be cited as the Trade Practices Act 1974.

2 Object of this Act

The object of this Act is to enhance the welfare of Australians

through the promotion of competition and fair trading and
provision for consumer protection.

2A Application of Act to Commonwealth and Commonwealth

authorities

(1) Subject to this section and sections 44E and 95D, this Act binds the
Crown in right of the Commonwealth in so far as the Crown in
right of the Commonwealth carries on a business, either directly or
by an authority of the Commonwealth.

(2) Subject to the succeeding provisions of this section, this Act

applies as if:
(a) the Commonwealth, in so far as it carries on a business
otherwise than by an authority of the Commonwealth; and
(b) each authority of the Commonwealth (whether or not acting
as an agent of the Crown in right of the Commonwealth) in
so far as it carries on a business;
were a corporation.
(3) Nothing in this Act makes the Crown in right of the
Commonwealth liable to a pecuniary penalty or to be prosecuted
for an offence.
(3A) The protection in subsection (3) does not apply to an authority of
the Commonwealth.

Trade Practices Act 1974 1

Part I Preliminary

Section 2B
(4) Part IV does not apply in relation to the business carried on by the
Commonwealth in developing, and disposing of interests in, land
in the Australian Capital Territory.

2B Application of Act to States and Territories

(1) The following provisions of this Act bind the Crown in right of
each of the States, of the Northern Territory and of the Australian
Capital Territory, so far as the Crown carries on a business, either
directly or by an authority of the State or Territory:
(a) Part IV;
(aa) Part VB;
(b) Part XIB;
(c) the other provisions of this Act so far as they relate to the
above provisions.

(2) Nothing in this Act renders the Crown in right of a State or

Territory liable to a pecuniary penalty or to be prosecuted for an
offence.

(3) The protection in subsection (2) does not apply to an authority of a

State or Territory.

2C Activities that are not business

(1) For the purposes of sections 2A and 2B, the following do not
amount to carrying on a business:
(a) imposing or collecting:
(i) taxes; or
(ii) levies; or
(iii) fees for licences;
(b) granting, refusing to grant, revoking, suspending or varying
licences (whether or not they are subject to conditions);
(c) a transaction involving:
(i) only persons who are all acting for the Crown in the
same right (and none of whom is an authority of the
Commonwealth or an authority of a State or Territory);
or

2 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 2C
(ii) only persons who are all acting for the same authority of
the Commonwealth; or
(iii) only persons who are all acting for the same authority of
a State or Territory; or
(iv) only the Crown in right of the Commonwealth and one
or more non-commercial authorities of the
Commonwealth; or
(v) only the Crown in right of a State or Territory and one
or more non-commercial authorities of that State or
Territory; or
(vi) only non-commercial authorities of the Commonwealth;
or
(vii) only non-commercial authorities of the same State or
Territory;
(d) the acquisition of primary products by a government body
under legislation, unless the acquisition occurs because:
(i) the body chooses to acquire the products; or
(ii) the body has not exercised a discretion that it has under
the legislation that would allow it not to acquire the
products.
(2) Subsection (1) does not limit the things that do not amount to
carrying on a business for the purposes of sections 2A and 2B.
(3) In this section:

acquisition of primary products by a government body under

legislation includes vesting of ownership of primary products in a
government body by legislation.
government body means the Commonwealth, a State, a Territory,
an authority of the Commonwealth or an authority of a State or
Territory.
licence means a licence that allows the licensee to supply goods or
services.

Trade Practices Act 1974 3

Part I Preliminary

Section 2D
primary products means:
(a) agricultural or horticultural produce; or
(b) crops, whether on or attached to the land or not; or
(c) animals (whether dead or alive); or
(d) the bodily produce (including natural increase) of animals.

(4) For the purposes of this section, an authority of the

Commonwealth or an authority of a State or Territory is
non-commercial if:
(a) it is constituted by only one person; and
(b) it is neither a trading corporation nor a financial corporation.

2D Exemption of certain activities of local government bodies from

Part IV

(1) Part IV does not apply to:

(a) the refusal to grant, or the granting, suspension or variation
of, licences (whether or not they are subject to conditions) by
a local government body; or
(b) a transaction involving only persons who are acting for the
same local government body.

(2) In this section:

licence means a licence that allows the licensee to supply goods or
services.
local government body means a body established by or under a law
of a State or Territory for the purposes of local government, other
than a body established solely or primarily for the purposes of
providing a particular service, such as the supply of electricity or
water.

3 Repeal

The Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1971 and the Restrictive Trade
Practices Act 1972 are repealed.

4 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 4
4 Interpretation

(1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:

acquire includes:
(a) in relation to goods—acquire by way of purchase, exchange
or taking on lease, on hire or on hire-purchase; and
(b) in relation to services—accept.

arrive at, in relation to an understanding, includes reach or enter

into.
authority, in relation to a State or Territory (including an external
Territory), means:
(a) a body corporate established for a purpose of the State or the
Territory by or under a law of the State or Territory; or
(b) an incorporated company in which the State or the Territory,
or a body corporate referred to in paragraph (a), has a
controlling interest.
authority of the Commonwealth means:
(a) a body corporate established for a purpose of the
Commonwealth by or under a law of the Commonwealth or a
law of a Territory; or
(b) an incorporated company in which the Commonwealth, or a
body corporate referred to in paragraph (a), has a controlling
interest.
authorization means an authorization under Division 1 of Part VII
granted by the Commission or by the Tribunal on a review of a
determination of the Commission.
banker includes, but is not limited to, a body corporate that is an
ADI (authorised deposit-taking institution) for the purposes of the
Banking Act 1959.
business includes a business not carried on for profit.

Chairperson means the Chairperson of the Commission.

commencing date means 1 October 1974.

Trade Practices Act 1974 5

Part I Preliminary

Section 4
Commission means the Australian Competition and Consumer
Commission established by section 6A, and includes a member of
the Commission or a Division of the Commission performing
functions of the Commission.
competition includes competition from imported goods or from
services rendered by persons not resident or not carrying on
business in Australia.
Competition Principles Agreement means the Competition
Principles Agreement made on 11 April 1995 between the
Commonwealth, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western
Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, the Australian Capital
Territory and the Northern Territory, being that agreement as in
force from time to time.

Conduct Code Agreement means the Conduct Code Agreement

made on 11 April 1995 between the Commonwealth, New South
Wales, Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia,
Tasmania, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern
Territory, being that agreement as in force from time to time.
corporation means a body corporate that:
(a) is a foreign corporation;
(b) is a trading corporation formed within the limits of Australia
or is a financial corporation so formed;
(c) is incorporated in a Territory; or
(d) is the holding company of a body corporate of a kind referred
to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c).
Council means the National Competition Council established by
section 29A.
Councillor means a member of the Council, including the Council
President.

Council President means the Council President referred to in

subsection 29C(1).
covenant means a covenant (including a promise not under seal)
annexed to or running with an estate or interest in land (whether at

6 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 4
law or in equity and whether or not for the benefit of other land),
and proposed covenant has a corresponding meaning.
debenture includes debenture stock, bonds, notes and any other
document evidencing or acknowledging indebtedness of a body
corporate, whether constituting a charge on property of the body
corporate or not.
Deputy Chairperson means the Deputy Chairperson of the
Commission.
Deputy President means a Deputy President of the Tribunal, and
includes a person appointed to act as a Deputy President of the
Tribunal.
Deputy Registrar means a Deputy Registrar of the Tribunal.
document includes:
(a) a book, plan, paper, parchment or other material on which
there is writing or printing, or on which there are marks,
symbols or perforations having a meaning for persons
qualified to interpret them; and
(b) a disc, tape, paper or other device from which sounds or
messages are capable of being reproduced.
Family Court Judge means a Judge of the Family Court (including
the Chief Judge, the Deputy Chief Judge, a Judge Administrator or
a Senior Judge).
financial corporation means a financial corporation within the
meaning of paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution and includes a
body corporate that carries on as its sole or principal business the
business of banking (other than State banking not extending
beyond the limits of the State concerned) or insurance (other than
State insurance not extending beyond the limits of the State
concerned).
financial product has the same meaning as in Division 2 of Part 2
of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001.

Trade Practices Act 1974 7

Part I Preliminary

Section 4
financial service has the same meaning as in Division 2 of Part 2
of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001.
foreign corporation means a foreign corporation within the
meaning of paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution and includes a
body corporate that is incorporated in an external Territory.
fully-participating jurisdiction means a State or Territory that:
(a) is a participating jurisdiction as defined in section 150A; and
(b) is not named in a notice in operation under section 150K.
give effect to, in relation to a provision of a contract, arrangement
or understanding, includes do an act or thing in pursuance of or in
accordance with or enforce or purport to enforce.
goods includes:
(a) ships, aircraft and other vehicles;
(b) animals, including fish;
(c) minerals, trees and crops, whether on, under or attached to
land or not; and
(d) gas and electricity.
member of the Commission includes the Chairperson and a person
appointed to act as a member of the Commission but does not
include an associate member of the Commission.
member of the Tribunal includes the President and a person
appointed to act as a member of the Tribunal.
New Zealand Commerce Commission means the Commission
established by section 8 of the Commerce Act 1986 of New
Zealand.
New Zealand Crown corporation means a body corporate that is
an instrument of the Crown in respect of the Government of New
Zealand.
organisation of employees means an organisation that exists or is
carried on for the purpose, or for purposes that include the purpose,
of furthering the interests of its members in relation to their
employment.

8 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 4
personal injury has (except in section 68B) a meaning affected by
section 4KA.
practice of exclusive dealing means the practice of exclusive
dealing referred to in subsection 47(2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) or
(9).
practice of resale price maintenance means the practice of resale
price maintenance referred to in Part VIII.

President means the President of the Tribunal and includes a

person appointed to act as President of the Tribunal.
presidential member or presidential member of the Tribunal
means the President or a Deputy President.
price includes a charge of any description.

provision, in relation to an understanding, means any matter

forming part of the understanding.
Registrar means the Registrar of the Tribunal.
require, in relation to the giving of a covenant, means require or
demand the giving of a covenant, whether by way of making a
contract containing the covenant or otherwise, and whether or not a
covenant is given in pursuance of the requirement or demand.

send includes deliver, and sent and sender have corresponding

meanings.
services includes any rights (including rights in relation to, and
interests in, real or personal property), benefits, privileges or
facilities that are, or are to be, provided, granted or conferred in
trade or commerce, and without limiting the generality of the
foregoing, includes the rights, benefits, privileges or facilities that
are, or are to be, provided, granted or conferred under:
(a) a contract for or in relation to:
(i) the performance of work (including work of a
professional nature), whether with or without the supply
of goods;

Trade Practices Act 1974 9

Part I Preliminary

Section 4
(ii) the provision of, or the use or enjoyment of facilities
for, amusement, entertainment, recreation or instruction;
or
(iii) the conferring of rights, benefits or privileges for which
remuneration is payable in the form of a royalty, tribute,
levy or similar exaction;
(b) a contract of insurance;
(c) a contract between a banker and a customer of the banker
entered into in the course of the carrying on by the banker of
the business of banking; or
(d) any contract for or in relation to the lending of moneys;
but does not include rights or benefits being the supply of goods or
the performance of work under a contract of service.
share includes stock.

supply, when used as a verb, includes:

(a) in relation to goods—supply (including re-supply) by way of
sale, exchange, lease, hire or hire-purchase; and
(b) in relation to services—provide, grant or confer;
and, when used as a noun, has a corresponding meaning, and
supplied and supplier have corresponding meanings.
Territory means:
(a) an internal Territory; or
(b) the Territory of Christmas Island; or
(c) the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

the Court or the Federal Court means the Federal Court of

Australia.
the Family Court means the Family Court of Australia.

trade or commerce means trade or commerce within Australia or

between Australia and places outside Australia.
trading corporation means a trading corporation within the
meaning of paragraph 51(xx) of the Constitution.

10 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 4
Tribunal means the Australian Competition Tribunal, and includes
a member of that Tribunal or a Division of that Tribunal
performing functions of that Tribunal.
unsolicited goods means goods sent to a person without any
request made by him or her or on his or her behalf.
unsolicited services means services supplied to a person without
any request made by him or her or on his or her behalf.

(2) In this Act:

(a) a reference to engaging in conduct shall be read as a
reference to doing or refusing to do any act, including the
making of, or the giving effect to a provision of, a contract or
arrangement, the arriving at, or the giving effect to a
provision of, an understanding or the requiring of the giving
of, or the giving of, a covenant;
(b) a reference to conduct, when that expression is used as a
noun otherwise than as mentioned in paragraph (a), shall be
read as a reference to the doing of or the refusing to do any
act, including the making of, or the giving effect to a
provision of, a contract or arrangement, the arriving at, or the
giving effect to a provision of, an understanding or the
requiring of the giving of, or the giving of, a covenant;
(c) a reference to refusing to do an act includes a reference to:
(i) refraining (otherwise than inadvertently) from doing
that act; or
(ii) making it known that that act will not be done; and
(d) a reference to a person offering to do an act, or to do an act
on a particular condition, includes a reference to the person
making it known that the person will accept applications,
offers or proposals for the person to do that act or to do that
act on that condition, as the case may be.
(3) Where a provision of this Act is expressed to render a provision of
a contract, or to render a covenant, unenforceable if the provision
of the contract or the covenant has or is likely to have a particular
effect, that provision of this Act applies in relation to the provision
of the contract or the covenant at any time when the provision of

Trade Practices Act 1974 11

Part I Preliminary

Section 4A
the contract or the covenant has or is likely to have that effect
notwithstanding that:
(a) at an earlier time the provision of the contract or the covenant
did not have that effect or was not regarded as likely to have
that effect; or
(b) the provision of the contract or the covenant will not or may
not have that effect at a later time.
(4) In this Act:
(a) a reference to the acquisition of shares in the capital of a
body corporate shall be construed as a reference to an
acquisition, whether alone or jointly with another person, of
any legal or equitable interest in such shares; and
(b) a reference to the acquisition of assets of a person shall be
construed as a reference to an acquisition, whether alone or
jointly with another person, of any legal or equitable interest
in such assets but does not include a reference to an
acquisition by way of charge only or an acquisition in the
ordinary course of business.

4A Subsidiary, holding and related bodies corporate

(1) For the purposes of this Act, a body corporate shall, subject to
subsection (3), be deemed to be a subsidiary of another body
corporate if:
(a) that other body corporate:
(i) controls the composition of the board of directors of the
first-mentioned body corporate;
(ii) is in a position to cast, or control the casting of, more
than one-half of the maximum number of votes that
might be cast at a general meeting of the first-mentioned
body corporate; or
(iii) holds more than one-half of the allotted share capital of
the first-mentioned body corporate (excluding any part
of that allotted share capital that carries no right to
participate beyond a specified amount in a distribution
of either profits or capital); or

12 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 4A
(b) the first-mentioned body corporate is a subsidiary of any
body corporate that is that other body corporate’s subsidiary
(including any body corporate that is that other body
corporate’s subsidiary by another application or other
applications of this paragraph).
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the composition of a body
corporate’s board of directors shall be deemed to be controlled by
another body corporate if that other body corporate, by the exercise
of some power exercisable by it without the consent or concurrence
of any other person, can appoint or remove all or a majority of the
directors, and for the purposes of this provision that other body
corporate shall be deemed to have power to make such an
appointment if:
(a) a person cannot be appointed as a director without the
exercise in his or her favour by that other body corporate of
such a power; or
(b) a person’s appointment as a director follows necessarily from
his or her being a director or other officer of that other body
corporate.
(3) In determining whether a body corporate is a subsidiary of another
body corporate:
(a) any shares held or power exercisable by that other body
corporate in a fiduciary capacity shall be treated as not held
or exercisable by it;
(b) subject to paragraphs (c) and (d), any shares held or power
exercisable:
(i) by any person as a nominee for that other body
corporate (except where that other body corporate is
concerned only in a fiduciary capacity); or
(ii) by, or by a nominee for, a subsidiary of that other body
corporate, not being a subsidiary that is concerned only
in a fiduciary capacity;
shall be treated as held or exercisable by that other body
corporate;
(c) any shares held or power exercisable by any person by virtue
of the provisions of any debentures of the first-mentioned

Trade Practices Act 1974 13

Part I Preliminary

Section 4B
body corporate, or of a trust deed for securing any allotment
of such debentures, shall be disregarded; and
(d) any shares held or power exercisable by, or by a nominee for,
that other body corporate or its subsidiary (not being held or
exercisable as mentioned in paragraph (c)) shall be treated as
not held or exercisable by that other body corporate if the
ordinary business of that other body corporate or its
subsidiary, as the case may be, includes the lending of money
and the shares are held or the power is exercisable by way of
security only for the purposes of a transaction entered into in
the ordinary course of that business.

(4) A reference in this Act to the holding company of a body corporate

shall be read as a reference to a body corporate of which that other
body corporate is a subsidiary.

(5) Where a body corporate:

(a) is the holding company of another body corporate;
(b) is a subsidiary of another body corporate; or
(c) is a subsidiary of the holding company of another body
corporate;
that first-mentioned body corporate and that other body corporate
shall, for the purposes of this Act, be deemed to be related to each
other.
(6) In proceedings under this Act, whether in the Court or before the
Tribunal or the Commission, it shall be presumed, unless the
contrary is established, that bodies corporate are not, or were not at
a particular time, related to each other.

4B Consumers

(1) For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:
(a) a person shall be taken to have acquired particular goods as a
consumer if, and only if:
(i) the price of the goods did not exceed the prescribed
amount; or

14 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 4B
(ii) where that price exceeded the prescribed amount—the
goods were of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal,
domestic or household use or consumption or the goods
consisted of a commercial road vehicle;
and the person did not acquire the goods, or hold himself or
herself out as acquiring the goods, for the purpose of
re-supply or for the purpose of using them up or transforming
them, in trade or commerce, in the course of a process of
production or manufacture or of repairing or treating other
goods or fixtures on land; and
(b) a person shall be taken to have acquired particular services as
a consumer if, and only if:
(i) the price of the services did not exceed the prescribed
amount; or
(ii) where that price exceeded the prescribed amount—the
services were of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal,
domestic or household use or consumption.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1):

(a) the prescribed amount is $40,000 or, if a greater amount is
prescribed for the purposes of this paragraph, that greater
amount;
(b) subject to paragraph (c), the price of goods or services
purchased by a person shall be taken to have been the amount
paid or payable by the person for the goods or services;
(c) where a person purchased goods or services together with
other property or services, or with both other property and
services, and a specified price was not allocated to the goods
or services in the contract under which they were purchased,
the price of the goods or services shall be taken to have been:
(i) the price at which, at the time of the acquisition, the
person could have purchased from the supplier the
goods or services without the other property or services;
(ii) if, at the time of the acquisition, the goods or services
were not available for purchase from the supplier except
together with the other property or services but, at that
time, goods or services of the kind acquired were
available for purchase from another supplier without

Trade Practices Act 1974 15

Part I Preliminary

Section 4B
other property or services—the lowest price at which
the person could, at that time, reasonably have
purchased goods or services of that kind from another
supplier; or
(iii) if, at the time of the acquisition, goods or services of the
kind acquired were not available for purchase from any
supplier except together with other property or
services—the value of the goods or services at that time;
(d) where a person acquired goods or services otherwise than by
way of purchase, the price of the goods or services shall be
taken to have been:
(i) the price at which, at the time of the acquisition, the
person could have purchased the goods or services from
the supplier;
(ii) if, at the time of the acquisition, the goods or services
were not available for purchase from the supplier or
were so available only together with other property or
services but, at that time, goods or services of the kind
acquired were available for purchase from another
supplier—the lowest price at which the person could, at
that time, reasonably have purchased goods or services
of that kind from another supplier; or
(iii) if goods or services of the kind acquired were not
available, at the time of the acquisition, for purchase
from any supplier or were not so available except
together with other property or services—the value of
the goods or services at that time; and
(e) without limiting by implication the meaning of the
expression services in subsection 4(1), the obtaining of credit
by a person in connection with the acquisition of goods or
services by him or her shall be deemed to be the acquisition
by him or her of a service and any amount by which the
amount paid or payable by him or her for the goods or
services is increased by reason of his or her so obtaining
credit shall be deemed to be paid or payable by him or her for
that service.

16 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 4C
(3) Where it is alleged in any proceeding under this Act or in any other
proceeding in respect of a matter arising under this Act that a
person was a consumer in relation to particular goods or services, it
shall be presumed, unless the contrary is established, that the
person was a consumer in relation to those goods or services.
(4) In this section, commercial road vehicle means a vehicle or trailer
acquired for use principally in the transport of goods on public
roads.

4C Acquisition, supply and re-supply

In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears:

(a) a reference to the acquisition of goods includes a reference to
the acquisition of property in, or rights in relation to, goods
in pursuance of a supply of the goods;
(b) a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods or services
includes a reference to agreeing to supply or acquire goods or
services;
(c) a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods includes a
reference to the supply or acquisition of goods together with
other property or services, or both;
(d) a reference to the supply or acquisition of services includes a
reference to the supply or acquisition of services together
with property or other services, or both;
(e) a reference to the re-supply of goods acquired from a person
includes a reference to:
(i) a supply of the goods to another person in an altered
form or condition; and
(ii) a supply to another person of goods in which the
first-mentioned goods have been incorporated;
(f) a reference to the re-supply of services (the original services)
acquired from a person (the original supplier) includes a
reference to:
(i) a supply of the original services to another person in an
altered form or condition; and
(ii) a supply to another person of other services that are
substantially similar to the original services, and could

Trade Practices Act 1974 17

Part I Preliminary

Section 4D
not have been supplied if the original services had not
been acquired by the person who acquired them from
the original supplier.

4D Exclusionary provisions

(1) A provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding, or of a

proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, shall be taken to
be an exclusionary provision for the purposes of this Act if:
(a) the contract or arrangement was made, or the understanding
was arrived at, or the proposed contract or arrangement is to
be made, or the proposed understanding is to be arrived at,
between persons any 2 or more of whom are competitive
with each other; and
(b) the provision has the purpose of preventing, restricting or
limiting:
(i) the supply of goods or services to, or the acquisition of
goods or services from, particular persons or classes of
persons; or
(ii) the supply of goods or services to, or the acquisition of
goods or services from, particular persons or classes of
persons in particular circumstances or on particular
conditions;
by all or any of the parties to the contract, arrangement or
understanding or of the proposed parties to the proposed
contract, arrangement or understanding or, if a party or
proposed party is a body corporate, by a body corporate that
is related to the body corporate.
(2) A person shall be deemed to be competitive with another person
for the purposes of subsection (1) if, and only if, the
first-mentioned person or a body corporate that is related to that
person is, or is likely to be, or, but for the provision of any
contract, arrangement or understanding or of any proposed
contract, arrangement or understanding, would be, or would be
likely to be, in competition with the other person, or with a body
corporate that is related to the other person, in relation to the
supply or acquisition of all or any of the goods or services to which

18 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 4E
the relevant provision of the contract, arrangement or
understanding or of the proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding relates.

4E Market

For the purposes of this Act, unless the contrary intention appears,
market means a market in Australia and, when used in relation to
any goods or services, includes a market for those goods or
services and other goods or services that are substitutable for, or
otherwise competitive with, the first-mentioned goods or services.

4F References to purpose or reason

(1) For the purposes of this Act:

(a) a provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding or of
a proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, or a
covenant or a proposed covenant, shall be deemed to have
had, or to have, a particular purpose if:
(i) the provision was included in the contract, arrangement
or understanding or is to be included in the proposed
contract, arrangement or understanding, or the covenant
was required to be given or the proposed covenant is to
be required to be given, as the case may be, for that
purpose or for purposes that included or include that
purpose; and
(ii) that purpose was or is a substantial purpose; and
(b) a person shall be deemed to have engaged or to engage in
conduct for a particular purpose or a particular reason if:
(i) the person engaged or engages in the conduct for
purposes that included or include that purpose or for
reasons that included or include that reason, as the case
may be; and
(ii) that purpose or reason was or is a substantial purpose or
reason.
(2) This section does not apply for the purposes of subsections 45D(1),
45DA(1), 45DB(1), 45E(2) and 45E(3).

Trade Practices Act 1974 19

Part I Preliminary

Section 4G
4G Lessening of competition to include preventing or hindering
competition

For the purposes of this Act, references to the lessening of

competition shall be read as including references to preventing or
hindering competition.

4H Application of Act in relation to leases and licences of land and

buildings

In this Act:
(a) a reference to a contract shall be construed as including a
reference to a lease of, or a licence in respect of, land or a
building or part of a building and shall be so construed
notwithstanding the express references in this Act to such
leases or licences;
(b) a reference to making or entering into a contract, in relation
to such a lease or licence, shall be read as a reference to
granting or taking the lease or licence; and
(c) a reference to a party to a contract, in relation to such a lease
or licence, shall be read as including a reference to any
person bound by, or entitled to the benefit of, any provision
contained in the lease or licence.

4J Joint ventures

In this Act:
(a) a reference to a joint venture is a reference to an activity in
trade or commerce:
(i) carried on jointly by two or more persons, whether or
not in partnership; or
(ii) carried on by a body corporate formed by two or more
persons for the purpose of enabling those persons to
carry on that activity jointly by means of their joint
control, or by means of their ownership of shares in the
capital, of that body corporate; and
(b) a reference to a contract or arrangement made or
understanding arrived at, or to a proposed contract or

20 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 4K
arrangement to be made or proposed understanding to be
arrived at, for the purposes of a joint venture shall, in relation
to a joint venture by way of an activity carried on by a body
corporate as mentioned in subparagraph (a)(ii), be read as
including a reference to the memorandum and articles of
association, rules or other document that constitute or
constitutes, or are or is to constitute, that body corporate.

4K Loss or damage to include injury

In this Act:
(a) a reference to loss or damage, other than a reference to the
amount of any loss or damage, includes a reference to injury;
and
(b) a reference to the amount of any loss or damage includes a
reference to damages in respect of an injury.

4KA Personal injury

In this Act (except in section 68B):

personal injury includes:

(a) pre-natal injury; or
(b) impairment of a person’s physical or mental condition; or
(c) disease;
but does not include an impairment of a person’s mental condition
unless the impairment consists of a recognised psychiatric illness.

4L Severability

If the making of a contract after the commencement of this section

contravenes this Act by reason of the inclusion of a particular
provision in the contract, then, subject to any order made under
section 87 or 87A, nothing in this Act affects the validity or
enforceability of the contract otherwise than in relation to that
provision in so far as that provision is severable.

Trade Practices Act 1974 21

Part I Preliminary

Section 4M
4M Saving of law relating to restraint of trade and breaches of
confidence

This Act does not affect the operation of:

(a) the law relating to restraint of trade in so far as that law is
capable of operating concurrently with this Act; or
(b) the law relating to breaches of confidence;
but nothing in the law referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) affects the
interpretation of this Act.

4N Extended application of Part IIIA

(1) Part IIIA, and the other provisions of this Act so far as they relate
to Part IIIA, extend to services provided by means of facilities that
are, or will be, wholly or partly within:
(a) an external Territory; or
(b) the adjacent area in respect of a State, of the Northern
Territory, or of an external Territory, as specified in
section 5A of the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the adjacent area in respect of
Queensland is to be taken, in accordance with subsection 5A(8) of
the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967, to include the Coral
Sea area as defined in subsection 5A(7) of that Act.
(3) Nothing in subsection (1) affects the operation of section 15B of
the Acts Interpretation Act 1901 in respect of the application of
Part IIIA, and of the other provisions of this Act so far as they
relate to Part IIIA, in any part of:
(a) the coastal sea of Australia; or
(b) the coastal sea of an external Territory;
that is on the landward side of each of the adjacent areas referred to
in that subsection.
(4) For the purposes of this section:

service includes proposed service covered by Subdivision C of

Division 2 of Part IIIA.

22 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 5
5 Extended application of Parts IV, IVA, V, VB and VC

(1) Part IV, Part IVA, Part V (other than Division 1AA), Part VB and
Part VC extend to the engaging in conduct outside Australia by
bodies corporate incorporated or carrying on business within
Australia or by Australian citizens or persons ordinarily resident
within Australia.
(1A) In addition to the extended operation that section 46A has by virtue
of subsection (1), that section extends to the engaging in conduct
outside Australia by:
(a) New Zealand and New Zealand Crown corporations; or
(b) bodies corporate carrying on business within New Zealand;
or
(c) persons ordinarily resident within New Zealand.
(2) In addition to the extended operation that sections 47 and 48 have
by virtue of subsection (1), those sections extend to the engaging in
conduct outside Australia by any persons in relation to the supply
by those persons of goods or services to persons within Australia.

(3) Where a claim under section 82 is made in a proceeding, a person

is not entitled to rely at a hearing in respect of that proceeding on
conduct to which a provision of this Act extends by virtue of
subsection (1) or (2) of this section except with the consent in
writing of the Minister.
(4) A person other than the Minister or the Commission is not entitled
to make an application to the Court for an order under subsection
87(1) or (1A) in a proceeding in respect of conduct to which a
provision of this Act extends by virtue of subsection (1) or (2) of
this section except with the consent in writing of the Minister.
(5) The Minister shall give a consent under subsection (3) or (4) in
respect of a proceeding unless, in the opinion of the Minister:
(a) the law of the country in which the conduct concerned was
engaged in required or specifically authorised the engaging in
of the conduct; and
(b) it is not in the national interest that the consent be given.

Trade Practices Act 1974 23

Part I Preliminary

Section 6
6 Extended application of Parts IV, IVA, IVB, V, VA, VB and VC

(1) Without prejudice to its effect apart from this section, this Act also
has effect as provided by this section.
(2) This Act, other than Parts IIIA, VIIA and X, has, by force of this
subsection, the effect it would have if:
(a) any references in this Act other than in section 45DB, 55 or
75AZH to trade or commerce were, by express provision,
confined to trade or commerce:
(i) between Australia and places outside Australia;
(ii) among the States;
(iii) within a Territory, between a State and a Territory or
between two Territories; or
(iv) by way of the supply of goods or services to the
Commonwealth or an authority or instrumentality of the
Commonwealth;
(b) sections 45, 45B, 45D to 45EB (other than section 45DB),
46, 46A, 53B, 60 and 61, subsections 64(3) and (4),
sections 75A, 75AU, 75AV, 75AW, 75AX, 75AY, 75AZE,
75AZN, 75AZO, subsections 75AZQ(4) to (7) (inclusive)
and 75AYA and Part VIII were, by express provision,
confined in their operation to engaging in conduct to the
extent to which the conduct takes place in the course of or in
relation to:
(i) trade or commerce between Australia and places outside
Australia;
(ii) trade or commerce among the States;
(iii) trade or commerce within a Territory, between a State
and a Territory or between two Territories; or
(iv) the supply of goods or services to the Commonwealth or
an authority or instrumentality of the Commonwealth;
(c) any reference in Division 2 of Part V to a contract for the
supply of goods or services and any reference in Division 2A
of that Part or in Part VA to the supply of goods, were, by
express provision, confined to a contract made, or the supply
of goods, as the case may be:

24 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 6
(i) in the course of, or in relation to, trade or commerce
between Australia and places outside Australia;
(ii) in the course of, or in relation to, trade or commerce
among the States; or
(iii) in the course of, or in relation to, trade or commerce
within a Territory, between a State and a Territory or
between two Territories;
(d) in subsection 45(1) and subparagraph 87(3)(a)(i) the words
“in so far as it confers rights or benefits or imposes duties or
obligations on a corporation” were omitted;
(e) in subsection 45B(1) and subparagraph 87(3)(a)(ii) the
words “in so far as it confers rights or benefits or imposes
duties or obligations on a corporation or on a person
associated with a corporation” were omitted;
(ea) subsections 45D(3), 45D(4) and 45DA(3) were repealed, the
words “In the circumstances specified in subsections (3) and
(4)” were omitted from subsection 45D(1) and the words “In
the circumstances specified in subsection (3)” were omitted
from subsection 45DA(1);
(eb) the second sentence in subsection 45E(1) were omitted;
(g) subsection 96(2) were omitted; and
(h) subject to paragraphs (d), (e), (ea), (eb) and (g), a reference in
this Act to a corporation, except a reference in section 4, 48,
50, 50A, 81, 151AE or 151AJ, included a reference to a
person not being a corporation.
(2A) So far as subsection (2) relates to Part IV, that subsection has effect
in relation to a participating Territory as if the words “within a
Territory,” were omitted from subparagraphs (2)(a)(iii) and
(2)(b)(iii). For this purpose, participating Territory means a
Territory that is a participating Territory within the meaning of
Part XIA but is not named in a notice in operation under
section 150K.
(2B) So far as subsection (2) relates to Part VB, that subsection has
effect in relation to a Part XIAA scheme Territory as if the words
“within a Territory,” were omitted from subparagraph (2)(b)(iii).
For this purpose, a Part XIAA scheme Territory is a Territory that

Trade Practices Act 1974 25

Part I Preliminary

Section 6
has a law applying the New Tax System Price Exploitation Code
(see Part XIAA), either with or without modifications, as a law of
the Territory.
(3) In addition to the effect that this Act, other than Parts IIIA, VIIA
and X, has as provided by subsection (2), the provisions of
Part IVA, of Divisions 1, 1A and 1AA of Part V and of Divisions 2
and 3 of Part VC have, by force of this subsection, the effect they
would have if:
(a) those provisions (other than sections 55 and 75AZH) were,
by express provision, confined in their operation to engaging
in conduct to the extent to which the conduct involves the use
of postal, telegraphic or telephonic services or takes place in
a radio or television broadcast; and
(b) a reference in those provisions to a corporation included a
reference to a person not being a corporation.
(4) In addition to the effect that this Act, other than Parts IIIA, VIIA
and X, has as provided by subsections (2) and (3), the provisions of
Part IVA and of Division 1 (other than sections 53A, 55 and 61)
and Division 1AA of Part V and of Division 2 of Part VC (other
than sections 75AZD, 75AZH and 75AZO) also have, by force of
this subsection, the effect they would have if:
(a) those provisions were, by express provision, confined in their
operation to engaging in conduct in a Territory; and
(b) a reference in those provisions to a thing done by a
corporation in trade or commerce included a reference to a
thing done in the course of the promotional activities of a
professional person.
(5) In the application of section 73 in relation to a supplier who is a
natural person, that section has effect as if there were substituted
for paragraph 73(6)(a) the following paragraph:
“(a) the supplier had died or is an undischarged bankrupt or a
person whose affairs are being dealt with under Part X of the
Bankruptcy Act 1966; or”.
(6) Despite anything in Part VC, if a person other than a corporation is
convicted of an offence against a provision of that Part, being a

26 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Preliminary Part I

Section 6AA
provision that applies in relation to the person as provided by this
section, the offence is taken to be punishable on conviction by a
fine not exceeding 2,000 penalty units.

6AA Application of the Criminal Code

(1) Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code applies to all offences against this
Act.
Note: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.

(2) Despite subsection (1), Part 2.5 of the Criminal Code does not
apply to an offence against Part IIIA, VC or XIC or Division 7 of
Part XIB.

Trade Practices Act 1974 27

Part II The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

Section 6A

Part II—The Australian Competition and

Consumer Commission

6A Establishment of Commission

(1) The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission is

established by this section.

(2) The Commission:

(a) is a body corporate, with perpetual succession;
(b) shall have an official seal;
(c) may acquire, hold and dispose of real and personal property;
and
(d) may sue or be sued in its corporate name.

7 Constitution of Commission

(1) The Commission shall consist of a Chairperson and such number

of other members as are from time to time appointed in accordance
with this Act.
(2) The members of the Commission shall be appointed by the
Governor-General and shall be so appointed as full-time members.

(3) Before the Governor-General appoints a person as a member of the

Commission or as Chairperson, the Minister must:
(a) be satisfied that the person qualifies for the appointment
because of the person’s knowledge of, or experience in,
industry, commerce, economics, law, public administration
or consumer protection; and
(b) consider whether the person has knowledge of, or experience
in, small business matters; and
(c) if there is at least one fully-participating jurisdiction—be
satisfied that a majority of such jurisdictions support the
appointment.

28 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Part II

Section 8
(4) At least one of the members of the Commission must be a person
who has knowledge of, or experience in, consumer protection.

8 Terms and conditions of appointment

(1) Subject to this Part, a member of the Commission holds office for
such period, not exceeding 5 years, as is specified in the instrument
of his or her appointment and on such terms and conditions as the
Governor-General determines, but is eligible for re-appointment.

8A Associate members

(1) The Minister may appoint persons to be associate members of the

Commission.
(1A) If there is at least one fully-participating jurisdiction, the Minister
must not appoint a person as an associate member unless the
Minister is satisfied that a majority of such jurisdictions support the
appointment.

(2) An associate member of the Commission shall be appointed for

such period not exceeding 5 years as is specified in the instrument
of his or her appointment, but is eligible for re-appointment.

(3) Subject to this Part, an associate member of the Commission holds

office on such terms and conditions as the Minister determines.
(4) The Chairperson may, by writing signed by him or her, direct that,
for the purposes of the exercise of the powers of the Commission
under this Act in relation to a specified matter, not being an
exercise of those powers by a Division of the Commission, a
specified associate member of the Commission or specified
associate members of the Commission shall be deemed to be a
member or members of the Commission and, in that case, unless
the contrary intention appears, a reference in this Act to a member
of the Commission shall, for the purposes only of the exercise of
the powers of the Commission in relation to that matter, be
construed as including a reference to that associate member of the
Commission or each of those associate members of the
Commission, as the case may be.

Trade Practices Act 1974 29

Part II The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

Section 9
(5) Associate members of the Commission shall be deemed to be
members of the Commission for the purposes of section 19.
(6) For the purpose of the determination by the Commission of an
application for an authorization or the making by the Commission
of any decision for the purposes of subsection 93(3) or (3A), the
Chairperson shall consider:
(a) whether he or she should give a direction under
subsection (4) of this section; or
(b) in the case of a matter in relation to which the Chairperson
proposes to give a direction under subsection 19(1), whether
he or she should direct that the Division concerned is to
include an associate member of the Commission or associate
members of the Commission.
(7) Nothing in subsection (4) or (5) deems an associate member of the
Commission to be a member of the Commission for any purpose
related to the preparation of a report by the Commission under
section 171.

9 Remuneration

(1) A member of the Commission shall be paid such remuneration as

is determined by the Remuneration Tribunal, but, until that
remuneration is so determined, he or she shall be paid such
remuneration as is prescribed.
(2) Subject to the Remuneration Tribunal Act 1973, a member of the
Commission shall be paid such allowances as are prescribed.
(3) In this section, member of the Commission includes an associate
member of the Commission.

10 Deputy Chairperson

(1) The Governor-General may appoint a person who is, or is to be, a

member of the Commission to be the Deputy Chairperson of the
Commission.

30 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Part II

Section 11
(1A) If there is at least one fully-participating jurisdiction, the
Governor-General must not appoint a person as the Deputy
Chairperson unless the Governor-General is satisfied that a
majority of such jurisdictions support the appointment.
(2) A person appointed under this section holds office as Deputy
Chairperson until the expiration of his or her period of appointment
as a member of the Commission or until he or she sooner ceases to
be a member of the Commission.
(3) Where a member of the Commission appointed as Deputy
Chairperson is, upon ceasing to be a Deputy Chairperson by virtue
of the expiration of the period of his or her appointment as a
member, re-appointed as a member, he or she is eligible for
re-appointment as Deputy Chairperson.

(4) The Deputy Chairperson may resign his or her office of Deputy
Chairperson by writing signed by him or her and delivered to the
Governor-General.

11 Acting Chairperson

(1) Where there is, or is expected to be, a vacancy in the office of

Chairperson, the Governor-General may appoint a person to act as
Chairperson until the filling of the vacancy.
(1A) A person appointed under subsection (1) to act during a vacancy
shall not continue so to act for more than 12 months.
(2) Where the Chairperson is absent from duty or from Australia:
(a) the Deputy Chairperson shall act as Chairperson during the
absence; or
(b) if there is no Deputy Chairperson or the Deputy Chairperson
is not available to act as Chairperson, the Minister may
appoint a member of the Commission to act as Chairperson
during the absence of the Chairperson, but any such
appointment ceases to have effect if a person is appointed as
Deputy Chairperson or the Deputy Chairperson becomes
available to act as Chairperson.

Trade Practices Act 1974 31

Part II The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

Section 12
(3) A person acting as Chairperson shall act in that capacity on such
terms and conditions as the Governor-General determines and has
all the powers and duties, and shall perform all the functions,
conferred on the Chairperson by this Act.

12 Leave of absence

(1) A member of the Commission has such recreation leave

entitlements as are determined by the Remuneration Tribunal.
(2) The Minister may grant a member of the Commission leave of
absence, other than recreation leave, on such terms and conditions
as to remuneration or otherwise as the Minister determines.

13 Termination of appointment of members of the Commission

(1) The Governor-General may terminate the appointment of a

member of the Commission for misbehaviour or physical or mental
incapacity.

(2) If a member of the Commission:

(a) becomes bankrupt, applies to take the benefit of any law for
the relief of bankrupt or insolvent debtors, compounds with
his or her creditors or makes an assignment of his or her
remuneration for their benefit;
(b) fails to comply with his or her obligations under section 17;
(c) without the consent of the Minister engages in any paid
employment outside the duties of his or her office; or
(d) is absent from duty, except on leave of absence, for 14
consecutive days or for 28 days in any 12 months;
the Governor-General shall terminate the appointment of that
member of the Commission.

32 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Part II

Section 14
14 Termination of appointment of associate members of the
Commission

(1) The Minister may terminate the appointment of an associate

member of the Commission for misbehaviour or physical or mental
incapacity.
(2) If an associate member of the Commission:
(a) becomes bankrupt, applies to take the benefit of any law for
the relief of bankrupt or insolvent debtors, compounds with
his or her creditors or makes an assignment of his or her
remuneration for their benefit; or
(b) fails to comply with his or her obligations under section 17;
the Minister shall terminate the appointment of that associate
member of the Commission.

15 Resignation

(1) A member of the Commission may resign his or her office by

writing signed by him or her and delivered to the
Governor-General.
(2) An associate member of the Commission may resign his or her
office by writing signed by him or her and delivered to the
Minister.

16 Arrangement of business

The Chairperson may give directions as to the arrangement of the

business of the Commission.

17 Disclosure of interests by members

(1) Where a member of the Commission other than the Chairperson is

taking part, or is to take part, in the determination of a matter
before the Commission and the member has or acquires any
pecuniary interest that could conflict with the proper performance
of his or her functions in relation to the determination of the
matter:

Trade Practices Act 1974 33

Part II The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

Section 18
(a) the member shall disclose the interest to the Chairperson; and
(b) the member shall not take part, or continue to take part, in the
determination of the matter if:
(i) the Chairperson gives a direction under paragraph (2)(a)
in relation to the matter; or
(ii) all of the persons concerned in the matter do not consent
to the member taking part in the determination of the
matter.
(2) Where the Chairperson becomes aware that a member of the
Commission is taking part, or is to take part, in the determination
of a matter and that the member has in relation to the determination
of the matter such an interest:
(a) if the Chairperson considers that the member should not take
part, or should not continue to take part, in the determination
of the matter—the Chairperson shall give a direction to the
member accordingly; or
(b) in any other case—the Chairperson shall cause the interest of
the member to be disclosed to the persons concerned in the
matter.
(3) The Chairperson shall give written notice to the Minister of all
pecuniary interests that the Chairperson has or acquires in any
business carried on in Australia or in any body corporate carrying
on any such business.
(4) In this section, member of the Commission includes an associate
member of the Commission.

18 Meetings of Commission

(1) Subject to this section, the Chairperson shall convene such

meetings of the Commission as he or she thinks necessary for the
efficient performance of the functions of the Commission.
(2) Meetings of the Commission shall be held at such places as the
Chairperson determines.
(3) The Chairperson shall preside at all meetings of the Commission at
which he or she is present.

34 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Part II

Section 19
(4) In the absence of the Chairperson from a meeting of the
Commission, the Deputy Chairperson shall preside.
(5) Subject to this Act and the regulations, the member presiding at a
meeting of the Commission may give directions regarding the
procedure to be followed at or in connexion with the meeting.
(6) At a meeting of the Commission:
(a) three members (including the Chairperson or the Deputy
Chairperson) form a quorum;
(b) all questions shall be decided by a majority of votes of the
members present and voting; and
(c) the member presiding has a deliberative vote and, in the
event of an equality of votes, also has a casting vote.
(7) If the Commission so determines, a member or members may
participate in, and form part of a quorum at, a meeting of the
Commission or a Division of the Commission by means of any of
the following methods of communication:
(a) telephone;
(b) closed circuit television;
(c) another method of communication determined by the
Commission.
(8) A determination made by the Commission under subsection (7)
may be made in respect of a particular meeting or meetings of the
Commission or a Division of the Commission or in respect of all
meetings of the Commission or a Division of the Commission.

19 Chairperson may direct Commission to sit in Divisions

(1) The Chairperson may, by writing signed by him or her, direct that
the powers of the Commission under this Act in relation to a matter
shall be exercised by a Division of the Commission constituted by
the Chairperson and such other members (not being less than two
in number) as are specified in the direction.
(2) Where the Chairperson has given a direction under subsection (1),
he or she may, by writing signed by him or her, at any time before

Trade Practices Act 1974 35

Part II The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

Section 25
the Division of the Commission specified in the direction has made
a determination in relation to the matter, revoke the direction or
amend the direction in relation to the membership of the Division
or in any other respect, and where the membership of a Division of
the Commission is changed, the Division as constituted after the
change may complete the determination of the matter.
(3) For the purposes of the determination of a matter specified in a
direction given under subsection (1), the Commission shall be
deemed to consist of the Division of the Commission specified in
the direction.

(4) The Chairperson is not required to attend a meeting of a Division

of the Commission if he or she does not think fit to do so.
(5) At a meeting of a Division of the Commission at which neither the
Chairperson nor the Deputy Chairperson is present, a member of
the Commission nominated for the purpose by the Chairperson
shall preside.

(6) Notwithstanding section 18, at a meeting of a Division of the

Commission, two members form a quorum.
(7) A Division of the Commission may exercise powers of the
Commission under this Act notwithstanding that another Division
of the Commission is exercising powers of the Commission at the
same time.

25 Delegation by Commission

(1) The Commission may, by resolution, delegate to a member of the

Commission, either generally or otherwise as provided by the
instrument of delegation, any of its powers under this Act (other
than Part VIIA), the Telecommunications Act 1997, the
Telecommunications (Consumer Protection and Service Standards)
Act 1999, Rules of Conduct under Part 20 of the
Telecommunications Act 1997 or the Australian Postal
Corporation Act 1989, other than this power of delegation and its
powers to grant, revoke or vary an authorization.

36 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Part II

Section 26
Note: Section 95ZD allows the Commission to delegate certain powers
under Part VIIA to a member of the Commission.

(2) A power so delegated may be exercised or performed by the

delegate in accordance with the instrument of delegation.
(3) A delegation under this section is revocable at will and does not
prevent the exercise of a power by the Commission.

26 Delegation by Commission in relation to unconscionable conduct

and consumer protection

(1) The Commission may, by resolution, delegate any of its functions

and powers under or in relation to Parts IVA, V, VC and VI and
any of its powers under Part XII that relate to those Parts, to a staff
member of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission
within the meaning of section 5 of the Australian Securities and
Investments Commission Act 2001.
(2) The Commission must not delegate a function or power under
subsection (1) unless the Chairperson of the Australian Securities
and Investments Commission has agreed to the delegation in
writing.

27 Staff of Commission

(1) The staff necessary to assist the Commission shall be persons

engaged under the Public Service Act 1999.
(2) For the purposes of the Public Service Act 1999:
(a) the Chairperson of the Commission and the APS employees
assisting the Chairperson together constitute a Statutory
Agency; and
(b) the Chairperson is the Head of that Statutory Agency.

27A Consultants

(1) On behalf of the Commonwealth, the Commission may engage

persons to give advice to, and perform services for, the
Commission.

Trade Practices Act 1974 37

Part II The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

Section 28
(2) The terms and conditions of engagement are as determined by the
Commission.

28 Functions of Commission in relation to dissemination of

information, law reform and research

(1) In addition to any other functions conferred on the Commission,

the Commission has the following functions:
(a) to make available to persons engaged in trade or commerce
and other interested persons general information for their
guidance with respect to the carrying out of the functions, or
the exercise of the powers, of the Commission under this
Act;
(b) to examine critically, and report to the Minister on, the laws
in force in Australia relating to the protection of consumers
in respect of matters referred to the Commission by the
Minister, being matters with respect to which the Parliament
has power to make laws;
(c) to conduct research in relation to matters affecting the
interests of consumers, being matters with respect to which
the Parliament has power to make laws;
(ca) to conduct research and undertake studies on matters that are
referred to the Commission by the Council and that relate to
the Commission’s other functions;
(d) to make available to the public general information in
relation to matters affecting the interests of consumers, being
matters with respect to which the Parliament has power to
make laws;
(e) to make known for the guidance of consumers the rights and
obligations of persons under provisions of laws in force in
Australia that are designed to protect the interests of
consumers.
(2) Where a matter of a kind mentioned in paragraph (1)(b) is referred
by the Minister to the Commission for examination and report:
(a) the Commission shall cause to be published in the Gazette
and in such newspapers and other journals as the
Commission considers appropriate a notice:

38 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Part II

Section 29
(i) stating that the reference has been made and specifying
the matter to which the reference relates; and
(ii) inviting interested persons to furnish to the Commission
their views on that matter and specifying the time and
manner within which those views are to be furnished;
(b) the Commission shall not furnish its report to the Minister
until a reasonable opportunity has been given to interested
persons to furnish to the Commission their views on the
matter to which the reference relates; and
(c) the Commission shall include in its report to the Minister any
recommendations that it considers desirable with respect to
the reform of the law relating to the matter to which the
reference relates, whether those recommendations relate to
the amendment of existing laws or the making of new laws.
(3) The Minister shall cause a copy of each report furnished to him or
her by the Commission in relation to a matter referred to the
Commission under paragraph (1)(b) to be laid before each House
of the Parliament as soon as practicable after the report is received
by him or her.

29 Commission to comply with directions of Minister and

requirements of the Parliament

(1) The Minister may give the Commission directions connected with
the performance of its functions or the exercise of its powers under
this Act.
(1A) The Minister must not give directions under subsection (1) relating
to:
(a) Part IIIA, IV,VII, VIIA, X, XIB or XIC; or
(b) section 65J, 65K, 65M or 65N in relation to individual cases.

(1B) The Commission must comply with a direction.

(2) Any direction given to the Commission under subsection (1) shall
be in writing and the Minister shall cause a copy of the direction to
be published in the Gazette as soon as practicable after the
direction is given.

Trade Practices Act 1974 39

Part II The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission

Section 29
(3) If either House of the Parliament or a Committee of either House,
or of both Houses, of the Parliament requires the Commission to
furnish to that House or Committee any information concerning the
performance of the functions of the Commission under this Act,
the Commission shall comply with the requirement.

40 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The National Competition Council Part IIA

Section 29A

Part IIA—The National Competition Council

29A Establishment of Council

The National Competition Council is established by this section.

29B Functions and powers of Council

(1) The Council’s functions include:

(a) carrying out research into matters referred to the Council by
the Minister; and
(b) providing advice on matters referred to the Council by the
Minister.
(2) The Council may:
(a) perform any function conferred on it by a law of the
Commonwealth, or of a State or Territory; and
(b) exercise any power:
(i) conferred by that law to facilitate the performance of
that function; or
(ii) necessary or convenient to permit the performance of
that function.
(2A) The Council must not, under subsection (2):
(a) perform a function conferred on it by a law of a State or
Territory; or
(b) exercise a power that is so conferred;
unless the conferral of the function or power is in accordance with
the Competition Principles Agreement.
(3) In performing its functions, the Council may co-operate with a
department, body or authority of the Commonwealth, of a State or
of a Territory.

Trade Practices Act 1974 41

Part IIA The National Competition Council

Section 29C
29C Membership of Council

(1) The Council consists of the Council President and up to 4 other

Councillors.
(2) Each Councillor is to be appointed by the Governor-General, for a
term of up to 5 years.
(3) The Governor-General must not appoint a person as a Councillor
or Council President unless the Governor-General is satisfied that:
(a) the person qualifies for the appointment because of the
person’s knowledge of, or experience in, industry,
commerce, economics, law, consumer protection or public
administration; and
(b) a majority of the States and Territories that are parties to the
Competition Principles Agreement support the appointment.

29D Terms and conditions of office

(1) A Councillor may be appointed to hold office on either a full-time

or a part-time basis.
(2) A Councillor holds office on such terms and conditions (if any) in
respect of matters not provided for by this Act as the
Governor-General determines.

29E Acting Council President

(1) The Minister may appoint a Councillor to act as the Council

President:
(a) if there is a vacancy in the office of Council President,
whether or not an appointment has previously been made to
the office; or
(b) during any period, or during all periods, when the Council
President is absent from duty or absent from Australia or is,
for any reason, unable to perform the duties of the office.

(2) Anything done by or in relation to a person purporting to act under

this section is not invalid merely because:

42 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The National Competition Council Part IIA

Section 29F
(a) the occasion for appointment had not arisen;
(b) there was a defect or irregularity in the appointment;
(c) the appointment had ceased to have effect;
(d) the occasion to act had not arisen or had ceased.

29F Remuneration of Councillors

(1) A Councillor is to be paid the remuneration that is determined by

the Remuneration Tribunal. If no determination of the
Remuneration Tribunal is in operation, the Councillor is to be paid
the remuneration that is prescribed.

(2) A Councillor is to be paid such allowances as are prescribed.

(3) This section has effect subject to the Remuneration Tribunal Act
1973.

29G Leave of absence

(1) A full-time Councillor has such recreation leave entitlements as are

determined by the Remuneration Tribunal.
(2) The Minister may grant a full-time Councillor leave of absence,
other than recreation leave, on such terms and conditions as the
Minister determines. The terms and conditions may include terms
and conditions relating to remuneration.

29H Termination of appointment of Councillors

(1) The Governor-General may terminate the appointment of a

Councillor for misbehaviour or for physical or mental incapacity.

(2) The Governor-General must terminate the appointment of a

Councillor who:
(a) becomes bankrupt, applies to take the benefit of any law for
the relief of bankrupt or insolvent debtors, compounds with
his or her creditors or makes an assignment of his or her
remuneration for their benefit;
(b) fails to comply with his or her obligations under section 29K;

Trade Practices Act 1974 43

Part IIA The National Competition Council

Section 29I
(c) in the case of a full-time Councillor—engages in any paid
employment outside the duties of the Councillor’s office
without the consent of the Minister;
(d) in the case of a full-time Councillor—is absent from duty,
except on leave of absence, for 14 consecutive days or for 28
days in any 12 months.

29I Resignation of Councillors

A Councillor may resign by giving the Governor-General a signed

resignation notice.

29J Arrangement of Council business

(1) Subject to subsection (2), the Council President may give

directions about the arrangement of the Council’s business.
(2) The Council must not carry out any work (other than work relating
to a function under Part IIIA or VIIA) except in accordance with a
program agreed to by:
(a) a majority of the parties to the Competition Principles
Agreement; or
(b) if the parties to the Agreement are evenly divided on the
question of agreeing to a program—the Commonwealth.

29K Disclosure of interests by Councillors

(1) If a Councillor (except the Council President) is taking part, or is to

take part, in the Council’s consideration of a matter and the
Councillor has or acquires any pecuniary interest that could
conflict with the proper performance of his or her functions
relating to the matter:
(a) the Councillor must disclose the interest to the Council
President; and
(b) the Councillor must not take part, or continue to take part, in
the consideration of the matter if:

44 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The National Competition Council Part IIA

Section 29L
(i) all of the persons concerned in the matter do not consent
to the Councillor taking part in the consideration of the
matter; or
(ii) the Council President gives a direction to the member
under paragraph (2)(b).

(2) If the Council President becomes aware that a Councillor is taking

part, or is to take part, in the Council’s consideration of a matter
and that the Councillor has such an interest relating to the matter:
(a) the Council President must cause the Councillor’s interest to
be disclosed to the persons concerned in the matter; or
(b) if the Council President considers that the Councillor should
not take part or continue to take part in the consideration of
the matter—the Council President must direct the Councillor
accordingly.
(3) The Council President must give the Minister written notice of all
pecuniary interests that the Council President has or acquires in
any business carried on in Australia or in any body corporate
carrying on such business.

29L Council meetings

(1) The Council President must convene the meetings that the Council
President thinks are necessary to perform the Council’s functions
efficiently.
(2) The meetings must be held in places determined by the Council
President.

(3) The Council President must preside at any meeting that he or she
attends.
(4) If the Council President is absent from a meeting, a Councillor
chosen by the Councillors at the meeting must preside.
(5) The Councillor presiding at a meeting may give directions on the
procedure to be followed in relation to the meeting.

Trade Practices Act 1974 45

Part IIA The National Competition Council

Section 29M
(6) The quorum for a meeting is 3 Councillors (including the Council
President).
(7) At a meeting, a question must be decided by a majority of votes of
the Councillors present and voting. The Councillor presiding has a
deliberative vote, and a casting vote if the deliberative votes are
equally divided.

29M Staff to help Council

(1) The staff needed to help the Council are to be persons engaged
under the Public Service Act 1999.
(2) For the purposes of the Public Service Act 1999:
(a) the Council President and the APS employees assisting the
Council President together constitute a Statutory Agency;
and
(b) the Council President is the Head of that Statutory Agency.

29N Consultants

(1) On behalf of the Commonwealth, the Council may engage persons

to give advice to, and perform services for, the Council.
(2) The terms and conditions of engagement are as determined by the
Council.

29O Annual report

Within 60 days after the end of each financial year, the Councillors
must give a report on the Council’s operations during that year to
the Minister for presentation to the Parliament.

46 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition Tribunal Part III

Section 30

Part III—The Australian Competition Tribunal

30 Constitution of Tribunal

(1) The Trade Practices Tribunal that existed immediately before this
subsection commenced continues to exist as the Australian
Competition Tribunal.
(2) The Tribunal so continued in existence shall consist of a President
and such number of Deputy Presidents and other members as are
appointed in accordance with this section.
(3) A member of the Tribunal shall be appointed by the
Governor-General.

31 Qualifications of members of Tribunal

(1) A person shall not be appointed as a presidential member of the

Tribunal unless he or she is a Judge of a Federal Court, not being
the High Court or a court of an external Territory.
(2) A person shall not be appointed as a member of the Tribunal other
than a presidential member unless he or she appears to the
Governor-General to be qualified for appointment by virtue of his
or her knowledge of, or experience in, industry, commerce,
economics, law or public administration.

31A Appointment of Judge as presidential member of Tribunal not

to affect tenure etc.

The appointment of a Judge of a Federal Court as a presidential

member of the Tribunal, or service by a Judge of a Federal Court
as a presidential member of the Tribunal, whether the appointment
was or is made or the service occurred or occurs before or after the
commencement of this section, does not affect, and shall be
deemed never to have affected, his or her tenure of office as a
Judge of a Federal Court or his or her rank, title, status,

Trade Practices Act 1974 47

Part III The Australian Competition Tribunal

Section 32
precedence, salary, annual or other allowances or other rights or
privileges as the holder of his or her office as a Judge of a Federal
Court and, for all purposes, his or her service, whether before or
after the commencement of this section, as a presidential member
of the Tribunal shall be taken to have been, or to be, service as the
holder of his or her office as a Judge of a Federal Court.

32 Terms and conditions of appointment

Subject to this Part, a member of the Tribunal holds office for such
period, not exceeding 7 years, as is specified in the instrument of
his or her appointment and on such terms and conditions as the
Governor-General determines, but is eligible for re-appointment.

33 Remuneration and allowances of members of Tribunal

(4) A member of the Tribunal other than a presidential member shall

be paid such remuneration as is determined by the Remuneration
Tribunal.
(5) A member of the Tribunal other than a presidential member shall
be paid such allowances as are prescribed.
(6) Subsections (4) and (5) have effect subject to the Remuneration
Tribunal Act 1973.

34 Acting appointments

(1) Where:
(a) the President is, or is expected to be, absent from duty; or
(b) there is, or is expected to be, a vacancy in the office of
President;
the Minister may appoint a Deputy President or an acting Deputy
President to act as President during the absence, or while there is a
vacancy in the office of President, as the case may be.
(2) Where a presidential member (including the President) of the
Tribunal is, or is expected to be, absent from duty, the
Governor-General may appoint a person qualified to be appointed

48 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition Tribunal Part III

Section 35
as a presidential member to act as a Deputy President during the
absence from duty of the member.
(3) Where a member of the Tribunal other than a presidential member
is, or is expected to be, absent from duty, the Governor-General
may appoint a person qualified to be appointed as a member of the
Tribunal other than a presidential member to act as such a member
during the absence from duty of the member.
(4) Where a person has been appointed under subsection (2) or (3), the
Governor-General may, by reason of pending proceedings or other
special circumstances, direct, before the absent member of the
Tribunal resumes duty, that the person so appointed shall continue
to act under the appointment after the resumption of duty by the
absent member until the Governor-General terminates the
appointment, but a person shall not continue to act as a member of
the Tribunal by virtue of this subsection for more than 12 months
after the resumption of duty by the absent member.
(5) Where a person has been appointed under this section to act as a
member of the Tribunal during the absence from duty of a member
of the Tribunal, and that member ceases to hold office without
having resumed duty, the period of appointment of the person so
appointed shall be deemed to continue until it is terminated by the
Governor-General, or until the expiration of 12 months from the
date on which the absent member ceases to hold office, whichever
first happens.

35 Suspension and removal of members of Tribunal

(1) The Governor-General may suspend a member of the Tribunal

from office on the ground of misbehaviour or physical or mental
incapacity.
(2) The Minister shall cause a statement of the ground of the
suspension to be laid before each House of the Parliament within 7
sitting days of the House after the suspension.
(3) Where such a statement has been laid before a House of the
Parliament, that House may, within 15 sitting days of that House

Trade Practices Act 1974 49

Part III The Australian Competition Tribunal

Section 36
after the day on which the statement has been laid before it, by
resolution, declare that the member of the Tribunal should be
restored to office and, if each House so passes a resolution, the
Governor-General shall terminate the suspension.
(4) If, at the expiration of 15 sitting days of a House of the Parliament
after the day on which the statement has been laid before that
House, that House has not passed such a resolution, the
Governor-General may remove the member of the Tribunal from
office.
(5) If a member of the Tribunal becomes bankrupt, applies to take the
benefit of any law for the relief of bankrupt or insolvent debtors,
compounds with his or her creditors or makes an assignment of his
or her remuneration for their benefit, the Governor-General shall
remove him or her from office.
(6) A member of the Tribunal shall not be removed from office except
as provided by this section.

(7) A presidential member of the Tribunal ceases to hold office if he or

she no longer holds office as a Judge of a Federal Court, not being
the High Court or a court of an external Territory.

36 Resignation

A member of the Tribunal may resign his or her office by writing

signed by him or her and delivered to the Governor-General.

37 Constitution of Tribunal for particular matters

The Tribunal shall, for the purpose of hearing and determining

proceedings, be constituted by a Division of the Tribunal
consisting of a presidential member of the Tribunal and two
members of the Tribunal who are not presidential members.

50 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition Tribunal Part III

Section 38
38 Validity of determinations

The validity of a determination of the Tribunal shall not be affected

or called in question by reason of any defect or irregularity in the
constitution of the Tribunal.

39 Arrangement of business

The President may give directions as to the arrangement of the

business of the Tribunal and the constitution of Divisions of the
Tribunal.

40 Disclosure of interests by members of Tribunal

(1) Where a member of the Tribunal is, or is to be, a member of a

Division of the Tribunal in any proceedings and the member has or
acquires any pecuniary interest that could conflict with the proper
performance of his or her functions in relation to the proceedings:
(a) the member shall disclose the interest to the President; and
(b) the member shall not take part, or continue to take part, in the
proceedings if:
(i) the President gives a direction under paragraph (2)(a) in
relation to the proceedings; or
(ii) all of the persons concerned in the proceedings do not
consent to the member taking part in the proceedings.
(2) Where the President becomes aware that a member of the Tribunal
is, or is to be, a member of a Division of the Tribunal in any
proceedings and that the member has in relation to the proceedings
such an interest:
(a) if the President considers that the member should not take
part, or should not continue to take part, in the
proceedings—the President shall give a direction to the
member accordingly; or
(b) in any other case—the President shall cause the interest of
the member to be disclosed to the persons concerned in the
proceedings.

Trade Practices Act 1974 51

Part III The Australian Competition Tribunal

Section 41
41 Presidential member to preside

The presidential member who is a member of a Division shall

preside at proceedings of that Division.

42 Decision of questions

(1) A question of law arising in a matter before a Division of the

Tribunal (including the question whether a particular question is
one of law) shall be determined in accordance with the opinion of
the presidential member presiding.
(2) Subject to subsection (1), a question arising in proceedings before
a Division of the Tribunal shall be determined in accordance with
the opinion of a majority of the members constituting the Division.

43 Member of Tribunal ceasing to be available

(1) This section applies where the hearing of any proceedings has been
commenced or completed by the Tribunal but, before the matter to
which the proceedings relate has been determined, one of the
members constituting the Tribunal for the purposes of the
proceedings has ceased to be a member of the Tribunal or has
ceased to be available for the purposes of the proceedings.

(2) Where the President is satisfied that this section applies in relation
to proceedings, the President may direct that a specified member of
the Tribunal shall take the place of the member referred to in
subsection (1) for the purposes of the proceedings.
(3) Where this section applies in relation to proceedings that were
being dealt with before the Tribunal, the President may, instead of
giving a direction under subsection (2), direct that the hearing and
determination, or the determination, of the proceedings be
completed by the Tribunal constituted by the members other than
the member referred to in subsection (1).
(4) Where the President has given a direction under subsection (3), he
or she may, at any time before the determination of the

52 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition Tribunal Part III

Section 43A
proceedings, direct that a third member be added to the Tribunal as
constituted in accordance with subsection (3).
(5) The Tribunal as constituted in accordance with any of the
provisions of this section for the purposes of any proceedings may
have regard to any record of the proceedings before the Tribunal as
previously constituted.

43A Counsel assisting Tribunal

(1) The President may, on behalf of the Commonwealth, appoint a

legal practitioner to assist the Tribunal as counsel, either generally
or in relation to a particular matter or matters.
(2) In this section:

legal practitioner means a legal practitioner (however described)

of the High Court or of the Supreme Court of a State or Territory.

43B Consultants

The Registrar may, on behalf of the Commonwealth, engage

persons as consultants to, or to perform services for, the Tribunal.

44 Staff of Tribunal

(1) There shall be a Registrar of the Tribunal and such Deputy

Registrars of the Tribunal as are appointed in accordance with this
section.
(2) The Registrar and the Deputy Registrars shall be appointed by the
Minister and shall have such duties and functions as are provided
by this Act and the regulations and such other duties and functions
as the President directs.
(3) The Registrar and the Deputy Registrars, and the staff necessary to
assist them, shall be persons engaged under the Public Service Act
1999.

Trade Practices Act 1974 53

Part III The Australian Competition Tribunal

Section 44A
44A Acting appointments

(1) The Minister may appoint a person who is engaged under the
Public Service Act 1999 to act as the Registrar or as a Deputy
Registrar during any period, or during all periods, when:
(a) the Registrar or that Deputy Registrar, as the case may be, is
absent from duty or from Australia or is, for any other
reason, unable to perform the duties and functions of his or
her office; or
(b) there is a vacancy in the office of Registrar or in that office
of Deputy Registrar, as the case may be.
(2) A person acting as the Registrar or as a Deputy Registrar by reason
of a vacancy in the office of Registrar or of that Deputy Registrar
shall not continue so to act after the expiration of 12 months after
the occurrence of the vacancy.
(3) A person appointed to act as the Registrar or as a Deputy Registrar
has, while acting as the Registrar or as that Deputy Registrar, as the
case may be, all the duties and functions of the Registrar or of that
Deputy Registrar, and references in this Act to the Registrar or to a
Deputy Registrar shall:
(a) if a person is acting as the Registrar—be read as a reference
to the person so acting; or
(b) if a person is acting as a Deputy Registrar—be read as
including a reference to the person so acting.
(4) The Minister may at any time terminate an appointment of a person
to act as the Registrar or as a Deputy Registrar.
(5) A person who holds an appointment to act as the Registrar or as a
Deputy Registrar may resign his or her appointment by writing
under his or her hand delivered to the Minister.
(6) The validity of an act done by a person appointed to act as the
Registrar or as a Deputy Registrar shall not be questioned in any
proceeding on a ground arising from the fact that the occasion for
the appointment, or for him or her to act under the appointment,
had not arisen or that the appointment had ceased to have effect or

54 Trade Practices Act 1974

 The Australian Competition Tribunal Part III

Section 44A
the occasion for him or her to act under the appointment had
passed.

Trade Practices Act 1974 55

Part IIIA Access to services
Division 1 Preliminary

Section 44B

Part IIIA—Access to services

Division 1—Preliminary

44B Definitions

In this Part, unless the contrary intention appears:

access code means a code referred to in section 44ZZAA.

access undertaking means an undertaking under section 44ZZA.

Commonwealth Minister means the Minister.

constitutional trade or commerce means any of the following:

(a) trade or commerce among the States;
(b) trade or commerce between Australia and places outside
Australia;
(c) trade or commerce between a State and a Territory, or
between 2 Territories.

declaration means a declaration made by the designated Minister

under Division 2.
declaration recommendation means a recommendation made by
the Council under section 44F.
declared service means a service for which a declaration is in
operation.
designated Minister has the meaning given by section 44D.

determination means a determination made by the Commission

under Division 3.

director has the same meaning as in the Corporations Act 2001.

entity means a person, partnership or joint venture.

modifications includes additions, omissions and substitutions.

56 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Access to services Part IIIA
Preliminary Division 1

Section 44B
officer has the same meaning as in the Corporations Act 2001.

party means:
(a) in relation to an arbitration of an access dispute—a party to
the arbitration, as mentioned in section 44U;
(b) in relation to a determination—a party to the arbitration in
which the Commission made the determination.

provider, in relation to a service, means the entity that is the owner

or operator of the facility that is used (or is to be used) to provide
the service.

responsible Minister means:

(a) the Premier, in the case of a State;
(b) the Chief Minister, in the case of a Territory.
revocation recommendation means a recommendation made by
the Council under section 44J.
service means a service provided by means of a facility and
includes:
(a) the use of an infrastructure facility such as a road or railway
line;
(b) handling or transporting things such as goods or people;
(c) a communications service or similar service;
but does not include:
(d) the supply of goods; or
(e) the use of intellectual property; or
(f) the use of a production process;
except to the extent that it is an integral but subsidiary part of the
service.
State or Territory access regime law means:
(a) a law of a State or Territory that establishes or regulates an
access regime; or
(b) a law of a State or Territory that regulates an industry that is
subject to an access regime.

Trade Practices Act 1974 57

Part IIIA Access to services
Division 1 Preliminary

Section 44C
State or Territory body means:
(a) a State or Territory;
(b) an authority of a State or Territory.

third party, in relation to a service, means a person who wants

access to the service or wants a change to some aspect of the
person’s existing access to the service.

44C How this Part applies to partnerships and joint ventures

(1) This section applies if the provider of a service is a partnership or

joint venture that consists of 2 or more corporations. Those
corporations are referred to in this section as the participants.
(2) If this Part requires or permits something to be done by the
provider, the thing may be done by one or more of the participants
on behalf of the provider.
(3) If a provision of this Part refers to the provider bearing any costs,
the provision applies as if the provision referred to any of the
participants bearing any costs.
(4) If a provision of this Part refers to the provider doing something,
the provision applies as if the provision referred to one or more of
the participants doing that thing on behalf of the provider.
(5) If:
(a) a provision of this Part requires the provider to do something,
or prohibits the provider from doing something; and
(b) a contravention of the provision is an offence;
the provision applies as if a reference to the provider were a
reference to any person responsible for the day-to-day management
and control of the provider.

(6) If:
(a) a provision of this Part requires a provider to do something,
or prohibits a provider doing something; and

58 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Access to services Part IIIA
Preliminary Division 1

Section 44D
(b) a contravention of the provision is not an offence;
the provision applies as if the reference to provider were a
reference to each participant and to any other person responsible
for the day-to-day management and control of the provider.

44D Meaning of designated Minister

(1) The Commonwealth Minister is the designated Minister unless

subsection (2) or (3) applies.

(2) In relation to declaring a service in a case where:

(a) the provider is a State or Territory body; and
(b) the State or Territory concerned is a party to the Competition
Principles Agreement;
the responsible Minister of the State or Territory is the designated
Minister.
(3) In relation to revoking a declaration that was made by the
responsible Minister of a State or Territory, the responsible
Minister of that State or Territory is the designated Minister.

44DA The principles in the Competition Principles Agreement have

status as guidelines

(1) For the avoidance of doubt:

(a) the requirement, under subsection 44G(3), that the Council
apply the relevant principles set out in the Competition
Principles Agreement in deciding whether an access regime
is an effective access regime; and
(b) the requirement, under subsection 44H(5), that the designated
Minister apply the relevant principles set out in the
Agreement in deciding whether an access regime is an
effective access regime; and
(c) the requirement, under subsection 44M(4), that the Council
apply the relevant principles set out in the Agreement in
deciding whether to recommend to the Commonwealth
Minister that he or she should decide that an access regime is,
or is not, an effective access regime; and

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Section 44E
(d) the requirement, under subsection 44N(2), that the
Commonwealth Minister, in making a decision on a
recommendation received from the Council, apply the
relevant principles set out in the Agreement;
are obligations that the Council and the relevant Ministers must
treat each individual relevant principle as having the status of a
guideline rather than a binding rule.
(2) An effective access regime may contain additional matters that are
not inconsistent with Competition Principles Agreement principles.

44E This Part binds the Crown

(1) This Part binds the Crown in right of the Commonwealth, of each
of the States, of the Australian Capital Territory and of the
Northern Territory.
(2) Nothing in this Part makes the Crown liable to be prosecuted for an
offence.
(3) The protection in subsection (2) does not apply to an authority of
the Commonwealth or an authority of a State or Territory.

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Declared services Division 2

Section 44F

Division 2—Declared services

Subdivision A—Recommendation by the Council

44F Person may request recommendation

(1) The designated Minister, or any other person, may make a written
application to the Council asking the Council to recommend under
section 44G that a particular service be declared.

(2) After receiving the application, the Council:

(a) must tell the provider of the service that the Council has
received the application, unless the provider is the applicant;
and
(b) must recommend to the designated Minister:
(i) that the service be declared; or
(ii) that the service not be declared.

(3) If the applicant is a person other than the designated Minister, the
Council may recommend that the service not be declared if the
Council thinks that the application was not made in good faith.
This subsection does not limit the grounds on which the Council
may decide to recommend that the service not be declared.
(4) In deciding what recommendation to make, the Council must
consider whether it would be economical for anyone to develop
another facility that could provide part of the service. This
subsection does not limit the grounds on which the Council may
decide to recommend that the service be declared or not be
declared.
(5) The applicant may withdraw the application at any time before the
Council makes a recommendation relating to it.

44G Limits on the Council recommending declaration of a service

(1) The Council cannot recommend declaration of a service that is the

subject of an access undertaking in operation under section 44ZZA.

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Section 44G
(2) The Council cannot recommend that a service be declared unless it
is satisfied of all of the following matters:
(a) that access (or increased access) to the service would
promote competition in at least one market (whether or not in
Australia), other than the market for the service;
(b) that it would be uneconomical for anyone to develop another
facility to provide the service;
(c) that the facility is of national significance, having regard to:
(i) the size of the facility; or
(ii) the importance of the facility to constitutional trade or
commerce; or
(iii) the importance of the facility to the national economy;
(d) that access to the service can be provided without undue risk
to human health or safety;
(e) that access to the service is not already the subject of an
effective access regime;
(f) that access (or increased access) to the service would not be
contrary to the public interest.
(3) In deciding whether an access regime established by a State or
Territory that is a party to the Competition Principles Agreement is
an effective access regime, the Council:
(a) must apply the relevant principles set out in that agreement;
and
(b) must, subject to section 44DA, not consider any other
matters.
(4) If there is in force a decision of the Commonwealth Minister under
section 44N that a regime established by a State or Territory for
access to the service is an effective access regime, the Council
must follow that decision, unless the Council believes that, since
the Commonwealth Minister’s decision was published, there have
been substantial modifications of the access regime or of the
relevant principles set out in the Competition Principles
Agreement.
Note: The period for which a decision is in force is determined under
subsection 44N(3) and paragraph 44P(a).

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Declared services Division 2

Section 44H

Subdivision B—Declaration by the designated Minister

44H Designated Minister may declare a service

(1) On receiving a declaration recommendation, the designated

Minister must either declare the service or decide not to declare it.
(2) In deciding whether to declare the service or not, the designated
Minister must consider whether it would be economical for anyone
to develop another facility that could provide part of the service.
This subsection does not limit the grounds on which the designated
Minister may make a decision whether to declare the service or
not.
(3) The designated Minister cannot declare a service that is the subject
of an access undertaking in operation under section 44ZZA.
(4) The designated Minister cannot declare a service unless he or she
is satisfied of all of the following matters:
(a) that access (or increased access) to the service would
promote competition in at least one market (whether or not in
Australia), other than the market for the service;
(b) that it would be uneconomical for anyone to develop another
facility to provide the service;
(c) that the facility is of national significance, having regard to:
(i) the size of the facility; or
(ii) the importance of the facility to constitutional trade or
commerce; or
(iii) the importance of the facility to the national economy;
(d) that access to the service can be provided without undue risk
to human health or safety;
(e) that access to the service is not already the subject of an
effective access regime;
(f) that access (or increased access) to the service would not be
contrary to the public interest.

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Section 44I
(5) In deciding whether an access regime established by a State or
Territory that is a party to the Competition Principles Agreement is
an effective access regime, the Minister:
(a) must apply the relevant principles set out in that agreement;
and
(b) must, subject to section 44DA, not consider any other
matters.
(6) If there is in force a decision of the Commonwealth Minister under
section 44N that a regime established by a State or Territory for
access to the service is an effective access regime, the designated
Minister must follow that decision, unless the designated Minister
believes that, since the Commonwealth Minister’s decision was
published, there have been substantial modifications of the access
regime or of the relevant principles set out in the Competition
Principles Agreement.
Note: The period for which a decision is in force is determined under
subsection 44N(3) and paragraph 44P(a).

(7) The designated Minister must publish the declaration or his or her
decision not to declare the service. At the same time, the
designated Minister must give reasons for the decision and a copy
of the declaration recommendation to the provider and to the
person who applied for the declaration recommendation.
(8) If the designated Minister declares the service, the declaration must
specify the expiry date of the declaration.
(9) If the designated Minister does not publish under subsection (7)
within 60 days after receiving the declaration recommendation, the
designated Minister is taken, at the end of that 60-day period, to
have decided not to declare the service and to have published that
decision not to declare the service.

44I Duration and effect of declaration

(1) Subject to this section, a declaration begins to operate at a time

specified in the declaration. The time cannot be earlier than 21
days after the declaration is published.

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Section 44J
(2) If an application for review of a declaration is made within 21 days
after the declaration is published, the declaration does not begin to
operate until the Tribunal makes its decision on the review.
(3) A declaration continues in operation until its expiry date, unless it
is earlier revoked.
(4) The expiry or revocation of a declaration does not affect:
(a) the arbitration of an access dispute that was notified before
the expiry or revocation; or
(b) the operation or enforcement of any determination made in
the arbitration of an access dispute that was notified before
the expiry or revocation.

44J Revocation of declaration

(1) The Council may recommend to the designated Minister that a

declaration be revoked.
(2) The Council cannot recommend revocation of a declaration unless
it is satisfied that, at the time of the recommendation, subsection
44H(4) would prevent the designated Minister from declaring the
service concerned.
(3) On receiving a revocation recommendation, the designated
Minister must either revoke the declaration or decide not to revoke
the declaration.
(4) The designated Minister must publish the decision to revoke or not
to revoke.
(5) If the designated Minister decides not to revoke, the designated
Minister must give reasons for the decision to the provider of the
declared service when the designated Minister publishes the
decision.
(6) The designated Minister cannot revoke a declaration without
receiving a revocation recommendation.

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Section 44K
44K Review of declaration

(1) If the designated Minister declares a service, the provider may

apply in writing to the Tribunal for review of the declaration.
(2) If the designated Minister decides not to declare a service, an
application in writing for review of the designated Minister’s
decision may be made by the person who applied for the
declaration recommendation.
(3) An application for review must be made within 21 days after
publication of the designated Minister’s decision.
(4) The review by the Tribunal is a re-consideration of the matter.

(5) For the purposes of the review, the Tribunal has the same powers
as the designated Minister.
(6) The member of the Tribunal presiding at the review may require
the Council to give information and other assistance and to make
reports, as specified by the member for the purposes of the review.
(7) If the designated Minister declared the service, the Tribunal may
affirm, vary or set aside the declaration.

(8) If the designated Minister decided not to declare the service, the
Tribunal may either:
(a) affirm the designated Minister’s decision; or
(b) set aside the designated Minister’s decision and declare the
service in question.

(9) A declaration, or varied declaration, made by the Tribunal is to be

taken to be a declaration by the designated Minister for all
purposes of this Part (except this section).

44L Review of decision not to revoke a declaration

(1) If the designated Minister decides not to revoke a declaration, the

provider may apply in writing to the Tribunal for review of the
decision.

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Section 44M
(2) An application for review must be made within 21 days after
publication of the designated Minister’s decision.
(3) The review by the Tribunal is a re-consideration of the matter.
(4) For the purposes of the review, the Tribunal has the same powers
as the designated Minister.
(5) The member of the Tribunal presiding at the review may require
the Council to give information and other assistance and to make
reports, as specified by the member for the purposes of the review.
(6) The Tribunal may either:
(a) affirm the designated Minister’s decision; or
(b) set aside the designated Minister’s decision and revoke the
declaration.

Subdivision C—Miscellaneous

44M Recommendation for a Ministerial decision on effectiveness of

access regime

(1) This section applies if a State or Territory that is a party to the

Competition Principles Agreement has established at any time a
regime for access to a service or a proposed service.

(2) The responsible Minister for the State or Territory may make a
written application to the Council asking the Council to
recommend that the Commonwealth Minister decide that the
regime for access to the service or proposed service is an effective
access regime.
(3) The Council must recommend to the Commonwealth Minister:
(a) that he or she decide that the access regime is an effective
access regime for the service, or proposed service; or
(b) that he or she decide that the access regime is not an effective
access regime for the service, or proposed service.
(4) In deciding what recommendation it should make, the Council:

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Section 44N
(a) must assess whether the access regime is an effective access
regime by applying the relevant principles set out in the
Competition Principles Agreement; and
(b) must, subject to section 44DA, not consider any other
matters.

(5) When the Council recommends that the Commonwealth Minister

make a particular decision, the Council must also recommend the
period for which the decision should be in force.

44N Ministerial decision on effectiveness of access regime

(1) On receiving a recommendation, the Commonwealth Minister

must:
(a) decide that the access regime is an effective access regime
for the service or proposed service; or
(b) decide that the access regime is not an effective access
regime for the service or proposed service.
(2) In making a decision, the Commonwealth Minister:
(a) must apply the relevant principles set out in the Competition
Principles Agreement; and
(b) must, subject to section 44DA, not consider any other
matters.
(3) The decision must specify the period for which it is in force.

(4) The Commonwealth Minister must publish his or her decision. At

the same time, the Commonwealth Minister must give his or her
reasons for the decision, and a copy of the Council’s
recommendation, to the responsible Minister for the State or
Territory who applied for the recommendation.

44O Review of Ministerial decision on effectiveness of access regime

(1) The responsible Minister of the State or Territory who applied for a
recommendation that the Commonwealth Minister decide that the
access regime is an effective access regime may apply to the
Tribunal for review of the Commonwealth Minister’s decision.

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Declared services Division 2

Section 44P
(2) An application for review must be made within 21 days after
publication of the Commonwealth Minister’s decision.
(3) The review by the Tribunal is a reconsideration of the matter.
(4) For the purposes of the review, the Tribunal has the same powers
as the Commonwealth Minister.
(5) The member of the Tribunal presiding at the review may require
the Council to give information and other assistance, and to make
reports, as specified by the member for the purposes of the review.
(6) The Tribunal may affirm, vary or reverse the Commonwealth
Minister’s decision.
(7) A decision made by the Tribunal is to be taken to be a decision of
the Commonwealth Minister for all purposes of this Part (except
this section).

44P State or Territory ceasing to be a party to Competition

Principles Agreement

If a State or Territory that has established a regime for access to a

service or proposed service ceases to be a party to the Competition
Principles Agreement:
(a) a decision by the Commonwealth Minister that the regime is
an effective access regime ceases to be in force; and
(b) the Council, the Commonwealth Minister and the Tribunal
need not take any further action relating to an application for
a decision by the Commonwealth Minister that the regime is
an effective access regime.

44Q Register of decisions and declarations

The Commission must maintain a public register that includes:

(a) each decision of the Commonwealth Minister that a regime
established by a State or Territory for access to a service is an
effective access regime for the service or proposed service;
and

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Section 44Q
(b) each declaration (including a declaration that is no longer in
force).

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Access to declared services Division 3

Section 44R

Division 3—Access to declared services

Subdivision A—Scope of Division

44R Constitutional limits on operation of this Division

This Division does not apply in relation to a third party’s access to

a service unless:
(a) the provider is a corporation (or a partnership or joint venture
consisting wholly of corporations); or
(b) the third party is a corporation; or
(c) the access is (or would be) in the course of, or for the
purposes of, constitutional trade or commerce.

Subdivision B—Notification of access disputes

44S Notification of access disputes

(1) If a third party is unable to agree with the provider on one or more
aspects of access to a declared service, either the provider or the
third party may notify the Commission in writing that an access
dispute exists.
Note: An example of one of the things on which a provider and third party
might disagree is whether a previous determination ought to be varied.

(2) On receiving the notification, the Commission must give notice in

writing of the access dispute to:
(a) the provider, if the third party notified the access dispute;
(b) the third party, if the provider notified the access dispute;
(c) any other person whom the Commission thinks might want to
become a party to the arbitration.

44T Withdrawal of notifications

(1) A notification may be withdrawn as follows (and not otherwise):

(a) if the provider notified the dispute:

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Section 44U
(i) the provider may withdraw the notification at any time
before the Commission makes its determination;
(ii) the third party may withdraw the provider’s notification
at any time after the Commission issues a draft
determination, but before it makes its determination;
(b) if the third party notified the dispute, the third party may
withdraw the notification at any time before the Commission
makes its determination.
(2) Despite subparagraph (1)(a)(ii), if the provider notified a dispute
over variation of a determination, the third party may not withdraw
the provider’s notification.
(3) If the notification is withdrawn, it is taken for the purposes of this
Part never to have been given.

Subdivision C—Arbitration of access disputes

44U Parties to the arbitration

The parties to the arbitration of an access dispute are:

(a) the provider;
(b) the third party;
(c) any other person who applies in writing to be made a party
and is accepted by the Commission as having a sufficient
interest.

44V Determination by Commission

(1) Unless it terminates the arbitration under section 44Y, the

Commission must make a written determination on access by the
third party to the service.
(2) The determination may deal with any matter relating to access by
the third party to the service, including matters that were not the
basis for notification of the dispute. By way of example, the
determination may:
(a) require the provider to provide access to the service by the
third party;

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Access to declared services Division 3

Section 44W
(b) require the third party to accept, and pay for, access to the
service;
(c) specify the terms and conditions of the third party’s access to
the service;
(d) require the provider to extend the facility;
(e) specify the extent to which the determination overrides an
earlier determination relating to access to the service by the
third party.
(3) The determination does not have to require the provider to provide
access to the service by the third party.

(4) Before making a determination, the Commission must give a draft

determination to the parties.
(5) When the Commission makes a determination, it must give the
parties to the arbitration its reasons for making the determination.

44W Restrictions on access determinations

(1) The Commission must not make a determination that would have
any of the following effects:
(a) preventing an existing user obtaining a sufficient amount of
the service to be able to meet the user’s reasonably
anticipated requirements, measured at the time when the
dispute was notified;
(b) preventing a person from obtaining, by the exercise of a
pre-notification right, a sufficient amount of the service to be
able to meet the person’s actual requirements;
(c) depriving any person of a protected contractual right;
(d) resulting in the third party becoming the owner (or one of the
owners) of any part of the facility, or of extensions of the
facility, without the consent of the provider;
(e) requiring the provider to bear some or all of the costs of
extending the facility or maintaining extensions of the
facility.

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Section 44W
(2) Paragraphs (1)(a) and (b) do not apply in relation to the
requirements and rights of the third party and the provider when
the Commission is making a determination in arbitration of an
access dispute relating to an earlier determination of an access
dispute between the third party and the provider.
(3) A determination is of no effect if it is made in contravention of
subsection (1).
(4) If the Commission makes a determination that has the effect of
depriving a person (the second person) of a pre-notification right
to require the provider to supply the service to the second person,
the determination must also require the third party:
(a) to pay to the second person such amount (if any) as the
Commission considers is fair compensation for the
deprivation; and
(b) to reimburse the provider and the Commonwealth for any
compensation that the provider or the Commonwealth agrees,
or is required by a court order, to pay to the second party as
compensation for the deprivation.
Note: Without infringing paragraph (1)(b), a determination may deprive a
second person of the right to be supplied with an amount of service
equal to the difference between the total amount of service the person
was entitled to under a pre-notification right and the amount that the
person actually needs to meet his or her actual requirements.

(5) In this section:

existing user means a person (including the provider) who was
using the service at the time when the dispute was notified.
pre-notification right means a right under a contract, or under a
determination, that was in force at the time when the dispute was
notified.
protected contractual right means a right under a contract that was
in force at the beginning of 30 March 1995.

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Access to declared services Division 3

Section 44X
44X Matters that the Commission must take into account

(1) The Commission must take the following matters into account in
making a determination:
(a) the legitimate business interests of the provider, and the
provider’s investment in the facility;
(b) the public interest, including the public interest in having
competition in markets (whether or not in Australia);
(c) the interests of all persons who have rights to use the service;
(d) the direct costs of providing access to the service;
(e) the value to the provider of extensions whose cost is borne by
someone else;
(f) the operational and technical requirements necessary for the
safe and reliable operation of the facility;
(g) the economically efficient operation of the facility.
(2) The Commission may take into account any other matters that it
thinks are relevant.

44Y Commission may terminate arbitration in certain cases

(1) The Commission may at any time terminate an arbitration (without

making a determination) if it thinks that:
(a) the notification of the dispute was vexatious; or
(b) the subject matter of the dispute is trivial, misconceived or
lacking in substance; or
(c) the party who notified the dispute has not engaged in
negotiations in good faith; or
(d) access to the service should continue to be governed by an
existing contract between the provider and the third party.
(2) In addition, if the dispute is about varying an existing
determination, the Commission may terminate the arbitration if it
thinks there is no sufficient reason why the previous determination
should not continue to have effect in its present form.

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Section 44Z

Subdivision D—Procedure in arbitrations

44Z Constitution of Commission for conduct of arbitration

For the purposes of a particular arbitration, the Commission is to

be constituted by 2 or more members of the Commission
nominated in writing by the Chairperson.

44ZA Member of the Commission presiding at an arbitration

(1) Subject to subsection (2), the Chairperson is to preside at an

arbitration.
(2) If the Chairperson is not a member of the Commission as
constituted under section 44Z in relation to a particular arbitration,
the Chairperson must nominate a member of the Commission to
preside at the arbitration.

44ZB Reconstitution of Commission

(1) This section applies if a member of the Commission who is one of

the members who constitute the Commission for the purposes of a
particular arbitration:
(a) stops being a member of the Commission; or
(b) for any reason, is not available for the purpose of the
arbitration.
(2) The Chairperson must either:
(a) direct that the Commission is to be constituted for the
purposes of finishing the arbitration by the remaining
member or members; or
(b) direct that the Commission is to be constituted for that
purpose by the remaining member or members together with
one or more other members of the Commission.
(3) If a direction under subsection (2) is given, the Commission as
constituted in accordance with the direction must continue and
finish the arbitration and may, for that purpose, have regard to any

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Access to declared services Division 3

Section 44ZC
record of the proceedings of the arbitration made by the
Commission as previously constituted.

44ZC Determination of questions

If the Commission is constituted for an arbitration by 2 or more

members of the Commission, any question before the Commission
is to be decided:
(a) unless paragraph (b) applies—according to the opinion of the
majority of those members; or
(b) if the members are evenly divided on the question—
according to the opinion of the member who is presiding.

44ZD Hearing to be in private

(1) Subject to subsection (2), an arbitration hearing for an access

dispute is to be in private.

(2) If the parties agree, an arbitration hearing or part of an arbitration

hearing may be conducted in public.
(3) The member of the Commission who is presiding at an arbitration
hearing that is conducted in private may give written directions as
to the persons who may be present.
(4) In giving directions under subsection (3), the member presiding
must have regard to the wishes of the parties and the need for
commercial confidentiality.

44ZE Right to representation

In an arbitration hearing before the Commission under this Part, a

party may appear in person or be represented by someone else.

44ZF Procedure of Commission

(1) In an arbitration hearing about an access dispute, the Commission:

(a) is not bound by technicalities, legal forms or rules of
evidence; and

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Section 44ZG
(b) must act as speedily as a proper consideration of the dispute
allows, having regard to the need to carefully and quickly
inquire into and investigate the dispute and all matters
affecting the merits, and fair settlement, of the dispute; and
(c) may inform itself of any matter relevant to the dispute in any
way it thinks appropriate.
(2) The Commission may determine the periods that are reasonably
necessary for the fair and adequate presentation of the respective
cases of the parties to an access dispute, and may require that the
cases be presented within those periods.
(3) The Commission may require evidence or argument to be
presented in writing, and may decide the matters on which it will
hear oral evidence or argument.
(4) The Commission may determine that an arbitration hearing is to be
conducted by:
(a) telephone; or
(b) closed circuit television; or
(c) any other means of communication.

44ZG Particular powers of Commission

(1) The Commission may do any of the following things for the
purpose of arbitrating an access dispute:
(a) give a direction in the course of, or for the purposes of, an
arbitration hearing;
(b) hear and determine the arbitration in the absence of a person
who has been summoned or served with a notice to appear;
(c) sit at any place;
(d) adjourn to any time and place;
(e) refer any matter to an expert and accept the expert’s report as
evidence;
(f) generally give all such directions, and do all such things, as
are necessary or expedient for the speedy hearing and
determination of the access dispute.

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Section 44ZH
(2) A person must not do any act or thing in relation to the arbitration
of an access dispute that would be a contempt of court if the
Commission were a court of record.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months.

(3) Subsection (1) has effect subject to any other provision of this Part
and subject to the regulations.
(4) The Commission may give an oral or written order to a person not
to divulge or communicate to anyone else specified information
that was given to the person in the course of an arbitration unless
the person has the Commission’s permission.

(5) A person who contravenes an order under subsection (4) is guilty

of an offence, punishable on conviction by imprisonment for a
term not exceeding 6 months.

44ZH Power to take evidence on oath or affirmation

(1) The Commission may take evidence on oath or affirmation and for
that purpose a member of the Commission may administer an oath
or affirmation.
(2) The member of the Commission who is presiding may summon a
person to appear before the Commission to give evidence and to
produce such documents (if any) as are referred to in the summons.
(3) The powers in this section may be exercised only for the purposes
of arbitrating an access dispute.

44ZI Failing to attend as a witness

A person who is served, as prescribed, with a summons to appear

as a witness before the Commission must not, without reasonable
excuse:
(a) fail to attend as required by the summons; or

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Section 44ZJ
(b) fail to appear and report himself or herself from day to day
unless excused, or released from further attendance, by a
member of the Commission.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months.

44ZJ Failing to answer questions etc.

(1) A person appearing as a witness before the Commission must not,

without reasonable excuse:
(a) refuse or fail to be sworn or to make an affirmation; or
(b) refuse or fail to answer a question that the person is required
to answer by the Commission; or
(c) refuse or fail to produce a document that he or she was
required to produce by a summons under this Part served on
him or her as prescribed.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months.
(2) It is a reasonable excuse for the purposes of subsection (1) for an
individual to refuse or fail to answer a question or produce a
document on the ground that the answer or the production of the
document might tend to incriminate the individual or to expose the
individual to a penalty. This subsection does not limit what is a
reasonable excuse for the purposes of subsection (1).

44ZK Intimidation etc.

A person must not:

(a) threaten, intimidate or coerce another person; or
(b) cause or procure damage, loss or disadvantage to another
person;
because that other person:
(c) proposes to produce, or has produced, documents to the
Commission; or
(d) proposes to appear or has appeared as a witness before the
Commission.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 12 months.

80 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Access to services Part IIIA
Access to declared services Division 3

Section 44ZL
44ZL Party may request Commission to treat material as
confidential

(1) A party to an arbitration hearing may:

(a) inform the Commission that, in the party’s opinion, a
specified part of a document contains confidential
commercial information; and
(b) request the Commission not to give a copy of that part to
another party.
(2) On receiving a request, the Commission must:
(a) inform the other party or parties that the request has been
made and of the general nature of the matters to which the
relevant part of the document relates; and
(b) ask the other party or parties whether there is any objection
to the Commission complying with the request.
(3) If there is an objection to the Commission complying with a
request, the party objecting may inform the Commission of its
objection and of the reasons for it.
(4) After considering:
(a) a request; and
(b) any objection; and
(c) any further submissions that any party has made in relation to
the request;
the Commission may decide not to give to the other party or parties
a copy of so much of the document as contains confidential
commercial information that the Commission thinks should not be
so given.

44ZM Sections 18 and 19 do not apply to the Commission in an

arbitration

Sections 18 and 19 do not apply to the Commission, as constituted

for an arbitration.

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 3 Access to declared services

Section 44ZN
44ZN Parties to pay costs of an arbitration

The regulations may provide for the Commission to:

(a) charge the parties to an arbitration for its costs in conducting
the arbitration; and
(b) apportion the charge between the parties.

Subdivision E—Effect of determinations

44ZO Operation of determinations

(1) If none of the parties to the arbitration applies to the Tribunal under
section 44ZP for a review of the Commission’s determination, the
determination has effect 21 days after the determination is made.
(2) If a party to the arbitration applies to the Tribunal under
section 44ZP for a review of the Commission’s determination, the
determination is of no effect until the Tribunal makes its
determination on the review.

Subdivision F—Review of determinations

44ZP Review by Tribunal

(1) A party to a determination may apply in writing to the Tribunal for

a review of the determination.
(2) The application must be made within 21 days after the Commission
made the determination.
(3) A review by the Tribunal is a re-arbitration of the access dispute.

(4) For the purposes of the review, the Tribunal has the same powers
as the Commission.
(5) The member of the Tribunal presiding at the review may require
the Commission to give information and other assistance and to
make reports, as specified by the member for the purposes of the
review.

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 Access to services Part IIIA
Access to declared services Division 3

Section 44ZQ
(6) The Tribunal may either affirm or vary the Commission’s
determination.
(7) The determination, as affirmed or varied by the Tribunal, is to be
taken to be a determination of the Commission for all purposes of
this Part (except this section).
(8) The decision of the Tribunal takes effect from when it is made.

44ZQ Provisions that do not apply in relation to a Tribunal review

Sections 37, 39 to 43 (inclusive) and 103 to 110 (inclusive) do not

apply in relation to a review by the Tribunal of a determination
made by the Commission.

44ZR Appeals to Federal Court from determinations of the

Tribunal

(1) A party to an arbitration may appeal to the Federal Court, on a

question of law, from the decision of the Tribunal under
section 44ZP.

(2) An appeal by a person under subsection (1) must be instituted:

(a) not later than the 28th day after the day on which the decision
of the Tribunal is made or within such further period as the
Federal Court (whether before or after the end of that day)
allows; and
(b) in accordance with the Rules of Court made under the
Federal Court of Australia Act 1976.
(3) The Federal Court must hear and determine the appeal and may
make any order that it thinks appropriate.
(4) The orders that may be made by the Federal Court on appeal
include (but are not limited to):
(a) an order affirming or setting aside the decision of the
Tribunal; and
(b) an order remitting the matter to be decided again by the
Tribunal in accordance with the directions of the Federal
Court.

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 3 Access to declared services

Section 44ZS
44ZS Operation and implementation of a determination that is
subject to appeal

(1) Subject to this section, the fact that an appeal is instituted in the
Federal Court from a decision of the Tribunal does not affect the
operation of the decision or prevent action being taken to
implement the decision.
(2) If an appeal is instituted in the Federal Court from a decision of the
Tribunal, the Federal Court or a judge of the Federal Court may
make any orders staying or otherwise affecting the operation or
implementation of the decision of the Tribunal that the Federal
Court or judge thinks appropriate to secure the effectiveness of the
hearing and determination of the appeal.

(3) If an order is in force under subsection (2) (including an order

previously varied under this subsection), the Federal Court or a
judge of the Federal Court may make an order varying or revoking
the first-mentioned order.
(4) An order in force under subsection (2) (including an order
previously varied under subsection (3)):
(a) is subject to any conditions that are specified in the order;
and
(b) has effect until:
(i) the end of any period for the operation of the order that
is specified in the order; or
(ii) the giving of a decision on the appeal;
whichever is earlier.

44ZT Transmission of documents

If an appeal is instituted in the Federal Court:

(a) the Tribunal must send to the Federal Court all documents
that were before the Tribunal in connection with the matter to
which the appeal relates; and
(b) at the conclusion of the proceedings before the Federal Court
in relation to the appeal, the Federal Court must return the
documents to the Tribunal.

84 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Access to services Part IIIA
Access to declared services Division 3

Section 44ZU

Subdivision G—Variation of determinations

44ZU Variation of determinations

(1) The Commission may vary a determination on the application of

any party to the determination. However, it cannot vary the
determination if any other party objects.
Note: If the parties cannot agree on a variation, a new access dispute can be
notified under section 44S.

(2) Sections 44W and 44X apply to a variation under this section as if:
(a) an access dispute arising out of the determination had been
notified when the application was made to the Commission
for the variation of the determination; and
(b) the variation were the making of a determination in the terms
of the varied determination.

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 4 Registered contracts for access to declared services

Section 44ZV

Division 4—Registered contracts for access to declared

services

44ZV Constitutional limits on operation of this Division

This Division does not apply to a contract unless:

(a) the contract provides for access to a declared service; and
(b) the contract was made after the service was declared; and
(c) the parties to the contract are the provider of the service and a
third party; and
(d) at least one of the following conditions is met:
(i) the provider is a corporation (or a partnership or joint
venture consisting wholly of corporations);
(ii) the third party is a corporation;
(iii) the access is (or would be) in the course of, or for the
purposes of, constitutional trade or commerce.

44ZW Registration of contract

(1) On application by all the parties to a contract, the Commission

must:
(a) register the contract by entering the following details on a
public register:
(i) the names of the parties to the contract;
(ii) the service to which the contract relates;
(iii) the date on which the contract was made; or
(b) decide not to register the contract.
(2) In deciding whether to register a contract, the Commission must
take into account:
(a) the public interest, including the public interest in having
competition in markets (whether or not in Australia); and
(b) the interests of all persons who have rights to use the service
to which the contract relates.

86 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Access to services Part IIIA
Registered contracts for access to declared services Division 4

Section 44ZX
(3) The Commission must publish a decision not to register a contract.

(4) If the Commission publishes a decision not to register a contract, it

must give the parties to the contract reasons for the decision when
it publishes the decision.

44ZX Review of decision not to register contract

(1) If the Commission decides not to register a contract, a party to the

contract may apply in writing to the Tribunal for review of the
decision.
(2) An application for review must be made within 21 days after
publication of the Commission’s decision.
(3) The review by the Tribunal is a re-consideration of the matter.
(4) For the purposes of the review, the Tribunal has the same powers
as the Commission.
(5) The member of the Tribunal presiding at the review may require
the Commission to give information and other assistance and to
make reports, as specified by the member for the purposes of the
review.
(6) The Tribunal may either:
(a) affirm the Commission’s decision; or
(b) register the contract.

44ZY Effect of registration of contract

The parties to a contract that has been registered:

(a) may enforce the contract under Division 7 as if the contract
were a determination of the Commission under section 44V
and they were parties to the determination; and
(b) cannot enforce the contract by any other means.

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 5 Hindering access to declared services

Section 44ZZ

Division 5—Hindering access to declared services

44ZZ Prohibition on hindering access to declared services

(1) The provider or a user of a service to which a third party has access
under a determination, or a body corporate related to the provider
or a user of the service, must not engage in conduct for the purpose
of preventing or hindering the third party’s access to the service
under the determination.
(2) A person may be taken to have engaged in conduct for the purpose
referred to in subsection (1) even though, after all the evidence has
been considered, the existence of that purpose is ascertainable only
by inference from the conduct of the person or from other relevant
circumstances. This subsection does not limit the manner in which
the purpose of a person may be established for the purposes of
subsection (1).
(3) In this section, a user of a service includes a person who has a right
to use the service.

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 Access to services Part IIIA
Access undertakings for non-declared services Division 6

Section 44ZZA

Division 6—Access undertakings for non-declared services

44ZZA Access undertakings by providers

(1) A person who is, or expects to be, the provider of a service may
give a written undertaking to the Commission in connection with
the provision of access to the service.
Note: The following are examples of the kinds of things that might be dealt
with in the undertaking:
(a) terms and conditions of access to the service;
(b) procedures for determining terms and conditions of access to the
service;
(c) an obligation on the provider not to hinder access to the service;
(d) an obligation on the provider to implement a particular business
structure;
(e) an obligation on the provider to provide information to the
Commission or to another person;
(f) an obligation on the provider to comply with decisions of the
Commission or another person in relation to matters specified in
the undertaking;
(g) an obligation on the provider to seek a variation of the
undertaking in specified circumstances.

(2) The undertaking must specify the expiry date of the undertaking.

(3) The Commission may accept the undertaking, if it thinks it

appropriate to do so having regard to the following matters:
(a) the legitimate business interests of the provider;
(b) the public interest, including the public interest in having
competition in markets (whether or not in Australia);
(c) the interests of persons who might want access to the service;
(d) whether access to the service is already the subject of an
access regime;
(da) whether the undertaking is in accordance with an access code
that applies to the service;
(e) any other matters that the Commission thinks are relevant.

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 6 Access undertakings for non-declared services

Section 44ZZA
(3A) The Commission must not accept the undertaking unless:
(a) the provider, or proposed provider, is a corporation (or a
partnership or joint venture consisting wholly of
corporations); or
(b) the undertaking provides for access only to third parties that
are corporations; or
(c) the undertaking provides for access that is (or would be) in
the course of, or for the purposes of, constitutional trade or
commerce.
(4) The Commission must not accept the undertaking unless the
Commission has first:
(a) published the undertaking and invited people to make
submissions to the Commission on the undertaking; and
(b) considered any submissions that were received within the
time limit specified by the Commission when it published the
undertaking.
(4A) The Commission may accept the undertaking without complying
with subsection (4) if the Commission is satisfied that the
undertaking is in accordance with an access code that is in
operation at the time of acceptance.
(5) If the Commission accepts the undertaking:
(a) the undertaking comes into operation at the time of
acceptance; and
(b) the undertaking continues in operation until its expiry date,
unless it is earlier withdrawn.
(6) If the undertaking provides for disputes about the undertaking to be
resolved by the Commission, then the Commission may resolve the
disputes in accordance with the undertaking.
(6A) If the undertaking provides for the Commission to perform
functions or exercise powers in relation to the undertaking, the
Commission may perform those functions and exercise those
powers. If the Commission decides to do so, it must do so in
accordance with the undertaking.

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 Access to services Part IIIA
Access undertakings for non-declared services Division 6

Section 44ZZAA
(7) The provider may withdraw or vary the undertaking at any time,
but only with the consent of the Commission.

44ZZAA Access codes prepared by industry bodies

(1) An industry body may give a written code to the Commission

setting out rules for access to a service.
(2) The code must specify the expiry date of the code.

(3) The Commission may accept the code, if it thinks it appropriate to

do so having regard to the following matters:
(a) the legitimate business interests of providers who might give
undertakings in accordance with the code;
(b) the public interest, including the public interest in having
competition in markets (whether or not in Australia);
(c) the interests of persons who might want access to the service
covered by the code;
(d) whether access to the service is already the subject of an
access regime;
(e) any matters specified in regulations made for the purposes of
this subsection;
(f) any other matters that the Commission thinks are relevant.
(4) The Commission must not accept the code unless the Commission
has first:
(a) published the code and invited people to make submissions
to the Commission on the code; and
(b) considered any submissions that were received within the
time limit specified by the Commission when it published the
code.

(5) If the Commission accepts the code:

(a) the code comes into operation at the time of acceptance; and
(b) the code continues in operation until its expiry date, unless it
is earlier withdrawn.
(6) The industry body may withdraw or vary the code at any time, but
only with the consent of the Commission.

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 6 Access undertakings for non-declared services

Section 44ZZB
(7) If the industry body that gave the code to the Commission has
ceased to exist, a withdrawal or variation under subsection (6) may
be made by a body or association prescribed by the regulations as a
replacement for the original industry body.
(8) In this section:

code means a set of rules (which may be in general terms or

detailed terms).

industry body means a body or association prescribed by the

regulations for the purposes of this section.

44ZZB Undertakings cannot be accepted in certain cases

The Commission cannot accept an undertaking given under

section 44ZZA if the service concerned is a declared service.

44ZZC Register of access undertakings and access codes

(1) The Commission must maintain a public register that includes all
access undertakings and access codes that have been accepted by
the Commission, including those that are no longer in operation.
(2) The register must include all variations of access undertakings and
access codes.

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 Access to services Part IIIA
Enforcement and remedies Division 7

Section 44ZZD

Division 7—Enforcement and remedies

44ZZD Enforcement of determinations

(1) If the Federal Court is satisfied, on the application of a party to a

determination, that another party to the determination has engaged,
is engaging, or is proposing to engage in conduct that constitutes a
contravention of the determination, the Court may make all or any
of the following orders:
(a) an order granting an injunction on such terms as the Court
thinks appropriate:
(i) restraining the other party from engaging in the conduct;
or
(ii) if the conduct involves refusing or failing to do
something—requiring the other party to do that thing;
(b) an order directing the other party to compensate the applicant
for loss or damage suffered as a result of the contravention;
(c) any other order that the Court thinks appropriate.
(2) If the Federal Court has power under subsection (1) to grant an
injunction restraining a person from engaging in particular
conduct, or requiring a person to do anything, the Court may make
any other orders (including granting an injunction) that it thinks
appropriate against any other person who was involved in the
contravention concerned.
(3) A reference in this section to a person involved in the
contravention is a reference to a person who has:
(a) aided, abetted, counselled or procured the contravention; or
(b) induced the contravention, whether through threats or
promises or otherwise; or
(c) been in any way (directly or indirectly) knowingly concerned
in or a party to the contravention; or
(d) conspired with others to effect the contravention.

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 7 Enforcement and remedies

Section 44ZZE
44ZZE Enforcement of prohibition on hindering access

(1) If the Federal Court is satisfied, on the application of any person,

that another person (the obstructor) has engaged, is engaging, or is
proposing to engage in conduct constituting a contravention of
section 44ZZ, the Court may make all or any of the following
orders:
(a) an order granting an injunction on such terms as the Court
thinks appropriate:
(i) restraining the obstructor from engaging in the conduct;
or
(ii) if the conduct involves refusing or failing to do
something—requiring the obstructor to do that thing;
(b) an order directing the obstructor to compensate a person who
has suffered loss or damage as a result of the contravention;
(c) any other order that the Court thinks appropriate.

(2) If the Federal Court has power under subsection (1) to grant an
injunction restraining a person from engaging in particular
conduct, or requiring a person to do anything, the Court may make
any other orders (including granting an injunction) that it thinks
appropriate against any other person who was involved in the
contravention concerned.
(3) The grounds on which the Court may decide not to make an order
under this section include the ground that Divisions 2 and 3
provide a more appropriate way of dealing with the issue of the
applicant’s access to the service concerned.

(4) A reference in this section to a person involved in the

contravention is a reference to a person who has:
(a) aided, abetted, counselled or procured the contravention; or
(b) induced the contravention, whether through threats or
promises or otherwise; or
(c) been in any way (directly or indirectly) knowingly concerned
in or a party to the contravention; or
(d) conspired with others to effect the contravention.

94 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Access to services Part IIIA
Enforcement and remedies Division 7

Section 44ZZF
44ZZF Consent injunctions

On an application for an injunction under section 44ZZD or

44ZZE, the Federal Court may grant an injunction by consent of all
of the parties to the proceedings, whether or not the Court is
satisfied that the section applies.

44ZZG Interim injunctions

(1) The Federal Court may grant an interim injunction pending

determination of an application under section 44ZZD or 44ZZE.
(2) If the Commission makes an application under section 44ZZE to
the Federal Court for an injunction, the Court must not require the
Commission or any other person, as a condition of granting an
interim injunction, to give any undertakings as to damages.

44ZZH Factors relevant to granting a restraining injunction

The power of the Federal Court to grant an injunction under

section 44ZZD or 44ZZE restraining a person from engaging in
conduct may be exercised whether or not:
(a) it appears to the Court that the person intends to engage
again, or to continue to engage, in conduct of that kind; or
(b) the person has previously engaged in conduct of that kind; or
(c) there is an imminent danger of substantial damage to any
person if the first-mentioned person engages in conduct of
that kind.

44ZZI Factors relevant to granting a mandatory injunction

The power of the Federal Court to grant an injunction under

section 44ZZD or 44ZZE requiring a person to do a thing may be
exercised whether or not:
(a) it appears to the Court that the person intends to refuse or fail
again, or to continue to refuse or fail, to do that thing; or
(b) the person has previously refused or failed to do that thing; or

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 7 Enforcement and remedies

Section 44ZZJ
(c) there is an imminent danger of substantial damage to any
person if the first-mentioned person refuses or fails to do that
thing.

44ZZJ Enforcement of access undertakings

(1) If the Commission thinks that the provider of an access

undertaking in operation under section 44ZZA has breached any of
its terms, the Commission may apply to the Federal Court for an
order under subsection (2).
(2) If the Federal Court is satisfied that the provider has breached a
term of the undertaking, the Court may make all or any of the
following orders:
(a) an order directing the provider to comply with that term of
the undertaking;
(b) an order directing the provider to compensate any other
person who has suffered loss or damage as a result of the
breach;
(c) any other order that the Court thinks appropriate.

44ZZK Discharge or variation of injunction or other order

The Federal Court may discharge or vary an injunction or order

granted under this Division.

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 Access to services Part IIIA
Miscellaneous Division 8

Section 44ZZL

Division 8—Miscellaneous

44ZZL Register of determinations

The Commission must maintain a public register that specifies the

following information for each determination:
(a) the names of the parties to the determination;
(b) the service to which the determination relates;
(c) the date on which the determination was made.

44ZZM Commonwealth consent to conferral of functions etc. on the

Commission or Tribunal by State or Territory laws

(1) A State or Territory access regime law may confer functions or

powers, or impose duties, on the Commission or Tribunal.
Note: Section 44ZZMB sets out when such a law imposes a duty on the
Commission or Tribunal.

(2) Subsection (1) does not authorise the conferral of a function or

power, or the imposition of a duty, by a law of a State or Territory
to the extent to which:
(a) the conferral or imposition, or the authorisation, would
contravene any constitutional doctrines restricting the duties
that may be imposed on the Commission or Tribunal; or
(b) the authorisation would otherwise exceed the legislative
power of the Commonwealth.
(3) The Commission or Tribunal cannot perform a duty or function, or
exercise a power, under a State or Territory access regime law
unless the conferral of the function or power, or the imposition of
the duty, is in accordance with an agreement between the
Commonwealth and the State or Territory concerned.

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 8 Miscellaneous

Section 44ZZMA
44ZZMA How duty is imposed

Application

(1) This section applies if a State or Territory access regime law

purports to impose a duty on the Commission or Tribunal.
Note: Section 44ZZMB sets out when such a law imposes a duty on the
Commission or Tribunal.

State or Territory legislative power sufficient to support duty

(2) The duty is taken not to be imposed by this Act (or any other law
of the Commonwealth) to the extent to which:
(a) imposing the duty is within the legislative powers of the State
or Territory concerned; and
(b) imposing the duty by the law of the State or Territory is
consistent with the constitutional doctrines restricting the
duties that may be imposed on the Commission or Tribunal.
Note: If this subsection applies, the duty will be taken to be imposed by
force of the law of the State or Territory (the Commonwealth having
consented under section 44ZZM to the imposition of the duty by that
law).

Commonwealth legislative power sufficient to support duty but

State or Territory legislative powers are not

(3) If, to ensure the validity of the purported imposition of the duty, it
is necessary that the duty be imposed by a law of the
Commonwealth (rather than by the law of the State or Territory),
the duty is taken to be imposed by this Act to the extent necessary
to ensure that validity.
(4) If, because of subsection (3), this Act is taken to impose the duty, it
is the intention of the Parliament to rely on all powers available to
it under the Constitution to support the imposition of the duty by
this Act.
(5) The duty is taken to be imposed by this Act in accordance with
subsection (3) only to the extent to which imposing the duty:
(a) is within the legislative powers of the Commonwealth; and

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 Access to services Part IIIA
Miscellaneous Division 8

Section 44ZZMB
(b) is consistent with the constitutional doctrines restricting the
duties that may be imposed on the Commission or Tribunal.
(6) Subsections (1) to (5) do not limit section 44ZZM.

44ZZMB When a law of a State or Territory imposes a duty

For the purposes of sections 44ZZM and 44ZZMA, a State or

Territory access regime law imposes a duty on the Commission or
Tribunal if:
(a) the law confers a function or power on the Commission or
Tribunal; and
(b) the circumstances in which the function or power is
conferred give rise to an obligation on the Commission or
Tribunal to perform the function or to exercise the power.

44ZZN Compensation for acquisition of property

(1) If:
(a) a determination would result in an acquisition of property;
and
(b) the determination would not be valid, apart from this section,
because a particular person has not been sufficiently
compensated;
the Commonwealth must pay that person:
(c) a reasonable amount of compensation agreed on between the
person and the Commonwealth; or
(d) failing agreement—a reasonable amount of compensation
determined by a court of competent jurisdiction.

(2) In assessing compensation payable in a proceeding begun under

this section, the following must be taken into account if they arise
out of the same event or transaction:
(a) any damages or compensation recovered, or other remedy, in
a proceeding begun otherwise than under this section;
(b) compensation awarded under a determination.

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 8 Miscellaneous

Section 44ZZNA
(3) In this section, acquisition of property has the same meaning as in
paragraph 51(xxxi) of the Constitution.

44ZZNA Operation of Parts IV and VII not affected by this Part

This Part does not affect the operation of Parts IV and VII.

44ZZO Conduct by directors, servants or agents

(1) If, in a proceeding under this Part in respect of conduct engaged in

by a body corporate, it is necessary to establish the state of mind of
the body corporate in relation to particular conduct, it is sufficient
to show:
(a) that the conduct was engaged in by a director, servant or
agent of the body corporate within the scope of his or her
actual or apparent authority; and
(b) that the director, servant or agent had the state of mind.

(2) Any conduct engaged in on behalf of a body corporate:

(a) by a director, servant or agent of the body corporate within
the scope of the person’s actual or apparent authority; or
(b) by any other person at the direction or with the consent or
agreement (whether express or implied) of a director, servant
or agent of the body corporate, if the giving of the direction,
consent or agreement is within the scope of the actual or
apparent authority of the director, servant or agent;
is taken for the purposes of this Part to have been engaged in also
by the body corporate, unless the body corporate establishes that
the body corporate took reasonable precautions and exercised due
diligence to avoid the conduct.
(3) If, in a proceeding under this Part in respect of conduct engaged in
by an individual, it is necessary to establish the state of mind of the
individual, it is sufficient to show:
(a) that the conduct was engaged in by a servant or agent of the
individual within the scope of his or her actual or apparent
authority; and
(b) that the servant or agent had the relevant state of mind.

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 Access to services Part IIIA
Miscellaneous Division 8

Section 44ZZP
(4) Conduct engaged in on behalf of an individual:
(a) by a servant or agent of the individual within the scope of the
actual or apparent authority of the servant or agent; or
(b) by any other person at the direction or with the consent or
agreement (whether express or implied) of a servant or agent
of the individual, if the giving of the direction, consent or
agreement is within the scope of the actual or apparent
authority of the servant or agent;
is taken, for the purposes of this Part, to have been engaged in also
by that individual, unless that individual establishes that he or she
took reasonable precautions and exercised due diligence to avoid
the conduct.
(5) If:
(a) an individual is convicted of an offence; and
(b) the individual would not have been convicted of the offence
if subsections (3) and (4) had not been enacted;
the individual is not liable to be punished by imprisonment for that
offence.
(6) A reference in subsection (1) or (3) to the state of mind of a person
includes a reference to:
(a) the knowledge, intention, opinion, belief or purpose of the
person; and
(b) the person’s reasons for the intention, opinion, belief or
purpose.
(7) A reference in this section to a director of a body corporate
includes a reference to a constituent member of a body corporate
incorporated for a public purpose by a law of the Commonwealth,
of a State or of a Territory.

44ZZP Regulations about review by the Tribunal

The regulations may make provision about the following matters in

relation to the functions of the Tribunal under this Part:
(a) the constitution of the Tribunal;
(b) the arrangement of the business of the Tribunal;

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Part IIIA Access to services
Division 8 Miscellaneous

Section 44ZZQ
(c) the disclosure of interests by members of the Tribunal;
(d) determining questions before the Tribunal and questions that
arise during a review;
(e) procedure and evidence, including the appointment of
persons to assist the Tribunal by giving evidence (whether
personally or by means of a written report).

44ZZQ Regulations about fees for inspection etc. of registers

The regulations may make provision about the inspection of

registers maintained under this Part (including provision about
fees).

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Section 45

Part IV—Restrictive trade practices

45 Contracts, arrangements or understandings that restrict dealings

or affect competition

(1) If a provision of a contract made before the commencement of the

Trade Practices Amendment Act 1977:
(a) is an exclusionary provision; or
(b) has the purpose, or has or is likely to have the effect, of
substantially lessening competition;
that provision is unenforceable in so far as it confers rights or
benefits or imposes duties or obligations on a corporation.
(2) A corporation shall not:
(a) make a contract or arrangement, or arrive at an
understanding, if:
(i) the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding
contains an exclusionary provision; or
(ii) a provision of the proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding has the purpose, or would have or be
likely to have the effect, of substantially lessening
competition; or
(b) give effect to a provision of a contract, arrangement or
understanding, whether the contract or arrangement was
made, or the understanding was arrived at, before or after the
commencement of this section, if that provision:
(i) is an exclusionary provision; or
(ii) has the purpose, or has or is likely to have the effect, of
substantially lessening competition.
(3) For the purposes of this section and section 45A, competition, in
relation to a provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding
or of a proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, means
competition in any market in which a corporation that is a party to
the contract, arrangement or understanding or would be a party to

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Section 45
the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, or any body
corporate related to such a corporation, supplies or acquires, or is
likely to supply or acquire, goods or services or would, but for the
provision, supply or acquire, or be likely to supply or acquire,
goods or services.
(4) For the purposes of the application of this section in relation to a
particular corporation, a provision of a contract, arrangement or
understanding or of a proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding shall be deemed to have or to be likely to have the
effect of substantially lessening competition if that provision and
any one or more of the following provisions, namely:
(a) the other provisions of that contract, arrangement or
understanding or proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding; and
(b) the provisions of any other contract, arrangement or
understanding or proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding to which the corporation or a body corporate
related to the corporation is or would be a party;
together have or are likely to have that effect.
(5) This section does not apply to or in relation to:
(a) a provision of a contract where the provision constitutes a
covenant to which section 45B applies or, but for subsection
45B(9), would apply;
(b) a provision of a proposed contract where the provision would
constitute a covenant to which section 45B would apply or,
but for subsection 45B(9), would apply; or
(c) a provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding or of
a proposed contract, arrangement or understanding in so far
as the provision relates to:
(i) conduct that contravenes section 48; or
(ii) conduct that would contravene section 48 but for the
operation of subsection 88(8A); or
(iii) conduct that would contravene section 48 if this Act
defined the acts constituting the practice of resale price
maintenance by reference to the maximum price at

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Section 45
which goods or services are to be sold or supplied or are
to be advertised, displayed or offered for sale or supply.
(6) The making of a contract, arrangement or understanding does not
constitute a contravention of this section by reason that the
contract, arrangement or understanding contains a provision the
giving effect to which would, or would but for the operation of
subsection 47(10) or 88(8) or section 93, constitute a contravention
of section 47 and this section does not apply to or in relation to the
giving effect to a provision of a contract, arrangement or
understanding by way of:
(a) engaging in conduct that contravenes, or would but for the
operation of subsection 47(10) or 88(8) or section 93
contravene, section 47; or
(b) doing an act by reason of a breach or threatened breach of a
condition referred to in subsection 47(2), (4), (6) or (8), being
an act done by a person at a time when:
(i) an authorization under subsection 88(8) is in force in
relation to conduct engaged in by that person on that
condition; or
(ii) by reason of subsection 93(7) conduct engaged in by
that person on that condition is not to be taken to have
the effect of substantially lessening competition within
the meaning of section 47; or
(iii) a notice under subsection 93(1) is in force in relation to
conduct engaged in by that person on that condition.
(7) This section does not apply to or in relation to a contract,
arrangement or understanding in so far as the contract, arrangement
or understanding provides, or to or in relation to a proposed
contract, arrangement or understanding in so far as the proposed
contract, arrangement or understanding would provide, directly or
indirectly for the acquisition of any shares in the capital of a body
corporate or any assets of a person.
(8) This section does not apply to or in relation to a contract,
arrangement or understanding, or a proposed contract, arrangement
or understanding, the only parties to which are or would be bodies
corporate that are related to each other.

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Section 45A
(9) The making by a corporation of a contract that contains a provision
in relation to which subsection 88(1) applies is not a contravention
of subsection (2) of this section if:
(a) the contract is subject to a condition that the provision will
not come into force unless and until the corporation is
granted an authorization to give effect to the provision; and
(b) the corporation applies for the grant of such an authorization
within 14 days after the contract is made;
but nothing in this subsection prevents the giving effect by a
corporation to such a provision from constituting a contravention
of subsection (2).

45A Contracts, arrangements or understandings in relation to prices

(1) Without limiting the generality of section 45, a provision of a

contract, arrangement or understanding, or of a proposed contract,
arrangement or understanding, shall be deemed for the purposes of
that section to have the purpose, or to have or to be likely to have
the effect, of substantially lessening competition if the provision
has the purpose, or has or is likely to have the effect, as the case
may be, of fixing, controlling or maintaining, or providing for the
fixing, controlling or maintaining of, the price for, or a discount,
allowance, rebate or credit in relation to, goods or services supplied
or acquired or to be supplied or acquired by the parties to the
contract, arrangement or understanding or the proposed parties to
the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, or by any of
them, or by any bodies corporate that are related to any of them, in
competition with each other.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply to a provision of a contract or
arrangement made or of an understanding arrived at, or of a
proposed contract of arrangement to be made or of a proposed
understanding to be arrived at, for the purposes of a joint venture to
the extent that the provision relates or would relate to:
(a) the joint supply by 2 or more of the parties to the joint
venture, or the supply by all the parties to the joint venture in
proportion to their respective interests in the joint venture, of

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Section 45A
goods jointly produced by all the parties in pursuance of the
joint venture;
(b) the joint supply by 2 or more of the parties to the joint
venture of services in pursuance of the joint venture, or the
supply by all the parties to the joint venture in proportion to
their respective interests in the joint venture of services in
pursuance of, and made available as a result of, the joint
venture; or
(c) in the case of a joint venture carried on by a body corporate
as mentioned in subparagraph 4J(a)(ii):
(i) the supply by that body corporate of goods produced by
it in pursuance of the joint venture; or
(ii) the supply by that body corporate of services in
pursuance of the joint venture, not being services
supplied on behalf of the body corporate by:
(A) a person who is the owner of shares in the
capital of the body corporate; or
(B) a body corporate that is related to such a
person.

(4) Subsection (1) does not apply to a provision of a contract,

arrangement or understanding, or of a proposed contract,
arrangement or understanding, being a provision:
(a) in relation to the price for goods or services to be
collectively acquired, whether directly or indirectly, by
parties to the contract, arrangement or understanding or by
proposed parties to the proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding; or
(b) for the joint advertising of the price for the re-supply of
goods or services so acquired.
(5) For the purposes of this Act, a provision of a contract, arrangement
or understanding, or of a proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding, shall not be taken not to have the purpose, or not to
have or to be likely to have the effect, of fixing, controlling or
maintaining, or providing for the fixing, controlling or maintaining
of, the price for, or a discount, allowance, rebate or credit in
relation to, goods or services by reason only of:

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Section 45A
(a) the form of, or of that provision of, the contract, arrangement
or understanding or the proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding; or
(b) any description given to, or to that provision of, the contract,
arrangement or understanding or the proposed contract,
arrangement or understanding by the parties or proposed
parties.
(6) For the purposes of this Act but without limiting the generality of
subsection (5), a provision of a contract, arrangement or
understanding, or of a proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding, shall not be taken not to have the purpose, or not to
have or to be likely to have the effect, of fixing, controlling or
maintaining, or providing for the fixing, controlling or maintaining
of, the price for, or a discount, allowance, rebate or credit in
relation to, goods or services by reason only that the provision
recommends, or provides for the recommending of, such a price,
discount, allowance, rebate or credit if in fact the provision has that
purpose or has or is likely to have that effect.
(7) For the purposes of the preceding provisions of this section but
without limiting the generality of those provisions, a provision of a
contract, arrangement or understanding, or of a proposed contract,
arrangement or understanding, shall be deemed to have the
purpose, or to have or to be likely to have the effect, of fixing,
controlling or maintaining, or providing for the fixing, controlling
or maintaining of, the price for, or a discount, allowance, rebate or
credit in relation to, goods or services supplied as mentioned in
subsection (1) if the provision has the purpose, or has or is likely to
have the effect, of fixing, controlling or maintaining, or providing
for the fixing, controlling or maintaining of, such a price, discount,
allowance, rebate or credit in relation to a re-supply of the goods or
services by persons to whom the goods or services are or would be
supplied by the parties to the contract, arrangement or
understanding or the proposed parties to the proposed contract,
arrangement or understanding, or by any of them, or by any bodies
corporate that are related to any of them.

(8) The reference in subsection (1) to the supply or acquisition of

goods or services by persons in competition with each other

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Section 45B
includes a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods or
services by persons who, but for a provision of any contract,
arrangement or understanding or of any proposed contract,
arrangement or understanding, would be, or would be likely to be,
in competition with each other in relation to the supply or
acquisition of the goods or services.

45B Covenants affecting competition

(1) A covenant, whether the covenant was given before or after the
commencement of this section, is unenforceable in so far as it
confers rights or benefits or imposes duties or obligations on a
corporation or on a person associated with a corporation if the
covenant has, or is likely to have, the effect of substantially
lessening competition in any market in which the corporation or
any person associated with the corporation supplies or acquires, or
is likely to supply or acquire, goods or services or would, but for
the covenant, supply or acquire, or be likely to supply or acquire,
goods or services.
(2) A corporation or a person associated with a corporation shall not:
(a) require the giving of a covenant, or give a covenant, if the
proposed covenant has the purpose, or would have or be
likely to have the effect, of substantially lessening
competition in any market in which:
(i) the corporation, or any person associated with the
corporation by virtue of paragraph (7)(b), supplies or
acquires, is likely to supply or acquire, or would, but for
the covenant, supply or acquire, or be likely to supply or
acquire, goods or services; or
(ii) any person associated with the corporation by virtue of
the operation of paragraph (7)(a) supplies or acquires, is
likely to supply or acquire, or would, but for the
covenant, supply or acquire, or be likely to supply or
acquire, goods or services, being a supply or acquisition
in relation to which that person is, or would be, under an
obligation to act in accordance with directions,
instructions or wishes of the corporation;

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Section 45B
(b) threaten to engage in particular conduct if a person who, but
for subsection (1), would be bound by a covenant does not
comply with the terms of the covenant; or
(c) engage in particular conduct by reason that a person who, but
for subsection (1), would be bound by a covenant has failed
to comply, or proposes or threatens to fail to comply, with
the terms of the covenant.
(3) Where a person:
(a) issues an invitation to another person to enter into a contract
containing a covenant;
(b) makes an offer to another person to enter into a contract
containing a covenant; or
(c) makes it known that the person will not enter into a contract
of a particular kind unless the contract contains a covenant of
a particular kind or in particular terms;
the first-mentioned person shall, by issuing that invitation, making
that offer or making that fact known, be deemed to require the
giving of the covenant.

(4) For the purposes of this section, a covenant or proposed covenant

shall be deemed to have, or to be likely to have, the effect of
substantially lessening competition in a market if the covenant or
proposed covenant, as the case may be, would have, or be likely to
have, that effect when taken together with the effect or likely effect
on competition in that market of any other covenant or proposed
covenant to the benefit of which:
(a) a corporation that, or person who, is or would be, or but for
subsection (1) would be, entitled to the benefit of the
first-mentioned covenant or proposed covenant; or
(b) a person associated with the corporation referred to in
paragraph (a) or a corporation associated with the person
referred to in that paragraph;
is or would be, or but for subsection (1) would be, entitled.
(5) The requiring of the giving of, or the giving of, a covenant does not
constitute a contravention of this section by reason that giving
effect to the covenant would, or would but for the operation of
subsection 88(8) or section 93, constitute a contravention of

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Section 45B
section 47 and this section does not apply to or in relation to
engaging in conduct in relation to a covenant by way of:
(a) conduct that contravenes, or would but for the operation of
subsection 88(8) or section 93 contravene, section 47; or
(b) doing an act by reason of a breach or threatened breach of a
condition referred to in subsection 47(2), (4), (6) or (8), being
an act done by a person at a time when:
(i) an authorization under subsection 88(8) is in force in
relation to conduct engaged in by that person on that
condition; or
(ii) by reason of subsection 93(7) conduct engaged in by
that person on that condition is not to be taken to have
the effect of substantially lessening competition within
the meaning of section 47; or
(iii) a notice under subsection 93(1) is in force in relation to
conduct engaged in by that person on that condition.
(6) This section does not apply to or in relation to a covenant or
proposed covenant where the only persons who are or would be
respectively bound by, or entitled to the benefit of, the covenant or
proposed covenant are persons who are associated with each other
or are bodies corporate that are related to each other.
(7) For the purposes of this section, section 45C and subparagraph
87(3)(a)(ii), a person and a corporation shall be taken to be
associated with each other in relation to a covenant or proposed
covenant if, and only if:
(a) the person is under an obligation (otherwise than in
pursuance of the covenant or proposed covenant), whether
formal or informal, to act in accordance with directions,
instructions or wishes of the corporation in relation to the
covenant or proposed covenant; or
(b) the person is a body corporate in relation to which the
corporation is in the position mentioned in subparagraph
4A(1)(a)(ii).
(8) The requiring by a person of the giving of, or the giving by a
person of, a covenant in relation to which subsection 88(5) applies
is not a contravention of subsection (2) of this section if:

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Section 45C
(a) the covenant is subject to a condition that the covenant will
not come into force unless and until the person is granted an
authorization to require the giving of, or to give, the
covenant; and
(b) the person applies for the grant of such an authorization
within 14 days after the covenant is given;
but nothing in this subsection affects the application of
paragraph (2)(b) or (c) in relation to the covenant.
(9) This section does not apply to or in relation to a covenant or
proposed covenant if:
(a) the sole or principal purpose for which the covenant was or is
required to be given was or is to prevent the relevant land
from being used otherwise than for residential purposes;
(b) the person who required or requires the covenant to be given
was or is a religious, charitable or public benevolent
institution or a trustee for such an institution and the
covenant was or is required to be given for or in accordance
with the purposes or objects of that institution; or
(c) the covenant was or is required to be given in pursuance of a
legally enforceable requirement made by, or by a trustee for,
a religious, charitable or public benevolent institution, being
a requirement made for or in accordance with the purposes or
objects of that institution.

45C Covenants in relation to prices

(1) In the application of subsection 45B(1) in relation to a covenant

that has, or is likely to have, the effect of fixing, controlling or
maintaining, or providing for the fixing, controlling or maintaining
of, the price for, or a discount, allowance, rebate or credit in
relation to, goods or services supplied or acquired by the persons
who are, or but for that subsection would be, bound by or entitled
to the benefit of the covenant, or by any of them, or by any persons
associated with any of them, in competition with each other, that
subsection has effect as if the words “if the covenant has, or is
likely to have, the effect of substantially lessening competition in
any market in which the corporation or any person associated with

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Section 45C
the corporation supplies or acquires, or is likely to supply or
acquire, goods or services or would, but for the covenant, supply or
acquire, or be likely to supply or acquire, goods or services” were
omitted.
(2) In the application of subsection 45B(2) in relation to a proposed
covenant that has the purpose, or would have or be likely to have
the effect, of fixing, controlling or maintaining, or providing for
the fixing, controlling or maintaining of, the price for, or a
discount, allowance, rebate or credit in relation to, goods or
services supplied or acquired by the persons who would, or would
but for subsection 45B(1), be bound by or entitled to the benefit of
the proposed covenant, or by any of them, or by any persons
associated with any of them, in competition with each other,
paragraph 45B(2)(a) has effect as if all the words after the words
“require the giving of a covenant, or give a covenant” were
omitted.

(3) For the purposes of this Act, a covenant shall not be taken not to
have, or not to be likely to have, the effect, or a proposed covenant
shall not be taken not to have the purpose, or not to have, or not to
be likely to have, the effect, of fixing, controlling or maintaining,
or providing for the fixing, controlling or maintaining of, the price
for, or a discount, allowance, rebate or credit in relation to, goods
or services by reason only of:
(a) the form of the covenant or proposed covenant; or
(b) any description given to the covenant by any of the persons
who are, or but for subsection 45B(1) would be, bound by or
entitled to the benefit of the covenant or any description
given to the proposed covenant by any of the persons who
would, or would but for subsection 45B(1), be bound by or
entitled to the benefit of the proposed covenant.
(4) For the purposes of the preceding provisions of this section, but
without limiting the generality of those provisions:
(a) a covenant shall be deemed to have, or to be likely to have,
the effect of fixing, controlling or maintaining, or providing
for the fixing, controlling or maintaining of, the price for, or
a discount, allowance, rebate or credit in relation to, goods or

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Section 45C
services supplied as mentioned in subsection (1) if the
covenant has, or is likely to have, the effect of fixing,
controlling or maintaining, or providing for the fixing,
controlling or maintaining of, such a price, discount,
allowance, rebate or credit in relation to a re-supply of the
goods or services by persons to whom the goods or services
are supplied by the persons who are, or but for subsection
45B(1) would be, bound by or entitled to the benefit of the
covenant, or by any of them, or by any persons associated
with any of them; and
(b) a proposed covenant shall be deemed to have the purpose, or
to have, or to be likely to have, the effect, of fixing,
controlling or maintaining, or providing for the fixing,
controlling or maintaining of, the price for, or a discount,
allowance, rebate or credit in relation to, goods or services
supplied as mentioned in subsection (2) if the proposed
covenant has the purpose, or would have or be likely to have
the effect, as the case may be, of fixing, controlling or
maintaining, or providing for the fixing, controlling or
maintaining of, such a price, discount, allowance, rebate or
credit in relation to a re-supply of the goods or services by
persons to whom the goods or services are supplied by the
persons who would, or would but for subsection 45B(1), be
bound by or entitled to the benefit of the proposed covenant,
or by any of them, or by any persons associated with any of
them.
(5) The reference in subsection (1) to the supply or acquisition of
goods or services by persons in competition with each other
includes a reference to the supply or acquisition of goods or
services by persons who, but for a provision of any contract,
arrangement or understanding or of any proposed contract,
arrangement or understanding, would be, or would be likely to be,
in competition with each other in relation to the supply or
acquisition of the goods or services.

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Section 45D
45D Secondary boycotts for the purpose of causing substantial loss
or damage

(1) In the circumstances specified in subsection (3) or (4), a person

must not, in concert with a second person, engage in conduct:
(a) that hinders or prevents:
(i) a third person supplying goods or services to a fourth
person (who is not an employer of the first person or the
second person); or
(ii) a third person acquiring goods or services from a fourth
person (who is not an employer of the first person or the
second person); and
(b) that is engaged in for the purpose, and would have or be
likely to have the effect, of causing substantial loss or
damage to the business of the fourth person.
Note 1: Conduct that would otherwise contravene this section can be
authorised under subsection 88(7).
Note 2: This section also has effect subject to section 45DD, which deals with
permitted boycotts.

(2) A person is taken to engage in conduct for a purpose mentioned in

subsection (1) if the person engages in the conduct for purposes
that include that purpose.

(3) Subsection (1) applies if the fourth person is a corporation.

(4) Subsection (1) also applies if:
(a) the third person is a corporation and the fourth person is not a
corporation; and
(b) the conduct would have or be likely to have the effect of
causing substantial loss or damage to the business of the third
person.

45DA Secondary boycotts for the purpose of causing substantial

lessening of competition

(1) In the circumstances specified in subsection (3), a person must not,

in concert with a second person, engage in conduct:
(a) that hinders or prevents:

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Section 45DB
(i) a third person supplying goods or services to a fourth
person (who is not an employer of the first person or the
second person); or
(ii) a third person acquiring goods or services from a fourth
person (who is not an employer of the first person or the
second person); and
(b) that is engaged in for the purpose, and would have or be
likely to have the effect, of causing a substantial lessening of
competition in any market in which the fourth person
supplies or acquires goods or services.
Note 1: Conduct that would otherwise contravene this section can be
authorised under subsection 88(7).
Note 2: This section also has effect subject to section 45DD, which deals with
permitted boycotts.

(2) A person is taken to engage in conduct for a purpose mentioned in

subsection (1) if the person engages in the conduct for purposes
that include that purpose.

(3) Subsection (1) applies if:

(a) the third person or the fourth person is a corporation, or both
of them are corporations; and
(b) the conduct would have or be likely to have the effect of
causing substantial loss or damage to the business of one of
those persons who is a corporation.

45DB Boycotts affecting trade or commerce

(1) A person must not, in concert with another person, engage in

conduct for the purpose, and having or likely to have the effect, of
preventing or substantially hindering a third person (who is not an
employer of the first person) from engaging in trade or commerce
involving the movement of goods between Australia and places
outside Australia.
Note 1: Conduct that would otherwise contravene this section can be
authorised under subsection 88(7).
Note 2: This section also has effect subject to section 45DD, which deals with
permitted boycotts.

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Section 45DC
(2) A person is taken to engage in conduct for a purpose mentioned in
subsection (1) if the person engages in the conduct for purposes
that include that purpose.

45DC Involvement and liability of employee organisations

Certain organisations taken to be acting in concert

(1) If 2 or more persons (the participants), each of whom is a member
or officer of the same organisation of employees, engage in
conduct in concert with one another, whether or not the conduct is
also engaged in in concert with another person, then, unless the
organisation proves otherwise, the organisation is taken for the
purposes of sections 45D, 45DA and 45DB:
(a) to engage in that conduct in concert with the participants; and
(b) to have engaged in that conduct for the purposes for which
the participants engaged in it.

Consequences of organisation contravening subsection 45D(1),

45DA(1) or 45DB(1)
(2) The consequences of an organisation of employees engaging, or
being taken by subsection (1) to engage, in conduct in concert with
any of its members or officers in contravention of subsection
45D(1), 45DA(1) or 45DB(1) are as set out in subsections (3), (4)
and (5).

Loss or damage taken to have been caused by organisation’s

conduct
(3) Any loss or damage suffered by a person as a result of the conduct
is taken, for the purposes of this Act, to have been caused by the
conduct of the organisation.

Taking proceedings if organisation is a body corporate

(4) If the organisation is a body corporate, no action under section 82
to recover the amount of the loss or damage may be brought
against any of the members or officers of the organisation in
respect of the conduct.

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Taking proceedings if organisation is not a body corporate

(5) If the organisation is not a body corporate:

(a) a proceeding in respect of the conduct may be brought under
section 77, 80 or 82 against an officer of the organisation as a
representative of the organisation’s members and the
proceeding is taken to be a proceeding against all the persons
who were members of the organisation at the time when the
conduct was engaged in; and
(b) subsection 76(2) does not prevent an order being made in a
proceeding mentioned in paragraph (a) that was brought
under section 77; and
(c) the maximum pecuniary penalty that may be imposed in a
proceeding mentioned in paragraph (a) that was brought
under section 77 is the penalty applicable under section 76 in
relation to a body corporate; and
(d) except as provided by paragraph (a), a proceeding in respect
of the conduct must not be brought under section 77 or 82
against any of the members or officers of the organisation;
and
(e) for the purpose of enforcing any judgment or order given or
made in a proceeding mentioned in paragraph (a) that was
brought under section 77 or 82, process may be issued and
executed against the following property or interests as if the
organisation were a body corporate and the absolute owner of
the property or interests:
(i) any property of the organisation or of any branch or part
of the organisation, whether vested in trustees or
however otherwise held;
(ii) any property in which the organisation or any branch or
part of the organisation has a beneficial interest,
whether vested in trustees or however otherwise held;
(iii) any property in which any members of the organisation
or of a branch or part of the organisation have a
beneficial interest in their capacity as members, whether
vested in trustees or however otherwise held; and
(f) if paragraph (e) applies, no process is to be issued or
executed against any property of members or officers of the

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organisation or of a branch or part of the organisation except
as provided in that paragraph.

45DD Situations in which boycotts permitted

Dominant purpose of conduct relates to employment

matters—conduct by a person
(1) A person does not contravene, and is not involved in a
contravention of, subsection 45D(1), 45DA(1) or 45DB(1) by
engaging in conduct if the dominant purpose for which the conduct
is engaged in is substantially related to the remuneration,
conditions of employment, hours of work or working conditions of
that person or of another person employed by an employer of that
person.

Dominant purpose of conduct relates to employment

matters—conduct by employee organisation and employees
(2) If:
(a) an employee, or 2 or more employees who are employed by
the same employer, engage in conduct in concert with
another person who is, or with other persons each of whom
is:
(i) an organisation of employees; or
(ii) an officer of an organisation of employees; and
(b) the conduct is only engaged in by the persons covered by
paragraph (a); and
(c) the dominant purpose for which the conduct is engaged in is
substantially related to the remuneration, conditions of
employment, hours of work or working conditions of the
employee, or any of the employees, covered by
paragraph (a);
the persons covered by paragraph (a) do not contravene, and are
not involved in a contravention of, subsection 45D(1), 45DA(1) or
45DB(1) by engaging in the conduct.

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Dominant purpose of conduct relates to environmental protection
or consumer protection
(3) A person does not contravene, and is not involved in a
contravention of, subsection 45D(1), 45DA(1) or 45DB(1) by
engaging in conduct if:
(a) the dominant purpose for which the conduct is engaged in is
substantially related to environmental protection or consumer
protection; and
(b) engaging in the conduct is not industrial action.
Note 1: If an environmental organisation or a consumer organisation is a body
corporate:
(a) it is a “person” who may be subject to the prohibitions in
subsections 45D(1), 45DA(1) and 45DB(1) and who may also be
covered by this exemption; and
(b) each of its members is a “person” who may be subject to the
prohibitions in subsections 45D(1), 45DA(1) and 45DB(1) and
who may also be covered by this exemption.
Note 2: If an environmental organisation or a consumer organisation is not a
body corporate:
(a) it is not a “person” and is therefore not subject to the prohibitions
in subsections 45D(1), 45DA(1) and 45DB(1) (consequently, this
exemption does not cover the organisation as such); but
(b) each of its members is a “person” who may be subject to the
prohibitions in subsections 45D(1), 45DA(1) and 45DB(1) and
who may also be covered by this exemption.

Meaning of industrial action—basic definition

(4) In subsection (3), industrial action means:
(a) the performance of work in a manner different from that in
which it is customarily performed, or the adoption of a
practice in relation to work, the result of which is a restriction
or limitation on, or a delay in, the performance of the work,
where:
(i) the terms and conditions of the work are prescribed,
wholly or partly, by an industrial instrument or an order
of an industrial body; or
(ii) the work is performed, or the practice is adopted, in
connection with an industrial dispute; or

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(b) a ban, limitation or restriction on the performance of work, or
on acceptance of or offering for work, in accordance with the
terms and conditions prescribed by an industrial instrument
or by an order of an industrial body; or
(c) a ban, limitation or restriction on the performance of work, or
on acceptance of or offering for work, that is adopted in
connection with an industrial dispute; or
(d) a failure or refusal by persons to attend for work or a failure
or refusal to perform any work at all by persons who attend
for work.
For this purpose, industrial body, industrial dispute and industrial
instrument have the meanings given by subsection 298B(1) of the
Workplace Relations Act 1996.

Meaning of industrial action—further clarification

(5) For the purposes of subsection (3):
(a) conduct is capable of constituting industrial action even if the
conduct relates to part only of the duties that persons are
required to perform in the course of their employment; and
(b) a reference to industrial action includes a reference to a
course of conduct consisting of a series of industrial actions.

Subsections (1), (2) and (3) do not protect people not covered by
them
(6) In applying subsection 45D(1), 45DA(1) or 45DB(1) to a person
who is not covered by subsection (1), (2) or (3) in respect of certain
conduct, disregard the fact that other persons may be covered by
one of those subsections in respect of the same conduct.

Defences to contravention of subsection 45DB(1)

(7) In a proceeding under this Act in relation to a contravention of

subsection 45DB(1), it is a defence if the defendant proves:
(a) that a notice in respect of the conduct concerned has been
duly given to the Commission under subsection 93(1) and the
Commission has not given a notice in respect of the conduct
under subsection 93(3) or (3A); or

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(b) that the dominant purpose for which the defendant engaged
in the conduct concerned was to preserve or further a
business carried on by him or her.

Each person to prove defence

(8) If:
(a) a person engages in conduct in concert with another person;
and
(b) the other person proves a matter specified in paragraph (7)(a)
or (b) in respect of that conduct;
in applying subsection 45DB(1) to the first person, ignore the fact
that the other person has proved that matter.
Note: Section 170MT of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 limits the right
to bring actions under this Act in respect of industrial action that is
protected action for the purposes of that section.

45E Prohibition of contracts, arrangements or understandings

affecting the supply or acquisition of goods or services

Situations to which section applies

(1) This section applies in the following situations:
(a) a supply situation—in this situation, a person (the first
person) has been accustomed, or is under an obligation, to
supply goods or services to another person (the second
person); or
(b) an acquisition situation—in this situation, a person (the first
person) has been accustomed, or is under an obligation, to
acquire goods or services from another person (the second
person).
Despite paragraphs (a) and (b), this section does not apply unless
the first or second person is a corporation or both of them are
corporations.
Note : For the meanings of accustomed to supply and accustomed to
acquire, see subsections (5) and (7).

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Prohibition in a supply situation

(2) In a supply situation, the first person must not make a contract or
arrangement, or arrive at an understanding, with an organisation of
employees, an officer of such an organisation or a person acting for
and on behalf of such an officer or organisation, if the proposed
contract, arrangement or understanding contains a provision
included for the purpose, or for purposes including the purpose, of:
(a) preventing or hindering the first person from supplying or
continuing to supply such goods or services to the second
person; or
(b) preventing or hindering the first person from supplying or
continuing to supply such goods or services to the second
person, except subject to a condition:
(i) that is not a condition to which the supply of such goods
or services by the first person to the second person has
previously been subject because of a provision in a
contract between those persons; and
(ii) that is about the persons to whom, the manner in which
or the terms on which the second person may supply
any goods or services.

Prohibition in an acquisition situation

(3) In an acquisition situation, the first person must not make a
contract or arrangement, or arrive at an understanding, with an
organisation of employees, an officer of such an organisation or a
person acting for and on behalf of such an officer or organisation,
if the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding contains a
provision included for the purpose, or for purposes including the
purpose, of:
(a) preventing or hindering the first person from acquiring or
continuing to acquire such goods or services from the second
person; or
(b) preventing or hindering the first person from acquiring or
continuing to acquire such goods or services from the second
person, except subject to a condition:

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(i) that is not a condition to which the acquisition of such
goods or services by the first person from the second
person has previously been subject because of a
provision in a contract between those persons; and
(ii) that is about the persons to whom, the manner in which
or the terms on which the second person may supply
any goods or services.

No contravention if second person gives written consent to written

contract etc.
(4) Subsections (2) and (3) do not apply to a contract, arrangement or
understanding if it is in writing and was made or arrived at with the
written consent of the second person.

Meaning of accustomed to supply

(5) In this section, a reference to a person who has been accustomed to
supply goods or services to a second person includes (subject to
subsection (6)):
(a) a regular supplier of such goods or services to the second
person; or
(b) the latest supplier of such goods or services to the second
person; or
(c) a person who, at any time during the immediately preceding
3 months, supplied such goods or services to the second
person.

Exception to subsection (5)

(6) If:
(a) goods or services have been supplied by a person to a second
person under a contract between them that required the first
person to supply such goods or services over a period; and
(b) the period has ended; and
(c) after the end of the period, the second person has been
supplied with such goods or services by another person and
has not also been supplied with such goods or services by the
first person;

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then, for the purposes of the application of this section in relation
to anything done after the second person has been supplied with
goods or services as mentioned in paragraph (c), the first person is
not to be taken to be a person who has been accustomed to supply
such goods or services to the second person.

Meaning of accustomed to acquire

(7) In this section, a reference to a person who has been accustomed to
acquire goods or services from a second person includes (subject
to subsection (8)):
(a) a regular acquirer of such goods or services from the second
person; or
(b) a person who, when last acquiring such goods or services,
acquired them from the second person; or
(c) a person who, at any time during the immediately preceding
3 months, acquired such goods or services from the second
person.

Exception to subsection (7)

(8) If:
(a) goods or services have been acquired by a person from a
second person under a contract between them that required
the first person to acquire such goods or services over a
period; and
(b) the period has ended; and
(c) after the end of the period, the second person has refused to
supply such goods or services to the first person;
then, for the purposes of the application of this section in relation
to anything done after the second person has refused to supply
goods or services as mentioned in paragraph (c), the first person is
not to be taken to be a person who has been accustomed to acquire
such goods or services from the second person.
Note: Conduct that would otherwise contravene this section can be
authorised under subsection 88(7A).

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Section 45EA
45EA Provisions contravening section 45E not to be given effect

A person must not give effect to a provision of a contract,

arrangement or understanding if, because of the provision, the
making of the contract or arrangement, or the arriving at the
understanding, by the person:
(a) contravened subsection 45E(2) or (3); or
(b) would have contravened subsection 45E(2) or (3) if:
(i) section 45E had been in force when the contract or
arrangement was made, or the understanding was
arrived at; and
(ii) the words “is in writing and” and “written” were not
included in subsection 45E(4).
Note: Conduct that would otherwise contravene this section can be
authorised under subsection 88(7A).

45EB Sections 45D to 45EA do not affect operation of other

provisions of Part

Nothing in section 45D, 45DA, 45DB, 45DC, 45DD, 45E or 45EA

affects the operation of any other provision of this Part.

46 Misuse of market power

(1) A corporation that has a substantial degree of power in a market

shall not take advantage of that power for the purpose of:
(a) eliminating or substantially damaging a competitor of the
corporation or of a body corporate that is related to the
corporation in that or any other market;
(b) preventing the entry of a person into that or any other market;
or
(c) deterring or preventing a person from engaging in
competitive conduct in that or any other market.
(1A) For the purposes of subsection (1):
(a) the reference in paragraph (1)(a) to a competitor includes a
reference to competitors generally, or to a particular class or
classes of competitors; and

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(b) the reference in paragraphs (1)(b) and (c) to a person includes
a reference to persons generally, or to a particular class or
classes of persons.
(2) If:
(a) a body corporate that is related to a corporation has, or 2 or
more bodies corporate each of which is related to the one
corporation together have, a substantial degree of power in a
market; or
(b) a corporation and a body corporate that is, or a corporation
and 2 or more bodies corporate each of which is, related to
that corporation, together have a substantial degree of power
in a market;
the corporation shall be taken for the purposes of this section to
have a substantial degree of power in that market.
(3) In determining for the purposes of this section the degree of power
that a body corporate or bodies corporate has or have in a market,
the Court shall have regard to the extent to which the conduct of
the body corporate or of any of those bodies corporate in that
market is constrained by the conduct of:
(a) competitors, or potential competitors, of the body corporate
or of any of those bodies corporate in that market; or
(b) persons to whom or from whom the body corporate or any of
those bodies corporate supplies or acquires goods or services
in that market.
(4) In this section:
(a) a reference to power is a reference to market power;
(b) a reference to a market is a reference to a market for goods or
services; and
(c) a reference to power in relation to, or to conduct in, a market
is a reference to power, or to conduct, in that market either as
a supplier or as an acquirer of goods or services in that
market.
(5) Without extending by implication the meaning of subsection (1), a
corporation shall not be taken to contravene that subsection by
reason only that it acquires plant or equipment.

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(6) This section does not prevent a corporation from engaging in
conduct that does not constitute a contravention of any of the
following sections, namely, sections 45, 45B, 47 and 50, by reason
that an authorization is in force or by reason of the operation of
section 93.
(7) Without in any way limiting the manner in which the purpose of a
person may be established for the purposes of any other provision
of this Act, a corporation may be taken to have taken advantage of
its power for a purpose referred to in subsection (1)
notwithstanding that, after all the evidence has been considered,
the existence of that purpose is ascertainable only by inference
from the conduct of the corporation or of any other person or from
other relevant circumstances.

46A Misuse of market power—corporation with substantial degree

of power in trans-Tasman market

(1) In this section:

conduct, in relation to a market, means conduct in the market

either as a supplier or acquirer of goods or services in the market.
impact market means a market in Australia that is not a market
exclusively for services.
market power, in relation to a market, means market power in the
market either as a supplier or acquirer of goods or services in the
market.
trans-Tasman market means a market in Australia, New Zealand
or Australia and New Zealand for goods or services.
(2) A corporation that has a substantial degree of market power in a
trans-Tasman market must not take advantage of that power for the
purpose of:
(a) eliminating or substantially damaging a competitor of the
corporation, or of a body corporate that is related to the
corporation, in an impact market; or
(b) preventing the entry of a person into an impact market; or

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(c) deterring or preventing a person from engaging in
competitive conduct in an impact market.
(2A) For the purposes of subsection (2):
(a) the reference in paragraph (2)(a) to a competitor includes a
reference to competitors generally, or to a particular class or
classes of competitors; and
(b) the reference in paragraphs (2)(b) and (c) to a person includes
a reference to persons generally, or to a particular class or
classes of persons.
(3) If:
(a) a body corporate that is related to a corporation has, or 2 or
more bodies corporate each of which is related to the one
corporation together have, a substantial degree of market
power in a trans-Tasman market; or
(b) a corporation and a body corporate that is, or a corporation
and 2 or more bodies corporate each of which is, related to
the corporation, together have a substantial degree of market
power in a trans-Tasman market;
the corporation is taken, for the purposes of this section, to have a
substantial degree of market power in the trans-Tasman market.
(4) In determining for the purposes of this section the degree of market
power that a body corporate or bodies corporate has or have in a
trans-Tasman market, the Federal Court is to have regard to the
extent to which the conduct of the body corporate or of any of
those bodies corporate, in the trans-Tasman market is constrained
by the conduct of:
(a) competitors, or potential competitors, of the body corporate,
or of any of those bodies corporate, in the trans-Tasman
market; or
(b) persons to whom or from whom the body corporate, or any of
those bodies corporate, supplies or acquires goods or services
in the trans-Tasman market.

(5) Without extending by implication the meaning of subsection (2), a

corporation is not taken to contravene that subsection merely
because it acquires plant or equipment.

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(6) This section does not prevent a corporation from engaging in
conduct that does not constitute a contravention of any of the
following sections, namely, sections 45, 45B, 47 and 50, because
an authorisation is in force or because of the operation of
section 93.
(7) Without limiting the manner in which the purpose of a person may
be established for the purposes of any other provision of this Act, a
corporation may be taken to have taken advantage of its market
power for a purpose referred to in subsection (2) even though, after
all the evidence has been considered, the existence of that purpose
is ascertainable only by inference from the conduct of the
corporation or of any other person or from other relevant
circumstances.
(8) It is the intention of the Parliament that this section, and the
provisions of Parts VI and XII so far as they relate to a
contravention of this section, should apply to New Zealand and
New Zealand Crown corporations to the same extent, and in the
same way, as they respectively apply under section 2A to the
Commonwealth and authorities of the Commonwealth.

(9) Subsection (8) has effect despite section 9 of the Foreign States
Immunities Act 1985.

46B No immunity from jurisdiction in relation to certain New

Zealand laws

(1) It is hereby declared, for the avoidance of doubt, that the

Commonwealth, the States, the Australian Capital Territory and the
Northern Territory, and their authorities, are not immune, and may
not claim immunity, from the jurisdiction of the courts of Australia
and New Zealand in relation to matters arising under sections 36A,
98H and 99A of the Commerce Act 1986 of New Zealand.
(2) This section applies in and outside Australia.

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47 Exclusive dealing

(1) Subject to this section, a corporation shall not, in trade or

commerce, engage in the practice of exclusive dealing.
(2) A corporation engages in the practice of exclusive dealing if the
corporation:
(a) supplies, or offers to supply, goods or services;
(b) supplies, or offers to supply, goods or services at a particular
price; or
(c) gives or allows, or offers to give or allow, a discount,
allowance, rebate or credit in relation to the supply or
proposed supply of goods or services by the corporation;
on the condition that the person to whom the corporation supplies,
or offers or proposes to supply, the goods or services or, if that
person is a body corporate, a body corporate related to that body
corporate:
(d) will not, or will not except to a limited extent, acquire goods
or services, or goods or services of a particular kind or
description, directly or indirectly from a competitor of the
corporation or from a competitor of a body corporate related
to the corporation;
(e) will not, or will not except to a limited extent, re-supply
goods or services, or goods or services of a particular kind or
description, acquired directly or indirectly from a competitor
of the corporation or from a competitor of a body corporate
related to the corporation; or
(f) in the case where the corporation supplies or would supply
goods or services, will not re-supply the goods or services to
any person, or will not, or will not except to a limited extent,
re-supply the goods or services:
(i) to particular persons or classes of persons or to persons
other than particular persons or classes of persons; or
(ii) in particular places or classes of places or in places
other than particular places or classes of places.
(3) A corporation also engages in the practice of exclusive dealing if
the corporation refuses:

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(a) to supply goods or services to a person;
(b) to supply goods or services to a person at a particular price;
or
(c) to give or allow a discount, allowance, rebate or credit in
relation to the supply or proposed supply of goods or services
to a person;
for the reason that the person or, if the person is a body corporate, a
body corporate related to that body corporate:
(d) has acquired, or has not agreed not to acquire, goods or
services, or goods or services of a particular kind or
description, directly or indirectly from a competitor of the
corporation or from a competitor of a body corporate related
to the corporation;
(e) has re-supplied, or has not agreed not to re-supply, goods or
services, or goods or services of a particular kind or
description, acquired directly or indirectly from a competitor
of the corporation or from a competitor of a body corporate
related to the corporation; or
(f) has re-supplied, or has not agreed not to re-supply, goods or
services, or goods or services of a particular kind or
description, acquired from the corporation to any person, or
has re-supplied, or has not agreed not to re-supply, goods or
services, or goods or services of a particular kind or
description, acquired from the corporation:
(i) to particular persons or classes of persons or to persons
other than particular persons or classes of persons; or
(ii) in particular places or classes of places or in places
other than particular places or classes of places.
(4) A corporation also engages in the practice of exclusive dealing if
the corporation:
(a) acquires, or offers to acquire, goods or services; or
(b) acquires, or offers to acquire, goods or services at a particular
price;
on the condition that the person from whom the corporation
acquires or offers to acquire the goods or services or, if that person
is a body corporate, a body corporate related to that body corporate

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will not supply goods or services, or goods or services of a
particular kind or description, to any person, or will not, or will not
except to a limited extent, supply goods or services, or goods or
services of a particular kind or description:
(c) to particular persons or classes of persons or to persons other
than particular persons or classes of persons; or
(d) in particular places or classes of places or in places other than
particular places or classes of places.
(5) A corporation also engages in the practice of exclusive dealing if
the corporation refuses:
(a) to acquire goods or services from a person; or
(b) to acquire goods or services at a particular price from a
person;
for the reason that the person or, if the person is a body corporate, a
body corporate related to that body corporate has supplied, or has
not agreed not to supply, goods or services, or goods or services of
a particular kind or description:
(c) to particular persons or classes of persons or to persons other
than particular persons or classes of persons; or
(d) in particular places or classes of places or in places other than
particular places or classes of places.
(6) A corporation also engages in the practice of exclusive dealing if
the corporation:
(a) supplies, or offers to supply, goods or services;
(b) supplies, or offers to supply, goods or services at a particular
price; or
(c) gives or allows, or offers to give or allow, a discount,
allowance, rebate or credit in relation to the supply or
proposed supply of goods or services by the corporation;
on the condition that the person to whom the corporation supplies
or offers or proposes to supply the goods or services or, if that
person is a body corporate, a body corporate related to that body
corporate will acquire goods or services of a particular kind or
description directly or indirectly from another person.

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(7) A corporation also engages in the practice of exclusive dealing if
the corporation refuses:
(a) to supply goods or services to a person;
(b) to supply goods or services at a particular price to a person;
or
(c) to give or allow a discount, allowance, rebate or credit in
relation to the supply of goods or services to a person;
for the reason that the person or, if the person is a body corporate, a
body corporate related to that body corporate has not acquired, or
has not agreed to acquire, goods or services of a particular kind or
description directly or indirectly from another person.

(8) A corporation also engages in the practice of exclusive dealing if

the corporation grants or renews, or makes it known that it will not
exercise a power or right to terminate, a lease of, or a licence in
respect of, land or a building or part of a building on the condition
that another party to the lease or licence or, if that other party is a
body corporate, a body corporate related to that body corporate:
(a) will not, or will not except to a limited extent:
(i) acquire goods or services, or goods or services of a
particular kind or description, directly or indirectly from
a competitor of the corporation or from a competitor of
a body corporate related to the corporation; or
(ii) re-supply goods or services, or goods or services of a
particular kind or description, acquired directly or
indirectly from a competitor of the corporation or from
a competitor of a body corporate related to the
corporation;
(b) will not supply goods or services, or goods or services of a
particular kind or description, to any person, or will not, or
will not except to a limited extent, supply goods or services,
or goods or services of a particular kind or description:
(i) to particular persons or classes of persons or to persons
other than particular persons or classes of persons; or
(ii) in particular places or classes of places or in places
other than particular places or classes of places; or

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(c) will acquire goods or services of a particular kind or
description directly or indirectly from another person not
being a body corporate related to the corporation.
(9) A corporation also engages in the practice of exclusive dealing if
the corporation refuses to grant or renew, or exercises a power or
right to terminate, a lease of, or a licence in respect of, land or a
building or part of a building for the reason that another party to
the lease or licence or, if that other party is a body corporate, a
body corporate related to that body corporate:
(a) has acquired, or has not agreed not to acquire, goods or
services, or goods or services of a particular kind or
description, directly or indirectly from a competitor of the
corporation or from a competitor of a body corporate related
to the corporation;
(b) has re-supplied, or has not agreed not to re-supply, goods or
services, or goods or services of a particular kind or
description, acquired directly or indirectly from a competitor
of the corporation or from a competitor of a body corporate
related to the corporation;
(c) has supplied goods or services, or goods or services of a
particular kind or description:
(i) to particular persons or classes of persons or to persons
other than particular persons or classes of persons; or
(ii) in particular places or classes of places or in places
other than particular places or classes of places; or
(d) has not acquired, or has not agreed to acquire, goods or
services of a particular kind or description directly or
indirectly from another person not being a body corporate
related to the corporation.
(10) Subsection (1) does not apply to the practice of exclusive dealing
constituted by a corporation engaging in conduct of a kind referred
to in subsection (2), (3), (4) or (5) or paragraph (8)(a) or (b) or
(9)(a), (b) or (c) unless:
(a) the engaging by the corporation in that conduct has the
purpose, or has or is likely to have the effect, of substantially
lessening competition; or

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(b) the engaging by the corporation in that conduct, and the
engaging by the corporation, or by a body corporate related
to the corporation, in other conduct of the same or a similar
kind, together have or are likely to have the effect of
substantially lessening competition.
(10A) Subsection (1) does not apply to a corporation engaging in conduct
described in subsection (6) or (7) or paragraph (8)(c) or (9)(d) if:
(a) the corporation has given the Commission a notice under
subsection 93(1) describing the conduct; and
(b) the notice is in force under section 93.
(11) Subsections (8) and (9) do not apply with respect to:
(a) conduct engaged in by, or by a trustee for, a religious,
charitable or public benevolent institution, being conduct
engaged in for or in accordance with the purposes or objects
of that institution; or
(b) conduct engaged in in pursuance of a legally enforceable
requirement made by, or by a trustee for, a religious,
charitable or public benevolent institution, being a
requirement made for or in accordance with the purposes or
objects of that institution.
(12) Subsection (1) does not apply with respect to any conduct engaged
in by a body corporate by way of restricting dealings by another
body corporate if those bodies corporate are related to each other.
(13) In this section:
(a) a reference to a condition shall be read as a reference to any
condition, whether direct or indirect and whether having
legal or equitable force or not, and includes a reference to a
condition the existence or nature of which is ascertainable
only by inference from the conduct of persons or from other
relevant circumstances;
(b) a reference to competition, in relation to conduct to which a
provision of this section other than subsection (8) or (9)
applies, shall be read as a reference to competition in any
market in which:

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(i) the corporation engaging in the conduct or any body
corporate related to that corporation; or
(ii) any person whose business dealings are restricted,
limited or otherwise circumscribed by the conduct or, if
that person is a body corporate, any body corporate
related to that body corporate;
supplies or acquires, or is likely to supply or acquire, goods
or services or would, but for the conduct, supply or acquire,
or be likely to supply or acquire, goods or services; and
(c) a reference to competition, in relation to conduct to which
subsection (8) or (9) applies, shall be read as a reference to
competition in any market in which the corporation engaging
in the conduct or any other corporation the business dealings
of which are restricted, limited or otherwise circumscribed by
the conduct, or any body corporate related to either of those
corporations, supplies or acquires, or is likely to supply or
acquire, goods or services or would, but for the conduct,
supply or acquire, or be likely to supply or acquire, goods or
services.

48 Resale price maintenance

A corporation or other person shall not engage in the practice of

resale price maintenance.

50 Prohibition of acquisitions that would result in a substantial

lessening of competition

(1) A corporation must not directly or indirectly:

(a) acquire shares in the capital of a body corporate; or
(b) acquire any assets of a person;
if the acquisition would have the effect, or be likely to have the
effect, of substantially lessening competition in a market.
(2) A person must not directly or indirectly:
(a) acquire shares in the capital of a corporation; or

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(b) acquire any assets of a corporation;
if the acquisition would have the effect, or be likely to have the
effect, of substantially lessening competition in a market.
(3) Without limiting the matters that may be taken into account for the
purposes of subsections (1) and (2) in determining whether the
acquisition would have the effect, or be likely to have the effect, of
substantially lessening competition in a market, the following
matters must be taken into account:
(a) the actual and potential level of import competition in the
market;
(b) the height of barriers to entry to the market;
(c) the level of concentration in the market;
(d) the degree of countervailing power in the market;
(e) the likelihood that the acquisition would result in the acquirer
being able to significantly and sustainably increase prices or
profit margins;
(f) the extent to which substitutes are available in the market or
are likely to be available in the market;
(g) the dynamic characteristics of the market, including growth,
innovation and product differentiation;
(h) the likelihood that the acquisition would result in the removal
from the market of a vigorous and effective competitor;
(i) the nature and extent of vertical integration in the market.
(4) Where:
(a) a person has entered into a contract to acquire shares in the
capital of a body corporate or assets of a person;
(b) the contract is subject to a condition that the provisions of the
contract relating to the acquisition will not come into force
unless and until the person has been granted an authorization
to acquire the shares or assets; and

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(c) the person applied for the grant of such an authorization
before the expiration of 14 days after the contract was
entered into;
the acquisition of the shares or assets shall not be regarded for the
purposes of this Act as having taken place in pursuance of the
contract before:
(d) the application for the authorization is disposed of; or
(e) the contract ceases to be subject to the condition;
whichever first happens.
(5) For the purposes of subsection (4), an application for an
authorization shall be taken to be disposed of:
(a) in a case to which paragraph (b) of this subsection does not
apply—at the expiration of 14 days after the period in which
an application may be made to the Tribunal for a review of
the determination by the Commission of the application for
the authorization; or
(b) if an application is made to the Tribunal for a review of the
determination by the Commission of the application for the
authorization—at the expiration of 14 days after the date of
the making by the Tribunal of a determination on the review.
(6) In this section:

market means a substantial market for goods or services in:

(a) Australia; or
(b) a State; or
(c) a Territory; or
(d) a region of Australia.

50A Acquisitions that occur outside Australia

(1) Where a person acquires, outside Australia, otherwise than by

reason of the application of paragraph (8)(b), a controlling interest
(the first controlling interest) in any body corporate and, by
reason, but not necessarily by reason only, of the application of
paragraph (8)(b) in relation to the first controlling interest, obtains
a controlling interest (the second controlling interest) in a

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corporation or each of 2 or more corporations, the Tribunal may,
on the application of the Minister, the Commission or any other
person, if the Tribunal is satisfied that:
(a) the person’s obtaining the second controlling interest would
have the effect, or be likely to have the effect, of
substantially lessening competition in a market; and
(b) the person’s obtaining the second controlling interest would
not, in all the circumstances, result, or be likely to result, in
such a benefit to the public that the obtaining should be
disregarded for the purposes of this section;
make a declaration accordingly.
(1A) Without limiting the matters that may be taken into account in
determining whether the obtaining of the second controlling
interest would have the effect, or be likely to have the effect, of
substantially lessening competition in a market, the matters
mentioned in subsection 50(3) must be taken into account for that
purpose.
(1B) In determining whether the obtaining of the second controlling
interest would result, or be likely to result, in such a benefit to the
public that it should be disregarded for the purposes of this section:
(a) the Tribunal must regard the following as benefits to the
public (in addition to any other benefits to the public that
may exist apart from this paragraph):
(i) a significant increase in the real value of exports;
(ii) a significant substitution of domestic products for
imported goods; and
(b) without limiting the matters that may be taken into account,
the Tribunal must take into account all other relevant matters
that relate to the international competitiveness of any
Australian industry.
(2) Where an application under subsection (1) is made:
(a) the Tribunal shall give to:
(i) each corporation in relation to which the application
relates; and

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(ii) the Minister and the Commission;
a notice in writing stating that the application has been made;
and
(b) the persons referred to in paragraph (a) and, if the application
was made by another person, that other person are entitled to
appear, or be represented, at the proceedings following the
application.
(3) An application under subsection (1) may be made at any time
within 12 months after the date of the acquisition referred to in that
subsection in relation to which the application is made.
(4) The Tribunal may, on the application of the Minister, the
Commission or any other person, or of its own motion, revoke a
declaration made under subsection (1).
(5) The Tribunal shall state in writing its reasons for making, refusing
to make or revoking a declaration under subsection (1).
(6) After the end of 6 months after a declaration is made under
subsection (1) in relation to the obtaining of a controlling interest
in a corporation or 2 or more corporations by a person or, if the
person, before the end of that period of 6 months, makes an
application to a presidential member for an extension of that
period, after the end of such further period (not exceeding 6
months) as the presidential member allows, the corporation or each
of the corporations, as the case may be, shall not, while the
declaration remains in force, carry on business in the market to
which the declaration relates.
(7) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to an acquisition referred
to in that subsection if section 50 applies in relation to that
acquisition.
(8) For the purposes of this section:
(a) a person shall be taken to hold a controlling interest in a body
corporate if the body corporate is, or, if the person were a
body corporate, would be, a subsidiary of the person
(otherwise than by reason of the application of paragraph
4A(1)(b)); and

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(b) where a person holds a controlling interest (including a
controlling interest held by virtue of another application or
other applications of this paragraph) in a body corporate and
that body corporate:
(i) controls the composition of the board of directors of
another body corporate;
(ii) is in a position to cast, or control the casting of, any
votes that might be cast at a general meeting of another
body corporate; or
(iii) holds shares in the capital of another body corporate;
the person shall be deemed (but not to the exclusion of any
other person) to control the composition of that board, to be
in a position to cast, or control the casting of, those votes or
to hold those shares, as the case may be.
(9) In this section:

market means a substantial market for goods or services in

Australia, in a State or in a Territory.

51 Exceptions

(1) In deciding whether a person has contravened this Part, the

following must be disregarded:
(a) anything specified in, and specifically authorised by:
(i) an Act (not including an Act relating to patents, trade
marks, designs or copyrights); or
(ii) regulations made under such an Act;
(b) anything done in a State, if the thing is specified in, and
specifically authorised by:
(i) an Act passed by the Parliament of that State; or
(ii) regulations made under such an Act;
(c) anything done in the Australian Capital Territory, if the thing
is specified in, and specifically authorised by:
(i) an enactment as defined in section 3 of the Australian
Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988; or
(ii) regulations made under such an enactment;

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(d) anything done in the Northern Territory, if the thing is
specified in, and specifically authorised by:
(i) an enactment as defined in section 4 of the Northern
Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978; or
(ii) regulations made under such an enactment;
(e) anything done in another Territory, if the thing is specified
in, and specifically authorised by:
(i) an Ordinance of that Territory; or
(ii) regulations made under such an Ordinance.

(1A) Without limiting subsection (1), conduct is taken to be specified in,

and authorised by, a law for the purposes of that subsection if:
(a) a licence or other instrument issued or made under the law
specifies one or both of the following:
(i) the person authorised to engage in the conduct;
(ii) the place where the conduct is to occur; and
(b) the law specifies the attributes of the conduct except those
mentioned in paragraph (a).
For this purpose, law means an Act, State Act, enactment or
Ordinance.
(1B) Subsections (1) and (1A) apply regardless of when the Acts, State
Acts, enactments, Ordinances, regulations or instruments referred
to in those subsections were passed, made or issued.
(1C) The operation of subsection (1) is subject to the following
limitations:
(a) in order for something to be regarded as specifically
authorised for the purposes of subsection (1), the authorising
provision must expressly refer to this Act;
(b) subparagraph (1)(a)(ii) and paragraphs (1)(b), (c), (d) and (e)
do not apply in deciding whether a person has contravened
section 50 or 50A;
(c) regulations referred to in subparagraph (1)(a)(ii), (b)(ii),
(c)(ii), (d)(ii) or (e)(ii) do not have the effect of requiring a
particular thing to be disregarded if the thing happens more
than 2 years after those regulations came into operation;

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(d) regulations referred to in subparagraph (1)(a)(ii), (b)(ii),
(c)(ii), (d)(ii) or (e)(ii) do not have the effect of requiring a
particular thing to be disregarded to the extent that the
regulations are the same in substance as other regulations:
(i) referred to in the subparagraph concerned; and
(ii) that came into operation more than 2 years before the
particular thing happened;
(e) paragraphs (1)(b) to (d) have no effect in relation to things
authorised by a law of a State or Territory unless:
(i) at the time of the alleged contravention referred to in
subsection (1) the State or Territory was a
fully-participating jurisdiction and a party to the
Competition Principles Agreement; or
(ii) all of the following conditions are met:
(A) the Minister published a notice in the Gazette
under subsection 150K(1) in relation to the
State or Territory, or the State or Territory
ceased to be a party to the Competition
Principles Agreement, within 12 months before
the alleged contravention referred to in
subsection (1);
(B) the thing authorised was the making of a
contract, or an action under a contract, that
existed immediately before the Minister
published the notice or the State or Territory
ceased to be a party;
(C) the law authorising the thing was in force
immediately before the Minister published the
notice or the State or Territory ceased to be a
party;
(f) subsection (1) does not apply to things that are covered by
paragraph (1)(b), (c), (d) or (e) to the extent that those things
are prescribed by regulations made under this Act for the
purposes of this paragraph.
(2) In determining whether a contravention of a provision of this Part
other than section 45D, 45DA, 45DB, 45E, 45EA or 48 has been
committed, regard shall not be had:

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(a) to any act done in relation to, or to the making of a contract
or arrangement or the entering into of an understanding, or to
any provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding, to
the extent that the contract, arrangement or understanding, or
the provision, relates to, the remuneration, conditions of
employment, hours of work or working conditions of
employees;
(b) to any provision of a contract of service or of a contract for
the provision of services, being a provision under which a
person, not being a body corporate, agrees to accept
restrictions as to the work, whether as an employee or
otherwise, in which he or she may engage during, or after the
termination of, the contract;
(c) to any provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding,
being a provision obliging a person to comply with or apply
standards of dimension, design, quality or performance
prepared or approved by Standards Australia International
Limited or by a prescribed association or body;
(d) to any provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding
between partners none of whom is a body corporate, being a
provision in relation to the terms of the partnership or the
conduct of the partnership business or in relation to
competition between the partnership and a party to the
contract, arrangement or understanding while he or she is, or
after he or she ceases to be, a partner;
(e) in the case of a contract for the sale of a business or of shares
in the capital of a body corporate carrying on a business—to
any provision of the contract that is solely for the protection
of the purchaser in respect of the goodwill of the business; or
(g) to any provision of a contract, arrangement or understanding,
being a provision that relates exclusively to the export of
goods from Australia or to the supply of services outside
Australia, if full and accurate particulars of the provision (not
including particulars of prices for goods or services but
including particulars of any method of fixing, controlling or
maintaining such prices) were furnished to the Commission
before the expiration of 14 days after the date on which the
contract or arrangement was made or the understanding was

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arrived at, or before 8 September 1976, whichever was the
later.
(2A) In determining whether a contravention of a provision of this Part
other than section 48 has been committed, regard shall not be had
to any acts done, otherwise than in the course of trade or
commerce, in concert by ultimate users or consumers of goods or
services against the suppliers of those goods or services.
(3) A contravention of a provision of this Part other than section 46,
46A or 48 shall not be taken to have been committed by reason of:
(a) the imposing of, or giving effect to, a condition of:
(i) a licence granted by the proprietor, licensee or owner of
a patent, of a registered design, of a copyright or of EL
rights within the meaning of the Circuit Layouts Act
1989, or by a person who has applied for a patent or for
the registration of a design; or
(ii) an assignment of a patent, of a registered design, of a
copyright or of such EL rights, or of the right to apply
for a patent or for the registration of a design;
to the extent that the condition relates to:
(iii) the invention to which the patent or application for a
patent relates or articles made by the use of that
invention;
(iv) goods in respect of which the design is, or is proposed
to be, registered and to which it is applied;
(v) the work or other subject matter in which the copyright
subsists; or
(vi) the eligible layout in which the EL rights subsist;
(b) the inclusion in a contract, arrangement or understanding
authorizing the use of a certification trade mark of a
provision in accordance with rules applicable under Part XI
of the Trade Marks Act 1955, or the giving effect to such a
provision; or
(c) the inclusion in a contract, arrangement or understanding
between:
(i) the registered proprietor of a trade mark other than a
certification trade mark; and

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(ii) a person registered as a registered user of that trade
mark under Part IX of the Trade Marks Act 1955 or a
person authorized by the contract to use the trade mark
subject to his or her becoming registered as such a
registered user;
of a provision to the extent that it relates to the kinds,
qualities or standards of goods bearing the mark that may be
produced or supplied, or the giving effect to the provision to
that extent.
(4) This section applies in determining whether a provision of a
contract is unenforceable by reason of subsection 45(1), or whether
a covenant is unenforceable by reason of subsection 45B(1), in like
manner as it applies in determining whether a contravention of a
provision of this Part has been committed.

(5) In the application of subsection (2A) to section 46A, the reference

in that subsection to trade or commerce includes trade or
commerce within New Zealand.

51AAA Concurrent operation of State and Territory laws

It is the Parliament’s intention that a law of a State or Territory

should be able to operate concurrently with this Part unless the law
is directly inconsistent with this Part.

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Part IVA Unconscionable conduct

Section 51AAB

Part IVA—Unconscionable conduct

51AAB Part does not apply to financial services

(1) Section 51AA does not apply to conduct engaged in in relation to

financial services.
(2) Section 51AB does not apply to the supply, or possible supply, of
services that are financial services.

51AA Unconscionable conduct within the meaning of the unwritten

law of the States and Territories

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct

that is unconscionable within the meaning of the unwritten law,
from time to time, of the States and Territories.

(2) This section does not apply to conduct that is prohibited by

section 51AB or 51AC.

51AB Unconscionable conduct

(1) A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, in connection with

the supply or possible supply of goods or services to a person,
engage in conduct that is, in all the circumstances, unconscionable.
(2) Without in any way limiting the matters to which the Court may
have regard for the purpose of determining whether a corporation
has contravened subsection (1) in connection with the supply or
possible supply of goods or services to a person (in this subsection
referred to as the consumer), the Court may have regard to:
(a) the relative strengths of the bargaining positions of the
corporation and the consumer;
(b) whether, as a result of conduct engaged in by the corporation,
the consumer was required to comply with conditions that
were not reasonably necessary for the protection of the
legitimate interests of the corporation;

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(c) whether the consumer was able to understand any documents
relating to the supply or possible supply of the goods or
services;
(d) whether any undue influence or pressure was exerted on, or
any unfair tactics were used against, the consumer or a
person acting on behalf of the consumer by the corporation or
a person acting on behalf of the corporation in relation to the
supply or possible supply of the goods or services; and
(e) the amount for which, and the circumstances under which,
the consumer could have acquired identical or equivalent
goods or services from a person other than the corporation.
(3) A corporation shall not be taken for the purposes of this section to
engage in unconscionable conduct in connection with the supply or
possible supply of goods or services to a person by reason only that
the corporation institutes legal proceedings in relation to that
supply or possible supply or refers a dispute or claim in relation to
that supply or possible supply to arbitration.
(4) For the purpose of determining whether a corporation has
contravened subsection (1) in connection with the supply or
possible supply of goods or services to a person:
(a) the Court shall not have regard to any circumstances that
were not reasonably forseeable at the time of the alleged
contravention; and
(b) the Court may have regard to conduct engaged in, or
circumstances existing, before the commencement of this
section.
(5) A reference in this section to goods or services is a reference to
goods or services of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal,
domestic or household use or consumption.
(6) A reference in this section to the supply or possible supply of
goods does not include a reference to the supply or possible supply
of goods for the purpose of re-supply or for the purpose of using
them up or transforming them in trade or commerce.
(7) Section 51A applies for the purposes of this section in the same
way as it applies for the purposes of Division 1 of Part V.

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Part IVA Unconscionable conduct

Section 51AC
51AC Unconscionable conduct in business transactions

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, in connection with:

(a) the supply or possible supply of goods or services to a person
(other than a listed public company); or
(b) the acquisition or possible acquisition of goods or services
from a person (other than a listed public company);
engage in conduct that is, in all the circumstances, unconscionable.

(2) A person must not, in trade or commerce, in connection with:

(a) the supply or possible supply of goods or services to a
corporation (other than a listed public company); or
(b) the acquisition or possible acquisition of goods or services
from a corporation (other than a listed public company);
engage in conduct that is, in all the circumstances, unconscionable.
(3) Without in any way limiting the matters to which the Court may
have regard for the purpose of determining whether a corporation
or a person (the supplier) has contravened subsection (1) or (2) in
connection with the supply or possible supply of goods or services
to a person or a corporation (the business consumer), the Court
may have regard to:
(a) the relative strengths of the bargaining positions of the
supplier and the business consumer; and
(b) whether, as a result of conduct engaged in by the supplier,
the business consumer was required to comply with
conditions that were not reasonably necessary for the
protection of the legitimate interests of the supplier; and
(c) whether the business consumer was able to understand any
documents relating to the supply or possible supply of the
goods or services; and
(d) whether any undue influence or pressure was exerted on, or
any unfair tactics were used against, the business consumer
or a person acting on behalf of the business consumer by the
supplier or a person acting on behalf of the supplier in
relation to the supply or possible supply of the goods or
services; and

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(e) the amount for which, and the circumstances under which,
the business consumer could have acquired identical or
equivalent goods or services from a person other than the
supplier; and
(f) the extent to which the supplier’s conduct towards the
business consumer was consistent with the supplier’s conduct
in similar transactions between the supplier and other like
business consumers; and
(g) the requirements of any applicable industry code; and
(h) the requirements of any other industry code, if the business
consumer acted on the reasonable belief that the supplier
would comply with that code; and
(i) the extent to which the supplier unreasonably failed to
disclose to the business consumer:
(i) any intended conduct of the supplier that might affect
the interests of the business consumer; and
(ii) any risks to the business consumer arising from the
supplier’s intended conduct (being risks that the
supplier should have foreseen would not be apparent to
the business consumer); and
(j) the extent to which the supplier was willing to negotiate the
terms and conditions of any contract for supply of the goods
or services with the business consumer; and
(k) the extent to which the supplier and the business consumer
acted in good faith.
(4) Without in any way limiting the matters to which the Court may
have regard for the purpose of determining whether a corporation
or a person (the acquirer) has contravened subsection (1) or (2) in
connection with the acquisition or possible acquisition of goods or
services from a person or corporation (the small business
supplier), the Court may have regard to:
(a) the relative strengths of the bargaining positions of the
acquirer and the small business supplier; and
(b) whether, as a result of conduct engaged in by the acquirer,
the small business supplier was required to comply with
conditions that were not reasonably necessary for the
protection of the legitimate interests of the acquirer; and

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Section 51AC
(c) whether the small business supplier was able to understand
any documents relating to the acquisition or possible
acquisition of the goods or services; and
(d) whether any undue influence or pressure was exerted on, or
any unfair tactics were used against, the small business
supplier or a person acting on behalf of the small business
supplier by the acquirer or a person acting on behalf of the
acquirer in relation to the acquisition or possible acquisition
of the goods or services; and
(e) the amount for which, and the circumstances in which, the
small business supplier could have supplied identical or
equivalent goods or services to a person other than the
acquirer; and
(f) the extent to which the acquirer’s conduct towards the small
business supplier was consistent with the acquirer’s conduct
in similar transactions between the acquirer and other like
small business suppliers; and
(g) the requirements of any applicable industry code; and
(h) the requirements of any other industry code, if the small
business supplier acted on the reasonable belief that the
acquirer would comply with that code; and
(i) the extent to which the acquirer unreasonably failed to
disclose to the small business supplier:
(i) any intended conduct of the acquirer that might affect
the interests of the small business supplier; and
(ii) any risks to the small business supplier arising from the
acquirer’s intended conduct (being risks that the
acquirer should have foreseen would not be apparent to
the small business supplier); and
(j) the extent to which the acquirer was willing to negotiate the
terms and conditions of any contract for the acquisition of the
goods and services with the small business supplier; and
(k) the extent to which the acquirer and the small business
supplier acted in good faith.

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Section 51AC
(5) A person is not to be taken for the purposes of this section to
engage in unconscionable conduct in connection with:
(a) the supply or possible supply of goods or services to another
person; or
(b) the acquisition or possible acquisition of goods or services
from another person;
by reason only that the first-mentioned person institutes legal
proceedings in relation to that supply, possible supply, acquisition
or possible acquisition or refers to arbitration a dispute or claim in
relation to that supply, possible supply, acquisition or possible
acquisition.
(6) For the purpose of determining whether a corporation has
contravened subsection (1) or whether a person has contravened
subsection (2):
(a) the Court must not have regard to any circumstances that
were not reasonably foreseeable at the time of the alleged
contravention; and
(b) the Court may have regard to circumstances existing before
the commencement of this section but not to conduct
engaged in before that commencement.
(7) A reference in this section to the supply or possible supply of
goods or services is a reference to the supply or possible supply of
goods or services to a person whose acquisition or possible
acquisition of the goods or services is or would be for the purpose
of trade or commerce.
(8) A reference in this section to the acquisition or possible acquisition
of goods or services is a reference to the acquisition or possible
acquisition of goods or services by a person whose acquisition or
possible acquisition of the goods or services is or would be for the
purpose of trade or commerce.

(9) A reference in this section to the supply or possible supply of

goods or services does not include a reference to the supply or
possible supply of goods or services at a price in excess of
$3,000,000, or such higher amount as is prescribed.

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Section 51AC
(10) A reference in this section to the acquisition or possible acquisition
of goods or services does not include a reference to the acquisition
or possible acquisition of goods or services at a price in excess of
$3,000,000, or such higher amount as is prescribed.
(11) For the purposes of subsections (9) and (10):
(a) subject to paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e), the price for:
(i) the supply or possible supply of goods or services to a
person; or
(ii) the acquisition or possible acquisition of goods or
services by a person;
is taken to be the amount paid or payable by the person for
the goods or services; and
(b) paragraph 4B(2)(c) applies as if references in that paragraph
to the purchase of goods or services by a person were
references to:
(i) the supply of goods or services to a person pursuant to a
purchase; or
(ii) the acquisition of goods or services by a person by way
of purchase;
as the case requires; and
(c) paragraph 4B(2)(d) applies as if:
(i) the reference in that paragraph to a person acquiring
goods or services otherwise than by way of purchase
included a reference to a person being supplied with
goods or services otherwise than pursuant to a purchase;
and
(ii) a reference in that paragraph to acquisition included a
reference to supply; and
(d) paragraph 4B(2)(e) applies as if references in that paragraph
to the acquisition of goods or services by a person, or to the
acquisition of services by a person, included references to the
supply of goods or services to a person, or the supply of
services, to a person, as the case may be; and

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Section 51ACAA
(e) the price for the supply or possible supply, or the acquisition
or possible acquisition, of services comprising or including a
loan or loan facility is taken to include the capital value of
the loan or loan facility.
(12) Section 51A applies for the purposes of this section in the same
way as it applies for the purposes of Division 1 of Part V.
(13) Expressions used in this section that are defined for the purpose of
Part IVB have the same meaning in this section as they do in
Part IVB.
(14) In this section, listed public company has the same meaning as it
has in the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997.

51ACAA Concurrent operation of State and Territory laws

It is the Parliament’s intention that a law of a State or Territory

should be able to operate concurrently with this Part unless the law
is directly inconsistent with this Part.

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Part IVB Industry codes

Section 51ACA

Part IVB—Industry codes

51ACA Definitions

(1) In this Part:

applicable industry code, in relation to a corporation that is a

participant in an industry, means:
(a) the prescribed provisions of any mandatory industry code
relating to the industry; and
(b) the prescribed provisions of any voluntary industry code that
binds the corporation.
consumer, in relation to an industry, means a person to whom
goods or services are or may be supplied by participants in the
industry.
industry code means a code regulating the conduct of participants
in an industry towards other participants in the industry or towards
consumers in the industry.
mandatory industry code means an industry code that is declared
by regulations under section 51AE to be mandatory.
voluntary industry code means an industry code that is declared by
regulations under section 51AE to be voluntary.

(2) For the purposes of this Part, a voluntary industry code binds a
person who has agreed, as prescribed, to be bound by the code and
who has not subsequently ceased, as prescribed, to be bound by it.

(3) To avoid doubt, it is declared that:

(a) franchising is an industry for the purposes of this Part; and
(b) franchisors and franchisees are participants in the industry of
franchising, whether or not they are also participants in
another industry.

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Section 51AD
51AD Contravention of industry codes

A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, contravene an

applicable industry code.

51AE Regulations relating to industry codes

The regulations may:

(a) prescribe an industry code, or specified provisions of an
industry code, for the purposes of this Part; and
(b) declare the industry code to be a mandatory industry code or
a voluntary industry code; and
(c) for a voluntary industry code, specify the method by which a
corporation agrees to be bound by the code and the method
by which it ceases to be so bound (by reference to provisions
of the code or otherwise).

51AEA Concurrent operation of State and Territory laws

It is the Parliament’s intention that a law of a State or Territory

should be able to operate concurrently with this Part unless the law
is directly inconsistent with this Part.

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Part V Consumer protection
Division 1 Unfair practices

Section 51AF

Part V—Consumer protection

Division 1—Unfair practices

51AF Part does not apply to financial services

(1) This Part does not apply to the supply, or possible supply, of
services that are financial services.
(2) Without limiting subsection (1):
(a) sections 52 and 55A do not apply to conduct engaged in in
relation to financial services; and
(b) if a financial product consists of or includes an interest in
land, section 53A does not apply to that interest; and
(c) section 63A does not apply to:
(i) a credit card that is part of, or that provides access to, a
credit facility that is a financial product; or
(ii) a debit card that allows access to an account that is a
financial product.
(3) In subsection (2):

credit card has the same meaning as in section 63A.

debit card has the same meaning as in section 63A.

51A Interpretation

(1) For the purposes of this Division, where a corporation makes a

representation with respect to any future matter (including the
doing of, or the refusing to do, any act) and the corporation does
not have reasonable grounds for making the representation, the
representation shall be taken to be misleading.
(2) For the purposes of the application of subsection (1) in relation to a
proceeding concerning a representation made by a corporation with
respect to any future matter, the corporation shall, unless it adduces

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Section 52
evidence to the contrary, be deemed not to have had reasonable
grounds for making the representation.
(3) Subsection (1) shall be deemed not to limit by implication the
meaning of a reference in this Division to a misleading
representation, a representation that is misleading in a material
particular or conduct that is misleading or is likely or liable to
mislead.

52 Misleading or deceptive conduct

(1) A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct

that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive.
(2) Nothing in the succeeding provisions of this Division shall be
taken as limiting by implication the generality of subsection (1).
Note: For rules relating to representations as to the country of origin of
goods, see Division 1AA (sections 65AA to 65AN).

53 False or misleading representations

A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, in connexion with

the supply or possible supply of goods or services or in connexion
with the promotion by any means of the supply or use of goods or
services:
(a) falsely represent that goods are of a particular standard,
quality, value, grade, composition, style or model or have
had a particular history or particular previous use;
(aa) falsely represent that services are of a particular standard,
quality, value or grade;
(b) falsely represent that goods are new;
(bb) falsely represent that a particular person has agreed to
acquire goods or services;
(c) represent that goods or services have sponsorship, approval,
performance characteristics, accessories, uses or benefits they
do not have;
(d) represent that the corporation has a sponsorship, approval or
affiliation it does not have;

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Section 53A
(e) make a false or misleading representation with respect to the
price of goods or services;
(ea) make a false or misleading representation concerning the
availability of facilities for the repair of goods or of spare
parts for goods;
(eb) make a false or misleading representation concerning the
place of origin of goods;
(f) make a false or misleading representation concerning the
need for any goods or services; or
(g) make a false or misleading representation concerning the
existence, exclusion or effect of any condition, warranty,
guarantee, right or remedy.
Note: For rules relating to representations as to the country of origin of
goods, see Division 1AA (sections 65AA to 65AN).

53A False representations and other misleading or offensive conduct

in relation to land

(1) A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, in connexion with

the sale or grant, or the possible sale or grant, of an interest in land
or in connexion with the promotion by any means of the sale or
grant of an interest in land:
(a) represent that the corporation has a sponsorship, approval or
affiliation it does not have;
(b) make a false or misleading representation concerning the
nature of the interest in the land, the price payable for the
land, the location of the land, the characteristics of the land,
the use to which the land is capable of being put or may
lawfully be put or the existence or availability of facilities
associated with the land; or
(c) offer gifts, prizes or other free items with the intention of not
providing them or of not providing them as offered.
(2) A corporation shall not use physical force or undue harassment or
coercion in connection with the sale or grant, or the possible sale or
grant, of an interest in land or the payment for an interest in land.

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Section 53B
(2A) Nothing in this section shall be taken as implying that other
provisions of this Division do not apply in relation to the supply or
acquisition, or the possible supply or acquisition, of interests in
land.
(3) In this section, interest, in relation to land, means:
(a) a legal or equitable estate or interest in the land;
(b) a right of occupancy of the land, or of a building or part of a
building erected on the land, arising by virtue of the holding
of shares, or by virtue of a contract to purchase shares, in an
incorporated company that owns the land or building; or
(c) a right, power or privilege over, or in connexion with, the
land.

53B Misleading conduct in relation to employment

A corporation shall not, in relation to employment that is to be, or

may be, offered by the corporation or by another person, engage in
conduct that is liable to mislead persons seeking the employment
as to the availability, nature, terms or conditions of, or any other
matter relating to, the employment.

53C Cash price to be stated in certain circumstances

A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, in connection with

the supply or possible supply of goods or services or in connection
with the promotion by any means of the supply or use of goods or
services, make a representation with respect to an amount that, if
paid, would constitute a part of the consideration for the supply of
the goods or services unless the corporation also specifies the cash
price for the goods or services.

54 Offering gifts and prizes

A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, in connexion with

the supply or possible supply of goods or services or in connexion
with the promotion by any means of the supply or use of goods or
services, offer gifts, prizes or other free items with the intention of
not providing them, or of not providing them as offered.

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Division 1 Unfair practices

Section 55
55 Misleading conduct to which Industrial Property Convention
applies

A person shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is

liable to mislead the public as to the nature, the manufacturing
process, the characteristics, the suitability for their purpose or the
quantity of any goods.

55A Certain misleading conduct in relation to services

A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct

that is liable to mislead the public as to the nature, the
characteristics, the suitability for their purpose or the quantity of
any services.

56 Bait advertising

(1) A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, advertise for supply

at a specified price, goods or services if there are reasonable
grounds, of which the corporation is aware or ought reasonably to
be aware, for believing that the corporation will not be able to offer
for supply those goods or services at that price for a period that is,
and in quantities that are, reasonable having regard to the nature of
the market in which the corporation carries on business and the
nature of the advertisement.
(2) A corporation that has, in trade or commerce, advertised goods or
services for supply at a specified price shall offer such goods or
services for supply at that price for a period that is, and in
quantities that are, reasonable having regard to the nature of the
market in which the corporation carries on business and the nature
of the advertisement.

57 Referral selling

A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, induce a consumer

to acquire goods or services by representing that the consumer will,
after the contract for the acquisition of the goods or services is
made, receive a rebate, commission or other benefit in return for

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Section 58
giving the corporation the names of prospective customers or
otherwise assisting the corporation to supply goods or services to
other consumers, if receipt of the rebate, commission or other
benefit is contingent on an event occurring after that contract is
made.

58 Accepting payment without intending or being able to supply as

ordered

A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, accept payment or

other consideration for goods or services where, at the time of the
acceptance:
(a) the corporation intends:
(i) not to supply the goods or services; or
(ii) to supply goods or services materially different from the
goods or services in respect of which the payment or
other consideration is accepted; or
(b) there are reasonable grounds, of which the corporation is
aware or ought reasonably to be aware, for believing that the
corporation will not be able to supply the goods or services
within the period specified by the corporation or, if no period
is specified, within a reasonable time.

59 Misleading representations about certain business activities

(1) A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, make a

representation that is false or misleading in a material particular
concerning the profitability or risk or any other material aspect of
any business activity that the corporation has represented as one
that can be, or can be to a considerable extent, carried on at or from
a person’s place of residence.
(2) Where a corporation, in trade or commerce, invites, whether by
advertisement or otherwise, persons to engage or participate, or to
offer or apply to engage or participate, in a business activity
requiring the performance by the persons concerned of work, or the
investment of moneys by the persons concerned and the
performance by them of work associated with the investment, the

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Section 60
corporation shall not make, with respect to the profitability or risk
or any other material aspect of the business activity, a
representation that is false or misleading in a material particular.

60 Harassment and coercion

A corporation shall not use physical force or undue harassment or

coercion in connection with the supply or possible supply of goods
or services to a consumer or the payment for goods or services by a
consumer.

63A Unsolicited credit and debit cards

(1) A corporation shall not send a prescribed card to a person except:

(a) in pursuance of a request in writing by the person who will
be under a liability to the person who issued the card in
respect of the use of the card; or
(b) in renewal or replacement of, or in substitution for:
(i) a prescribed card of the same kind previously sent to the
first-mentioned person in pursuance of a request in
writing by the person who was under a liability to the
person who issued the card previously so sent in respect
of the use of that card; or
(ii) a prescribed card of the same kind previously sent to the
first-mentioned person and used for a purpose for which
it was intended to be used.
(2) Subsection (1) applies only in relation to the sending of a
prescribed card by or on behalf of the person who issued the card.

(2A) A corporation shall not take any action that enables a person who
has a credit card or a debit card to use the card as a debit card or a
credit card, as the case may be, except in accordance with a request
in writing by the person.
(3) In this section:
article includes a token, card or document.

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Section 64
credit card means an article that is of a kind described in one or
more of the following paragraphs:
(a) an article of a kind commonly known as a credit card;
(b) a similar article intended for use in obtaining cash, goods or
services on credit;
(c) an article of a kind that persons carrying on business
commonly issue to their customers or prospective customers
for use in obtaining goods or services from those persons on
credit;
or an article that may be used as an article referred to in
paragraph (a), (b) or (c).

debit card means:

(a) an article intended for use by a person in obtaining access to
an account that is held by the person for the purpose of
withdrawing or depositing cash or obtaining goods or
services; or
(b) an article that may be used as an article referred to in
paragraph (a).
prescribed card means a credit card, a debit card or an article that
may be used as a credit card and a debit card.

64 Assertion of right to payment for unsolicited goods or services or

for making entry in directory

(1) A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, assert a right to

payment from a person for unsolicited goods unless the corporation
has reasonable cause to believe that there is a right to payment.

(2A) A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, assert a right to

payment from a person for unsolicited services unless the
corporation has reasonable cause to believe that there is a right to
payment.
(3) A corporation shall not assert a right to payment from any person
of a charge for the making in a directory of an entry relating to the
person or to his or her profession, business, trade or occupation

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Section 64
unless the corporation knows or has reasonable cause to believe
that the person has authorized the making of the entry.
(4) A person is not liable to make any payment to a corporation, and is
entitled to recover by action in a court of competent jurisdiction
against a corporation any payment made by the person to the
corporation, in full or part satisfaction of a charge for the making
of an entry in a directory unless the person has authorized the
making of the entry.
(5) For the purposes of this section, a corporation shall be taken to
assert a right to a payment from a person for unsolicited goods or
services, or of a charge for the making of an entry in a directory, if
the corporation:
(a) makes a demand for the payment or asserts a present or
prospective right to the payment;
(b) threatens to bring any legal proceedings with a view to
obtaining the payment;
(c) places or causes to be placed the name of the person on a list
of defaulters or debtors, or threatens to do so, with a view to
obtaining the payment;
(d) invokes or causes to be invoked any other collection
procedure, or threatens to do so, with a view to obtaining the
payment; or
(e) sends any invoice or other document stating the amount of
the payment or setting out the price of the goods or services
or the charge for the making of the entry and not stating as
prominently (or more prominently) that no claim is made to
the payment, or to payment of the price or charge, as the case
may be.
(6) A person shall not be taken for the purposes of this section to have
authorized the making of an entry in a directory unless:
(a) a document authorizing the making of the entry has been
signed by the person or by another person authorized by him
or her;
(b) a copy of the document has been given to the person before
the right to payment of a charge for the making of the entry is
asserted; and

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Section 64
(c) the document specifies:
(i) the name of the directory;
(ii) the name and address of the person publishing the
directory;
(iii) particulars of the entry; and
(iv) the amount of the charge for the making of the entry or
the basis on which the charge is, or is to be, calculated.
(7) For the purposes of this section, an invoice or other document
purporting to have been sent by or on behalf of a corporation shall
be deemed to have been sent by that corporation unless the
contrary is established.
(9) In a proceeding against a corporation in respect of a contravention
of this section:
(a) in the case of a contravention constituted by asserting a right
to payment from a person for unsolicited goods or unsolicited
services—the burden lies on the corporation of proving that
the corporation had reasonable cause to believe that there
was a right to payment; or
(b) in the case of a contravention constituted by asserting a right
to payment from a person of a charge for the making of an
entry in a directory—the burden lies on the corporation of
proving that the corporation knew or had reasonable cause to
believe that the person had authorised the making of the
entry.
(10) In this section:

directory includes any publication of a similar nature to a directory

but does not include a newspaper published in good faith as a
newspaper at regular intervals or a publication published, or to be
published, by or under the authority of the Australian
Telecommunications Commission.
making, in relation to an entry in a directory, means including, or
arranging for the inclusion of, the entry.

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Section 65
65 Liability of recipient of unsolicited goods

(1) A person to whom unsolicited goods are supplied by a corporation,

in trade or commerce, is not liable to make any payment for the
goods and is not liable for the loss of or damage to the goods other
than loss or damage resulting from the doing by him or her of a
wilful and unlawful act in relation to the goods during the period
specified in subsection (4).
(2) Subject to subsection (3), where, on or after the commencing date,
a corporation sends, in trade or commerce, unsolicited goods to a
person:
(a) neither the corporation nor any person claiming under the
corporation is entitled after the expiration of the period
specified in subsection (4) to take action for the recovery of
the goods from the person to whom the goods were sent; and
(b) upon the expiration of that period the goods become, by force
of this section, the property of the person to whom the goods
were sent freed and discharged from all liens and charges of
any description.
(3) Subsection (2) does not apply to or in relation to unsolicited goods
sent to a person if:
(a) the person has at any time during the period specified in
subsection (4) unreasonably refused to permit the sender or
the owner of the goods to take possession of the goods;
(b) the sender or the owner of the goods has within that period
taken possession of the goods; or
(c) the goods were received by the person in circumstances in
which the person knew, or might reasonably be expected to
have known, that the goods were not intended for him or her.
(4) The period referred to in the foregoing subsections is:
(a) if the person who receives the unsolicited goods gives notice
with respect to the goods to the sender in accordance with
subsection (5):
(i) the period of 1 month next following the day on which
the notice is given; or

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Section 65A
(ii) the period of 3 months next following the day on which
the person received the goods;
whichever first expires; and
(b) in any other case—the period of 3 months next following the
day on which the person received the goods.
(5) A notice under subsection (4) shall be in writing and shall:
(a) state the name and address of the person who received the
goods;
(b) state the address at which possession may be taken of the
goods if it is an address other than that of the person; and
(c) contain a statement to the effect that the goods are unsolicited
goods.

65A Application of provisions of Division to prescribed information

providers

(1) Nothing in section 52, 53, 53A, 55, 55A or 59 applies to a

prescribed publication of matter by a prescribed information
provider, other than:
(a) a publication of matter in connection with:
(i) the supply or possible supply of goods or services;
(ii) the sale or grant, or possible sale or grant, of interests in
land;
(iii) the promotion by any means of the supply or use of
goods or services; or
(iv) the promotion by any means of the sale or grant of
interests in land;
where:
(v) the goods or services were relevant goods or services, or
the interests in land were relevant interests in land, as
the case may be, in relation to the prescribed
information provider; or
(vi) the publication was made on behalf of, or pursuant to a
contract, arrangement or understanding with:

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Section 65A
(A) a person who supplies goods or services of that
kind, or who sells or grants interests in land,
being interests of that kind; or
(B) a body corporate that is related to a body
corporate that supplies goods or services of that
kind, or that sells or grants interests in land,
being interests of that kind; or
(b) a publication of an advertisement.
(2) For the purposes of this section, a publication by a prescribed
information provider is a prescribed publication if:
(a) in any case—the publication was made by the prescribed
information provider in the course of carrying on a business
of providing information; or
(b) in the case of a person who is a prescribed information
provider by virtue of paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of the definition
of prescribed information provider in subsection (3)
(whether or not the person is also a prescribed information
provider by virtue of another operation of that definition)—
the publication was by way of a radio or television broadcast
by the prescribed information provider.

(3) In this section:

prescribed information provider means a person who carries on a
business of providing information and, without limiting the
generality of the foregoing, includes:
(a) the holder of a licence granted under the Broadcasting
Services Act 1992; and
(aa) a person who is the provider of a broadcasting service under
a class licence under that Act; and
(ab) the holder of a licence continued in force by subsection 5(1)
of the Broadcasting Services (Transitional Provisions and
Consequential Amendments) Act 1992; and
(b) the Australian Broadcasting Corporation; and
(c) the Special Broadcasting Service Corporation.

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relevant goods or services, in relation to a prescribed information
provider, means goods or services of a kind supplied by the
prescribed information provider or, where the prescribed
information provider is a body corporate, by a body corporate that
is related to the prescribed information provider.
relevant interests in land, in relation to a prescribed information
provider, means interests in land, being interests of a kind sold or
granted by the prescribed information provider or, where the
prescribed information provider is a body corporate, by a body
corporate that is related to the prescribed information provider.

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Part V Consumer protection
Division 1AAA Pyramid selling

Section 65AAA

Division 1AAA—Pyramid selling

65AAA Overview

This Division sets out the meanings of a pyramid selling scheme

and other related concepts. A corporation is prohibited from
engaging in certain conduct in relation to a pyramid selling scheme
(see sections 65AAC and 75AZO).

65AAB Definitions

In this Division:

new participant, in a pyramid selling scheme, includes a person

who has applied, or been invited, to participate in the scheme.
participant, in a pyramid selling scheme, means a person who
participates in the scheme.
participate, in a pyramid selling scheme, means:
(a) establish or promote the scheme (whether alone or together
with another person); or
(b) take part in the scheme in any capacity (whether or not as an
employee or agent of a person who establishes or promotes
the scheme, or otherwise takes part in the scheme).
participation payment has the meaning given by paragraph (a) of
the definition of pyramid selling scheme in subsection 65AAD(1).
payment, to a person or received by a person, means:
(a) the provision of a financial or non-financial benefit to or for
the benefit of the person; or
(b) the provision of a financial or non-financial benefit partly to
or for the benefit of the person, and partly to or for the
benefit of someone else.
pyramid selling scheme has the meaning given by section 65AAD.

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recruitment payment has the meaning given by paragraph (b) of
the definition of pyramid selling scheme in subsection 65AAD(1).

65AAC Pyramid selling schemes—participation

(1) A corporation must not participate in a pyramid selling scheme.

(2) A corporation must not induce, or attempt to induce, a person to

participate in a pyramid selling scheme.

65AAD What is a pyramid selling scheme?

(1) In this Act:

pyramid selling scheme means a scheme with both the following

characteristics:
(a) to take part in the scheme, some or all new participants must
make a payment (a participation payment) to another
participant or participants in the scheme;
(b) the participation payments are entirely or substantially
induced by the prospect held out to new participants that they
will be entitled to a payment (a recruitment payment) in
relation to the introduction to the scheme of further new
participants.
(2) A scheme may be a pyramid selling scheme:
(a) no matter who holds out to new participants the prospect of
entitlement to recruitment payments; and
(b) no matter who is to make recruitment payments to new
participants; and
(c) no matter who is to make introductions to the scheme of
further new participants.
(3) A scheme may be a pyramid selling scheme even if it has any or all
of the following characteristics:
(a) the participation payments may (or must) be made after the
new participants begin to take part in the scheme;
(b) making a participation payment is not the only requirement
for taking part in the scheme;

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Section 65AAE
(c) the holding out of the prospect of entitlement to recruitment
payments does not give any new participant a legally
enforceable right;
(d) arrangements for the scheme are not recorded in writing
(whether entirely or partly);
(e) the scheme involves the marketing of goods or services (or
both).

65AAE Marketing schemes—are they pyramid selling schemes?

(1) To decide whether a scheme that involves the marketing of goods

or services (or both) is a pyramid selling scheme, a court may have
regard to the following matters in working out whether
participation payments under the scheme are entirely or
substantially induced by the prospect held out to new participants
of entitlement to recruitment payments:
(a) the extent to which the participation payments bear a
reasonable relationship to the value of the goods or services
that participants are entitled to be supplied under the scheme
(as assessed, if appropriate, by reference to the price of
comparable goods or services available elsewhere);
(b) the emphasis given in the promotion of the scheme to the
entitlement of participants to the supply of goods and
services by comparison with the emphasis given to their
entitlement to recruitment payments.
(2) Subsection (1) does not limit the matters to which the court may
have regard in working out whether participation payments are
entirely or substantially induced by the prospect held out to new
participants of entitlement to recruitment payments.

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Country of origin representations Division 1AA

Section 65AA

Division 1AA—Country of origin representations

Subdivision A—General

65AA Overview

This Division provides that certain country of origin

representations made about goods do not contravene section 52
(which deals with misleading or deceptive conduct), paragraph
53(a) or (eb) or paragraph 75AZC(1)(a) or (i) (which all deal with
false or misleading representations).

65AB General test for country of origin representations

If:
(a) a corporation makes a representation as to the country of
origin of goods; and
(b) the goods have been substantially transformed in that
country; and
(c) 50% or more of the cost of producing or manufacturing the
goods (as the case may be) is attributable to production or
manufacturing processes that occurred in that country; and
(d) the representation is not a representation to which
section 65AC (product of/produce of representations) or
section 65AD (prescribed logo representations) applies;
the corporation does not contravene section 52, paragraph 53(a) or
(eb) or paragraph 75AZC(1)(a) or (i) by reason only of making the
representation.

65AC Test for representations that goods are product of/produce of

a country

If:
(a) a corporation makes a representation that goods are the
produce of a particular country (whether the representation

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Division 1AA Country of origin representations

Section 65AD
uses the words “product of”, “produce of” or any other
grammatical variation of the word “produce”); and
(b) the country was the country of origin of each significant
ingredient or significant component of the goods; and
(c) all, or virtually all, processes involved in the production or
manufacture happened in that country;
the corporation does not contravene section 52, paragraph 53(a) or
(eb) or paragraph 75AZC(1)(a) or (i) by reason only of making the
representation.

65AD Test for representations made by means of prescribed logo

(1) If:
(a) a corporation makes a representation as to the country of
origin of goods by means of a logo specified in regulations
made under subsection (2); and
(b) the goods have been substantially transformed in the country
represented by the logo as the country of origin of the goods;
and
(c) the prescribed percentage of the cost of producing or
manufacturing the goods (as the case may be) is attributable
to production or manufacturing processes that occurred in
that country;
the corporation does not contravene section 52, paragraph 53(a) or
(eb) or paragraph 75AZC(1)(a) or (i) by reason only of making the
representation.
(2) The regulations may, in relation to a specified logo, prescribe a
percentage in the range of 51% to 100% as the percentage
applicable to goods for the purposes of paragraph (1)(c).

65AE Substantial transformation of goods

(1) For the purposes of this Division, goods are substantially

transformed in a country if they undergo a fundamental change in
that country in form, appearance or nature such that the goods
existing after the change are new and different goods from those
existing before the change.

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Section 65AF
(2) Without limiting subsection (1), the regulations may prescribe
changes (whether in relation to particular classes of goods or
otherwise) that are not fundamental changes for the purposes of
subsection (1), and may include examples (in relation to particular
classes of goods or otherwise) of changes which are fundamental
changes for the purposes of subsection (1).

65AF Method of working out costs of production or manufacture

For the purposes of this Division, the cost of producing or

manufacturing goods is to be worked out under Subdivision B.

Subdivision B—Cost of production or manufacture of goods

65AG Definitions

In this Subdivision:
inner container includes any container into which goods are
packed, other than a shipping or airline container, pallet or other
similar article.
materials, in relation to goods, means:
(a) if the goods are unmanufactured raw products—those
products; and
(b) if the goods are manufactured goods—all matter or
substances used or consumed in the manufacture of the goods
(other than matter or substances that are treated as
overheads); and
(c) in either case—the inner containers in which the goods are
packed.

65AH Cost of producing or manufacturing goods

The cost of producing or manufacturing goods means the sum of:

(a) the expenditure on materials in respect of the goods, worked
out under section 65AJ; and

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Section 65AJ
(b) the expenditure on labour in respect of the goods, worked out
under section 65AK; and
(c) the expenditure on overheads in respect of the goods, worked
out under section 65AL.

65AJ Expenditure on materials

Calculation of expenditure on materials

(1) Expenditure on materials in respect of goods means the cost of
materials:
(a) incurred by the producer or manufacturer of the goods (as the
case may be); and
(b) that are used in the production or manufacture of the goods;
and
(c) that has not been prescribed under paragraph (2)(a).

Regulations may prescribe materials that are not allowable

(2) The regulations may prescribe, for the purposes of subsection (1):
(a) the cost of a particular material, or a part of such a cost, that
is not allowable in respect of goods, or classes of goods; and
(b) the manner of working out the cost of a material, or part of
the cost.

65AK Expenditure on labour

Calculation of expenditure on labour

(1) Expenditure on labour in respect of goods means the sum of each
labour cost:
(a) that is incurred by the producer or manufacturer of the goods
(as the case may be); and
(b) that relates to the production or manufacture of the goods;
and
(c) that can reasonably be allocated to the production or
manufacture of the goods; and
(d) that has not been prescribed under paragraph (2)(a).

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Section 65AL
Regulations may prescribe labour costs that are not allowable

(2) The regulations may prescribe, for the purposes of subsection (1):
(a) a particular labour cost, or a part of a labour cost, that is not
allowable in respect of goods, or classes of goods; and
(b) the manner of working out a labour cost, or part of the cost.

65AL Expenditure on overheads

Calculation of expenditure on overheads

(1) Expenditure on overheads in respect of goods means the sum of
each overhead cost:
(a) that is incurred by the producer or manufacturer of the goods
(as the case may be); and
(b) that relates to the production or manufacture of the goods;
and
(c) that can reasonably be allocated to the production or
manufacture of the goods; and
(d) that has not been prescribed under paragraph (2)(a).

Regulations may prescribe overhead costs that are not allowable

(2) The regulations may prescribe, for the purposes of subsection (1):
(a) a particular overhead cost, or a part of an overhead cost, that
is not allowable in respect of goods, or classes of goods; and
(b) the manner of working out an overhead cost, or part of the
cost.

65AM Regulations may prescribe rules for determining the local

percentage costs of production or manufacture

(1) Subject to subsection (2), the regulations may prescribe rules for
determining the percentage of the total cost of production or
manufacture of goods attributable to production or manufacturing
processes that occurred in a particular country.
Note: Section 65AH deals with the cost of production or manufacture of
goods.

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Division 1AA Country of origin representations

Section 65AN
(2) Rules prescribed under subsection (1) must not discriminate
(whether favourably or unfavourably) between countries or classes
of countries.

Subdivision C—Evidentiary matters

65AN Proceedings relating to false, misleading or deceptive conduct

or representations

(1) If:
(a) proceedings are brought against a person in respect of
section 52, paragraph 53(a) or (eb) or paragraph
75AZC(1)(a) or (i); and
(b) the person seeks to rely on a provision of this Division, or of
a regulation made under this Division, in the proceedings;
the person bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters set
out in the provision on which the person seeks to rely.
(2) In this section:

evidential burden, in relation to a matter, means the burden of

adducing or pointing to evidence that suggests a reasonable
possibility that the matter exists or does not exist.

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Product safety and product information Division 1A

Section 65B

Division 1A—Product safety and product information

65B Warning notice to public

(1) The Minister may publish a notice in writing in the Gazette

containing one or both of the following:
(a) a statement that goods of a kind specified in the notice are
under investigation to determine whether the goods will or
may cause injury to any person;
(b) a warning of possible risks involved in the use of goods of a
kind specified in the notice.
(2) Where:
(a) an investigation referred to in subsection (1) has been
completed; and
(b) neither a notice under section 65J inviting a supplier to notify
the Commission whether the supplier wishes the Commission
to hold a conference nor a notice under section 65L has been
published in relation to the goods since the commencement
of the investigation;
the Minister shall, as soon as practicable after the investigation has
been completed, by notice in writing published in the Gazette,
announce the results of the investigation, and may announce in the
notice whether, and if so, what action is proposed to be taken in
relation to the goods under this Division.

65C Product safety standards and unsafe goods

(1) A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, supply goods that

are intended to be used, or are of a kind likely to be used, by a
consumer if the goods are of a kind:
(a) in respect of which there is a prescribed consumer product
safety standard and which do not comply with that standard;
(b) in respect of which there is in force a notice under this
section declaring the goods to be unsafe goods; or

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Division 1A Product safety and product information

Section 65C
(c) in respect of which there is in force a notice under this
section imposing a permanent ban on the goods.
(2) The regulations may, in respect of goods of a particular kind,
prescribe a consumer product safety standard consisting of such
requirements as to:
(a) performance, composition, contents, methods of manufacture
or processing, design, construction, finish or packaging of the
goods;
(b) testing of the goods during, or after the completion of,
manufacture or processing; and
(c) the form and content of markings, warnings or instructions to
accompany the goods;
as are reasonably necessary to prevent or reduce risk of injury to
any person.

(3) A corporation shall not export goods the supply in Australia of

which is prohibited by subsection (1) unless the Minister has, by
notice in writing given to the corporation, approved the export of
those goods.
(4) Where the Minister approves the export of goods under
subsection (3), the Minister shall cause a statement setting out
particulars of the approval to be laid before each House of the
Parliament within 7 sitting days of that House after the approval is
given.
(5) Subject to section 65J, where it appears to the Minister that goods
of a particular kind will or may cause injury to any person, the
Minister may, by notice in writing published in the Gazette, declare
the goods to be unsafe goods.
(6) A notice under subsection (5) remains in force until the end of 18
months after the date of publication of the notice in the Gazette
unless it is revoked before the end of that period.
(7) Subject to section 65J, where:
(a) a period of 18 months has elapsed after the date of
publication of a notice in the Gazette declaring goods to be
unsafe goods; and

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Section 65D
(b) there is not a prescribed consumer product safety standard in
respect of the goods;
the Minister may, by notice in writing published in the Gazette,
impose a permanent ban on the goods.
(8) Where:
(a) the supplying of goods by a corporation constitutes a
contravention of this section by reason that the goods do not
comply with a prescribed consumer product safety standard;
(b) a person suffers loss or damage by reason of a defect in, or a
dangerous characteristic of, the goods or by reason of not
having particular information in relation to the goods; and
(c) the person would not have suffered the loss or damage if the
goods had complied with that standard;
the person shall be deemed for the purposes of this Act to have
suffered the loss or damage by the supplying of the goods.
(9) Where:
(a) the supplying of goods by a corporation constitutes a
contravention of this section by reason that there is in force a
notice under this section declaring the goods to be unsafe
goods or imposing a permanent ban on the goods; and
(b) a person suffers loss or damage by reason of a defect in, or a
dangerous characteristic of, the goods or by reason of not
having particular information as to a characteristic of the
goods;
the person shall be deemed for the purposes of this Act to have
suffered the loss or damage by the supplying of the goods.

65D Product information standards

(1) A corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, supply goods that

are intended to be used, or are of a kind likely to be used, by a
consumer, being goods of a kind in respect of which a consumer
product information standard has been prescribed, unless the
corporation has complied with that standard in relation to those
goods.

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Section 65D
(2) The regulations may, in respect of goods of a particular kind,
prescribe a consumer product information standard consisting of
such requirements as to:
(a) the disclosure of information relating to the performance,
composition, contents, methods of manufacture or
processing, design, construction, finish or packaging of the
goods; and
(b) the form and manner in which that information is to be
disclosed on or with the goods;
as are reasonably necessary to give persons using the goods
information as to the quantity, quality, nature or value of the goods.
(3) Subsection (1) does not apply to goods that are intended to be used
outside Australia.
(4) If there is applied to goods:
(a) a statement that the goods are for export only; or
(b) a statement indicating by the use of words authorised by the
regulations to be used for the purposes of this subsection that
the goods are intended to be used outside Australia;
it shall be presumed for the purposes of this section, unless the
contrary is established, that the goods are intended to be so used.
(5) For the purposes of subsection (4), a statement shall be deemed to
be applied to goods if:
(a) the statement is woven in, impressed on, worked into or
annexed or affixed to the goods; or
(b) the statement is applied to a covering, label, reel or thing in
or with which the goods are supplied.
(6) A reference in subsection (5) to a covering includes a reference to a
stopper, glass, bottle, vessel, box, capsule, case, frame or wrapper
and a reference in that subsection to a label includes a reference to
a band or ticket.
(7) Where:
(a) the supplying of goods by a corporation constitutes a
contravention of this section by reason that the corporation

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Section 65E
has not complied with a prescribed consumer product
information standard in relation to the goods;
(b) a person suffers loss or damage by reason of not having
particular information in relation to the goods; and
(c) the person would not have suffered the loss or damage if the
corporation had complied with that standard in relation to the
goods;
the person shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Act, to have
suffered the loss or damage by the supplying of the goods.

65E Power of Minister to declare product safety or information

standards

(1) The Minister may, by notice in writing published in the Gazette,

declare that, in respect of goods of a kind specified in the notice, a
particular standard, or a particular part of a standard, prepared or
approved by Standards Australia International Limited or by a
prescribed association or body, or such a standard or part of a
standard with additions or variations specified in the notice, is a
consumer product safety standard for the purposes of section 65C
or a consumer product information standard for the purposes of
section 65D.
(2) Where a notice is so published, the standard, or the part of the
standard, referred to in the notice, or the standard or part of a
standard so referred to with additions or variations specified in the
notice, as the case may be, shall be deemed to be a prescribed
consumer product safety standard for the purposes of section 65C
or a prescribed consumer product information standard for the
purposes of section 65D, as the case may be.
(3) Subsection (1) does not authorise the publication of a notice in
relation to goods of a particular kind if the standard or the part of
the standard referred to in the notice, or the standard or the part of
the standard so referred to with additions and variations specified
in the notice, is inconsistent with a standard prescribed in relation
to goods of that kind by regulations made for the purposes of
section 65C or 65D.

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Section 65F
65F Compulsory product recall

(1) Subject to section 65J, where:

(a) a corporation (in this section referred to as the supplier), in
trade or commerce, supplies on or after 1 July 1986 goods
that are intended to be used, or are of a kind likely to be used,
by a consumer;
(b) one of the following subparagraphs applies:
(i) it appears to the Minister that the goods are goods of a
kind which will or may cause injury to any person;
(ii) the goods are goods of a kind in respect of which there
is a prescribed consumer product safety standard and the
goods do not comply with that standard;
(iii) the goods are goods of a kind in relation to which there
is in force a notice under subsection 65C(5) or (7); and
(c) it appears to the Minister that the supplier has not taken
satisfactory action to prevent the goods causing injury to any
person;
the Minister may, by notice in writing published in the Gazette,
require the supplier to do one or more of the following:
(d) take action within the period specified in the notice to recall
the goods;
(e) disclose to the public, or to a class of persons specified in the
notice, in the manner and within the period specified in the
notice, one or more of the following:
(i) the nature of a defect in, or a dangerous characteristic
of, the goods identified in the notice;
(ii) the circumstances, being circumstances identified in the
notice, in which the use of the goods is dangerous; or
(iii) procedures for disposing of the goods specified in the
notice;
(f) inform the public, or a class of persons specified in the
notice, in the manner and within the period specified in the
notice, that the supplier undertakes to do whichever of the
following the supplier thinks is appropriate:
(i) except where the notice identifies a dangerous
characteristic of the goods—repair the goods;

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Section 65F
(ii) replace the goods;
(iii) refund to a person to whom the goods were supplied
(whether by the supplier or by another person) the price
of the goods;
within the period specified in the notice.

(2) Notwithstanding subparagraph (1)(f)(iii), where the Minister, in a

notice under subsection (1), requires the supplier to take action
under paragraph (1)(f), the Minister may specify in the notice that,
where:
(a) the supplier chooses to refund the price of the goods; and
(b) a period of more than 12 months has elapsed since a person
(whether or not the person to whom the refund is to be made)
acquired the goods from the supplier;
the amount of a refund may be reduced by the supplier by an
amount attributable to the use which a person has had of the goods,
being an amount calculated in a manner specified in the notice.
(3) The Minister may, by notice in writing published in the Gazette,
give directions as to the manner in which the supplier is to carry
out a recall of goods required under subsection (1).
(4) Where the supplier, under subsection (1), undertakes to repair
goods, the supplier shall cause the goods to be repaired so that:
(a) any defect in the goods identified in the notice under
subsection (1) is remedied; and
(b) if there is a prescribed consumer product safety standard in
respect of the goods—the goods comply with that standard.
(5) Where the supplier, under subsection (1), undertakes to replace
goods, the supplier shall replace the goods with like goods which:
(a) if a defect in, or a dangerous characteristic of, the
first-mentioned goods was identified in the notice under
subsection (1)—do not contain that defect or have that
characteristic; and
(b) if there is a prescribed consumer product safety standard in
respect of goods of that kind—comply with that standard.

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Section 65F
(6) Where the supplier, under subsection (1), undertakes to repair
goods or replace goods, the cost of the repair or replacement,
including any necessary transportation costs, shall be borne by the
supplier.
(7) Where goods are recalled, whether voluntarily or in accordance
with a requirement made by the Minister under paragraph (1)(d), a
person who has supplied or supplies any of the recalled goods to
another person outside Australia shall, as soon as practicable after
the supply of those goods, give a notice in writing to that other
person:
(a) stating that the goods are subject to recall;
(b) if the goods contain a defect or have a dangerous
characteristic—setting out the nature of that defect or
characteristic; and
(c) if the goods do not comply with a prescribed consumer
product safety standard in respect of the goods—setting out
the nature of the non-compliance.
(8) Where a person is required under subsection (7) to give a notice in
writing to another person, the first-mentioned person shall, within
10 days after giving that notice, provide the Minister with a copy
of that notice.
(9) A person who contravenes subsection (8) is guilty of an offence
punishable on conviction by a fine not exceeding 30 penalty units.
Note: Penalty units are defined in section 4AA of the Crimes Act 1914. If a
body corporate is convicted of the offence, subsection 4B(3) of that
Act allows a court to impose a fine of an amount not greater than 5
times the maximum fine that the court could impose on an individual
convicted of the same offence.

(11) For the purposes of this section, things that are goods at the time
they are supplied are taken to be goods at all times after the supply,
even if they become fixtures.
(10) Subsection (9) is an offence of strict liability.
Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

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Section 65G
65G Compliance with product recall order

Where a notice under subsection 65F(1) is in force in relation to a

corporation, the corporation:
(a) shall comply with the requirements and directions in the
notice; and
(b) shall not, in trade or commerce:
(i) where the notice identifies a defect in, or a dangerous
characteristic of, the goods—supply goods of the kind
to which the notice relates which contain that defect or
have that characteristic; or
(ii) in any other case—supply goods of the kind to which
the notice relates.

65H Loss or damage caused by contravention of product recall

order

Where:
(a) a corporation contravenes section 65G by:
(i) supplying goods of a kind in relation to which a notice
under subsection 65F(1) is in force; or
(ii) failing to comply with the requirements of such a
notice; and
(b) a person suffers loss or damage by reason of a defect in, or a
dangerous characteristic of, the goods or by reason of not
having particular information as to a characteristic of the
goods;
the person shall be deemed for the purposes of this Act to have
suffered the loss or damage by the supplying of the goods, or by
the failure of the corporation to comply with the notice, as the case
may be.

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Section 65J
65J Opportunity for conference to be afforded before certain
powers exercised

(1) Subject to section 65L, where the Minister proposes to publish a

notice under subsection 65C(5) or (7) or 65F(1) in relation to
goods of a particular kind, the Minister shall prepare:
(a) a draft of the notice proposed to be published; and
(b) a summary of the reasons for the proposed publication of the
notice;
and shall, by notice in writing published in the Gazette, invite any
person (in this section referred to as a supplier) who supplied or
proposes to supply goods of that kind to notify the Commission,
within the period (in this section referred to as the relevant period)
of 10 days commencing on the day specified in the last-mentioned
notice, being not earlier than the day on which that notice is
published in the Gazette, whether the supplier wishes the
Commission to hold a conference in relation to the proposed
publication of the first-mentioned notice.
(2) A notice published under subsection (1) shall set out a copy of the
draft notice under subsection 65C(5) or (7) or 65F(1) and a copy of
the summary of the reasons for the proposed publication of the
notice.
(3) If no supplier notifies the Commission in writing within the
relevant period or within such longer period as the Commission
allows that the supplier wishes the Commission to hold a
conference in relation to the proposed publication of the notice
under subsection 65C(5) or (7) or 65(1), the Commission shall
notify the Minister accordingly.

(4) If a supplier notifies the Commission in writing within the relevant

period or within such longer period as the Commission allows that
the supplier wishes the Commission to hold a conference in
relation to the proposed publication of a notice under subsection
65C(5) or (7) or 65F(1), the Commission shall appoint a day (being
not later than 14 days after the end of that period), time and place
for the holding of the conference, and give notice of the day, time

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Section 65K
and place so appointed to the Minister and to each supplier who so
notified the Commission.
(5) At a conference under this section:
(a) the Commission shall be represented by a member or
members nominated by the Chairperson;
(b) each supplier who notified the Commission in accordance
with subsection (4) is entitled to be present or to be
represented;
(c) any other person whose presence at the conference is
considered by the Commission to be appropriate is entitled to
be present or to be represented;
(d) the Minister or a person or persons nominated in writing by
the Minister is or are entitled to be present; and
(e) the procedure to be followed shall be as determined by the
Commission.
(6) The Commission shall cause a record of proceedings at a
conference under this section to be kept.
(7) The Commission shall, as far as is practicable, ensure that each
person who, in accordance with subsection (5), is entitled to be
present or who is representing such a person at a conference is
given a reasonable opportunity at the conference to present his or
her case and, in particular, to inspect any documents which the
Commission proposes to consider for the purpose of making a
recommendation after the conclusion of the conference, other than
any document that contains particulars of a secret formula or
process, and to make submissions in relation to those documents.

65K Recommendation after conclusion of conference

As soon as is practicable after the conclusion of a conference in

relation to the proposed publication of a notice under subsection
65C(5) or (7) or 65F(1), the Commission shall:
(a) by notice in writing given to the Minister, recommend that:
(i) the Minister publish the first-mentioned notice in the
same terms as the draft notice referred to in subsection
65J(1);

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Section 65L
(ii) the Minister publish the first-mentioned notice with
such modifications as are specified by the Commission;
or
(iii) the Minister not publish the first-mentioned notice; and
(b) cause a copy of the notice in writing given to the Minister to
be given to each supplier who was present or represented at
the conference.

65L Exception in case of danger to public

(1) Where it appears to the Minister that goods of a particular kind

create an imminent risk of death, serious illness or serious injury,
the Minister may, by notice in writing published in the Gazette,
certify that a notice in relation to the goods under subsection
65C(5) or 65F(1) should be published without delay.
(2) Where the Minister publishes a notice in the Gazette under
subsection (1):
(a) in a case where the notice is published before the Minister
takes any action under subsection 65J(1) in relation to goods
of a particular kind—section 65J does not apply in relation to
the action that the Minister may take under subsection
65C(5) or 65F(1) in relation to goods of that kind; or
(b) in any other case—any action taken by the Minister under
subsection 65J(1) in relation to goods of a particular kind
ceases to have effect and, if a conference had, under
section 65J, been arranged or such a conference had
commenced or been completed without the Commission
making a recommendation under section 65K, the Minister
may publish the notice under subsection 65C(5) or 65F(1)
without regard to the action taken under subsection 65J(1).

65M Conference after goods banned

(1) Where:
(a) a notice has been published under subsection 65C(5) in
relation to goods of a particular kind; and

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Section 65N
(b) the Minister publishes a notice under section 65L in relation
to goods of that kind;
the Minister shall, by notice in writing published in the Gazette,
invite any person (in this section referred to as a supplier) who
supplied or proposes to supply goods of that kind to notify the
Commission within the period (in this section referred to as the
relevant period) of 10 days commencing on the day specified in
the last-mentioned notice, being not earlier than the day on which
that notice is published in the Gazette, to notify the Commission
whether the supplier wishes the Commission to hold a conference
in relation to the notice referred to in paragraph (a).

(2) If a supplier notifies the Commission in writing within the relevant

period, or within such longer period as the Commission allows,
that the supplier wishes the Commission to hold a conference in
relation to the notice published under subsection 65C(5), the
Commission shall appoint a day (being not later than 14 days after
the end of that period), time and place for the holding of the
conference and give notice of the day, time and place so appointed
to the Minister and to each supplier who so notified the
Commission.

(3) Subsections 65J(5), (6) and (7) apply in relation to a conference

held under this section.

65N Recommendation after conclusion of conference

As soon as is practicable after the conclusion of a conference in

relation to a notice that has been published under subsection
65C(5), the Commission shall:
(a) by notice in writing given to the Minister, recommend that
the notice under subsection 65C(5):
(i) remain in force;
(ii) be varied; or
(iii) be revoked; and
(b) cause a copy of the notice in writing given to the Minister to
be given to each supplier who was present or represented at
the conference.

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Section 65P
65P Minister to have regard to recommendation of Commission

Where the Commission, under section 65K or 65N, makes a

recommendation to the Minister in relation to the proposed
publication of a notice under subsection 65C(5) or (7) or 65F(1) or
in relation to a notice that has been published under subsection
65C(5):
(a) the Minister shall have regard to the recommendation; and
(b) where the Minister decides to act otherwise than in
accordance with the recommendation, the Minister shall, by
notice in writing published in the Gazette, set out the reasons
for the Minister’s decision.

65Q Power to obtain information, documents and evidence

(1) Where the Minister or an officer authorised by the Minister for the
purposes of this section (in this section referred to as an authorised
officer) has reason to believe that a corporation which, in trade or
commerce, supplies goods of a particular kind which are intended
to be used or are of a kind likely to be used by a consumer and
which will or may cause injury to any person is capable of
furnishing information, producing documents or giving evidence
relating to goods of that kind, the Minister or the authorised officer
may, by notice in writing served on the corporation, require the
corporation:
(a) to furnish to the Minister, by writing signed by a competent
officer of the corporation, in the manner, and within such
reasonable time, as are specified in the notice, any such
information;
(b) to produce to the Minister, or to the authorised officer, in
accordance with such reasonable requirements as are
specified in the notice, any such documents; or
(c) to cause a competent officer of the corporation to appear
before the Minister or the authorised officer at such
reasonable time and place as are specified in the notice to
give any such evidence, either orally or in writing, and
produce any such documents.

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Section 65Q
(2) Where an authorised officer has reason to believe that goods of a
particular kind which are intended to be used or are of a kind likely
to be used by a consumer will or may cause injury to a person, an
authorised officer may, for the purposes of ascertaining whether
goods of that kind will or may cause injury to any person, enter any
premises in or from which the authorised officer has reason to
believe a corporation supplies goods of that kind in trade or
commerce and:
(a) inspect goods of that kind;
(b) take samples of goods of that kind;
(c) inspect any documents relating to goods of that kind and
make copies of, or take extracts from, those documents; or
(d) inspect equipment used in the manufacturing, processing or
storage of goods of that kind.
(3) The powers of an authorised officer under subsection (2) shall not
be exercised except:
(a) pursuant to a warrant issued under subsection (5); or
(b) in circumstances where the exercise of those powers is
required without delay in order to protect life or public
safety.
(4) An authorised officer may apply to a person who is a judge of the
Court or of the Supreme Court of a State or Territory for the issue
under subsection (5) of a warrant to exercise the powers of an
authorised officer under subsection (2) in relation to premises.
(5) Where an application under subsection (4) is made to a person who
is a judge of such a court, the person may issue a warrant
authorising an authorised officer named in the warrant, with such
assistance as the officer thinks necessary and if necessary by force,
to enter the premises specified in the warrant and to exercise the
powers of an authorised officer under subsection (2) in relation to
those premises.
(6) A person who is a judge of such a court shall not issue a warrant
under subsection (5) unless:
(a) an affidavit has been furnished to the person setting out the
grounds on which the issue of the warrant is being sought;

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Section 65Q
(b) the applicant or some other person has given to the
first-mentioned person such further information (if any) as
the first-mentioned person requires concerning the grounds
on which the issue of the warrant is being sought; and
(c) the first-mentioned person is satisfied that there are
reasonable grounds for issuing the warrant.
(7) A warrant issued under subsection (5) shall:
(a) specify the purpose for which the warrant is issued;
(b) state whether entry is authorised to be made at any time of
the day or night or during specified hours of the day or night;
(c) include a description of the kind of goods authorised to be
inspected or sampled; and
(d) specify a day, not being later than 7 days after the day on
which the warrant is issued, at the end of which the warrant
ceases to have effect.
(7A) An authorised officer or a person assisting the authorised officer
must, before any person enters the premises under a warrant issued
under subsection (5):
(a) announce that he or she is authorised to enter the premises;
and
(b) give any person at the premises an opportunity to allow entry
to the premises.
(7B) An authorised officer or a person assisting the authorised officer is
not required to comply with subsection (7A) if he or she believes
on reasonable grounds that immediate entry to the premises is
required to ensure:
(a) the safety of a person (including the authorised officer and
the person assisting the authorised officer); or
(b) that the effective execution of the warrant is not frustrated.

(8) Where an authorised officer takes samples under paragraph (2)(b),

the officer shall pay a reasonable price for the goods sampled.

(9) A person who refuses or fails to comply with a notice under this
section is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by a fine
not exceeding 40 penalty points.

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Section 65Q
(9A) Subsection (9) does not apply if the person complies with the
notice to the extent to which the person is capable of complying
with it.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (9A) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(9B) Subsection (9) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(9C) If:
(a) a person, in purported compliance with a notice under this
section, furnishes information or gives evidence; and
(b) the person does so knowing that the information or evidence
is false or misleading in a material particular;
the person is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by
imprisonment for not longer than 12 months.
(10) A person who refuses or fails to provide an authorised officer
acting in accordance with subsection (2) with all reasonable
facilities and assistance for the effective exercise of the authorised
officer’s powers under that subsection is guilty of an offence.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 2 years.
Note: Penalty units are defined in section 4AA of the Crimes Act 1914.
Under subsection 4D(1) of that Act, these penalties are only maximum
penalties for the offences. Subsection 4B(2) of that Act allows a court
to impose an appropriate fine instead of, or in addition to, a term of
imprisonment. If a body corporate is convicted of one of the offences,
subsection 4B(3) of that Act allows a court to impose a fine of an
amount not greater than 5 times the maximum fine that the court could
impose on an individual convicted of the same offence.

(11) Any information furnished or evidence given by a person under

this section, any document produced by a person under this section,
and any information, evidence or document obtained under this
section, is not admissible in evidence against the person:
(a) in any proceedings instituted by the person; or
(b) in any other proceedings, other than proceedings against the
person for a contravention of a provision of this section.

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Section 65R
65R Notification of voluntary recall

(1) Where a corporation voluntarily takes action to recall goods

because the goods will or may cause injury to any person, the
corporation shall, within 2 days after taking that action, give a
notice in writing to the Minister:
(a) stating that the goods are subject to recall; and
(b) setting out the nature of the defect in, or dangerous
characteristic of, the goods.
(2) A person who contravenes subsection (1) is guilty of an offence
punishable on conviction by a fine not exceeding 30 penalty units.
Note: Penalty units are defined in section 4AA of the Crimes Act 1914. If a
body corporate is convicted of the offence, subsection 4B(3) of that
Act allows a court to impose a fine of an amount not greater than 5
times the maximum fine that the court could impose on an individual
convicted of the same offence.

(4) For the purposes of this section, goods includes things that were
goods at the time they were supplied but became fixtures after the
supply.
(3) Subsection (2) is an offence of strict liability.
Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

65S Copies of certain notices to be given to suppliers or published in

certain newspapers

(1) Where the Minister publishes a notice in writing in the Gazette

under subsection 65B(1), 65J(1), 65L(1) or 65M(1), the Minister
shall, within 2 days after the publication of that notice in the
Gazette, or, if it is not practicable to do so within that period, as
soon as practicable after the end of that period, either:
(a) cause a copy of the notice to be given to each person who, to
the knowledge of the Minister, supplies goods of the kind to
which the notice relates; or

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Section 65T
(b) cause a copy of the notice to be published in a newspaper
circulating in each part of Australia where goods of the kind
to which the notice relates are, to the knowledge of the
Minister, supplied.
(2) Any failure to comply with subsection (1) in relation to a notice
does not invalidate the notice.

65T Certain action not to affect insurance contracts

The liability of an insurer under a contract of insurance with a

corporation, being a contract relating to the recall of goods
supplied or proposed to be supplied by the corporation or to the
liability of the corporation with respect to possible defects in goods
supplied or proposed to be supplied by the corporation, shall not be
affected by reason only that the corporation gives to the Minister,
to the Commission, to a person appointed or engaged under the
Public Service Act 1999, or to an officer of an authority of the
Commonwealth information relating to any goods supplied or
proposed to be supplied by the corporation.

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Division 2 Conditions and warranties in consumer transactions

Section 66

Division 2—Conditions and warranties in consumer

transactions

66 Interpretation

(1) In this Division:

(a) a reference to the quality of goods includes a reference to the
state or condition of the goods;
(b) a reference to a contract does not include a reference to a
contract made before the commencing date;
(c) a reference to antecedent negotiations in relation to a contract
for the supply by a corporation of goods to a consumer is a
reference to any negotiations or arrangements conducted or
made with the consumer by another person in the course of a
business carried on by the other person whereby the
consumer was induced to make the contract or which
otherwise promoted the transaction to which the contract
relates; and
(d) a reference to the person by whom any antecedent
negotiations were conducted is a reference to the person by
whom the negotiations or arrangements concerned were
conducted or made.

(2) Goods of any kind are of merchantable quality within the meaning
of this Division if they are as fit for the purpose or purposes for
which goods of that kind are commonly bought as it is reasonable
to expect having regard to any description applied to them, the
price (if relevant) and all the other relevant circumstances.

66A Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods

The provisions of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for

the International Sale of Goods, adopted at Vienna, Austria, on
10 April 1980, prevail over the provisions of this Division to the
extent of any inconsistency.

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Section 67
67 Conflict of laws

Where:
(a) the proper law of a contract for the supply by a corporation of
goods or services to a consumer would, but for a term that it
should be the law of some other country or a term to the like
effect, be the law of any part of Australia; or
(b) a contract for the supply by a corporation of goods or
services to a consumer contains a term that purports to
substitute, or has the effect of substituting, provisions of the
law of some other country or of a State or Territory for all or
any of the provisions of this Division;
this Division applies to the contract notwithstanding that term.

68 Application of provisions not to be excluded or modified

(1) Any term of a contract (including a term that is not set out in the
contract but is incorporated in the contract by another term of the
contract) that purports to exclude, restrict or modify or has the
effect of excluding, restricting or modifying:
(a) the application of all or any of the provisions of this
Division;
(b) the exercise of a right conferred by such a provision;
(c) any liability of the corporation for breach of a condition or
warranty implied by such a provision; or
(d) the application of section 75A;
is void.
(2) A term of a contract shall not be taken to exclude, restrict or
modify the application of a provision of this Division or the
application of section 75A unless the term does so expressly or is
inconsistent with that provision or section.

68A Limitation of liability for breach of certain conditions or

warranties

(1) Subject to this section, a term of a contract for the supply by a

corporation of goods or services other than goods or services of a

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Section 68A
kind ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use or
consumption is not void under section 68 by reason only that the
term limits the liability of the corporation for a breach of a
condition or warranty (other than a condition or warranty implied
by section 69) to:
(a) in the case of goods, any one or more of the following:
(i) the replacement of the goods or the supply of equivalent
goods;
(ii) the repair of the goods;
(iii) the payment of the cost of replacing the goods or of
acquiring equivalent goods;
(iv) the payment of the cost of having the goods repaired; or
(b) in the case of services:
(i) the supplying of the services again; or
(ii) the payment of the cost of having the services supplied
again.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to a term of a contract if
the person to whom the goods or services were supplied establishes
that it is not fair or reasonable for the corporation to rely on that
term of the contract.
(3) In determining for the purposes of subsection (2) whether or not
reliance on a term of a contract is fair or reasonable, a court shall
have regard to all the circumstances of the case and in particular to
the following matters:
(a) the strength of the bargaining positions of the corporation
and the person to whom the goods or services were supplied
(in this subsection referred to as the buyer) relative to each
other, taking into account, among other things, the
availability of equivalent goods or services and suitable
alternative sources of supply;
(b) whether the buyer received an inducement to agree to the
term or, in agreeing to the term, had an opportunity of
acquiring the goods or services or equivalent goods or
services from any source of supply under a contract that did
not include that term;

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Section 68B
(c) whether the buyer knew or ought reasonably to have known
of the existence and extent of the term (having regard, among
other things, to any custom of the trade and any previous
course of dealing between the parties); and
(d) in the case of the supply of goods, whether the goods were
manufactured, processed or adapted to the special order of
the buyer.

68B Limitation of liability in relation to supply of recreational

services

(1) A term of a contract for the supply by a corporation of recreational

services is not void under section 68 by reason only that the term
excludes, restricts or modifies, or has the effect of excluding,
restricting or modifying:
(a) the application of section 74 to the supply of the recreational
services under the contract; or
(b) the exercise of a right conferred by section 74 in relation to
the supply of the recreational services under the contract; or
(c) any liability of the corporation for a breach of a warranty
implied by section 74 in relation to the supply of the
recreational services under the contract;
so long as:
(d) the exclusion, restriction or modification is limited to liability
for death or personal injury; and
(e) the contract was entered into after the commencement of this
section.
(2) In this section:

disease includes any physical or mental ailment, disorder, defect or

morbid condition, whether of sudden onset or gradual development
and whether of genetic or other origin.

injury means any physical or mental injury.

personal injury means:
(a) an injury of an individual (including the aggravation,
acceleration or recurrence of an injury of the individual); or

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Section 69
(b) the contraction, aggravation, acceleration, or recurrence of a
disease of an individual; or
(c) the coming into existence, the aggravation, acceleration or
recurrence of any other condition, circumstance, occurrence,
activity, form of behaviour, course of conduct or state of
affairs in relation to an individual that is or may be harmful
or disadvantageous to, or result in harm or disadvantage to:
(i) the individual; or
(ii) the community.

recreational services means services that consist of participation

in:
(a) a sporting activity or a similar leisure-time pursuit; or
(b) any other activity that:
(i) involves a significant degree of physical exertion or
physical risk; and
(ii) is undertaken for the purposes of recreation, enjoyment
or leisure.
(3) The definition of injury in subsection (2) does not, by implication,
affect the meaning of the expression injury when used in a
provision of this Act other than this section.

69 Implied undertakings as to title, encumbrances and quiet

possession

(1) In every contract for the supply of goods by a corporation to a

consumer, other than a contract to which subsection (3) applies,
there is:
(a) an implied condition that, in the case of a supply by way of
sale, the supplier has a right to sell the goods, and, in the case
of an agreement to sell or a hire-purchase agreement, the
supplier will have a right to sell the goods at the time when
the property is to pass;
(b) an implied warranty that the consumer will enjoy quiet
possession of the goods except so far as it may lawfully be
disturbed by the supplier or by another person who is entitled

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Section 69
to the benefit of any charge or encumbrance disclosed or
known to the consumer before the contract is made; and
(c) in the case of a contract for the supply of goods under which
the property is to pass or may pass to the consumer—an
implied warranty that the goods are free, and will remain free
until the time when the property passes, from any charge or
encumbrance not disclosed or known to the consumer before
the contract is made.
(2) A corporation is not, in relation to a contract for the supply of
goods, in breach of the implied warranty referred to in
paragraph (1)(c) by reason only of the existence of a floating
charge over assets of the corporation unless and until the charge
becomes fixed and enforceable by the person to whom the charge
is given.

(3) In a contract for the supply of goods by a corporation to a

consumer in the case of which there appears from the contract or is
to be inferred from the circumstances of the contract an intention
that the supplier should transfer only such title as he or she or a
third person may have, there is:
(a) an implied warranty that all charges or encumbrances known
to the supplier and not known to the consumer have been
disclosed to the consumer before the contract is made; and
(b) an implied warranty that:
(i) the supplier;
(ii) in a case where the parties to the contract intend that the
supplier should transfer only such title as a third person
may have—that person; and
(iii) anyone claiming through or under the supplier or that
third person otherwise than under a charge or
encumbrance disclosed or known to the consumer
before the contract is made;
will not disturb the consumer’s quiet possession of the goods.

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Section 70
70 Supply by description

(1) Where there is a contract for the supply (otherwise than by way of
sale by auction) by a corporation in the course of a business of
goods to a consumer by description, there is an implied condition
that the goods will correspond with the description, and, if the
supply is by reference to a sample as well as by description, it is
not sufficient that the bulk of the goods corresponds with the
sample if the goods do not also correspond with the description.
(2) A supply of goods is not prevented from being a supply by
description for the purposes of subsection (1) by reason only that,
being exposed for sale or hire, they are selected by the consumer.

71 Implied undertakings as to quality or fitness

(1) Where a corporation supplies (otherwise than by way of sale by

auction) goods to a consumer in the course of a business, there is
an implied condition that the goods supplied under the contract for
the supply of the goods are of merchantable quality, except that
there is no such condition by virtue only of this section:
(a) as regards defects specifically drawn to the consumer’s
attention before the contract is made; or
(b) if the consumer examines the goods before the contract is
made, as regards defects which that examination ought to
reveal.
(2) Where a corporation supplies (otherwise than by way of sale by
auction) goods to a consumer in the course of a business and the
consumer, expressly or by implication, makes known to the
corporation or to the person by whom any antecedent negotiations
are conducted any particular purpose for which the goods are being
acquired, there is an implied condition that the goods supplied
under the contract for the supply of the goods are reasonably fit for
that purpose, whether or not that is a purpose for which such goods
are commonly supplied, except where the circumstances show that
the consumer does not rely, or that it is unreasonable for him or her
to rely, on the skill or judgment of the corporation or of that
person.

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Section 72
(3) Subsections (1) and (2) apply to a contract for the supply of goods
made by a person who in the course of a business is acting as agent
for a corporation as they apply to a contract for the supply of goods
made by a corporation in the course of a business, except where
that corporation is not supplying in the course of a business and
either the consumer knows that fact or reasonable steps are taken to
bring it to the notice of the consumer before the contract is made.

72 Supply by sample

Where in a contract for the supply (otherwise than by way of sale

by auction) by a corporation in the course of a business of goods to
a consumer there is a term in the contract, expressed or implied, to
the effect that the goods are supplied by reference to a sample:
(a) there is an implied condition that the bulk will correspond
with the sample in quality;
(b) there is an implied condition that the consumer will have a
reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the
sample; and
(c) there is an implied condition that the goods will be free from
any defect, rendering them unmerchantable, that would not
be apparent on reasonable examination of the sample.

73 Liability for loss or damage from breach of certain contracts

(1) Where:
(a) a corporation (in this section referred to as the supplier)
supplies goods, or causes goods to be supplied, to a linked
credit provider of the supplier and a consumer enters into a
contract with the linked credit provider for the provision of
credit in respect of the supply by way of sale, lease, hire or
hire-purchase of the goods to the consumer; or

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Section 73
(b) a consumer enters into a contract with a linked credit
provider of a corporation (in this section also referred to as
the supplier) for the provision of credit in respect of the
supply by the supplier of goods or services, or goods and
services, to the consumer;
and the consumer suffers loss or damage as a result of
misrepresentation, breach of contract, or failure of consideration in
relation to the contract, or as a result of a breach of a condition that
is implied in the contract by virtue of section 70, 71 or 72 or of a
warranty that is implied in the contract by virtue of section 74 of
this Act or section 12ED of the Australian Securities and
Investments Commission Act 2001, the supplier and the linked
credit provider are, subject to this section, jointly and severally
liable to the consumer for the amount of the loss or damage, and
the consumer may recover that amount by action in accordance
with this section in a court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) Where:
(a) a corporation (in this section also referred to as the supplier)
supplies goods, or causes goods to be supplied, to a credit
provider who is not a linked credit provider of the supplier;
(b) a consumer enters into a contract with the credit provider for
the provision of credit in respect of the supply by way of
sale, lease, hire or hire-purchase of the goods to the
consumer;
(c) antecedent negotiations in relation to the contract were
conducted with the consumer by or on behalf of the supplier;
and
(d) the credit provider did not take physical possession of the
goods before they were delivered to the consumer;
or where a consumer enters into a contract with a credit provider
for the provision of credit in respect of the supply of services to the
consumer by a corporation (in this section also referred to as the
supplier) of which the credit provider is not a linked credit
provider, and the consumer suffers loss or damage as a result of a
breach of a condition that is implied in the contract by virtue of
section 70, 71 or 72 or of a warranty that is implied in the contract
by virtue of section 74 of this Act or section 12ED of the

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Section 73
Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001, the
credit provider is not under any liability to the consumer for the
amount of the loss or damage, but the consumer may recover that
amount by action in a court of competent jurisdiction against the
supplier.
(3) A linked credit provider of a particular supplier is not liable to a
consumer by virtue of subsection (1) in proceedings arising under
that subsection if the credit provider establishes:
(a) that the credit provided by the credit provider to the
consumer was the result of an approach made to the credit
provider by the consumer that was not induced by the
supplier;
(b) where the proceedings relate to the supply by way of lease,
hire or hire-purchase of goods by the linked credit provider to
the consumer, that:
(i) after due inquiry before becoming a linked credit
provider of the supplier, the credit provider was
satisfied that the reputation of the supplier in respect of
the supplier’s financial standing and business conduct
was good; and
(ii) after becoming a linked credit provider of the supplier,
the credit provider had not had cause to suspect that:
(A) the consumer might be entitled to recover an
amount of loss or damage suffered as a result of
misrepresentation or breach of a condition or
warranty referred to in subsection (1); and
(B) the supplier might be unable to meet the
supplier’s liabilities as and when they fall due;
(c) where the proceedings relate to a contract of sale with respect
to which a tied loan contract applies, that:
(i) after due inquiry before becoming a linked credit
provider of the supplier, the credit provider was
satisfied that the reputation of the supplier in respect of
the supplier’s financial standing and business conduct
was good; and

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(ii) after becoming a linked credit provider of the supplier,
but before the tied loan contract was entered into, the
linked credit provider had not had cause to suspect that:
(A) the consumer might, if the contract was entered
into, be entitled to recover an amount of loss or
damage suffered as a result of
misrepresentation, breach of contract or failure
of consideration in relation to the contract or as
a result of a breach of a condition or warranty
referred to in subsection (1); and
(B) the supplier might be unable to meet the
supplier’s liabilities as and when they fall due;
or
(d) where the proceedings relate to a contract of sale with respect
to which a tied continuing credit contract entered into by the
linked credit provider applies, that, having regard to:
(i) the nature and volume of business carried on by the
linked credit provider; and
(ii) such other matters as appear to be relevant in the
circumstances of the case;
the linked credit provider, before becoming aware of the
contract of sale or of proposals for the making of the contract
of sale (whichever the linked credit provider first became
aware of), had not had cause to suspect that a person entering
into such a contract with the supplier might be entitled to
claim damages against, or recover a sum of money from, the
supplier for misrepresentation, breach of contract, failure of
consideration, breach of a condition or breach of a warranty
as referred to in subsection (1).
(4) Subject to subsection (5), in any proceedings in relation to a
contract referred to in paragraph (1)(a) or (b) in which a credit
provider claims damages or an amount of money from a consumer,
the consumer may set up the liability of the credit provider under
subsection (1) in diminution or extinction of the consumer’s
liability.

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(5) Subject to subsection (6), a consumer may not, in respect of a
liability for which, by reason of this section, a supplier and a linked
credit provider are jointly and severally liable:
(a) bring proceedings to recover an amount of loss or damage
from the credit provider; or
(b) where proceedings are brought against the consumer by the
credit provider, make a counter-claim or exercise the right
conferred by subsection (4) against the credit provider;
unless the consumer brings the action against the supplier and the
credit provider jointly or, in the case of a counter-claim or right
conferred by subsection (4), claims in the proceedings against the
supplier in respect of the liability by third-party proceedings or
otherwise.

(6) Subsection (5) and paragraphs (8)(a) and (9)(a) do not apply in
relation to proceedings where:
(a) the supplier has been dissolved or is commenced to be wound
up; or
(b) in the opinion of the court in which the proceedings are
taken, it is not reasonably likely that a judgment obtained
against the supplier would be satisfied and the court has, on
the application of the consumer, declared that subsection (5)
and paragraphs (8)(a) and (9)(a) do not apply in relation to
the proceedings.
(7) The liability of a linked credit provider to a consumer for damages
or a sum of money in respect of a contract referred to in
subsection (1) does not exceed the sum of:
(a) the amount financed under the tied loan contract, tied
continuing credit contract, lease contract, contract of hire or
contract of hire-purchase;
(b) the amount of interest (if any) or damages in the nature of
interest allowed or awarded against the linked credit provider
by the court; and
(c) the amount of costs (if any) awarded by the court against the
linked credit provider or supplier or both.
(8) Where in proceedings arising under subsection (1), judgment is
given against a supplier and a linked credit provider, the judgment:

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(a) shall not be enforced against the linked credit provider unless
a written demand made on the supplier for satisfaction of the
judgment has remained unsatisfied for not less than 30 days;
and
(b) may be enforced against the linked credit provider only to the
extent of:
(i) the amount calculated in accordance with
subsection (7); or
(ii) so much of the judgment debt as has not been satisfied
by the supplier;
whichever is the lesser.

(9) Where in proceedings arising under subsection (1), a right

conferred by subsection (4) is established against a linked credit
provider, the consumer:
(a) shall not receive the benefit of the right unless judgment has
been given against the supplier and linked credit provider, a
written demand has been made on the supplier for
satisfaction of the judgment and the demand has remained
unsatisfied for not less than 30 days; and
(b) may receive the benefit only to the extent of:
(i) the amount calculated in accordance with
subsection (7); or
(ii) so much of the judgment debt as has not been satisfied
by the supplier;
whichever is the lesser.
(10) Unless the linked credit provider and supplier otherwise agree, the
supplier is liable to the linked credit provider for the amount of a
loss suffered by the linked credit provider, being an amount not
exceeding the maximum amount of the linked credit provider’s
liability under subsection (7) and, unless the court otherwise
determines, the amount of costs (if any) reasonably incurred by the
linked credit provider in defending the proceedings by reason of
which the liability was incurred.
(11) Notwithstanding any other law, where, in proceedings arising
under subsection (1), judgment is given against a supplier and a

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linked credit provider or against a linked credit provider for an
amount of loss or damage, the court in which the proceedings are
taken shall, on the application of the consumer, unless good cause
is shown to the contrary, award interest to the consumer against the
supplier and credit provider or against the credit provider, as the
case may be, upon the whole or a part of the amount, from the time
when the consumer became entitled to recover the amount until the
date on which the judgment is given, at whichever of the following
rates is the greater:
(a) where the amount payable by the consumer to the credit
provider for the obtaining of credit in connection with the
goods or services to which the proceedings relate may be
calculated at a percentage rate per annum—that rate or, if
more than one such rate may be calculated, the lower or
lowest of those rates;
(b) 8% or such other rate as is prescribed.

(12) In determining whether good cause is shown against awarding

interest under subsection (11) on the whole or part of an amount of
loss or damage, the court shall take into account any payment made
into court by the supplier or credit provider.
(13) Where a judgment given in proceedings arising under
subsection (1) is enforced against a linked credit provider of a
particular supplier, the credit provider is subrogated to the extent of
the judgment so enforced to any rights that the consumer would
have had but for the judgment against the supplier or any other
person.
(14) In this section:

credit provider means a corporation providing, or proposing to

provide, in the course of a business carried on by the corporation,
credit to consumers in relation to the acquisition of goods or
services.
linked credit provider, in relation to a supplier, means a credit
provider:
(a) with whom the supplier has a contract, arrangement or
understanding relating to:

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(i) the supply to the supplier of goods in which the supplier
deals;
(ii) the business carried on by the supplier of supplying
goods or services; or
(iii) the provision to persons to whom goods or services are
supplied by the supplier of credit in respect of payment
for those goods or services;
(b) to whom the supplier, by arrangement with the credit
provider, regularly refers persons for the purpose of
obtaining credit;
(c) whose forms of contract or forms of application or offers for
credit are, by arrangement with the credit provider, made
available to persons by the supplier; or
(d) with whom the supplier has a contract, arrangement or
understanding under which contracts or applications or offers
for credit from the credit provider may be signed by persons
at premises of the supplier.
tied continuing credit contract means a continuing credit contract
under which a credit provider provides credit in respect of the
payment by a consumer for goods or services supplied by a
supplier in relation to whom the credit provider is a linked credit
provider.
tied loan contract means a loan contract entered into between a
credit provider and a consumer where:
(a) the credit provider knows or ought reasonably to know that
the consumer enters into the loan contract wholly or partly
for the purposes of payment for goods or services supplied by
a supplier; and
(b) at the time the loan contract is entered into the credit provider
is a linked credit provider of the supplier.

73A Continuing credit contract

(1) For the purposes of this section:

(a) a reference to an agreement includes a reference to an
arrangement, understanding or course of dealing; and

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(b) a person shall be deemed to agree with another person with
respect to a matter if the first-mentioned person has an
agreement, arrangement or understanding with the other
person, or is engaged in a course of dealing with the other
person, with respect to the matter.
(2) Where:
(a) a person (in this section referred to as the creditor), in the
course of a business carried on by the creditor, agrees with a
consumer to provide credit to the consumer in respect of:
(i) payment for goods or services or cash supplied by the
creditor to the consumer from time to time; or
(ii) payment by the creditor to a third person in respect of
goods or services or cash supplied by that third person
to the consumer from time to time; and
(b) the amounts owing to the creditor from time to time under
the agreement are or are to be calculated on the basis that all
amounts owing, and all payments made, by the consumer
under or in respect of the agreement are entered in one or
more accounts kept for the purpose of the agreement;
the agreement is, for the purposes of section 73, a continuing credit
contract.
(3) Where the creditor agrees to make payments to a third person in
respect of goods or services or cash supplied by that third person to
the consumer, as mentioned in subparagraph (2)(a)(ii), then, for the
purposes of this section, the creditor shall, in respect of any goods
or services or cash so supplied, be deemed to have provided credit
to the consumer to the extent of any payments made or to be made
by the creditor to that third person.

73B Loan contract

For the purposes of section 73, loan contract means a contract

under which a person in the course of a business carried on by that
person provides or agrees to provide, whether on one or more
occasions, credit to a consumer in one or more of the following
ways:

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(a) by paying an amount to or in accordance with the instructions
of the consumer;
(b) by applying an amount in satisfaction or reduction of an
amount owed to the person by the consumer;
(c) by varying the terms of a contract under which money owed
to the person by the consumer is payable;
(d) by deferring an obligation of the consumer to pay an amount
to the person;
(e) by taking from the consumer a bill of exchange or other
negotiable instrument on which the consumer (whether alone
or with another person or other persons) is liable as drawer,
acceptor or endorser.

74 Warranties in relation to the supply of services

(1) In every contract for the supply by a corporation in the course of a

business of services to a consumer there is an implied warranty that
the services will be rendered with due care and skill and that any
materials supplied in connexion with those services will be
reasonably fit for the purpose for which they are supplied.
(2) Where a corporation supplies services (other than services of a
professional nature provided by a qualified architect or engineer) to
a consumer in the course of a business and the consumer, expressly
or by implication, makes known to the corporation any particular
purpose for which the services are required or the result that he or
she desires the services to achieve, there is an implied warranty
that the services supplied under the contract for the supply of the
services and any materials supplied in connexion with those
services will be reasonably fit for that purpose or are of such a
nature and quality that they might reasonably be expected to
achieve that result, except where the circumstances show that the
consumer does not rely, or that it is unreasonable for him or her to
rely, on the corporation’s skill or judgment.
(2A) If:
(a) there is a breach of an implied warranty that exists because of
this section in a contract made after the commencement of
this subsection; and

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(b) the law of a State or Territory is the proper law of the
contract;
the law of the State or Territory applies to limit or preclude liability
for the breach, and recovery of that liability (if any), in the same
way as it applies to limit or preclude liability, and recovery of a
liability, for breach of another term of the contract.
(3) A reference in this section to services does not include a reference
to services that are, or are to be, provided, granted or conferred
under:
(a) a contract for or in relation to the transportation or storage of
goods for the purposes of a business, trade, profession or
occupation carried on or engaged in by the person for whom
the goods are transported or stored; or
(b) a contract of insurance.

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Section 74A

Division 2A—Actions against manufacturers and

importers of goods

74A Interpretation

(1) In this Division:

express warranty, in relation to goods, means an undertaking,

assertion or representation in relation to:
(a) the quality, performance or characteristics of the goods;
(b) the provision of services that are or may at any time be
required in respect of the goods;
(c) the supply of parts that are or may at any time be required for
the goods; or
(d) the future availability of identical goods, or of goods
constituting or forming part of a set of which the goods in
relation to which the undertaking, assertion or representation
is given or made form part;
given or made in connection with the supply of the goods or in
connection with the promotion by any means of the supply or use
of the goods, the natural tendency of which is to induce persons to
acquire the goods.
manufactured includes grown, extracted, produced, processed and
assembled.
(2) In this Division:
(a) a reference to goods shall, unless the contrary intention
appears, be read as a reference to goods of a kind ordinarily
acquired for personal, domestic or household use or
consumption;
(aa) a reference to a person who acquires goods from a consumer
does not include a reference to a person who acquires goods
for the purpose of re-supply;
(b) a reference to the quality of goods includes a reference to the
state or condition of the goods;

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(c) a reference to antecedent negotiations in relation to the
acquisition of goods by a consumer shall be read as a
reference to any negotiations or arrangements conducted or
made with the consumer by another person in the course of a
business carried on by the other person whereby the
consumer was induced to acquire the goods or which
otherwise promoted the acquisition of the goods by the
consumer; and
(d) a reference to the person by whom any antecedent
negotiations were conducted shall be read as a reference to
the person by whom the negotiations or arrangements
concerned were conducted or made.
(3) If:
(a) a corporation holds itself out to the public as the
manufacturer of goods;
(b) a corporation causes or permits the name of the corporation,
a name by which the corporation carries on business or a
brand or mark of the corporation to be applied to goods
supplied by the corporation; or
(c) a corporation causes or permits another person, in connexion
with the supply or possible supply of goods by that other
person, or in connexion with the promotion by that other
person by any means of the supply or use of goods, to hold
out the corporation to the public as the manufacturer of the
goods;
the corporation shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Division,
to have manufactured the goods.
(4) If:
(a) goods are imported into Australia by a corporation that was
not the manufacturer of the goods; and
(b) at the time of the importation the manufacturer of the goods
does not have a place of business in Australia;
the corporation shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Division,
to have manufactured the goods.

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Section 74B
(5) For the purposes of paragraph (3)(b):
(a) a name, brand or mark shall be deemed to be applied to
goods if it:
(i) is woven in, impressed on, worked into or annexed or
affixed to the goods; or
(ii) is applied to a covering, label, reel or thing in or with
which the goods are supplied; and
(b) if the name of a corporation, a name in which a corporation
carries on business or a brand or mark of a corporation is
applied to goods, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is
established, that the corporation caused or permitted the
name, brand or mark to be applied to the goods.
(6) The reference in subsection (5) to a covering includes a reference
to a stopper, glass, bottle, vessel, box, capsule, case, frame or
wrapper and the reference in that subsection to a label includes a
reference to a band or ticket.
(7) If goods are imported into Australia on behalf of a corporation, the
corporation shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Division, to
have imported the goods into Australia.
(8) For the purposes of this Division, goods shall be taken to be
supplied to a consumer notwithstanding that, at the time of the
supply, they are affixed to land or premises.

74B Actions in respect of unsuitable goods

(1) Where:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by the corporation to another person who
acquires the goods for re-supply;
(b) a person (whether or not the person who acquired the goods
from the corporation) supplies the goods (otherwise than by
way of sale by auction) to a consumer;
(c) the goods are acquired by the consumer for a particular
purpose that was, expressly or by implication, made known
to the corporation, either directly, or through the person from
whom the consumer acquired the goods or a person by whom

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Section 74C
any antecedent negotiations in connexion with the acquisition
of the goods were conducted;
(d) the goods are not reasonably fit for that purpose, whether or
not that is a purpose for which such goods are commonly
supplied; and
(e) the consumer or a person who acquires the goods from, or
derives title to the goods through or under, the consumer
suffers loss or damage by reason that the goods are not
reasonably fit for that purpose;
the corporation is liable to compensate the consumer or that other
person for the loss or damage and the consumer or that other
person may recover the amount of the compensation by action
against the corporation in a court of competent jurisdiction.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply:

(a) if the goods are not reasonably fit for the purpose referred to
in that subsection by reason of:
(i) an act or default of any person (not being the
corporation or a servant or agent of the corporation); or
(ii) a cause independent of human control;
occurring after the goods have left the control of the
corporation; or
(b) where the circumstances show that the consumer did not rely,
or that it was unreasonable for the consumer to rely, on the
skill or judgment of the corporation.

74C Actions in respect of false descriptions

(1) Where:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by the corporation to another person who
acquires the goods for re-supply;
(b) a person (whether or not the person who acquired the goods
from the corporation) supplies the goods (otherwise than by
way of sale by auction) to a consumer by description;
(c) the goods do not correspond with the description; and

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(d) the consumer or a person who acquires the goods from, or
derives title to the goods through or under, the consumer
suffers loss or damage by reason that the goods do not
correspond with the description;
the corporation is liable to compensate the consumer or that other
person for the loss or damage and the consumer or that other
person may recover the amount of the compensation by action
against the corporation in a court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the goods do not correspond with
the description referred to in that subsection by reason of:
(a) an act or default of any person (not being the corporation or a
servant or agent of the corporation); or
(b) a cause independent of human control;
occurring after the goods have left the control of the corporation.

(3) A corporation is not liable to compensate a person for loss or

damage suffered by the person by reason that goods do not
correspond with a description unless the description was applied to
the goods:
(a) by or on behalf of the corporation; or
(b) with the consent of the corporation, whether express or
implied.
(4) If the goods referred to in subsection (1) are supplied to the
consumer by reference to a sample as well as by description, it is
not a defence to an action under this section that the bulk of the
goods corresponds with the sample if the goods do not also
correspond with the description.
(5) A supply of goods is not prevented from being a supply by
description for the purposes of subsection (1) by reason only that,
being exposed for sale or hire, they are selected by the consumer.

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74D Actions in respect of goods of unmerchantable quality

(1) Where:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by the corporation to another person who
acquires the goods for re-supply;
(b) a person (whether or not the person who acquired the goods
from the corporation) supplies the goods (otherwise than by
way of sale by auction) to a consumer;
(c) the goods are not of merchantable quality; and
(d) the consumer or a person who acquires the goods from, or
derives title to the goods through or under, the consumer
suffers loss or damage by reason that the goods are not of
merchantable quality;
the corporation is liable to compensate the consumer or that other
person for the loss or damage and the consumer or that other
person may recover the amount of the compensation by action
against the corporation in a court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply:
(a) if the goods are not of merchantable quality by reason of:
(i) an act or default of any person (not being the
corporation or a servant or agent of the corporation); or
(ii) a cause independent of human control;
occurring after the goods have left the control of the
corporation;
(b) as regards defects specifically drawn to the consumer’s
attention before the making of the contract for the supply of
the goods to the consumer; or
(c) if the consumer examines the goods before that contract is
made, as regards defects that the examination ought to reveal.
(3) Goods of any kind are of merchantable quality within the meaning
of this section if they are as fit for the purpose or purposes for
which goods of that kind are commonly bought as it is reasonable
to expect having regard to:
(a) any description applied to the goods by the corporation;

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Section 74E
(b) the price received by the corporation for the goods (if
relevant); and
(c) all the other relevant circumstances.

74E Actions in respect of non-correspondence with samples etc.

(1) Where:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by the corporation to another person who
acquires the goods for re-supply;
(b) a person (whether or not the person who acquired the goods
from the corporation) supplies the goods (otherwise than by
way of sale by auction) to a consumer;
(c) the goods are supplied to the consumer by reference to a
sample;
(d) the bulk of the goods does not correspond with the sample in
quality or the goods have a defect, rendering them
unmerchantable, that is not, or would not be, apparent on
reasonable examination of the sample; and
(e) the consumer or a person who acquires the goods from, or
derives title to the goods through or under, the consumer
suffers loss or damage by reason that the bulk does not
correspond with the sample in quality or by reason that the
goods have that defect;
the corporation is liable to compensate the consumer or that other
person for the loss or damage and the consumer or that other
person may recover the amount of the loss or damage by action
against the corporation in a court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply where:
(a) the sample is not supplied by the corporation;
(b) the supply by sample is made without the express or implied
concurrence of the corporation; or
(c) the failure of the bulk of the goods to correspond with the
sample in quality or the existence of the defect is due to:
(i) an act or default of any person (not being the
corporation or a servant or agent of the corporation), or

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Section 74F
a cause independent of human control, occurring after
the goods have left the control of the corporation; or
(ii) other circumstances that were beyond the control of the
corporation and that it could not reasonably be expected
to have foreseen.

74F Actions in respect of failure to provide facilities for repairs or

parts

(1) Where:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
(otherwise than by way of sale by auction) manufactured by
the corporation to a consumer; or
(b) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by the corporation to another person who
acquires the goods for re-supply and a person (whether or not
the person who acquired the goods from the corporation)
supplies the goods (otherwise than by way of sale by auction)
to a consumer;
and:
(c) at a time (in this section referred to as the relevant time) after
the acquisition of the goods by the consumer:
(i) the goods require to be repaired but facilities for their
repair are not reasonably available to the consumer or a
person who acquires the goods from, or derives title to
the goods through or under, the consumer; or
(ii) a part is required for the goods but the part is not
reasonably available to the consumer or a person who
acquires the goods from, or derives title to the goods
through or under, the consumer;
(d) the corporation acted unreasonably in failing to ensure that
facilities for the repair of the goods were, or that the part was,
reasonably available to the consumer or that other person at
the relevant time; and
(e) the consumer or that other person suffers loss or damage by
reason of the failure of the corporation to ensure that
facilities for the repair of the goods were, or that the part was,

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reasonably available to the consumer or that other person at
the relevant time;
the corporation is liable to compensate the consumer or that other
person for the loss or damage and the consumer or that other
person may recover the amount of the compensation by action
against the corporation in a court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply where the corporation took
reasonable action to ensure that the consumer acquiring the goods
would be given notice at or before the time when he or she
acquired the goods that:
(a) the corporation did not promise that facilities for the repair of
the goods, or that parts for the goods, would be available; or
(b) the corporation did not promise that facilities for the repair of
the goods, or that parts for the goods, would be available
after a specified period, being a period that expired before the
relevant time.

(3) Where the corporation took reasonable action to ensure that the
consumer acquiring the goods would be given notice at or before
the time when he or she acquired the goods that the corporation did
not promise that:
(a) facilities for the repair of the goods, being facilities of a kind
specified in the notice, would be available;
(b) parts for the goods, being parts of a kind specified in the
notice, would be available; or
(c) facilities for the repair of the goods would be available at, or
parts for the goods would be available from, a place or places
specified in the notice;
the corporation is not liable to compensate the consumer or a
person who acquires the goods from, or derives title to the goods
through or under, the consumer for loss or damage suffered by the
consumer or that other person by reason of the failure of the
corporation to ensure that facilities of the kind specified in the
notice, or parts of the kind specified in the notice, were available,
or that facilities for the repair of the goods were available at, or
parts for the goods were available from, a place or places specified
in the notice, as the case may be.

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Section 74G
(4) In determining whether a corporation acted unreasonably in failing
to ensure that facilities for the repair of goods were, or that a part
was, reasonably available to a person at the relevant time, a court
shall have regard to all the circumstances of the case, and in
particular to the existence, at the relevant time, of circumstances
that prevented those facilities or that part being so available, being
circumstances beyond the control of the corporation.

74G Actions in respect of non-compliance with express warranty

(1) Where:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
(otherwise than by way of sale by auction) manufactured by
the corporation to a consumer; or
(b) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by the corporation to another person who
acquires the goods for re-supply and a person (whether or not
the person who acquired the goods from the corporation)
supplies the goods (otherwise than by way of sale by auction)
to a consumer;
and:
(c) the corporation fails to comply with an express warranty
given or made by the corporation in relation to the goods;
and
(d) the consumer or a person who acquires the goods from, or
derives title to the goods through or under, the consumer
suffers loss or damage by reason of the failure;
the corporation is liable to compensate the consumer or that other
person for the loss or damage and the consumer or that other
person may recover the amount of the compensation by action
against the corporation in a court of competent jurisdiction.
(2) For the purposes of any action instituted by a person against a
corporation under this section, where:
(a) an undertaking, assertion or representation was given or
made in connection with the supply of goods or in connection
with the promotion by any means of the supply or use of
goods; and

Trade Practices Act 1974 227

Part V Consumer protection
Division 2A Actions against manufacturers and importers of goods

Section 74H
(b) the undertaking, assertion or representation would, if it had
been given or made by the corporation or a person acting on
its behalf, have constituted an express warranty in relation to
the goods;
it shall be presumed that the undertaking, assertion or
representation was given or made by the corporation or a person
acting on its behalf unless the corporation proves that it did not
give or make, and did not cause or permit the giving or making of,
the undertaking, assertion or representation.

74H Right of seller to recover against manufacturer or importer

Where:
(a) a person (in this section referred to as the seller) is under a
liability to another person (in this section referred to as the
consumer) in respect of loss or damage suffered by the
consumer as a result of a breach of a condition or warranty
implied by a provision of Division 2 in a contract for the
supply of goods (whether or not the goods are of a kind
ordinarily acquired for personal, domestic or household use
or consumption) by the seller to the consumer; and
(b) a third person (in this section referred to as the
manufacturer):
(i) is liable to compensate the consumer in respect of the
same loss or damage by reason of a provision of this
Division; or
(ii) in a case where the goods referred to in paragraph (a)
are not of a kind ordinarily acquired for personal,
domestic or household use or consumption—would, if
the provisions of sections 74B, 74C, 74D and 74E
applied in relation to those goods, be liable to
compensate the consumer in respect of the same loss or
damage by reason of any of those provisions;
the manufacturer is liable to indemnify the seller in respect of the
liability of the seller to the consumer and the seller may, in respect
of the manufacturer’s liability to indemnify the seller, institute an
action against the manufacturer in a court of competent jurisdiction
for such legal or equitable relief as the seller could have obtained if

228 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Consumer protection Part V
Actions against manufacturers and importers of goods Division 2A

Section 74J
the liability of the manufacturer to indemnify the seller had arisen
under a contract of indemnity made between the manufacturer and
the seller.

74J Time for commencing actions

(1) Subject to this section, an action under a provision of this Division

may be commenced at any time within 3 years after the day on
which the cause of the action accrued.
(2) For the purposes of this section, a cause of action shall be deemed
to have accrued:
(a) in the case of an action other than an action under
section 74H, on the day on which the consumer or a person
who acquired the goods from, or derived title to the goods
through or under, the consumer first became aware, or ought
reasonably to have become aware:
(i) in the case of an action under section 74B—that the
goods were not reasonably fit for the purpose referred to
in that section;
(ii) in the case of an action under section 74C—that the
goods did not correspond with the description referred
to in that section;
(iii) in the case of an action under section 74D—that the
goods were not of merchantable quality;
(iv) in the case of an action under section 74E—that the bulk
of the goods did not correspond with the sample in
quality or the goods had the defect referred to in that
section;
(v) in the case of an action under section 74F—that the
goods required to be repaired or that the part was
required for the goods, as the case may be; or
(vi) in the case of an action under section 74G—of the
failure of the corporation to comply with the express
warranty referred to in that section; or
(b) in the case of an action under section 74H, on:
(i) the day, or the first day, as the case may be, on which
the seller referred to in that section made a payment in

Trade Practices Act 1974 229

Part V Consumer protection
Division 2A Actions against manufacturers and importers of goods

Section 74K
respect of, or otherwise discharged in whole or in part,
the liability of that seller to the consumer referred to in
that section; or
(ii) the day on which a proceeding was instituted by that
consumer against that seller in respect of that liability
or, if more than one such proceeding was instituted, the
day on which the first such proceeding was instituted;
whichever was the earlier.
(3) In an action under a provision of this Division, it is a defence if the
defendant proves that the action was not commenced within 10
years after the time of the first supply to a consumer of the goods
to which the action relates.
Note: Part VIB restricts awards of compensation for death or personal
injury, and sets out time limits for commencing actions for
compensation for death or personal injury.

74K Application of Division not to be excluded or modified

(1) Any term of a contract (including a term that is not set out in the
contract but is incorporated in the contract by another term of the
contract) that purports to exclude, restrict or modify, or has the
effect of excluding, restricting or modifying, any liability of a
person to compensate or indemnify another person that may arise
under this Division, is void.

(2) A term of a contract shall not be taken to exclude, restrict or

modify the application of a provision of this Division unless the
term does so expressly or is inconsistent with that provision.

(3) Nothing in this section applies to a term of a contract referred to in

subsection 74L(4).

74L Limitation in certain circumstances of liability of manufacturer

to seller

(1) Notwithstanding section 74H but subject to this section, in the case
of goods other than goods of a kind ordinarily acquired for
personal, domestic or household use or consumption, the liability

230 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Consumer protection Part V
Actions against manufacturers and importers of goods Division 2A

Section 74M
under that section of a manufacturer to a seller is limited to a
liability to pay to the seller an amount equal to:
(a) the cost of replacing the goods;
(b) the cost of obtaining equivalent goods; or
(c) the cost of having the goods repaired;
whichever is the lowest amount.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to particular goods if the
seller establishes that it is not fair or reasonable for the liability of
the manufacturer in respect of those goods to be limited as
mentioned in subsection (1).
(3) In determining for the purposes of subsection (2) whether or not it
is fair or reasonable for the liability of a manufacturer to a seller in
respect of goods to be limited as mentioned in subsection (1), a
court shall have regard to all the circumstances of the case and, in
particular, to:
(a) the availability of suitable alternative sources of supply of the
goods;
(b) the availability of equivalent goods; and
(c) whether the goods were manufactured, processed or adapted
to the special order of the seller.
(4) This section is subject to any term of a contract between the
manufacturer and the seller imposing on the manufacturer a greater
liability than the liability mentioned in subsection (1).
(5) In this section, the expressions manufacturer and seller have the
same respective meanings as in section 74H.

74M The effect of Part VIB on this Division

This Division has effect subject to Part VIB.

Trade Practices Act 1974 231

Part V Consumer protection
Division 3 Miscellaneous

Section 75

Division 3—Miscellaneous

75 Saving of other laws and remedies

(1) Except as provided by subsection (2), this Part is not intended to

exclude or limit the concurrent operation of any law of a State or
Territory.
(2) Where an act or omission of a person is both an offence against
section 79 and an offence under the law of a State or Territory and
that person is convicted of either of those offences, he or she is not
liable to be convicted of the other of those offences.
(3) Except as expressly provided by this Part, nothing in this Part shall
be taken to limit, restrict or otherwise affect any right or remedy a
person would have had if this Part had not been enacted.

75A Rescission of contracts

(1) Where:
(a) a corporation supplies goods to a consumer in the course of a
business; and
(b) there is a breach of a condition that is, by virtue of a
provision of Division 2, implied in the contract for the supply
of the goods;
the consumer is, subject to this section, entitled to rescind the
contract by:
(c) causing to be served on the corporation a notice in writing
signed by him or her giving particulars of the breach; or
(d) causing the goods to be returned to the corporation and
giving to the corporation, either orally or in writing,
particulars of the breach.
(2) Where a consumer purports to rescind under this section a contract
for the supply of goods by a corporation, the purported rescission
does not have any effect if:

232 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Consumer protection Part V
Miscellaneous Division 3

Section 75A
(a) the notice is not served or the goods are not returned within a
reasonable time after the consumer has had a reasonable
opportunity of inspecting the goods;
(b) in the case of a rescission effected by service of a notice,
after the delivery of the goods to the consumer but before the
notice is served:
(i) the goods were disposed of by the consumer, were lost,
or were destroyed otherwise than by reason of a defect
in the goods;
(ii) the consumer caused the goods to become
unmerchantable or failed to take reasonable steps to
prevent the goods from becoming unmerchantable; or
(iii) the goods were damaged by abnormal use; or
(c) in the case of a rescission effected by return of the goods,
while the goods were in the possession of the consumer:
(i) the consumer caused the goods to become
unmerchantable or failed to take reasonable steps to
prevent the goods from becoming unmerchantable; or
(ii) the goods were damaged by abnormal use.

(3) Where a contract for the supply of goods by a corporation to a

consumer has been rescinded in accordance with this section:
(a) if the property in the goods had passed to the consumer
before the notice of rescission was served on, or the goods
were returned to, the corporation—the property in the goods
re-vests in the corporation upon the service of the notice or
the return of the goods; and
(b) the consumer may recover from the corporation, as a debt,
the amount or value of any consideration paid or provided by
him or her for the goods.
(4) The right of rescission conferred by this section is in addition to,
and not in derogation of, any other right or remedy under this Act
or any other Act, any State Act, any law of a Territory or any rule
of law.

Trade Practices Act 1974 233

Part VA Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods

Section 75AA

Part VA—Liability of manufacturers and importers

for defective goods

75AA Interpretation

In this Part:
action goods, in relation to a liability action, means the goods
whose supply and defect is alleged in the action.
Commonwealth mandatory standard, in relation to goods, means
a mandatory standard in respect of the goods imposed by a law of
the Commonwealth.
defendant, in relation to a liability action, means a person against
whom the action is brought (however described).
liability action means an action under section 75AD, 75AE, 75AF
or 75AG and includes such an action because of paragraph
75AD(1)(f) or section 75AH.
loss includes damage.

mandatory standard, in relation to goods, means a standard:

(a) for the goods or anything relating to the goods; and
(b) that, under a law of the Commonwealth, a State or a
Territory, must be complied with when the goods are
supplied by their manufacturer, being a law creating an
offence or liability where there is such non-compliance;
but does not include a standard which may be complied with by
meeting a higher standard.

manufactured includes grown, extracted, produced, processed and

assembled.
plaintiff, in relation to a liability action, means the person by
whom the action is brought (however described).

234 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods Part VA

Section 75AB
use includes consume.

75AB Certain interpretation provisions (importers and others taken

to be manufacturers etc.) apply to this Part

Subsections 74A(3) to (8) (inclusive) operate as if references in

them to Division 2A of Part V included references to this Part.

75AC Meaning of goods having defect

(1) For the purposes of this Part, goods have a defect if their safety is
not such as persons generally are entitled to expect.
(2) In determining the extent of the safety of goods, regard is to be
given to all relevant circumstances including:
(a) the manner in which, and the purposes for which, they have
been marketed; and
(b) their packaging; and
(c) the use of any mark in relation to them; and
(d) any instructions for, or warnings with respect to, doing, or
refraining from doing, anything with or in relation to them;
and
(e) what might reasonably be expected to be done with or in
relation to them; and
(f) the time when they were supplied by their manufacturer.

(3) An inference that goods have a defect is not to be made only

because of the fact that, after they were supplied by their
manufacturer, safer goods of the same kind were supplied.
(4) An inference that goods have a defect is not to be made only
because:
(a) there was compliance with a Commonwealth mandatory
standard for them; and
(b) that standard was not the safest possible standard having
regard to the latest state of scientific or technical knowledge
when they were supplied by their manufacturer.

Trade Practices Act 1974 235

Part VA Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods

Section 75AD
75AD Liability for defective goods causing injuries—loss by injured
individual

If:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by it; and
(b) they have a defect; and
(c) because of the defect, an individual suffers injuries;
then:
(d) the corporation is liable to compensate the individual for the
amount of the individual’s loss suffered as a result of the
injuries; and
(e) the individual may recover that amount by action against the
corporation; and
(f) if the individual dies because of the injuries—a law of a State
or Territory about liability in respect of the death of
individuals applies as if:
(i) the action were an action under the law of the State or
Territory for damages in respect of the injuries; and
(ii) the defect were the corporation’s wrongful act, neglect
or default.

75AE Liability for defective goods causing injuries—loss by person

other than injured individual

(1) If:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by it; and
(b) they have a defect; and
(c) because of the defect, an individual suffers injuries; and
(d) a person, other than the individual, suffers loss because of:
(i) the injuries; or
(ii) if the individual dies because of the injuries—the
individual’s death; and

236 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods Part VA

Section 75AF
(e) the loss does not come about because of a business
relationship between the person and the individual;
then:
(f) the corporation is liable to compensate the person for the
amount of the person’s loss; and
(g) the person may recover that amount by action against the
corporation.

(2) For the purposes of this section:

(a) a profession is taken to be a business; and
(b) a relationship between employer and employee or a similar
relationship is a business relationship.

75AF Liability for defective goods—loss relating to other goods

If:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by it; and
(b) they have a defect; and
(c) because of the defect, goods of a kind ordinarily acquired for
personal, domestic or household use (not being the defective
goods) are destroyed or damaged; and
(d) a person who:
(i) so used; or
(ii) intended to so use;
the destroyed or damaged goods, suffers loss as a result of
the destruction or damage;
then:
(e) the corporation is liable to compensate the person for the
amount of the loss; and
(f) the person may recover that amount by action against the
corporation.

Trade Practices Act 1974 237

Part VA Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods

Section 75AG
75AG Liability for defective goods—loss relating to buildings etc.

If:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods
manufactured by it; and
(b) they have a defect; and
(c) because of the defect, land, buildings, or fixtures, ordinarily
acquired for private use are destroyed or damaged; and
(d) a person who:
(i) so used; or
(ii) intended to so use;
the land, buildings or fixtures, suffers loss as a result of the
destruction or damage;
then:
(e) the corporation is liable to compensate the person for the
amount of the loss; and
(f) the person may recover that amount by action against the
corporation.

75AH Survival of liability actions

A law of a State or Territory about the survival of causes of action

vested in persons who die applies to actions under section 75AD,
75AE, 75AF or 75AG.

75AI No liability action where workers’ compensation or law giving

effect to an international agreement applies

Section 75AD, 75AE, 75AF or 75AG does not apply to a loss in

respect of which an amount has been, or could be, recovered under
a law of the Commonwealth, a State or a Territory that:
(a) relates to workers’ compensation; or
(b) gives effect to an international agreement.

238 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods Part VA

Section 75AJ
75AJ Unidentified manufacturer

(1) If a person who wishes to institute a liability action does not know
who manufactured the action goods, the person may serve on a
supplier, or each supplier, of the action goods who is known to the
person a written request to give the person particulars identifying:
(a) the corporation which manufactured the goods (having
regard to section 75AB); or
(b) the supplier of the goods to the supplier requested.

(2) If, 30 days after the person has made the request or requests, the
person still does not know who manufactured the action goods,
then the corporation, or each corporation, that is a supplier:
(a) to whom a request was made; and
(b) who did not comply with the request;
is taken, for the purposes of the action, to have manufactured the
action goods.

75AK Defences

(1) In a liability action, it is a defence if it is established that:

(a) the defect in the action goods that is alleged to have caused
the loss did not exist at the supply time; or
(b) they had that defect only because there was compliance with
a mandatory standard for them; or
(c) the state of scientific or technical knowledge at the time
when they were supplied by their actual manufacturer was
not such as to enable that defect to be discovered; or
(d) if they were comprised in other goods (finished goods)—that
defect is attributable only to:
(i) the design of the finished goods; or
(ii) the markings on or accompanying the finished goods; or
(iii) the instructions or warnings given by the manufacturer
of the finished goods.

Trade Practices Act 1974 239

Part VA Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods

Section 75AL
(2) In this section:

supply time means:

(a) in relation to electricity—the time at which it was generated,
being a time before it was transmitted or distributed; or
(b) in relation to other goods—the time when they were supplied
by their actual manufacturer.

75AL Commonwealth liability for goods that are defective only

because of compliance with Commonwealth mandatory
standard

(1) If a defendant in a liability action raises the defence that the action
goods had the alleged defect only because there was compliance
with a Commonwealth mandatory standard for them, that
defendant must, as soon as practicable after raising that defence,
serve on the Commonwealth a prescribed notice of the action and
of that defence together with a copy of that defendant’s defence in
the action.

(2) Service of the notice and defence makes the Commonwealth a

defendant in the action.
(3) If, in the action, the Court finds that the plaintiff would have
succeeded against the defendant who served the notice but for the
action goods having the alleged defect only because there was
compliance with a Commonwealth mandatory standard for them,
then:
(a) the Commonwealth, and not the defendant who served the
notice, is liable to pay the plaintiff for the amount of the loss
caused by the defect; and
(b) the Court is to enter judgment against the Commonwealth for
that amount; and
(c) the Court may make such orders for costs as the Court
considers just.

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 Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods Part VA

Section 75AM
75AM Liability joint and several

If 2 or more corporations are liable under section 75AD, 75AE,

75AF or 75AG for the same loss they are jointly and severally
liable.

75AN Contributory acts or omissions to reduce compensation

(1) If the loss in a liability action under section 75AD or 75AE was
caused by both:
(a) an act or omission of the individual who suffers the injuries
concerned; and
(b) a defect of the action goods;
the amount of the loss is to be reduced to such extent (which may
be to nil) as the court thinks fit having regard to that individual’s
share in causing the loss.

(2) If the loss in a liability action under section 75AF or 75AG was
caused by both:
(a) an act or omission of the person who suffered the loss; and
(b) a defect of the action goods;
the amount of the loss is to be reduced to such extent (which may
be to nil) as the court thinks fit having regard to the person’s share
in causing the loss.
(3) For the purposes of this section, the acts and omissions of a person
who is responsible for another person include the acts and
omissions of that other person.

75AO Time for commencing actions

(1) Subject to subsection (2), a person may commence a liability

action at any time within 3 years after the time the person became
aware, or ought reasonably to have become aware, of the alleged
loss, the defect and the identity of the person who manufactured
the action goods.
(2) A liability action must be commenced within 10 years of the
supply by the manufacturer of the action goods.

Trade Practices Act 1974 241

Part VA Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods

Section 75AP
Note: Part VIB restricts awards of compensation for death or personal
injury, and sets out time limits for commencing actions for
compensation for death or personal injury.

75AP Application of provisions not to be excluded or modified

(1) Any term of a contract (including a term that is not set out in the
contract but is incorporated in the contract by another term) that
purports to exclude, restrict or modify, or has the effect of
excluding, restricting or modifying:
(a) the application of all or any of the provisions of this Part; or
(b) the exercise of a right conferred by any of those provisions;
or
(c) any liability under any of those provisions;
is void.

(2) A term of a contract is not taken to exclude, restrict or modify the

application of a provision of this Part unless the term does so
expressly or is inconsistent with that provision.

75AQ Representative actions by the Commission

(1) The Commission may, by application, commence a liability action

on behalf of one or more persons identified in the application who
has suffered the loss for whose amount the action is commenced.
(2) The Commission may only make an application under this section
if it has obtained the written consent of the person, or each of the
persons, on whose behalf the application is being made.

75AR Saving of other laws and remedies

(1) This Part is not intended to exclude or limit the concurrent

operation of any law, whether written or unwritten, in force in a
State or Territory.
(2) This Part is not to be taken to limit, restrict or otherwise affect any
right or remedy a person would have had if this Part had not been
enacted.

242 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Liability of manufacturers and importers for defective goods Part VA

Section 75AS
75AS Jurisdiction of courts

Subsections 75B(2) and 86(1), (2), (3) and (4) and sections 86A
and 86B operate in relation to an action under this Part as if:
(a) references in them to Part VI included references to this Part;
and
(b) references in them to Division 1, 1A or 1AA of Part V
included references to this Part; and
(c) references in them to the Minister were omitted.

Trade Practices Act 1974 243

Part VB Price exploitation in relation to A New Tax System

Section 75AT

Part VB—Price exploitation in relation to A New

Tax System

75AT Definitions

In this Part, unless the contrary intention appears:

GST has the same meaning as in the GST Act.

GST Act means the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax)
Act 1999.
Note: The operation of the GST Act is affected by the GST Transition Act.

GST implementation date means the day on which the GST Act
commences.
GST Transition Act means the A New Tax System (Goods and
Services Tax Transition) Act 1999.
New Tax System changes means the following:
(a) the amendment of the Sales Tax (Exemptions and
Classifications) Act 1992 made by the GST Transition Act;
(b) the ending of sales tax, as provided for in the A New Tax
System (End of Sales Tax) Act 1999;
(c) the imposition of GST;
(d) any other changes (including changes to Commonwealth,
State or Territory laws) prescribed by the regulations for the
purposes of this definition.

New Tax System transition period means the period:

(a) starting on the later of 1 July 1999 and the commencement of
the A New Tax System (Trade Practices Amendment) Act
1999; and
(b) ending on the day that is 2 years after the GST
implementation date.

244 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Price exploitation in relation to A New Tax System Part VB

Section 75AU
price, in relation to a supply, includes:
(a) a charge of any description for the supply; and
(b) any pecuniary or other benefit, whether direct or indirect,
received or to be received by a person for or in connection
with the supply.
regulated supply means:
(a) a supply that:
(i) occurs during the New Tax System transition period and
before the GST implementation date; and
(ii) is by a person who would be required to be registered
under the GST Act had the supply occurred on or after
1 July 2000; and
(iii) had the supply occurred on or after 1 July 2000, it
would have been a taxable supply for the purposes of
the GST Act or would have been a taxable supply had it
not been GST-free or input taxed for the purposes of
that Act; or
(b) a supply that:
(i) occurs during the New Tax System transition period and
on or after the GST implementation date; and
(ii) is by a person who is registered or required to be
registered under the GST Act; and
(iii) is a taxable supply for the purposes of the GST Act, or
would have been a taxable supply for the purposes of
the GST Act had it not been GST-free or input taxed for
the purposes of that Act.

supply means:
(a) a supply of goods, including by way of sale, exchange, lease,
hire or hire-purchase; or
(b) any other transaction or dealing that is a supply for the
purposes of the GST Act.

75AU Price exploitation in relation to New Tax System changes

(1) A corporation contravenes this section if it engages in price

exploitation in relation to the New Tax System changes.

Trade Practices Act 1974 245

Part VB Price exploitation in relation to A New Tax System

Section 75AV
(2) For the purposes of this section, a corporation engages in price
exploitation in relation to the New Tax System changes if:
(a) it makes a regulated supply; and
(b) the price for the supply is unreasonably high, having regard
alone to the New Tax System changes (whether the supply
took place before or after those changes); and
(c) the price for the supply is unreasonably high even if the
following other matters are also taken into account:
(i) the supplier’s costs;
(ii) supply and demand conditions;
(iii) any other relevant matter.

75AV Price exploitation—guidelines about when prices contravene

section 75AU

(1) The Commission must, by written instrument, formulate guidelines

about when prices for regulated supplies may be regarded as being
in contravention of section 75AU.
(2) The Commission may, by written instrument, vary the guidelines.

(3) The Commission must have regard to the guidelines in making

decisions under section 75AW or 75AX in relation to the issue,
variation and revocation of notices under that section.
(4) The Court may have regard to the guidelines in any proceedings:
(a) under section 76 relating to section 75AU; or
(b) under section 80 for an injunction relating to section 75AU.
(5) As soon as practicable after making or varying the guidelines, the
Commission must cause a copy of the guidelines, or of the
variation, to be published in the Gazette. However, failure to do so
does not affect the validity of the guidelines or of the variation.

246 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Price exploitation in relation to A New Tax System Part VB

Section 75AW
75AW Commission may issue notice to corporation it considers has
contravened section 75AU

(1) If the Commission considers that a corporation has made a supply

in contravention of section 75AU, the Commission may give the
corporation a notice in writing under this section.
(2) The notice must:
(a) be expressed to be given under this section; and
(b) identify:
(i) the corporation that made the supply; and
(ii) the kind of supply made; and
(iii) the circumstances in which the supply was made; and
(c) state that, in the Commission’s opinion:
(i) the price for the supply was unreasonably high as
mentioned in paragraph 75AU(2)(b); and
(ii) that unreasonably high price was not attributable to
matters referred to in paragraph 75AU(2)(c).
(3) In any proceedings:
(a) under section 76 relating to section 75AU; or
(b) under section 80 for an injunction relating to section 75AU;
the notice is taken to be prima facie evidence that:
(c) the price for the supply was unreasonably high as mentioned
in paragraph 75AU(2)(b); and
(d) that unreasonably high price was not attributable to matters
referred to in paragraph 75AU(2)(c).
(4) The Commission may vary or revoke the notice on its own
initiative or on application made by the corporation. The
Commission must give the corporation notice in writing of the
variation or revocation.

75AX Commission may issue notice to aid prevention of price

exploitation

(1) The Commission may give a corporation a notice in writing under

this section if the Commission considers that doing so will aid the

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Part VB Price exploitation in relation to A New Tax System

Section 75AY
prevention of price exploitation (within the meaning of
section 75AU).
(2) The notice must:
(a) be expressed to be given under this section; and
(b) be expressed to relate to any supply that the corporation
makes that is:
(i) of a kind specified in the notice; and
(ii) made in circumstances specified in the notice; and
(iii) made during the period specified in the notice (which
must not be a period ending after the end of the New
Tax System Transition period); and
(c) specify the maximum price that, in the Commission’s
opinion, may be charged for a supply to which the notice is
expressed to relate.
(3) The Commission may, on its own initiative or on application made
by the corporation:
(a) vary the notice to:
(i) change the period specified as required by
subparagraph (2)(b)(iii); or
(ii) change the price specified in the notice as required by
paragraph (2)(c); or
(b) revoke the notice.
The Commission must give the corporation notice in writing of the
variation or revocation.
(4) The Commission may publish the notice, or particulars of any
variation or revocation of the notice, in such manner as the
Commission considers appropriate, including, for example, in a
national newspaper.

75AY Commission may monitor prices

(1) The Commission may monitor prices for either or both of the
following purposes:

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Section 75AY
(a) to assess the general effect of the New Tax System changes
on prices charged by corporations for supplies during the
New Tax System transition period;
(b) to assist its consideration of whether section 75AU has been,
is being, or may in the future be, contravened.

(2) A member of the Commission may, by notice in writing served on

a person, require the person:
(a) to give the Commission specified information in writing
signed by:
(i) the person; or
(ii) if the person is a body corporate—a competent officer
of the body corporate; or
(b) to produce to the Commission specified documents;
being information, or documents containing information, relating
to prices or the setting of prices that the member considers will or
may be useful to the Commission in monitoring prices as
mentioned in subsection (1).
Note: The powers under this section are in addition to the powers under
section 155. Under section 155, the Commission may obtain
information about particular matters that constitute or may constitute a
contravention of section 75AU.

(3) Without limiting subsection (2), information or documents that

may be required under that subsection may relate to prices, or the
setting of prices:
(a) before or after all or any of the New Tax System changes
have taken effect; and
(b) before or after the start of the New Tax System transition
period; and
(c) in a situation, or during a period, specified in the notice.

(4) A person must not:

(a) refuse or fail to comply with a notice under subsection (2) to
the extent that the person is capable of complying with it; or
(b) in purported compliance with such a notice, provide
information or a document that is false or misleading.
Penalty: 20 penalty units.

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Part VB Price exploitation in relation to A New Tax System

Section 75AYA
Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: Part IA of the Crimes Act 1914 contains provisions dealing with
penalties.

75AYA Prohibition on misrepresenting the effect of the New Tax

System changes

A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, for the purpose of

price exploitation, in connection with:
(a) the supply or possible supply of goods or services; or
(b) the promotion by any means of the supply or use of goods or
services;
engage in conduct, at any time during the period starting when this
section commences and ending at the end of the New Tax System
transition period, that:
(c) falsely represents (whether expressly or impliedly) the effect,
or likely effect, of all or any of the New Tax System changes;
or
(d) misleads or deceives, or is likely to mislead or deceive, a
person about the effect, or likely effect, of all or any of the
New Tax System changes.

75AZ Reporting

(1) The Commission must, within 28 days after the end of each
quarter, give the Minister a written report about the operations of
the Commission under this Part during the quarter.
(2) Without otherwise limiting subsection (1), a report under that
subsection must include particulars of:
(a) all notices given under section 75AX during the quarter; and
(b) all variations or revocations during the quarter of notices
given under section 75AX.
(3) For this purpose, a quarter is a period of 3 months:
(a) that occurs wholly or partly during the New Tax System
transition period; and

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Section 75AZ
(b) that starts on any of the following days in a year:
(i) 1 January;
(ii) 1 April;
(iii) 1 July;
(iv) 1 October.

(4) As soon as practicable after the Minister receives a report under

subsection (1), the Minister must make the report public by such
means as the Minister considers appropriate.

(5) If this section commences during a quarter (but not on the first day
of a quarter):
(a) no report is to be made at the end of the quarter; but
(b) the report made at the end of the next quarter is also to
include the information required by subsection (1) in relation
to the previous quarter.

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Part VC Offences
Division 1 Application of Part

Section 75AZA

Part VC—Offences
Division 1—Application of Part

75AZA Part does not apply to financial services

(1) This Part does not apply to the supply, or possible supply, of
services that are financial services.
(2) Without limiting subsection (1):
(a) section 75AZI does not apply to conduct engaged in relation
to financial services; and
(b) if a financial product consists of or includes an interest in
land, section 75AZD does not apply to that interest; and
(c) section 75AZP does not apply to:
(i) a credit card that is part of, or that provides access to, a
credit facility that is a financial product; or
(ii) a debit card that allows access to an account that is a
financial product.
(3) In subsection (2):

credit card has the same meaning as in section 75AZP.

debit card has the same meaning as in section 75AZP.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in
this section (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

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Offences relating to unfair practices Division 2

Section 75AZB

Division 2—Offences relating to unfair practices

75AZB Interpretation

(1) For the purposes of this Division, if:

(a) a corporation makes a representation about a future matter
(including the doing of, or the refusing to do, an act); and
(b) the corporation does not have reasonable grounds for making
the representation;
the representation is taken to be misleading.
(2) For the purposes of the application of subsection (1) in proceedings
relating to a representation made by a corporation about a future
matter, the corporation is taken not to have had reasonable grounds
for making the representation, unless it adduces evidence to the
contrary.
(3) Subsection (1) does not limit by implication the meaning of a
reference in this Division to a misleading representation, a
representation that is misleading in a material particular or conduct
that is misleading or is likely or liable to mislead.

75AZC False or misleading representations

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, in connection with

the supply or possible supply of goods or services, or in connection
with the promotion by any means of the supply or use of goods or
services, do any of the following:
(a) falsely represent that goods are of a particular standard,
quality, value, grade, composition, style or model, or have
had a particular history or particular previous use;
(b) falsely represent that services are of a particular standard,
quality, value or grade;
(c) falsely represent that goods are new;
(d) falsely represent that a particular person has agreed to
acquire goods or services;

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Division 2 Offences relating to unfair practices

Section 75AZD
(e) represent that goods or services have sponsorship, approval,
performance characteristics, accessories, uses or benefits they
do not have;
(f) represent that the corporation has a sponsorship, approval or
affiliation it does not have;
(g) make a false or misleading representation about the price of
goods or services;
(h) make a false or misleading representation about the
availability of facilities for the repair of goods or of spare
parts for goods;
(i) make a false or misleading representation about the place of
origin of goods;
(j) make a false or misleading representation about the need for
any goods or services;
(k) make a false or misleading representation about the
existence, exclusion or effect of any condition, warranty,
guarantee, right or remedy.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.
Note 3: For rules relating to representations as to the country of origin of
goods, see Division 1AA of Part V (sections 65AA to 65AN).

75AZD False representations and other misleading or offensive

conduct in relation to land

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, in connection with

the sale or grant, or the possible sale or grant, of an interest in land,

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Offences relating to unfair practices Division 2

Section 75AZD
or in connection with the promotion by any means of the sale or
grant of an interest in land:
(a) represent that the corporation has a sponsorship, approval or
affiliation it does not have; or
(b) make a false or misleading representation about the nature of
the interest in the land, the price payable for the land, the
location of the land, the characteristics of the land, the use to
which the land is capable of being put, or may lawfully be
put, or the existence or availability of facilities associated
with the land.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) If:
(a) a corporation offers gifts, prizes or other free items; and
(b) the corporation offers the gifts, prizes or other items, in trade
or commerce, in connection with the sale or grant, or the
possible sale or grant, of an interest in land, or in connection
with the promotion by any means of the sale or grant of an
interest in land; and
(c) when the corporation so offers the gifts, prizes or other free
items it intends not to provide them, or not to provide them
as offered;
the corporation is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by
a fine not exceeding 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified in subsection (2) is the maximum penalty that
may be imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act
1914 does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of the offence in subsection (2) to a person other
than a corporation (and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(3) If:
(a) a corporation uses physical force or undue harassment or
coercion; and

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Division 2 Offences relating to unfair practices

Section 75AZE
(b) the corporation uses such force, harassment or coercion in
connection with the sale or grant, or the possible sale or
grant, of an interest in land, or the payment for an interest in
land;
the corporation is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by
a fine not exceeding 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified in subsection (3) is the maximum penalty that
may be imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act
1914 does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of the offence in subsection (3) to a person other
than a corporation (and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(4) For the purposes of the application of the Criminal Code in relation
to subsection (2), paragraphs (2)(b) and (c) are taken to be
circumstances in which the conduct described in paragraph (2)(a)
occurs.
(5) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

(6) Strict liability applies to paragraphs (2)(b) and (3)(b).

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(7) Nothing in this section is to be taken as implying that other

provisions in this Part do not apply in relation to the supply or
acquisition, or the possible supply or acquisition, of an interest in
land.
(8) In this section:

interest, in relation to land, has the same meaning as in

section 53A.

75AZE Misleading conduct in relation to employment

(1) A corporation must not, in relation to employment that is to be, or

may be, offered by the corporation or by another person, engage in
conduct that is liable to mislead persons seeking the employment
about the availability, nature, terms or conditions of, or any other
matter relating to, the employment.

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Offences relating to unfair practices Division 2

Section 75AZF
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

75AZF Cash price to be stated in certain circumstances

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, in connection with

the supply or possible supply of goods or services, or in connection
with the promotion by any means of the supply or use of goods or
services, make a representation with respect to an amount that, if
paid, would constitute a part of the consideration for the supply of
the goods or services.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the corporation also specifies the
cash price for the goods or services.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (2) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(3) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

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Part VC Offences
Division 2 Offences relating to unfair practices

Section 75AZG
75AZG Offering gifts and prizes

(1) If:
(a) a corporation offers gifts, prizes or other free items; and
(b) the corporation offers the gifts, prizes or other free items in
trade or commerce, in connection with the supply or possible
supply of goods or services, or in connection with the
promotion by any means of the supply or use of goods or
services; and
(c) when the corporation so offers them, it intends not to provide
them, or not to provide them as offered;
the corporation is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by
a fine not exceeding 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified in subsection (1) is the maximum penalty that
may be imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act
1914 does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of the offence in subsection (1) to a person other
than a corporation (and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) For the purposes of the application of the Criminal Code in relation
to subsection (1), paragraphs (1)(b) and (c) are taken to be
circumstances in which the conduct described in paragraph (1)(a)
occurs.
(3) Strict liability applies in relation to paragraph (1)(b).
Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

75AZH Misleading conduct to which Industrial Property

Convention applies

(1) A person must not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct that is

liable to mislead the public about the nature, the manufacturing
process, the characteristics, the suitability for their purpose, or
quantity, of any goods.

Penalty: 2,000 penalty units.

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Offences relating to unfair practices Division 2

Section 75AZI
Note: If a corporation is convicted of an offence under this subsection,
subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914 allows the Court to impose a
fine that is not greater than 5 times the maximum fine that could be
imposed by the Court on an individual convicted of the offence.

(2) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

75AZI Certain misleading conduct in relation to services

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, engage in conduct

that is liable to mislead the public about the nature, the
characteristics, the suitability for their purpose, or the quantity, of
any services.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

75AZJ Bait advertising

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, advertise for supply

at a specified price, goods or services if there are reasonable
grounds for believing that the corporation will not be able to offer
those goods or services for supply at that price for a period that is,
and in quantities that are, reasonable, having regard to the nature of
the market in which the corporation carries on business, and the
nature of the advertisement.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.

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Division 2 Offences relating to unfair practices

Section 75AZJ
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) A corporation that has, in trade or commerce, advertised goods or

services for supply at a specified price must not fail to offer such
goods or services for supply at that price for a period that is, and in
quantities that are, reasonable having regard to the nature of the
market in which the corporation carries on business, and the nature
of the advertisement.

Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.

Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) are offences of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(4) In a prosecution of a corporation under subsection (2), for failing to

offer goods or services to a person (the customer), it is a defence if
the corporation proves that:
(a) it offered to supply, or to procure another person to supply
goods or services of the kind advertised to the customer
within a reasonable time, in a reasonable quantity and at the
advertised price; or
(b) it offered to supply immediately, or to procure another person
to supply within a reasonable time, equivalent goods or
services to the customer in a reasonable quantity and at the
price at which the first-mentioned goods or services were
advertised;
and, in either case, if the offer was accepted by the customer, the
corporation has so supplied, or procured another person to supply,
goods or services.

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Offences relating to unfair practices Division 2

Section 75AZK
Note: A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to the matters in
subsection (4) (see section 13.4 of the Criminal Code).

75AZK Referral selling

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, induce a consumer

to acquire goods or services by representing that the consumer will,
after the contract for the acquisition of the goods or services is
made, receive a rebate, commission or other benefit in return for
giving the corporation the names of prospective customers or
otherwise assisting the corporation to supply goods or services to
other consumers, if receipt of the rebate, commission or other
benefit is contingent on an event occurring after that contract is
made.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

75AZL Accepting payment without intending or being able to

supply as ordered

(1) If:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, accepts payment or
other consideration for goods or services; and
(b) at the time of acceptance, the corporation intends:
(i) not to supply the goods or services; or
(ii) to supply goods or services materially different from the
goods or services in respect of which the payment or
other consideration is accepted;

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Division 2 Offences relating to unfair practices

Section 75AZM
the corporation is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction of
a fine not exceeding 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified in subsection (1) is the maximum penalty that
may be imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act
1914 does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of the offence in subsection (1) to a person other
than a corporation (and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Strict liability applies to paragraph (1)(a).

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(3) If:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, accepts payment or
other consideration for goods or services; and
(b) at the time of acceptance, there are reasonable grounds for
believing that the corporation will not be able to supply the
goods or services within the period specified by the
corporation or, if no period is specified, within a reasonable
time;
the corporation is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by
a fine not exceeding 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified in subsection (3) is the maximum penalty that
may be imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act
1914 does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of the offence in subsection (3) to a person other
than a corporation (and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(4) Subsection (3) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

75AZM Misleading representations about certain business activities

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, make a

representation that is false or misleading in a material particular
about the profitability or risk or any other material aspect of any

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Offences relating to unfair practices Division 2

Section 75AZN
business activity that the corporation has represented as one that
can be, or can be to a considerable extent, carried on at or from a
person’s place of residence.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) If a corporation, in trade or commerce, invites (whether by

advertisement or otherwise) persons to engage or participate, or to
offer or apply to engage or participate, in a business activity
requiring the performance by the persons concerned of work, or the
investment of money by the persons concerned and the
performance by them of work associated with the investment, the
corporation must not make a representation that is false or
misleading in a material particular about the profitability or risk or
any other material aspect of the business activity.

Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.

Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) are offences of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

75AZN Harassment and coercion

(1) If:
(a) a corporation uses physical force or undue harassment or
coercion; and
(b) the corporation uses such force, harassment or coercion in
connection with the supply or possible supply of goods or

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Part VC Offences
Division 2 Offences relating to unfair practices

Section 75AZO
services to a consumer, or the payment for goods or services
by a consumer;
the corporation is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by
a fine not exceeding 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified in subsection (1) is the maximum penalty that
may be imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act
1914 does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of the offence in subsection (1) to a person other
than a corporation (and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Strict liability applies to paragraph (1)(b).

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

75AZO Pyramid selling

(1) A corporation must not participate in a pyramid selling scheme.

Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.

(2) A corporation must not induce, or attempt to induce, a person to
participate in a pyramid selling scheme.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) are offences of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(4) In this section:

participate has the meaning given by section 65AAB.

pyramid selling scheme has the meaning given by sections 65AAD
and 65AAE.

75AZP Unsolicited credit and debit cards

(1) A corporation must not send a prescribed card to a person.

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 Offences Part VC
Offences relating to unfair practices Division 2

Section 75AZP
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Subsection (1) applies only in relation to the sending of a

prescribed card by or on behalf of the person who issued the card.
(3) Subsection (1) does not apply if a corporation sends a prescribed
card to a person:
(a) in pursuance of a request in writing by the person who will
be under a liability to the person who issued the card in
respect of the use of the card; or
(b) in renewal or replacement of, or in substitution for:
(i) a prescribed card of the same kind previously sent to the
first-mentioned person in pursuance of a request in
writing by the person who was under a liability to the
person who issued the card previously so sent in respect
of the use of that card; or
(ii) a prescribed card of the same kind previously sent to the
first-mentioned person and used for a purpose for which
it was intended to be used.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in
subsection (3) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(4) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(5) A corporation must not take any action that enables a person who
has a credit card or a debit card to use the card as a debit card or a
credit card, as the case may be.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.

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Division 2 Offences relating to unfair practices

Section 75AZQ
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(6) Subsection (5) does not apply in relation to action taken by a

corporation in accordance with a written request by the person.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (5) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(7) Subsection (5) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(8) In this section:

article, credit card, debit card and prescribed card have the same
respective meanings as in section 63A.

75AZQ Assertion of right to payment for unsolicited goods or

services or for making an entry in a directory

(1) A corporation must not, in trade or commerce, assert a right to

payment from a person for unsolicited goods or unsolicited
services.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the corporation proves that it had
reasonable cause to believe that there was a right to payment.
Note: A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (2) (see section 13.4 of the Criminal Code).

(3) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

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 Offences Part VC
Offences relating to unfair practices Division 2

Section 75AZQ
(4) A corporation must not assert a right to payment from a person of a
charge for making in a directory an entry relating to the person, or
to the person’s profession, business, trade or occupation.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(5) Subsection (4) does not apply if the corporation proves that it
believed, or had reasonable cause to believe, that the person had
authorised the making of the entry.
Note: A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (5) (see section 13.4 of the Criminal Code).

(6) Subsection (4) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(7) A person is not liable to make any payment to a corporation, and is

entitled to recover by action in a court of competent jurisdiction
against a corporation any payment made by the person to the
corporation, in full or part satisfaction of a charge for the making
of an entry in a directory, unless the person has authorised the
making of the entry.
(8) For the purposes of this section, a corporation is taken to assert a
right to a payment from a person for unsolicited goods or services,
or of a charge for the making of an entry in a directory, if the
corporation:
(a) makes a demand for the payment or asserts a present or
prospective right to the payment; or
(b) threatens to bring any legal proceedings with a view to
obtaining the payment; or
(c) places or causes to be placed the name of the person on a list
of defaulters or debtors, or threatens to do so, with a view to
obtaining the payment; or

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Division 2 Offences relating to unfair practices

Section 75AZQ
(d) invokes or causes to be invoked any other collection
procedure, or threatens to do so, with a view to obtaining the
payment; or
(e) sends any invoice or other document stating the amount of
the payment or setting out the price of the goods or services
or the charge for the making of the entry and not stating as
prominently (or more prominently) that no claim is made to
the payment, or to payment of the price or charge, as the case
may be.
(9) A person is not taken for the purposes of this section to have
authorised the making of an entry in a directory, unless:
(a) a document authorising the making of the entry has been
signed by the person or by another person authorised by him
or her; and
(b) a copy of the document has been given to the person before
the right to payment of a charge for the making of the entry is
asserted; and
(c) the document specifies:
(i) the name of the directory; and
(ii) the name and address of the person publishing the
directory; and
(iii) particulars of the entry; and
(iv) the amount of the charge for the making of the entry or
the basis on which the charge is, or is to be, calculated.

(10) For the purposes of this section, an invoice or other document

purporting to have been sent by or on behalf of a corporation is
taken to have been sent by that corporation unless the contrary is
established.
(11) In this section:
directory and making have the same respective meanings as in
section 64.

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 Offences Part VC
Offences relating to unfair practices Division 2

Section 75AZR
75AZR Application of provisions of Division to prescribed
information providers

(1) Nothing in section 75AZC, 75AZD, 75AZH, 75AZI or 75AZM

applies to a prescribed publication of matter by a prescribed
information provider, other than:
(a) a publication of matter in connection with:
(i) the supply or possible supply of goods or services; or
(ii) the sale or grant, or possible sale or grant, of interests in
land; or
(iii) the promotion by any means of the supply or use of
goods or services; or
(iv) the promotion by any means of the sale or grant of
interests in land;
where:
(v) the goods or services were relevant goods or services, or
the interests in land were relevant interests in land, as
the case may be, in relation to the prescribed
information provider; or
(vi) the publication was made on behalf of, or pursuant to a
contract, arrangement or understanding with:
(A) a person who supplies goods or services of that
kind, or who sells or grants interests in land,
being interests of that kind; or
(B) a body corporate that is related to a body
corporate that supplies goods or services of that
kind, or that sells or grants interests in land,
being interests of that kind; or
(b) a publication of an advertisement.
(2) For the purposes of this section, a publication by a prescribed
information provider is a prescribed publication if:
(a) in any case—the publication was made by the prescribed
information provider in the course of carrying on a business
of providing information; or
(b) in the case of a person who is a prescribed information
provider by virtue of paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of the definition

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Division 2 Offences relating to unfair practices

Section 75AZR
of prescribed information provider in subsection 65A(3)
(whether or not the person is also a prescribed information
provider by virtue of another operation of that definition)—
the publication was by way of a radio or television broadcast
by the prescribed information provider.
(3) In this section:

prescribed information provider, relevant goods or services and

relevant interests in land have the same respective meanings as in
section 65A.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matters in
this section (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

270 Trade Practices Act 1974

 Offences Part VC
Offences relating to product safety and product information Division 3

Section 75AZS

Division 3—Offences relating to product safety and

product information

75AZS Product safety standards and unsafe goods

(1) If:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods; and
(b) the goods are intended to be used, or are of a kind likely to be
used, by a consumer; and
(c) the goods are of a kind:
(i) in respect of which there is a consumer product safety
standard prescribed by regulations made for the
purposes of section 65C and which do not comply with
that standard; or
(ii) in respect of which there is in force a notice under
section 65C declaring the goods to be unsafe goods; or
(iii) in respect of which there is in force a notice under
section 65C imposing a permanent ban on the goods;
the corporation is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by
a fine not exceeding 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified in subsection (1) is the maximum penalty that
may be imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act
1914 does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of the offence in subsection (1) to a person other
than a corporation (and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(3) A corporation must not export goods whose supply in Australia

would constitute an offence against subsection (1).
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.

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Part VC Offences
Division 3 Offences relating to product safety and product information

Section 75AZT
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(4) Subsection (3) does not apply if the Minister has, by written notice
given to the corporation, approved the export of the goods under
subsection 65C(3).
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (4) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(5) Subsection (3) is an offence of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

75AZT Product information standards

(1) If:
(a) a corporation, in trade or commerce, supplies goods; and
(b) the goods are intended to be used, or are of a kind likely to be
used, by a consumer; and
(c) the goods are of a kind in respect of which a consumer
product information standard has been prescribed by
regulations made for the purpose of subsection 65D(2);
the corporation is guilty of an offence punishable on conviction by
a fine not exceeding 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified in subsection (1) is the maximum penalty that
may be imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act
1914 does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of the offence in subsection (1) to a person other
than a corporation (and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the corporation has complied with
the standard in relation to the goods.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (2) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(3) Subsection (1) is an offence of strict liability.

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 Offences Part VC
Offences relating to product safety and product information Division 3

Section 75AZU
Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(4) Subsection (1) does not apply to goods that are intended to be used
outside Australia.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (4) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(5) If there is applied to goods:

(a) a statement that the goods are for export only; or
(b) a statement indicating by the use of words authorised by the
regulations to be used for the purposes of this subsection that
the goods are intended to be used outside Australia;
it must be presumed for the purposes of this section, unless the
contrary is established, that the goods are intended to be so used.
(6) For the purposes of subsection (4), a statement is taken to be
applied to goods if:
(a) the statement is woven in, impressed on, worked into or
annexed or affixed to the goods; or
(b) the statement is applied to a covering, label, reel or thing in
or with which the goods are supplied.
(7) A reference in subsection (6) to a covering includes a reference to a
stopper, glass, bottle, vessel, box, capsule, case, frame or wrapper
and a reference in that subsection to a label includes a reference to
a band or ticket.

75AZU Compliance with product recall notice

(1) If a notice under subsection 65F(1) is in force in relation to a

corporation, the corporation must not contravene a requirement or
direction in the notice.

Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.

Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.

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Part VC Offences
Division 3 Offences relating to product safety and product information

Section 75AZU
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(2) If a notice under subsection 65F(1) is in force in relation to a

corporation, the corporation must not, in trade or commerce:
(a) if the notice identifies a defect in, or a dangerous
characteristic of, the goods—supply goods of the kind to
which the notice relates which contain the defect or have that
characteristic; or
(b) in any other case—supply goods of the kind to which the
notice relates.
Penalty: 10,000 penalty units.
Note 1: The penalty specified above is the maximum penalty that may be
imposed on a corporation: subsection 4B(3) of the Crimes Act 1914
does not apply.
Note 2: For the application of this offence to a person other than a corporation
(and the corresponding penalty), see section 6.

(3) Subsections (1) and (2) are offences of strict liability.

Note 1: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of
criminal responsibility.
Note 2: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

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 Enforcement and remedies Part VI

Section 75B

Part VI—Enforcement and remedies

75B Interpretation

(1) A reference in this Part to a person involved in a contravention of a

provision of Part IV, IVA, IVB, V or VC, or of section 75AU or
75AYA, shall be read as a reference to a person who:
(a) has aided, abetted, counselled or procured the contravention;
(b) has induced, whether by threats or promises or otherwise, the
contravention;
(c) has been in any way, directly or indirectly, knowingly
concerned in, or party to, the contravention; or
(d) has conspired with others to effect the contravention.
(2) In this Part, unless the contrary intention appears:
(a) a reference to the Court in relation to a matter is a reference
to any court having jurisdiction in the matter;
(b) a reference to the Federal Court is a reference to the Federal
Court of Australia; and
(c) a reference to a judgment is a reference to a judgment, decree
or order, whether final or interlocutory.

76 Pecuniary penalties

(1) If the Court is satisfied that a person:

(a) has contravened any of the following provisions:
(i) a provision of Part IV;
(ii) section 75AU or 75AYA;
(b) has attempted to contravene such a provision;
(c) has aided, abetted, counselled or procured a person to
contravene such a provision;
(d) has induced, or attempted to induce, a person, whether by
threats or promises or otherwise, to contravene such a
provision;

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Section 76
(e) has been in any way, directly or indirectly, knowingly
concerned in, or party to, the contravention by a person of
such a provision; or
(f) has conspired with others to contravene such a provision;
the Court may order the person to pay to the Commonwealth such
pecuniary penalty, in respect of each act or omission by the person
to which this section applies, as the Court determines to be
appropriate having regard to all relevant matters including the
nature and extent of the act or omission and of any loss or damage
suffered as a result of the act or omission, the circumstances in
which the act or omission took place and whether the person has
previously been found by the Court in proceedings under this Part
or Part XIB to have engaged in any similar conduct.
Note: Section 87AA provides that, if boycott conduct is involved in
proceedings, the Court must have regard to certain matters in
exercising its powers under this Part. (Boycott conduct is defined in
subsection 87AA(2).)

(1A) The pecuniary penalty payable under subsection (1) by a body

corporate is not to exceed:
(a) for each act or omission to which this section applies that
relates to section 45D, 45DB, 45E or 45EA—$750,000; and
(b) for each other act or omission to which this section
applies—$10,000,000.
(1B) The pecuniary penalty payable under subsection (1) by a person
other than a body corporate is not to exceed $500,000 for each act
or omission to which this section applies.
(2) Nothing in subsection (1) authorises the making of an order against
an individual because the individual has contravened or attempted
to contravene, or been involved in a contravention of, section 45D,
45DA, 45DB, 45E or 45EA.
(3) If conduct constitutes a contravention of two or more provisions of
Part IV, a proceeding may be instituted under this Act against a
person in relation to the contravention of any one or more of the
provisions but a person is not liable to more than one pecuniary
penalty under this section in respect of the same conduct.

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Section 76A
(4) The single pecuniary penalty that may be imposed in accordance
with subsection (3) in respect of conduct that contravenes
provisions to which the 2 limits in subsection (1A) apply is an
amount up to the higher of those limits.

76A Defence to proceedings under section 76 relating to a

contravention of section 75AYA

(1) In this section:

contravention of section 75AYA includes conduct referred to in

paragraph 76(1)(b), (c), (d), (e) or (f) that relates to a contravention
of section 75AYA.

(2) In proceedings against a person (the respondent) under section 76

in relation to an alleged contravention of section 75AYA, it is a
defence if the respondent establishes:
(a) that the contravention in respect of which the proceedings
were instituted was due to reasonable mistake; or
(b) that the contravention in respect of which the proceedings
were instituted was due to reasonable reliance on information
supplied by another person; or
(c) that:
(i) the contravention in respect of which the proceedings
were instituted was due to the act or default of another
person, to an accident or to some other cause beyond the
respondent’s control; and
(ii) the respondent took reasonable precautions and
exercised due diligence to avoid the contravention.
(3) In paragraphs (2)(b) and (c), another person does not include a
person who was:
(a) a servant or agent of the respondent; or
(b) if the respondent is a body corporate—a director, servant or
agent of the respondent;
at the time when the alleged contravention occurred.

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Section 76B
76B What happens if substantially the same conduct is a
contravention of section 75AYA and an offence?

(1) In this section:

contravention of section 75AYA includes conduct referred to in

paragraph 76(1)(b), (c), (d), (e) or (f) that relates to a contravention
of section 75AYA.

pecuniary penalty order means an order under section 76 for the

payment of a pecuniary penalty.
(2) The Court must not make a pecuniary penalty order against a
person in relation to a contravention of section 75AYA if the
person has been convicted of an offence constituted by conduct
that is substantially the same as the conduct constituting the
contravention.
(3) Proceedings for a pecuniary penalty order against a person in
relation to a contravention of section 75AYA are stayed if:
(a) criminal proceedings are started or have already been started
against the person for an offence; and
(b) the offence is constituted by conduct that is substantially the
same as the conduct alleged to constitute the contravention.
The proceedings for the pecuniary penalty order may be resumed if
the person is not convicted of the offence. Otherwise, the
proceedings are dismissed.
(4) Criminal proceedings may be started against a person for conduct
that is substantially the same as conduct constituting a
contravention of section 75AYA regardless of whether a pecuniary
penalty order has been made against the person in respect of the
contravention.
(5) Evidence of information given, or evidence of production of
documents, by an individual is not admissible in criminal
proceedings against the individual if:
(a) the individual previously gave the evidence or produced the
documents in proceedings for a pecuniary penalty order

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Section 77
against the individual for a contravention of section 75AYA
(whether or not the order was made); and
(b) the conduct alleged to constitute the offence is substantially
the same as the conduct that was claimed to constitute the
contravention.
However, this does not apply to a criminal proceeding in respect of
the falsity of the evidence given by the individual in the
proceedings for the pecuniary penalty order.

77 Civil action for recovery of pecuniary penalties

(1) The Commission may institute a proceeding in the Court for the
recovery on behalf of the Commonwealth of a pecuniary penalty
referred to in section 76.
(2) A proceeding under subsection (1) may be commenced within 6
years after the contravention.

78 Criminal proceedings not to be brought for contraventions of

Part IV or V or section 75AU or 75AYA

Criminal proceedings do not lie against a person by reason only

that the person:
(a) has contravened any of the following provisions:
(i) a provision of Part IV or V (other than section 65Q or
65R or subsection 65F(9));
(ii) section 75AU or 75AYA;
(b) has attempted to contravene such a provision;
(c) has aided, abetted, counselled or procured a person to
contravene such a provision;
(d) has induced, or attempted to induce, a person, whether by
threats or promises or otherwise, to contravene such a
provision;
(e) has been in any way, directly or indirectly, knowingly
concerned in, or party to, the contravention by a person of
such a provision; or
(f) has conspired with others to contravene such a provision.

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Part VI Enforcement and remedies

Section 79
79 Offences against Part VC etc.

(1) A person who:

(a) aids, abets, counsels or procures a person to contravene; or
(b) induces, or attempts to induce, a person (whether by threats
or promises or otherwise) to contravene; or
(c) is in any way, directly or indirectly, knowingly concerned in,
or party to, the contravention by a person of; or
(d) conspires with others to contravene;
a provision of Part VC is taken to have contravened that provision
and is punishable accordingly.
(1A) Subsections 11.2(2) to (5) (inclusive) of the Criminal Code apply
in relation to paragraph (1)(a) in the same way that they apply in
relation to subsection 11.2(1) of the Criminal Code.
(1B) Subsections 11.5(2) to (5) (inclusive) of the Criminal Code apply
in relation to paragraph (1)(d) in the same way that they apply in
relation to the offence of conspiracy under subsection 11.5(1) of
the Criminal Code.
(2) Where a person is convicted of two or more offences constituted
by, or relating to, contraventions of the same provision of Part VC,
being contraventions that appear to the Court to have been of the
same nature or a substantially similar nature and to have occurred
at or about the same time (whether or not the person is also
convicted of an offence or offences constituted by, or relating to,
another contravention or other contraventions of that provision that
were of a different nature or occurred at a different time), the Court
shall not, in respect of the first-mentioned offences, impose on the
person fines that, in the aggregate, exceed the maximum fine that
would be applicable in respect of one offence by that person
against that provision.
(3) Where:
(a) a person is convicted of an offence constituted by, or relating
to, a contravention of a provision of Part VC; and
(b) a fine has, or fines have, previously been imposed on the
person by the Court for an offence or offences constituted by,

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 Enforcement and remedies Part VI

Section 79A
or relating to, another contravention or other contraventions
of the same provision, being a contravention that, or
contraventions each of which, appears to the Court to have
been of the same nature as, or of a substantially similar
nature to, and to have occurred at or about the same time as,
the first-mentioned contravention (whether or not a fine has,
or fines have, also previously been imposed on the person for
an offence or offences constituted by, or relating to, a
contravention or contraventions of that provision that were of
a different nature or occurred at a different time);
the Court shall not, in respect of the offence mentioned in
paragraph (a), impose on the person a fine that exceeds the amount
(if any) by which the maximum fine applicable in respect of that
offence is greater than the amount of the fine, or the sum of the
amounts of the fines, first referred to in paragraph (b).
(4) In proceedings against a person for contravening a provision of
Part VC, the Court may:
(a) grant an injunction under section 80 against the person in
relation to:
(i) the conduct that constitutes, or is alleged to constitute,
the contravention; or
(ii) other conduct of that kind; or
(b) make an order under section 86C or 86D in relation to the
contravention.

(5) Sections 5, 7 and 7A of the Crimes Act 1914, and section 11.1 of
the Criminal Code, do not apply in relation to an offence against a
provision of Part VC.

(6) A prosecution for an offence against a provision of Part VC may be

commenced within 3 years after the commission of the offence.

79A Enforcement and recovery of certain fines

(1) Where a person on whom a fine has been imposed for an offence
against a provision of Part VC or section 65Q, 65R or 155 or
subsection 65F(9) or 87A(5) defaults in payment of the fine, a
Court may:

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Section 79A
(a) exercise any power that the Court has apart from this section
with respect to the enforcement and recovery of fines
imposed by the Court; or
(b) make an order, on the application of the Minister or the
Commission, declaring that the fine is to have effect, and
may be enforced, as if it were a judgment debt under a
judgment of the Court.
(2) Where a person in relation to whom an order is made under
subsection (1) in respect of a fine gives security for the payment of
the fine, the Court shall cancel the order in respect of the fine.
(3) Where the Court makes an order in relation to a person in respect
of a fine, the Court may, at any time before the order is executed in
respect of the fine, allow the person a specified time in which to
pay the fine or allow the person to pay the fine by specified
instalments, and, in that case:
(a) the order shall not be executed unless the person fails to pay
the fine within that time or fails to pay an instalment at or
before the time when it becomes payable, as the case may be;
and
(b) if the person pays the fine within that time or pays all the
instalments, as the case may be, the order shall be deemed to
have been discharged in respect of the fine.
(4) Subject to subsection (7), an order under subsection (1) in respect
of a fine ceases to have effect:
(a) on payment of the fine; or
(b) if the fine is not paid—on full compliance with the order.

(5) The term of a sentence of imprisonment imposed by an order under

a law of a State or Territory applied by section 18A of the Crimes
Act 1914 in respect of a fine shall be calculated at the rate of one
day’s imprisonment for each $25 of the amount of the fine that is
from time to time unpaid.
(6) Subject to subsection (7), where a person is required to serve
periods of imprisonment by virtue of an order or orders under
subsection (1) in respect of 2 or more fines, those periods of
imprisonment shall be served consecutively.

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Section 79B
(7) Subject to subsection (8), where:
(a) a person would, but for this subsection, be required by virtue
of an order or orders under subsection (1) in respect of 3 or
more fines to serve periods of imprisonment in respect of
those fines exceeding in the aggregate 3 years; and
(b) those fines were imposed (whether or not in the same
proceedings) for offences constituted by contraventions that
occurred within a period of 2 years, being contraventions that
appear to the Court to have been of the same nature or a
substantially similar nature;
the Court shall, by order, declare that the order or orders shall
cease to have effect in respect of those fines after the person has
served an aggregate of 3 years’ imprisonment in respect of those
fines.
(8) Where subsection (7) would, but for this subsection, apply to a
person with respect to offences committed by the person within 2
or more overlapping periods of 2 years, the Court shall make an
order under that subsection with respect to one only of those
periods, being whichever period would give the person the
maximum benefit from the application of that subsection.
(9) For the purposes of subsection (8), the Court may vary or revoke
an order made under subsection (7).
(10) Paragraphs 18A(1)(b), (c) and (d) of the Crimes Act 1914 do not
apply with respect to fines referred to in subsection (1).
(11) This section applies only in relation to fines imposed for offences
committed after the commencement of this section.

79B Preference must be given to compensation for victims

If the Court considers that:

(a) it is appropriate to order a person (the defendant):
(i) to pay a pecuniary penalty under section 76; or
(ii) to impose a fine under Part VC;
in respect of a contravention, or an involvement in a
contravention, of this Act; and

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(b) it is appropriate to order the defendant to pay compensation
to a person who has suffered loss or damage in respect of the
contravention or the involvement; and
(c) the defendant does not have sufficient financial resources to
pay both the pecuniary penalty or fine and the compensation;
the Court must give preference to making an order for
compensation.

80 Injunctions

(1) Subject to subsections (1A), (1AAA) and (1B), where, on the

application of the Commission or any other person, the Court is
satisfied that a person has engaged, or is proposing to engage, in
conduct that constitutes or would constitute:
(a) a contravention of any of the following provisions:
(i) a provision of Part IV, IVA, IVB, V or VC;
(ii) section 75AU or 75AYA;
(b) attempting to contravene such a provision;
(c) aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring a person to
contravene such a provision;
(d) inducing, or attempting to induce, whether by threats,
promises or otherwise, a person to contravene such a
provision;
(e) being in any way, directly or indirectly, knowingly concerned
in, or party to, the contravention by a person of such a
provision; or
(f) conspiring with others to contravene such a provision;
the Court may grant an injunction in such terms as the Court
determines to be appropriate.
Note: Section 87AA provides that, if boycott conduct is involved in
proceedings, the Court must have regard to certain matters in
exercising its powers under this Part. (Boycott conduct is defined in
subsection 87AA(2).)

(1AA) Where an application for an injunction under subsection (1) has

been made, whether before or after the commencement of this
subsection, the Court may, if the Court determines it to be
appropriate, grant an injunction by consent of all the parties to the

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proceedings, whether or not the Court is satisfied that a person has
engaged, or is proposing to engage, in conduct of a kind mentioned
in subsection (1).
(1A) A person other than the Commission is not entitled to make an
application under subsection (1) for an injunction by reason that a
person has contravened or attempted to contravene or is proposing
to contravene, or has been or is proposing to be involved in a
contravention of, section 50, 75AU or 75AYA.
(1AAA) Subject to subsection (1B), a person other than the Minister or the
Commission may not apply for an injunction on the ground of:
(a) a person’s actual, attempted or proposed contravention of
section 50A; or
(b) a person’s actual or proposed involvement in a contravention
of section 50A.
(1B) Where the Tribunal has, on the application of a person (in this
subsection referred to as the applicant) other than the Minister or
the Commission, made a declaration under subsection 50A(1) in
relation to the acquisition by a person of a controlling interest in a
corporation, the applicant is entitled to make an application under
subsection (1) for an injunction by reason that the corporation has
contravened or attempted to contravene or is proposing to
contravene subsection 50A(6) in relation to that declaration.
(2) Where in the opinion of the Court it is desirable to do so, the Court
may grant an interim injunction pending determination of an
application under subsection (1).
(3) The Court may rescind or vary an injunction granted under
subsection (1) or (2).
(4) The power of the Court to grant an injunction restraining a person
from engaging in conduct may be exercised:
(a) whether or not it appears to the Court that the person intends
to engage again, or to continue to engage, in conduct of that
kind;
(b) whether or not the person has previously engaged in conduct
of that kind; and

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(c) whether or not there is an imminent danger of substantial
damage to any person if the first-mentioned person engages
in conduct of that kind.
(5) The power of the Court to grant an injunction requiring a person to
do an act or thing may be exercised:
(a) whether or not it appears to the Court that the person intends
to refuse or fail again, or to continue to refuse or fail, to do
that act or thing;
(b) whether or not the person has previously refused or failed to
do that act or thing; and
(c) whether or not there is an imminent danger of substantial
damage to any person if the first-mentioned person refuses or
fails to do that act or thing.
(6) Where the Minister or the Commission makes an application to the
Court for the grant of an injunction under this section, the Court
shall not require the applicant or any other person, as a condition of
granting an interim injunction, to give any undertakings as to
damages.
(6A) Subsection (6) does not apply to an application by the Minister for
an injunction relating to Part IV.
(7) Where:
(a) in a case to which subsection (6) does not apply the Court
would, but for this subsection, require a person to give an
undertaking as to damages or costs; and
(b) the Minister gives the undertaking;
the Court shall accept the undertaking by the Minister and shall not
require a further undertaking from any other person.
(8) Subsection (7) does not apply in relation to an application for an
injunction relating to Part IV.

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Section 80AA
80AA Division 7 of Part VI of the Workplace Relations Act does not
prevent granting of injunction

Nothing in Division 7 of Part VI of the Workplace Relations Act

1996 prevents the Court granting an injunction under section 80.

80AB Stay of injunctions

(1) The Court may stay the operation of an injunction granted under
section 80 if:
(a) the injunction is in respect of conduct that constitutes or
would constitute a contravention of subsection 45D(1),
45DA(1), 45DB(1), 45E(2) or 45E(3) or section 45EA or an
associated contravention; and
(b) there is a proceeding in respect of a dispute relating to the
conduct pending before:
(i) the Australian Industrial Relations Commission under
Division 7 of Part VI of the Workplace Relations Act
1996; or
(ii) a court, tribunal or authority of a State or Territory
under a prescribed provision of a law of the State or
Territory; and
(c) the conduct relates to the supply of goods or services to, or
the acquisition of goods or services from, a person who is or
becomes a party to the proceeding referred to in
paragraph (b); and
(d) any of the following has applied for the stay:
(i) a Minister of the Commonwealth;
(ii) if subparagraph (b)(ii) applies—a Minister of the State
or Territory concerned;
(iii) a party to the proceeding for the injunction; and
(e) the Court considers that granting the stay:
(i) would be likely to facilitate the settlement of the dispute
by conciliation; and
(ii) would, in all the circumstances, be just.

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(2) An order staying the operation of the injunction may be expressed
to have effect for a specified period and may be varied or rescinded
by the Court at any time.
(3) If the proceeding referred to in paragraph (1)(b) is terminated
because the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, or the
State or Territory court, tribunal or authority, has settled the
dispute to which the conduct relates by conciliation, the Court must
not make any order in relation to the costs of the proceedings in
respect of the granting of the injunction or in relation to the costs
of any proceedings for the rescission of the injunction.

(4) Nothing in this section affects other powers of the Court.

(5) In this section:

associated contravention means:

(a) attempting to contravene subsection 45D(1), 45DA(1),
45DB(1), 45E(2) or 45E(3) or section 45EA; or
(b) aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring a person to
contravene any of those provisions; or
(c) inducing, or attempting to induce, a person (whether by
threats, promises or otherwise) to contravene any of those
provisions; or
(d) being in any way, directly or indirectly, knowingly concerned
in, or party to, the contravention by a person of any of those
provisions; or
(e) conspiring with others to contravene any of those provisions.
injunction includes an interim injunction.

80B Section 75AU contraventions—orders limiting prices or

requiring refunds of money

Without limiting the generality of section 80, where, on the

application of the Commission, the Court is satisfied that a person
has engaged in conduct constituting a contravention of
section 75AU, the Court may make either or both of the following
orders:

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(a) an order requiring that person, or a person involved in the
contravention, not to make a regulated supply of a kind
specified in the order for a price in excess of the price
specified in the order while the order remains in force;
(b) an order requiring that person, or a person involved in the
contravention, to refund money to a person specified in the
order.

81 Divestiture

(1) The Court may, on the application of the Commission or any other
person, if it finds, or has in another proceeding instituted under this
Part found, that a person has contravened section 50, by order, give
directions for the purpose of securing the disposal by the person of
all or any of the shares or assets acquired in contravention of that
section.
(1A) Where:
(a) the Court finds, in a proceeding instituted under this Part, that
a person (in this subsection referred to as the acquirer) has
acquired shares in the capital of a body corporate or any
assets of a person in contravention of section 50;
(b) the Court finds, whether in that proceeding or any other
proceeding instituted under this Part, that the person (in this
section referred to as the vendor) from whom the acquirer
acquired those shares or those assets, as the case may be, was
involved in the contravention; and
(c) at the time when the finding referred to in paragraph (b) is
made, any of those shares or those assets, as the case may be,
are vested in the acquirer or, if the acquirer is a body
corporate, in any body corporate that is related to the
acquirer;
the Court may, on the application of the Commission, declare that
the acquisition, in so far as it relates to the shares or assets referred
to in paragraph (c), is void as from the day on which it took place
and, where the Court makes such a declaration:
(d) the shares or the assets to which the declaration relates shall
be deemed not to have been disposed of by the vendor; and

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(e) the vendor shall refund to the acquirer any amount paid to the
vendor in respect of the acquisition of the shares or assets to
which the declaration relates.
(1B) Where a declaration has been made under subsection 50A(1) in
relation to the obtaining of a controlling interest in a corporation,
or in each of 2 or more corporations, the Court may, on the
application of the Minister or the Commission, if it finds, or has in
a proceeding instituted under section 80 found, that that
corporation, or any of those corporations, as the case may be (in
this subsection referred to as the relevant corporation), has
contravened subsection 50A(6), by order, for the purpose of
ensuring that the obtaining of that controlling interest ceases to
have the result referred to in paragraph 50A(1)(a), direct the
relevant corporation to dispose of such of its assets as are specified
in the order within such period as is so specified.
(1C) Where an application is made to the Court for an order under
subsection (1) or a declaration under subsection (1A), the Court
may, instead of making an order under subsection (1) for the
purpose of securing the disposal by a person of shares or assets or
an order under subsection (1A) that the acquisition by a person of
shares or assets is void, accept, upon such conditions (if any) as the
Court thinks fit, an undertaking by the person to dispose of other
shares or assets owned by the person.
(2) An application under subsection (1), (1A) or (1B) may be made at
any time within 3 years after the date on which the contravention
occurred.
(3) Where an application for directions under subsection (1) or for a
declaration under subsection (1A) has been made, whether before
or after the commencement of this subsection, the Court may, if the
Court determines it to be appropriate, give directions or make a
declaration by consent of all the parties to the proceedings, whether
or not the Court has made the findings referred to in
subsections (1) and (1A).

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82 Actions for damages

(1) A person who suffers loss or damage by conduct of another person

that was done in contravention of a provision of Part IV, IVA, IVB
or V or section 51AC may recover the amount of the loss or
damage by action against that other person or against any person
involved in the contravention.
(1AA) Subsection (1) has effect subject to section 87AB.
Note: Section 87AB may limit the amount that the person may recover for a
contravention of section 52 (Misleading or deceptive conduct) from
the other person or from another person involved in the contravention.

(1B) Despite subsection (1), if:

(a) a person (the claimant) makes a claim under subsection (1)
in relation to:
(i) economic loss; or
(ii) damage to property;
caused by conduct of another person (the defendant) that was
done in contravention of section 52; and
(b) the claimant suffered the loss or damage:
(i) as a result partly of the claimant’s failure to take
reasonable care; and
(ii) as a result partly of the conduct referred to in
paragraph (a); and
(c) the defendant:
(i) did not intend to cause the loss or damage; and
(ii) did not fraudulently cause the loss or damage;
the damages that the claimant may recover in relation to the loss or
damage are to be reduced to the extent to which the court thinks
just and equitable having regard to the claimant’s share in the
responsibility for the loss or damage.
Note: Part VIA also applies proportionate liability to a claim for damages
under this section for a contravention of section 52.

(2) An action under subsection (1) may be commenced at any time

within 6 years after the day on which the cause of action that
relates to the conduct accrued.

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Note: Part VIB restricts awards of compensation for death or personal
injury, and sets out time limits for commencing actions for damages
for death or personal injury.

83 Finding in proceedings to be evidence

In a proceeding against a person under section 82 or in an

application under subsection 87(1A) for an order against a person,
a finding of any fact by a court made in proceedings under
section 77, 80, 81, 86C or 86D, or for an offence against a
provision of Part VC, in which that person has been found to have
contravened, or to have been involved in a contravention of, a
provision of Part IV, IVA, IVB, V or VC is prima facie evidence
of that fact and the finding may be proved by production of a
document under the seal of the court from which the finding
appears.

84 Conduct by directors, servants or agents

(1) Where, in a proceeding under this Part in respect of conduct

engaged in by a body corporate, being conduct in relation to which
section 46 or 46A or Part IVA, IVB, V, VB or VC applies, it is
necessary to establish the state of mind of the body corporate, it is
sufficient to show that a director, servant or agent of the body
corporate, being a director, servant or agent by whom the conduct
was engaged in within the scope of the person’s actual or apparent
authority, had that state of mind.
(2) Any conduct engaged in on behalf of a body corporate:
(a) by a director, servant or agent of the body corporate within
the scope of the person’s actual or apparent authority; or
(b) by any other person at the direction or with the consent or
agreement (whether express or implied) of a director, servant
or agent of the body corporate, where the giving of the
direction, consent or agreement is within the scope of the
actual or apparent authority of the director, servant or agent;
shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Act, to have been engaged
in also by the body corporate.

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(3) Where, in a proceeding under this Part in respect of conduct
engaged in by a person other than a body corporate, being conduct
in relation to which a provision of Part IVA, IVB, V, VB or VC
applies, it is necessary to establish the state of mind of the person,
it is sufficient to show that a servant or agent of the person, being a
servant or agent by whom the conduct was engaged in within the
scope of the servant’s or agent’s actual or apparent authority, had
that state of mind.
(4) Conduct engaged in on behalf of a person other than a body
corporate:
(a) by a servant or agent of the person within the scope of the
actual or apparent authority of the servant or agent; or
(b) by any other person at the direction or with the consent or
agreement (whether express or implied) of a servant or agent
of the first-mentioned person, where the giving of the
direction, consent or agreement is within the scope of the
actual or apparent authority of the servant or agent;
shall be deemed, for the purposes of this Act, to have been engaged
in also by the first-mentioned person.
(5) A reference in this section to the state of mind of a person includes
a reference to the knowledge, intention, opinion, belief or purpose
of the person and the person’s reasons for the person’s intention,
opinion, belief or purpose.

85 Defences

(1) Subject to subsection (2), in a prosecution for a contravention of a

provision of Part VC, it is a defence if the defendant establishes:
(a) that the contravention in respect of which the proceedings
were instituted was caused by a reasonable mistake of fact,
including a mistake of fact caused by reasonable reliance on
information supplied by another person; or
(c) that:
(i) the contravention in respect of which the proceeding
was instituted was due to the act or default of another

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person, to an accident or to some other cause beyond the
defendant’s control; and
(ii) the defendant took reasonable precautions and exercised
due diligence to avoid the contravention.
Note: A defendant bears a legal burden in relation to the matters in
subsection (1) (see section 13.4 of the Criminal Code).

(1AA) Paragraph (1)(a) is to be interpreted as having the same effect in

relation to a contravention of a provision of Part VC as section 9.2
of the Criminal Code has in relation to offences of strict liability.
(1A) In paragraphs (1)(a) and (c), another person does not include a
person who was:
(a) a servant or agent of the defendant; or
(b) in the case of a defendant being a body corporate, a director,
servant or agent of the defendant;
at the time when the contravention occurred.

(2) If a defence provided by subsection (1) involves an allegation that

a contravention was due to reliance on information supplied by
another person or to the act or default of another person, the
defendant is not, without leave of the Court, entitled to rely on that
defence unless he or she has, not later than 7 days before the day
on which the hearing of the proceeding commences, served on the
person by whom the proceeding was instituted a notice in writing
giving such information that would identify or assist in the
identification of the other person as was then in his or her
possession.
(3) In a proceeding in relation to a contravention of a provision of
Part V or VC committed by the publication of an advertisement, it
is a defence if the defendant establishes that he or she is a person
whose business it is to publish or arrange for the publication of
advertisements and that he or she received the advertisement for
publication in the ordinary course of business and did not know
and had no reason to suspect that its publication would amount to a
contravention of a provision of that Part.
Note: In a prosecution for an offence against Part VC, a defendant bears a
legal burden in relation to the matter in subsection (3) (see
section 13.4 of the Criminal Code).

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(4) In a proceeding in relation to a contravention of a provision of
Part V or VC committed by the supplying of goods that did not
comply with a consumer product safety standard or in relation to
which the supplier did not comply with a consumer product
information standard, it is a defence if the defendant establishes:
(a) that the goods were acquired by him or her for the purpose of
re-supply and were so acquired from a person who carried on
in Australia a business of supplying such goods otherwise
than as the agent of a person outside Australia; and
(b) that he or she did not know, and could not with reasonable
diligence have ascertained, that the goods did not comply
with that standard or that he or she had not complied with
that standard in relation to the goods, as the case may be, or
he or she relied in good faith on a representation by the
person from whom he or she acquired the goods that a
consumer product safety standard or a consumer product
information standard, as the case may be, had not been
prescribed in respect of the goods.
Note: In a prosecution for an offence against Part VC, a defendant bears a
legal burden in relation to the matter in subsection (4) (see
section 13.4 of the Criminal Code).

(5) A person is not, without leave of the Court, entitled to rely on the
defence provided by subsection (4) unless he or she has, not later
than 7 days before the day on which the hearing of the proceeding
commences, served on the person by whom the proceeding was
instituted a notice in writing identifying the person from whom he
or she acquired the goods.
(6) Where, in any proceedings under this Part against a person other
than a body corporate, it appears to the Court that the person has or
may have engaged in conduct in contravention of a provision of
Part IV or in conduct referred to in paragraph 76(1)(b), (c), (d), (e)
or (f) but that the person acted honestly and reasonably and, having
regard to all the circumstances of the case, ought fairly to be
excused, the Court may relieve the person either wholly or partly
from liability to any penalty or damages on such terms as the Court
thinks fit.

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86 Jurisdiction of courts

(1AA) A reference in this section to this Act, or to a Part or Division of

this Act, is a reference to this Act, or to that Part or Division, as it
has effect as a law of the Commonwealth.
(1) Jurisdiction is conferred on the Federal Court in any matter arising
under this Act in respect of which a civil proceeding has, whether
before or after the commencement of this section, been instituted
under this Part.

(1A) Jurisdiction is conferred on the Federal Magistrates Court in any

matter arising under Division 1 or 1A of Part V in respect of which
a civil proceeding is instituted by a person other than the Minister
or the Commission.
(2) The several courts of the States are invested with federal
jurisdiction within the limits of their several jurisdictions, whether
those limits are as to locality, subject-matter or otherwise, and,
subject to the Constitution, jurisdiction is conferred on the several
courts of the Territories, with respect to any matter arising under
Part IVA or IVB or Division 1, 1A or 1AA of Part V in respect of
which a civil proceeding is instituted by a person other than the
Minister or the Commission.

(3) Nothing in subsection (2) shall be taken to enable an inferior court

of a State or Territory to grant a remedy other than a remedy of a
kind that the court is able to grant under the law of that State or
Territory.
(4) The jurisdiction conferred by subsection (1) on the Federal Court is
exclusive of the jurisdiction of any other court other than:
(a) the jurisdiction of the Federal Magistrates Court under
subsection (1A); and
(b) the jurisdiction of the several courts of the States and
Territories under subsection (2); and
(c) the jurisdiction of the High Court under section 75 of the
Constitution.

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86AA Limit on jurisdiction of Federal Magistrates Court in
proceedings under section 82

If proceedings under section 82 are instituted in, or transferred to,

the Federal Magistrates Court, the Federal Magistrates Court does
not have jurisdiction to award an amount for loss or damage that
exceeds:
(a) $200,000; or
(b) if another amount is specified in the regulations—that other
amount.
Note: For transfers from the Federal Court to the Federal Magistrates Court,
see section 32AB of the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976. For
transfers from the Federal Magistrates Court to the Federal Court, see
section 39 of the Federal Magistrates Act 1999.

86A Transfer of matters

(1) Where:
(a) a civil proceeding instituted (whether before or after the
commencement of this section) by a person other than the
Minister or the Commission is pending in the Federal Court;
and
(b) a matter for determination in the proceeding arose under
Part IVA or IVB or Division 1, 1A or 1AA of Part V;
the Federal Court may, subject to subsection (2), upon the
application of a party or of the Federal Court’s own motion,
transfer to a court of a State or Territory the matter referred to in
paragraph (b) and may also transfer to that court any other matter
for determination in the proceeding.
(2) The Federal Court shall not transfer a matter to another court under
subsection (1) unless the other court has power to grant the
remedies sought before the Federal Court in the matter and it
appears to the Federal Court that:
(a) the matter arises out of or is related to a proceeding that is
pending in the other court; or
(b) it is otherwise in the interests of justice that the matter be
determined by the other court.

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(3) Where the Federal Court transfers a matter to another court under
subsection (1):
(a) further proceedings in the matter shall be as directed by the
other court; and
(b) the judgment of the other court in the matter is enforceable
throughout Australia and the external Territories as if it were
a judgment of the Federal Court.
(4) Where:
(a) a proceeding is pending in a court (other than the Supreme
Court) of a State or Territory; and
(b) a matter for determination in the proceeding arose under
Part IVA or Division 1, 1A or 1AA of Part V;
the court shall, if directed to do so by the Federal Court, transfer to
the Federal Court the matter referred to in paragraph (b) and such
other matters for determination in the proceeding the determination
of which would, apart from any law of a State or of the Northern
Territory relating to cross-vesting of jurisdiction, be within the
jurisdiction of the Federal Court as the Federal Court determines.

(5) Where:
(a) a proceeding is pending in a court (other than the Supreme
Court) of a State or Territory; and
(b) a matter for determination in the proceeding arose under
Part IVA or Division 1, 1A or 1AA of Part V;
the court may, subject to subsection (6), upon the application of a
party or of the court’s own motion, transfer to a court (other than
the Supreme Court) of a State or Territory other than the State or
Territory referred to in paragraph (a) the matter referred to in
paragraph (b).
(6) A court shall not transfer a matter to another court under
subsection (5) unless the other court has power to grant the
remedies sought before the first-mentioned court in the matter and
it appears to the first-mentioned court that:
(a) the matter arises out of or is related to a proceeding that is
pending in the other court; or

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Section 86B
(b) it is otherwise in the interests of justice that the matter be
determined by the other court.
(7) Where a court transfers a matter to another court under
subsection (5), further proceedings in the matter shall be as
directed by the other court.

86B Transfer of certain proceedings to Family Court

(1) Subject to subsection (2), where:

(a) a civil proceeding is pending in the Federal Court; and
(b) a matter for determination in the proceeding arises under
Part IVA or Division 1, 1A or 1AA of Part V;
the Federal Court may, on the application of a party to the
proceeding or of its own motion, transfer the proceeding to the
Family Court.
(2) A proceeding that is pending in the Federal Court at the
commencement of this section shall not be transferred to the
Family Court unless the parties to the proceeding consent to the
transfer.
(3) Subject to subsection (4), where a proceeding is transferred to the
Family Court:
(a) the Family Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine the
proceeding;
(b) the Family Court also has jurisdiction to hear and determine
matters not otherwise within its jurisdiction (whether by
virtue of paragraph (a) or otherwise):
(i) that are associated with matters arising in the
proceeding; or
(ii) that, apart from subsection 32(1) of the Federal Court of
Australia Act 1976, the Federal Court would have had
jurisdiction to hear and determine in the proceeding;
(c) the Family Court may, in and in relation to the proceeding:
(i) grant such remedies;
(ii) make orders of such kinds; and

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(iii) issue, and direct the issue of, writs of such kinds;
as the Federal Court could have granted, made, issued or
directed the issue of, as the case may be, in and in relation to
the proceeding;
(d) remedies, orders and writs granted, made or issued by the
Family Court in and in relation to the proceeding have effect,
and may be enforced by the Family Court, as if they had been
granted, made or issued by the Federal Court;
(e) appeals lie from judgments of the Family Court given in and
in relation to the proceeding as if the judgments were
judgments of the Federal Court constituted by a single Judge
of that Court, and do not otherwise lie; and
(f) subject to paragraphs (a) to (e) (inclusive), this Act, the
regulations, the Federal Court of Australia Act 1976, the
Rules of Court made under that Act, and other laws of the
Commonwealth, apply in and in relation to the proceeding as
if:
(i) a reference to the Federal Court (other than in the
expression the Court or a Judge) included a reference
to the Family Court;
(ii) a reference to a Judge of the Federal Court (other than
in the expression the Court or a Judge) included a
reference to a Family Court Judge;
(iii) a reference to the expression the Court or a Judge when
used in relation to the Federal Court included a
reference to a Family Court Judge sitting in Chambers;
(iv) a reference to a Registrar of the Federal Court included
a reference to a Registrar of the Family Court; and
(v) any other necessary changes were made.
(4) Where any difficulty arises in the application of paragraphs (3)(c),
(d) and (f) in or in relation to a particular proceeding, the Family
Court may, on the application of a party to the proceeding or of its
own motion, give such directions, and make such orders, as it
considers appropriate to resolve the difficulty.

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(5) An appeal does not lie from a decision of the Federal Court in
relation to the transfer of a proceeding under this Act to the Family
Court.

86C Non-punitive orders

(1) The Court may, on application by the Commission, make one or

more of the orders mentioned in subsection (2) in relation to a
person who has engaged in contravening conduct.
(2) The orders that the Court may make in relation to the person are:
(a) a community service order; and
(b) a probation order for a period of no longer than 3 years; and
(c) an order requiring the person to disclose, in the way and to
the persons specified in the order, such information as is so
specified, being information that the person has possession of
or access to; and
(d) an order requiring the person to publish, at the person’s
expense and in the way specified in the order, an
advertisement in the terms specified in, or determined in
accordance with, the order.
(3) This section does not limit the Court’s powers under any other
provision of this Act.
(4) In this section:
community service order, in relation to a person who has engaged
in contravening conduct, means an order directing the person to
perform a service that:
(a) is specified in the order; and
(b) relates to the conduct;
for the benefit of the community or a section of the community.
Example: The following are examples of community service orders:
(a) an order requiring a person who has made false representations to
make available a training video which explains advertising
obligations under this Act; and
(b) an order requiring a person who has engaged in misleading or
deceptive conduct in relation to a product to carry out a

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community awareness program to address the needs of
consumers when purchasing the product.

contravening conduct means conduct that:

(a) contravenes Part IV, IVA, IVB, V or VC or section 75AU or
75AYA; or
(b) constitutes an involvement in a contravention of any of those
provisions.
probation order, in relation to a person who has engaged in
contravening conduct, means an order that is made by the Court for
the purpose of ensuring that the person does not engage in the
contravening conduct, similar conduct or related conduct during
the period of the order, and includes:
(a) an order directing the person to establish a compliance
program for employees or other persons involved in the
person’s business, being a program designed to ensure their
awareness of the responsibilities and obligations in relation to
the contravening conduct, similar conduct or related conduct;
and
(b) an order directing the person to establish an education and
training program for employees or other persons involved in
the person’s business, being a program designed to ensure
their awareness of the responsibilities and obligations in
relation to the contravening conduct, similar conduct or
related conduct; and
(c) an order directing the person to revise the internal operations
of the person’s business which lead to the person engaging in
the contravening conduct.

86D Punitive orders—adverse publicity

(1) The Court may, on application by the Commission, make an

adverse publicity order in relation to a person who:
(a) has been ordered to pay a pecuniary penalty under section 76;
or
(b) is guilty of an offence under Part VC.

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(2) In this section, an adverse publicity order, in relation to a person,
means an order that:
(a) requires the person to disclose, in the way and to the persons
specified in the order, such information as is so specified,
being information that the person has possession of or access
to; and
(b) requires the person to publish, at the person’s expense and in
the way specified in the order, an advertisement in the terms
specified in, or determined in accordance with, the order.

(3) This section does not limit the Court’s powers under any other
provision of this Act.

87 Other orders

(1) Without limiting the generality of section 80, where, in a

proceeding instituted under this Part, or for an offence against
Part VC, the Court finds that a person who is a party to the
proceeding has suffered, or is likely to suffer, loss or damage by
conduct of another person that was engaged in (whether before or
after the commencement of this subsection) in contravention of a
provision of Part IV, IVA, IVB, V or VC, the Court may, whether
or not it grants an injunction under section 80 or makes an order
under section 82, 86C or 86D, make such order or orders as it
thinks appropriate against the person who engaged in the conduct
or a person who was involved in the contravention (including all or
any of the orders mentioned in subsection (2) of this section) if the
Court considers that the order or orders concerned will compensate
the first-mentioned person in whole or in part for the loss or
damage or will prevent or reduce the loss or damage.
(1A) Without limiting the generality of section 80, the Court may:
(a) on the application of a person who has suffered, or is likely
to suffer, loss or damage by conduct of another person that
was engaged in in contravention of Part IVA, IVB, V or VC;
or
(b) on the application of the Commission in accordance with
subsection (1B) on behalf of one or more persons who have
suffered, or who are likely to suffer, loss or damage by

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conduct of another person that was engaged in in
contravention of Part IV (other than section 45D or 45E),
IVA, IVB, V or VC;
make such order or orders as the Court thinks appropriate against
the person who engaged in the conduct or a person who was
involved in the contravention (including all or any of the orders
mentioned in subsection (2)) if the Court considers that the order or
orders concerned will:
(c) compensate the person who made the application, or the
person or any of the persons on whose behalf the application
was made, in whole or in part for the loss or damage; or
(d) prevent or reduce the loss or damage suffered, or likely to be
suffered, by such a person.

(1B) The Commission may make an application under

paragraph (1A)(b) on behalf of one or more persons identified in
the application who:
(a) have suffered, or are likely to suffer, loss or damage by
conduct of another person that was engaged in in
contravention of Part IV (other than section 45D or 45E),
IVA, IVB, V or VC; and
(b) have, before the application is made, consented in writing to
the making of the application.
(1C) An application may be made under subsection (1A) in relation to a
contravention of Part IV, IVA, IVB, V or VC even if a proceeding
has not been instituted under another provision in relation to that
contravention.
(1CA) An application under subsection (1A) may be made at any time
within 6 years after the day on which the cause of action that
relates to the conduct accrued.
(1D) For the purpose of determining whether to make an order under
this section in relation to a contravention of Part IVA, the Court
may have regard to the conduct of parties to the proceeding since
the contravention occurred.

(2) The orders referred to in subsection (1) and (1A) are:

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(a) an order declaring the whole or any part of a contract made
between the person who suffered, or is likely to suffer, the
loss or damage and the person who engaged in the conduct or
a person who was involved in the contravention constituted
by the conduct, or of a collateral arrangement relating to such
a contract, to be void and, if the Court thinks fit, to have been
void ab initio or at all times on and after such date before the
date on which the order is made as is specified in the order;
(b) an order varying such a contract or arrangement in such
manner as is specified in the order and, if the Court thinks fit,
declaring the contract or arrangement to have had effect as so
varied on and after such date before the date on which the
order is made as is so specified;
(ba) an order refusing to enforce any or all of the provisions of
such a contract;
(c) an order directing the person who engaged in the conduct or
a person who was involved in the contravention constituted
by the conduct to refund money or return property to the
person who suffered the loss or damage;
(d) an order directing the person who engaged in the conduct or
a person who was involved in the contravention constituted
by the conduct to pay to the person who suffered the loss or
damage the amount of the loss or damage;
(e) an order directing the person who engaged in the conduct or
a person who was involved in the contravention constituted
by the conduct, at his or her own expense, to repair, or
provide parts for, goods that had been supplied by the person
who engaged in the conduct to the person who suffered, or is
likely to suffer, the loss or damage;
(f) an order directing the person who engaged in the conduct or
a person who was involved in the contravention constituted
by the conduct, at his or her own expense, to supply specified
services to the person who suffered, or is likely to suffer, the
loss or damage; and
(g) an order, in relation to an instrument creating or transferring
an interest in land, directing the person who engaged in the
conduct or a person who was involved in the contravention
constituted by the conduct to execute an instrument that:

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(i) varies, or has the effect of varying, the first-mentioned
instrument; or
(ii) terminates or otherwise affects, or has the effect of
terminating or otherwise affecting, the operation or
effect of the first-mentioned instrument.

(2A) Subsections (1) and (1A) have effect subject to section 87AB.
Note: Section 87AB may limit the liability, under an order under
subsection (1) or (1A) of this section, of a person for his or her
contravention of section 52 (Misleading or deceptive conduct) or
involvement in such a contravention.

(3) Where:
(a) a provision of a contract made, or a covenant given, whether
before or after the commencement of the Trade Practices
Amendment Act 1977:
(i) in the case of a provision of a contract, is unenforceable
by reason of section 45 in so far as it confers rights or
benefits or imposes duties or obligations on a
corporation; or
(ii) in the case of a covenant, is unenforceable by reason of
section 45B in so far as it confers rights or benefits or
imposes duties or obligations on a corporation or on a
person associated with a corporation; or
(b) the engaging in conduct by a corporation in pursuance of or
in accordance with a contract made before the
commencement of the Trade Practices Amendment Act 1977
would constitute a contravention of section 47;
the Court may, on the application of a party to the contract or of a
person who would, but for subsection 45B(1), be bound by, or
entitled to the benefit of, the covenant, as the case may be, make an
order:
(c) varying the contract or covenant, or a collateral arrangement
relating to the contract or covenant, in such manner as the
Court considers just and equitable; or
(d) directing another party to the contract, or another person who
would, but for subsection 45B(1), be bound by, or entitled to
the benefit of, the covenant, to do any act in relation to the

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Section 87A
first-mentioned party or person that the Court considers just
and equitable.
(4) The orders that may be made under subsection (3) include an order
directing the termination of a lease or the increase or reduction of
any rent or premium payable under a lease.
(5) The powers conferred on the Court under this section in relation to
a contract or covenant do not affect any powers that any other court
may have in relation to the contract or covenant in proceedings
instituted in that other court in respect of the contract or covenant.
(6) In subsection (2), interest, in relation to land, has the same
meaning as in section 53A.
Note: Part VIB restricts awards of compensation for death or personal
injury, and sets out time limits for commencing actions for
compensation for death or personal injury.

87A Power of Court to prohibit payment or transfer of moneys or

other property

(1) Where:
(a) proceedings have been commenced against a person for an
offence against a provision of Part VC; or
(b) an application has been made under section 80 for an
injunction against a person in relation to a contravention of a
provision of Part IVA, V or VC; or
(c) an action has been commenced under subsection 82(1)
against a person in relation to a contravention of a provision
of Part V; or
(d) an application for an order under subsection 87(1A) or (1B)
has been or may be made against a person in relation to a
contravention of a provision of Part IVA, V or VC;
the Court may, on the application of the Minister or the
Commission, make an order or orders mentioned in subsection (2)
if the Court is satisfied that:
(e) it is necessary or desirable to do so for the purpose of
preserving money or other property held by or on behalf of a
person referred to in paragraph (a), (b), (c) or (d), as the case

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may be (in this section referred to as the relevant person),
where the relevant person is liable or may become liable
under this Act to pay moneys by way of a fine, damages,
compensation, refund or otherwise or to transfer, sell or
refund other property; and
(f) it will not unduly prejudice the rights and interests of any
other person.
(2) The orders referred to in subsection (1) are:
(a) an order prohibiting, either absolutely or subject to
conditions, a person who is indebted to the relevant person or
to an associate of the relevant person from making a payment
in total or partial discharge of the debt to, or to another
person at the direction or request of, the person to whom the
debt is owed;
(b) an order prohibiting, either absolutely or subject to
conditions, a person who is holding money or other property
on behalf of the relevant person or on behalf of an associate
of the relevant person from paying all or any of the money,
or transferring, or otherwise parting with possession of, the
other property, to, or to another person at the direction or
request of, the person on whose behalf the money or other
property is held;
(c) an order prohibiting, either absolutely or subject to
conditions, the taking or sending by any person of money of
the relevant person or of an associate of the relevant person
to a place outside the State or Territory in which the money is
held;
(d) an order prohibiting, either absolutely or subject to
conditions, the taking, sending or transfer by any person of
other property of the relevant person or of an associate of the
relevant person to a place outside the State or Territory in
which the other property is located; and
(e) an order appointing, where the relevant person is a natural
person, a receiver or trustee of the property or of part of the
property of the relevant person with such powers as are
specified in the order.

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Section 87AA
(3) Subject to subsection (4), an order under this section may be
expressed to operate:
(a) for a period specified in the order; or
(b) until proceedings under any other provision of this Part in
relation to which the order was made have been concluded.
(4) An order under this section made on an application ex parte shall
not be expressed to operate for a period exceeding 30 days.
(5) A person who contravenes or fails to comply with an order by the
Court under this section that is applicable to the person is guilty of
an offence punishable on conviction:
(a) in the case of a person not being a body corporate—by a fine
not exceeding $20,000; or
(b) in the case of a person being a body corporate—by a fine not
exceeding $100,000.
(5A) Subsection (5) is an offence of strict liability.
Note: For strict liability, see section 6.1 of the Criminal Code.

(6) Nothing in this section affects the powers that the Court has apart
from this section.
(7) This section has effect subject to the Bankruptcy Act 1966.

(8) A reference in this section to a person who is an associate of a

relevant person is a reference to:
(a) a person holding money or other property on behalf of the
relevant person; or
(b) if the relevant person is a body corporate—a wholly owned
subsidiary of the relevant person.

87AA Special provision relating to Court’s exercise of powers under

this Part in relation to boycott conduct

(1) In exercising its powers in proceedings under this Part in relation

to boycott conduct, the Court is to have regard to any action the
applicant in the proceedings has taken, or could take, before an
industrial authority in relation to the boycott conduct. In particular,

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Section 87AB
the Court is to have regard to any application for conciliation that
the applicant has made or could make.
(2) In this section:
boycott conduct means conduct that constitutes or would
constitute:
(a) a contravention of subsection 45D(1), 45DA(1), 45DB(1),
45E(2) or 45E(3) or section 45EA; or
(b) attempting to contravene one of those provisions; or
(c) aiding, abetting, counselling or procuring a person to
contravene one of those provisions; or
(d) inducing, or attempting to induce, a person (whether by
threats, promises or otherwise) to contravene one of those
provisions; or
(e) being in any way, directly or indirectly, knowingly concerned
in, or party to, a contravention of one of those provisions; or
(f) conspiring with others to contravene one of those provisions.
industrial authority means:
(a) the Australian Industrial Relations Commission; or
(b) a State industrial authority as defined in subsection 4(1) of
the Workplace Relations Act 1996.

87AB Limit on liability for misleading or deceptive conduct

State or Territory professional standards law limits liability

(1) A professional standards law of a State, the Australian Capital
Territory or the Northern Territory applies to limit occupational
liability relating to an action for contravention of section 52 in the
same way as it limits occupational liability arising under a law of
the State or Territory.
Note: Section 52 prohibits misleading or deceptive conduct by corporations
in trade or commerce and (because of sections 5 and 6) by other
persons in certain types of trade or commerce.

(2) However, the professional standards law applies for that purpose:

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Section 87AB
(a) only in relation to a scheme that was prescribed by the
regulations at the time (the contravention time) of the
contravention; and
(b) as if the scheme were in force under that law at the
contravention time in the form the scheme would have been
in if:
(i) the scheme had not been amended or revoked under that
law since the scheme was first prescribed; and
(ii) the modifications (if any) prescribed by the regulations
at the contravention time had been made to the scheme.

Which State’s or Territory’s professional standards law applies?

(3) For the purposes of working out whether a professional standards
law of a particular State or Territory applies under subsection (1) in
relation to a particular contravention of section 52, choice of law
rules operate in relation to the contravention in the same way as
they operate in relation to a tort.

Definitions
(4) In this section:
modifications includes additions, omissions and substitutions.

occupation includes profession and trade.

occupational association means a body:

(a) that represents the interests of persons who have the same
occupation; and
(b) whose membership is limited principally to such persons.

occupational liability means civil liability arising directly or

vicariously from anything done or omitted by a member of an
occupational association in the course of his or her occupation.

professional standards law means a law providing for the

limitation of occupational liability by reference to schemes for
limiting that liability that were formulated and published in
accordance with that law.

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87B Enforcement of undertakings

(1) The Commission may accept a written undertaking given by a

person for the purposes of this section in connection with a matter
in relation to which the Commission has a power or function under
this Act (other than Part X).

(2) The person may withdraw or vary the undertaking at any time, but
only with the consent of the Commission.
(3) If the Commission considers that the person who gave the
undertaking has breached any of its terms, the Commission may
apply to the Court for an order under subsection (4).
(4) If the Court is satisfied that the person has breached a term of the
undertaking, the Court may make all or any of the following
orders:
(a) an order directing the person to comply with that term of the
undertaking;
(b) an order directing the person to pay to the Commonwealth an
amount up to the amount of any financial benefit that the
person has obtained directly or indirectly and that is
reasonably attributable to the breach;
(c) any order that the Court considers appropriate directing the
person to compensate any other person who has suffered loss
or damage as a result of the breach;
(d) any other order that the Court considers appropriate.

87C Enforcement of undertakings—Secretary to the Department

(1) The Secretary to the Department may accept a written undertaking

given by a person for the purposes of this section in connection
with a matter in relation to which the Secretary has a power or
function under this Act.
(2) The person may withdraw or vary the undertaking at any time, but
only with the consent of the Secretary to the Department.

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(3) If the Secretary to the Department considers that the person who
gave the undertaking has breached any of its terms, the Secretary
may apply to the Court for an order under subsection (4).
(4) If the Court is satisfied that the person has breached a term of the
undertaking, the Court may make all or any of the following
orders:
(a) an order directing the person to comply with that term of the
undertaking;
(b) an order directing the person to pay to the Commonwealth an
amount up to the amount of any financial benefit that the
person has obtained directly or indirectly and that is
reasonably attributable to the breach;
(c) any order that the court considers appropriate directing the
person to compensate any other person who has suffered loss
or damage as a result of the breach;
(d) any other order that the Court considers appropriate.

87CA Intervention by Commission

(1) The Commission may, with the leave of the Court and subject to
any conditions imposed by the Court, intervene in any proceeding
instituted under this Act.
(2) If the Commission intervenes in a proceeding, the Commission is
taken to be a party to the proceeding and has all the rights, duties
and liabilities of such a party.

87CAA The effect of Part VIB on this Part

This Part has effect subject to Part VIB.

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Section 87CB

Part VIA—Proportionate liability for misleading

and deceptive conduct

87CB Application of Part

(1) This Part applies to a claim (an apportionable claim) if the claim is
a claim for damages made under section 82 for:
(a) economic loss; or
(b) damage to property;
caused by conduct that was done in a contravention of section 52.
(2) For the purposes of this Part, there is a single apportionable claim
in proceedings in respect of the same loss or damage even if the
claim for the loss or damage is based on more than one cause of
action (whether or not of the same or a different kind).
(3) In this Part, a concurrent wrongdoer, in relation to a claim, is a
person who is one of 2 or more persons whose acts or omissions
(or act or omission) caused, independently of each other or jointly,
the damage or loss that is the subject of the claim.
(4) For the purposes of this Part, apportionable claims are limited to
those claims specified in subsection (1).
(5) For the purposes of this Part, it does not matter that a concurrent
wrongdoer is insolvent, is being wound up or has ceased to exist or
died.

87CC Certain concurrent wrongdoers not to have benefit of

apportionment

(1) Nothing in this Part operates to exclude the liability of a concurrent

wrongdoer (an excluded concurrent wrongdoer) in proceedings
involving an apportionable claim if:
(a) the concurrent wrongdoer intended to cause the economic
loss or damage to property that is the subject of the claim; or

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Section 87CD
(b) the concurrent wrongdoer fraudulently caused the economic
loss or damage to property that is the subject of the claim.
(2) The liability of an excluded concurrent wrongdoer is to be
determined in accordance with the legal rules (if any) that (apart
from this Part) are relevant.
(3) The liability of any other concurrent wrongdoer who is not an
excluded concurrent wrongdoer is to be determined in accordance
with the provisions of this Part.

87CD Proportionate liability for apportionable claims

(1) In any proceedings involving an apportionable claim:

(a) the liability of a defendant who is a concurrent wrongdoer in
relation to that claim is limited to an amount reflecting that
proportion of the damage or loss claimed that the court
considers just having regard to the extent of the defendant’s
responsibility for the damage or loss; and
(b) the court may give judgment against the defendant for not
more than that amount.

(2) If the proceedings involve both an apportionable claim and a claim

that is not an apportionable claim:
(a) liability for the apportionable claim is to be determined in
accordance with the provisions of this Part; and
(b) liability for the other claim is to be determined in accordance
with the legal rules, if any, that (apart from this Part) are
relevant.
(3) In apportioning responsibility between defendants in the
proceedings:
(a) the court is to exclude that proportion of the damage or loss
in relation to which the plaintiff is contributorily negligent
under any relevant law; and
(b) the court may have regard to the comparative responsibility
of any concurrent wrongdoer who is not a party to the
proceedings.

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Section 87CE
(4) This section applies in proceedings involving an apportionable
claim whether or not all concurrent wrongdoers are parties to the
proceedings.
(5) A reference in this Part to a defendant in proceedings includes any
person joined as a defendant or other party in the proceedings
(except as a plaintiff) whether joined under this Part, under rules of
court or otherwise.

87CE Defendant to notify plaintiff of concurrent wrongdoer of

whom defendant aware

(1) If:
(a) a defendant in proceedings involving an apportionable claim
has reasonable grounds to believe that a particular person
(the other person) may be a concurrent wrongdoer in relation
to the claim; and
(b) the defendant fails to give the plaintiff, as soon as
practicable, written notice of the information that the
defendant has about:
(i) the identity of the other person; and
(ii) the circumstances that may make the other person a
concurrent wrongdoer in relation to the claim; and
(c) the plaintiff unnecessarily incurs costs in the proceedings
because the plaintiff was not aware that the other person may
be a concurrent wrongdoer in relation to the claim;
the court hearing the proceedings may order that the defendant pay
all or any of those costs of the plaintiff.
(2) The court may order that the costs to be paid by the defendant be
assessed on an indemnity basis or otherwise.

87CF Contribution not recoverable from defendant

A defendant against whom judgment is given under this Part as a

concurrent wrongdoer in relation to an apportionable claim:
(a) cannot be required to contribute to any damages or
contribution recovered from another concurrent wrongdoer in

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Section 87CG
respect of the apportionable claim (whether or not the
damages or contribution are recovered in the same
proceedings in which judgment is given against the
defendant); and
(b) cannot be required to indemnify any such wrongdoer.

87CG Subsequent actions

(1) In relation to an apportionable claim, nothing in this Part or any

other law prevents a plaintiff who has previously recovered
judgment against a concurrent wrongdoer for an apportionable part
of any damage or loss from bringing another action against any
other concurrent wrongdoer for that damage or loss.
(2) However, in any proceedings in respect of any such action, the
plaintiff cannot recover an amount of damages that, having regard
to any damages previously recovered by the plaintiff in respect of
the damage or loss, would result in the plaintiff receiving
compensation for damage or loss that is greater than the damage or
loss actually sustained by the plaintiff.

87CH Joining non-party concurrent wrongdoer in the action

(1) The court may give leave for any one or more persons to be joined
as defendants in proceedings involving an apportionable claim.
(2) The court is not to give leave for the joinder of any person who
was a party to any previously concluded proceedings in respect of
the apportionable claim.

87CI Application of Part

Nothing in this Part:

(a) prevents a person being held vicariously liable for a
proportion of an apportionable claim for which another
person is liable; or
(b) prevents a partner from being held severally liable with
another partner for that proportion of an apportionable claim
for which the other partner is liable; or

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Section 87CI
(c) affects the operation of any other Act to the extent that it
imposes several liability on any person in respect of what
would otherwise be an apportionable claim.

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Introduction Division 1

Section 87D

Part VIB—Claims for damages or compensation

for death or personal injury
Division 1—Introduction

87D Definitions

In this Part, unless the contrary intention appears:

applicable percentage has the meaning given by subsection

87Q(2).

average weekly earnings has the meaning given by section 87V.

capable parent or guardian, of a minor, means a person who is a
parent or guardian of the minor, and who is not under a disability.
date of discoverability has the meaning given by section 87G.

gratuitous attendant care services has the meaning given by

subsection 87W(5).

incapacitated person means a person who is incapable of, or

substantially impeded in, the management of his or her affairs in
relation to a proceeding under this Act because of:
(a) any disease, or any impairment of his or her mental
condition; or
(b) restraint of his or her person, lawful or unlawful, including
detention or custody under a law of a State or Territory
relating to mental health; or
(c) war or warlike operations, or circumstances arising out of
war or warlike operations.
index number has the meaning given by section 87N.
long-stop period has the meaning given by section 87H.

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Division 1 Introduction

Section 87E
maximum amount of damages for non-economic loss has the
meaning given by section 87M.
minor means a person under 18.
most extreme case has the meaning given by subsection 87P(2).

non-economic loss means any one or more of the following:

(a) pain and suffering;
(b) loss of amenities of life;
(c) loss of expectation of life;
(d) disfigurement.

personal injury damages means damages or compensation for loss

or damage that is, or results from, the death of or personal injury to
a person.
plaintiff, in relation to a proceeding, means:
(a) if the proceeding is a proceeding that the Commission
commences under section 75AQ or paragraph 87(1A)(b)—a
person on whose behalf the Commission commences the
proceeding; or
(b) in any other case—the person by whom the proceeding is
brought (however described).
proceeding to which this Part applies means a proceeding referred
to in section 87E.
quarter means a period of 3 months ending on 31 March, 30 June,
30 September or 31 December.
smoking has the same meaning as in the Tobacco Advertising
Prohibition Act 1992.

tobacco product has the same meaning as in the Tobacco

Advertising Prohibition Act 1992.

87E Proceedings to which this Part applies

(1) This Part applies to proceedings taken under this Act:

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Introduction Division 1

Section 87E
(a) that relate to Part IVA, to Division 1A or 2A of Part V or to
Part VA; and
(b) in which the plaintiff is seeking an award of personal injury
damages; and
(c) that are not proceedings in respect of the death of or personal
injury to a person resulting from smoking or other use of
tobacco products.
(2) However, for the purposes of Divisions 2 and 7, paragraph (1)(c)
does not apply.

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Part VIB Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury
Division 2 Limitation periods

Section 87F

Division 2—Limitation periods

87F Basic rule

(1) A court must not award personal injury damages in a proceeding to

which this Part applies if the proceeding was commenced:
(a) after the end of the period of 3 years after the date of
discoverability for the death or injury to which the personal
injury damages would relate; or
(b) after the end of the long-stop period for that death or injury.
(1A) However, paragraph (1)(b) does not apply in relation to a
proceeding in respect of the death of or personal injury to a person
resulting from smoking or other use of tobacco products.
(2) This diagram shows when this Division prevents an award of
personal injury damages.

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Limitation periods Division 2

Section 87G

Have 3 years elapsed since the date of discoverability?

No Yes

Did the death or personal injury result

from smoking or other use of tobacco
products?

Yes No

Has the long-stop period expired?

No Yes

Personal injury damages Personal injury damages

may be awarded cannot be awarded

87G Date of discoverability

Definition
(1) The date of discoverability for the death or injury is the first date
when the plaintiff in the proceeding knows or ought to know each
of the following:
(a) that the death or personal injury has occurred;
(b) that the death or personal injury was attributable to a
contravention of this Act;
(c) that in the case of a personal injury—the injury was
significant enough to justify bringing an action.

Constructive knowledge
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), the plaintiff ought to know a
fact if the plaintiff would have ascertained the fact had the plaintiff

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Part VIB Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury
Division 2 Limitation periods

Section 87G
taken all reasonable steps before the date in question to ascertain
the fact.

Use of the plaintiff’s conduct and statements

(3) In determining what the plaintiff knows or ought to have known,
the court may have regard to the plaintiff’s conduct, and to the
plaintiff’s oral or written statements.

Minors
(4) If the plaintiff is a minor, facts that a capable parent or guardian of
the plaintiff knows or ought to know are taken for the purposes of
subsection (1) to be facts that the plaintiff knows or ought to know.

Incapacitated persons
(5) If:
(a) the plaintiff is an incapacitated person; and
(b) there is a guardian of the plaintiff, or other person to manage
all or part of the plaintiff’s estate, under a law of a State or
Territory relating to the protection of incapacitated persons;
facts that the guardian or other person knows or ought to know are
taken for the purposes of subsection (1) to be facts that the plaintiff
knows or ought to know.

Proceedings by personal representatives

(6) Despite subsection (1), if the plaintiff brings the proceeding in the
capacity of the personal representative of a deceased person, the
date of discoverability for the death or injury is the earliest of:
(a) if, had the deceased person commenced a proceeding, in
relation to the contravention to which the death or injury
relates, before his or her death, the date of discoverability
under subsection (1) would have occurred more than 3 years
before the death—that date; or
(b) if, at the time of the plaintiff’s appointment as personal
representative, the plaintiff knew, or ought to have known, all
of the matters referred to in paragraphs (1)(a), (b) and (c)—
the date of the appointment; or

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Limitation periods Division 2

Section 87H
(c) if the first time at which the plaintiff knew, or ought to have
known, all of the matters referred to in paragraphs (1)(a), (b)
and (c) was after the date of appointment—the date of that
first time.

87H Long-stop period

(1) The long-stop period for the death or injury of a person is:
(a) the period of 12 years following the act or omission alleged
to have caused the death or injury; or
(b) that period as extended by the court.
(2) The court must not extend the period by more than 3 years beyond
the date of discoverability for the death or injury.
(3) In considering whether to extend the period, the court must have
regard to the justice of the case, and, in particular, must have
regard to:
(a) whether the passage of time has prejudiced a fair trial; and
(b) the nature and extent of the person’s loss or damage; and
(c) the nature of the defendant’s conduct alleged to have caused
the death or injury; and
(d) the nature of the defendant’s conduct since the alleged act or
omission.

87J The effect of minority or incapacity

In working out whether the period of 3 years after the date of

discoverability, or the long-stop period, has expired, disregard any
period during which the plaintiff has been:
(a) a minor who is not in the custody of a capable parent or
guardian; or
(b) an incapacitated person in respect of whom there is no
guardian, and no other person to manage all or part of the
person’s estate, under a law of a State or Territory relating to
the protection of incapacitated persons.

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Part VIB Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury
Division 2 Limitation periods

Section 87K
87K The effect of close relationships

(1) If:
(a) a cause of action to which the proceeding relates is founded
on the death or injury to a person (the victim) who was a
minor at the time of the act or omission alleged to have
caused the death or injury; and
(b) the proceeding is taken against a person who was at that
time:
(i) a parent or guardian of the victim; or
(ii) a person in a close relationship with a parent or guardian
of the victim;
in working out whether the period of 3 years after the date of
discoverability, or the long-stop period, has expired, disregard any
period:
(c) before the victim turns 25; or
(d) if the victim dies before turning 25—before the victim’s
death.
(2) For the purposes of subparagraph (1)(b)(ii), a person is taken to be
in a close relationship with a parent or guardian of the victim if the
person’s relationship with the parent or guardian is such that:
(a) the person might influence the parent or guardian not to bring
a claim on behalf of the victim against the person; or
(b) the victim might be unwilling to disclose to the parent or
guardian the acts, omissions or events in respect of which the
cause of action is founded.

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Limits on personal injury damages for non-economic loss Division 3

Section 87L

Division 3—Limits on personal injury damages for

non-economic loss

87L Limits on damages for non-economic loss

A court must not, in a proceeding to which this Part applies, award

as personal injury damages for non-economic loss an amount that
exceeds the amount (if any) permitted under this Division.

87M Maximum amount of damages for non-economic loss

(1) The maximum amount of damages for non-economic loss is:

(a) during the year in which this Part commences—$250,000; or
(b) during a later year—the amount worked out (to the nearest
multiple of $10) as follows:
Current September CPI number
Previous maximum amount 
Previous September CPI number

where:
current September CPI number is the index number for the
quarter ending on 30 September in the year immediately
preceding that later year.
previous maximum amount is the maximum amount of
damages for non-economic loss during the year immediately
preceding that later year.
previous September CPI number is the index number for the
quarter ending on the 30 September immediately preceding
the 30 September referred to in the definition of current
September CPI number.

(2) If an amount worked out under paragraph (1)(b) is a multiple of $5

(but not a multiple of $10), round the amount up to the nearest
multiple of $10.

(3) This section does not affect the operation of section 86AA.

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Part VIB Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury
Division 3 Limits on personal injury damages for non-economic loss

Section 87N
87N Index numbers

(1) The index number for a quarter is the All Groups Consumer Price
Index number, being the weighted average of the 8 capital cities,
published by the Australian Statistician in respect of that quarter.
(2) Subject to subsection (3), if, at any time before or after the
commencement of this Act:
(a) the Australian Statistician has published or publishes an
index number in respect of a quarter; and
(b) that index number is in substitution for an index number
previously published by the Australian Statistician in respect
of that quarter;
disregard the publication of the later index number for the purposes
of this section.
(3) If, at any time, the Australian Statistician has changed or changes
the reference base for the Consumer Price Index, then, in applying
this section after the change took place or takes place, have regard
only to index numbers published in terms of the new reference
base.
(4) In this section:
Australian Statistician means the Australian Statistician referred
to in subsection 5(2) of the Australian Bureau of Statistics Act
1975.

87P Most extreme cases

(1) The court must not award as personal injury damages for
non-economic loss the maximum amount of damages for
non-economic loss except in a most extreme case.
(2) A most extreme case is a case in which the plaintiff suffers
non-economic loss of the gravest conceivable kind.

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Limits on personal injury damages for non-economic loss Division 3

Section 87Q
87Q Cases of 33% or more (but not 100%) of a most extreme case

(1) If the non-economic loss the plaintiff suffers is at least 33%, but
less than 100%, of a most extreme case, the court must not award
as personal injury damages for non-economic loss an amount that
exceeds the applicable percentage of the maximum amount of
damages for non-economic loss.
(2) The applicable percentage is the extent of the non-economic loss
the plaintiff suffers, expressed as a percentage of a most extreme
case.

87R Cases of 15% or more (but less than 33%) of a most extreme
case

If the non-economic loss the plaintiff suffers is at least 15%, but

less than 33%, of a most extreme case, the court must not award as
personal injury damages for non-economic loss an amount that
exceeds the amount set out in the following table:

Cases of 15% or more (but less than 33%) of a most extreme case
Item Severity of the non-economic Damages for non-economic loss (as a
loss (as a proportion of a most proportion of the maximum amount
extreme case) of damages for non-economic loss)
1 15% 1%
2 16% 1.5%
3 17% 2%
4 18% 2.5%
5 19% 3%
6 20% 3.5%
7 21% 4%
8 22% 4.5%
9 23% 5%
10 24% 5.5%
11 25% 6.5%
12 26% 8%

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Part VIB Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury
Division 3 Limits on personal injury damages for non-economic loss

Section 87S

Cases of 15% or more (but less than 33%) of a most extreme case
Item Severity of the non-economic Damages for non-economic loss (as a
loss (as a proportion of a most proportion of the maximum amount
extreme case) of damages for non-economic loss)
13 27% 10%
14 28% 14%
15 29% 18%
16 30% 23%
17 31% 26%
18 32% 30%

87S Cases of less than 15% of a most extreme case

If the non-economic loss the plaintiff suffers is less than 15% of a

most extreme case, the court must not award personal injury
damages for non-economic loss.

87T Referring to earlier decisions on non-economic loss

(1) In determining personal injury damages for non-economic loss, the

court may refer to earlier decisions of the court or of other courts
for the purpose of establishing the appropriate award in the
proceeding.
(2) For that purpose, the parties to the proceeding or their counsel may
bring the court’s attention to awards of personal injury damages for
non-economic loss in those earlier decisions.
(3) This section does not affect the rules for determination of other
damages or compensation.

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Limits on personal injury damages for loss of earning capacity Division 4

Section 87U

Division 4—Limits on personal injury damages for loss of

earning capacity

87U Personal injury damages for loss of earning capacity

In determining, in a proceeding to which this Part applies, personal

injury damages for:
(a) past economic loss due to loss of earnings or the deprivation
or impairment of earning capacity; or
(b) future economic loss due to the deprivation or impairment of
earning capacity; or
(c) the loss of expectation of financial support;
a court must disregard the amount by which the plaintiff’s gross
weekly earnings during any quarter would (but for the personal
injury or death in question) have exceeded:
(d) if, at the time the award was made, the amount of average
weekly earnings for the quarter was ascertainable—an
amount that is twice the amount of average weekly earnings
for the quarter; or
(e) if:
(i) at the time the award was made, the amount of average
weekly earnings for the quarter was not ascertainable; or
(ii) the award was made during, or before the start of, the
quarter;
an amount that is twice the amount of average weekly
earnings for the quarter that, at the time the award was made,
was the most recent quarter for which the amount of average
weekly earnings was ascertainable.

87V Average weekly earnings

(1) Average weekly earnings, for a quarter, means the amount:

(a) published by the Australian Statistician as the average
weekly earnings for all employees (total earnings, seasonally
adjusted) for the reference period in that quarter; or

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Part VIB Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury
Division 4 Limits on personal injury damages for loss of earning capacity

Section 87V
(b) if the Australian Statistician fails or ceases to publish the
amount referred to in paragraph (a)—the amount determined
in the manner specified in the regulations.
(2) Regulations made for the purposes of paragraph (1)(b) may specify
matters by reference to which an amount is to be determined.
(3) In this section:
reference period, in a quarter, is the period described by the
Australian Statistician as the pay period ending on or before a
specified day that is the third Friday of the middle month of that
quarter.

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Limits on personal injury damages for gratuitous attendant care services Division 5

Section 87W

Division 5—Limits on personal injury damages for

gratuitous attendant care services

87W Personal injury damages for gratuitous attendant care services

for plaintiff

(1) A court must not, in a proceeding to which this Part applies, award
personal injury damages for gratuitous attendant care services for
the plaintiff, except in accordance with this section.
(2) The court must be satisfied that:
(a) there is (or was) a reasonable need for the services to be
provided; and
(b) the need has arisen (or arose) solely because of personal
injury to which the personal injury damages relate; and
(c) the services would not be (or would not have been) provided
to the plaintiff but for the injury; and
(d) the services are provided (or are to be provided) for at least 6
hours per week; and
(e) the services are provided (or are to be provided) over a
period of at least 6 months.
(3) If the services were provided during a quarter for which, at the
time the award was made, the amount of average weekly earnings
was ascertainable, the court must not award as personal injury
damages for the services:
(a) if the services were provided for at least 40 hours per week—
an amount per week that exceeds average weekly earnings
for that quarter; or
(b) if the services were provided for less than 40 hours per
week—an amount per hour that exceeds 1/40 of average
weekly earnings for that quarter.
(4) If the services:
(a) were provided during a quarter for which, at the time the
award was made, the amount of average weekly earnings was
not ascertainable; or

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Part VIB Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury
Division 5 Limits on personal injury damages for gratuitous attendant care services

Section 87X
(b) are to be provided after the time the award was made;
the court must not award as personal injury damages for the
services:
(c) if the services were provided for at least 40 hours per week—
an amount per week that exceeds average weekly earnings
for the quarter that, at the time the award was made, was the
most recent quarter for which the amount of average weekly
earnings was ascertainable; or
(d) if the services were provided for less than 40 hours per
week—an amount per hour that exceeds 1/40 of average
weekly earnings for that quarter.
(5) Gratuitous attendant care services are services that one person
provides to another person:
(a) that:
(i) are of a domestic nature; or
(ii) relate to nursing; or
(iii) aim to alleviate the consequences of a personal injury;
and
(b) for which the other person has not paid or is not liable to pay.

87X Personal injury damages for loss of plaintiff’s capacity to

provide gratuitous attendant care services

(1) A court must not, in a proceeding to which this Part applies, award
personal injury damages for loss of the plaintiff’s capacity to
provide gratuitous attendant care services to other persons, except
in accordance with this section.
(2) The court must be satisfied that:
(a) prior to his or her loss of capacity to provide the services, the
plaintiff had provided the services:
(i) for at least 6 hours per week; and
(ii) over a period of at least 6 months; and
(b) the other person would have been entitled, if the plaintiff had
died as a result of the contravention of this Act to which the
award relates, to recover damages under a law of a State or
Territory for loss of the plaintiff’s services.

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Limits on personal injury damages for gratuitous attendant care services Division 5

Section 87X
(3) If the plaintiff would have provided the services during a quarter
for which, at the time the award was made, the amount of average
weekly earnings was ascertainable, the court must not award as
personal injury damages for the services:
(a) if the services would have been provided for at least 40 hours
per week—an amount per week that exceeds average weekly
earnings for that quarter; and
(b) if the services would have been provided for less than 40
hours per week—an amount per hour that exceeds 1/40 of
average weekly earnings for that quarter.
(4) If the plaintiff:
(a) would have provided the services during a quarter for which,
at the time the award was made, the amount of average
weekly earnings was not ascertainable; or
(b) would have provided the services after the time the award
was made;
the court must not award as personal injury damages for the
services:
(c) if the services were provided for at least 40 hours per week—
an amount per week that exceeds average weekly earnings
for the quarter that, at the time the award was made, was the
most recent quarter for which the amount of average weekly
earnings was ascertainable; or
(d) if the services were provided for less than 40 hours per
week—an amount per hour that exceeds 1/40 of average
weekly earnings for that quarter.

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Part VIB Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury
Division 6 Other limits on personal injury damages

Section 87Y

Division 6—Other limits on personal injury damages

87Y Damages for future economic loss—discount rate

(1) If an award of personal injury damages in a proceeding to which

this Part applies is to include any component, assessed as a lump
sum, for future economic loss of any kind, the present value of that
future economic loss is to be determined by applying:
(a) a discount rate of the percentage prescribed by the
regulations; or
(b) if no percentage is prescribed—a discount rate of 5%.
(2) A regulation made for the purposes of paragraph (1)(a) does not
take effect before the end of the period of 6 months starting:
(a) if the regulation is laid before each House of the Parliament
under paragraph 48(1)(c) of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901
on the same day—starting on that day; or
(b) if it is laid before each House of the Parliament under that
paragraph on different days—starting on the later of those
days.
(3) Except as provided by this section, this section does not affect any
other law relating to the discounting of sums awarded as damages
or compensation.

87Z Damages for loss of superannuation entitlements

A court must not, in a proceeding to which this Part applies, award

personal injury damages for economic loss due to the loss of
employer superannuation contributions an amount that exceeds the
following amount:
Superannuation percentage  Damages for earnings loss
where:
damages for earnings loss are the personal injury damages
payable (in accordance with this Part) for:

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Other limits on personal injury damages Division 6

Section 87ZA
(a) any past economic loss due to loss of earnings, or the
deprivation or impairment of earning capacity, on which the
entitlement to those contributions is based; and
(b) any future economic loss due to the deprivation or
impairment of earning capacity on which the entitlement to
those contributions would be based.
superannuation percentage is the highest employer’s charge
percentage for a quarter under section 19 of the Superannuation
Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992.

87ZA Interest on damages

(1) A court must not, in a proceeding to which this Part applies, order
the payment of interest on personal injury damages for:
(a) non-economic loss; or
(b) gratuitous attendant care services for the plaintiff; or
(c) loss of the plaintiff’s capacity to provide gratuitous attendant
care services to other persons.

(2) If, in a proceeding to which this Part applies, a court is satisfied

that interest is payable on personal injury damages of another kind,
the rate of interest to be used in working out the interest is:
(a) the rate of interest prescribed by the regulations; or
(b) if no rate is prescribed—the 10-year benchmark bond rate on
the day on which the court determines the personal injury
damages.
(3) This section does not affect the payment of interest on a debt under
a judgment or order of a court.
(4) In this section:
10-year benchmark bond rate, on a day, means:
(a) if the day occurs on or after 1 March in a particular year and
before 1 September in that year—the Commonwealth
Government 10-year benchmark bond rate:

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Part VIB Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury
Division 6 Other limits on personal injury damages

Section 87ZB
(i) as published by the Reserve Bank of Australia in the
Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin (however
described); and
(ii) applying on the first business day of January in that
year; or
(b) otherwise—the Commonwealth Government 10-year
benchmark bond rate, as so published, applying on the first
business day of July in the preceding year.
business day means a day other than a Saturday, a Sunday or a
public or bank holiday in any State, the Australian Capital
Territory or the Northern Territory.

87ZB Exemplary and aggravated damages

(1) A court must not, in a proceeding to which this Part applies, award
exemplary damages or aggravated damages in respect of death or
personal injury.
(2) This section does not affect whether a court has power to award
exemplary damages or aggravated damages:
(a) otherwise than in respect of death or personal injury; or
(b) in a proceeding other than a proceeding to which this Part
applies.

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 Claims for damages or compensation for death or personal injury Part VIB
Structured settlements Division 7

Section 87ZC

Division 7—Structured settlements

87ZC Court may make orders under section 87 for structured

settlements

(1) In a proceeding to which this Part applies, a court may, on the

application of the parties, make an order under section 87
approving a structured settlement, or the terms of a structured
settlement, even though the payment of damages is not in the form
of a lump sum award of damages.
(2) This section does not limit the powers of a court to make an order
under section 87 in a proceeding that is not a proceeding to which
this Part applies.
(3) In this section:
structured settlement means an agreement that provides for the
payment of all or part of an award of damages in the form of
periodic payments funded by an annuity or other agreed means.

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Part VII Authorizations and notifications in respect of restrictive trade practices
Division 1 Authorizations

Section 87ZD

Part VII—Authorizations and notifications in

respect of restrictive trade practices
Division 1—Authorizations

87ZD Definitions

(1) In this Division:

industry code of practice means a code regulating the conduct of

participants in an industry towards other participants in the
industry or towards consumers in the industry.
minor variation, in relation to an authorization, is a single
variation that does not involve a material change in the effect of the
authorization.
(2) A reference in this Division to a proposal of the Commission is a
reference to a notice of the Commission:
(a) so far as the revocation of an authorization is concerned—
under subsection 91B(3); and
(b) so far as the revocation of an authorization and the
substitution of another—under subsection 91C(3).

88 Power of Commission to grant authorisations

(1) Subject to this Part, the Commission may, upon application by or

on behalf of a corporation, grant an authorization to the
corporation:
(a) to make a contract or arrangement, or arrive at an
understanding, where a provision of the proposed contract,
arrangement or understanding would be, or might be, an
exclusionary provision or would have the purpose, or would
have or might have the effect, of substantially lessening
competition within the meaning of section 45; or

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Authorizations and notifications in respect of restrictive trade practices Part VII
Authorizations Division 1

Section 88
(b) to give effect to a provision of a contract, arrangement or
understanding where the provision is, or may be, an
exclusionary provision or has the purpose, or has or may
have the effect, of substantially lessening competition within
the meaning of section 45;
and, while such an authorization remains in force:
(c) in the case of an authorization to make a contract or
arrangement or to arrive at an understanding—subsection
45(2) does not prevent the corporation from making the
contract or arrangement or arriving at the understanding in
accordance with the authorization and giving effect in
accordance with the authorization to any provision of the
contract or arrangement so made or of the understanding so
arrived at;
(d) in the case of an authorization to give effect to a provision of
a contract:
(i) the provision is not unenforceable by reason of
subsection 45(1); and
(ii) subsection 45(2) does not prevent the corporation from
giving effect to the provision in accordance with the
authorization; or
(e) in the case of an authorization to give effect to a provision of
an arrangement or understanding—subsection 45(2) does not
prevent the corporation from giving effect to the provision in
accordance with the authorization.

(5) Subject to this Part, the Commission may, upon application by or

on behalf of a person, grant an authorization to the person:
(a) to require the giving of, or to give, a covenant where the
proposed covenant would have the purpose, or would have or
might have the effect, of substantially lessening competition
in a market referred to in paragraph 45B(2)(a); or
(b) to enforce the terms of a covenant;
and, while such an authorization remains in force:
(c) in the case of an authorization to require the giving of, or to
give, a covenant:

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(i) the covenant is not unenforceable by reason of
subsection 45B(1); and
(ii) subsection 45B(2) does not apply in relation to the
covenant; or
(d) in the case of an authorization to enforce the terms of a
covenant:
(i) the covenant is not unenforceable by reason of
subsection 45B(1); and
(ii) paragraphs 45B(2)(b) and (c) do not apply in relation to
the covenant.
(6) An authorization granted by the Commission to a person under any
of the preceding provisions of this section to:
(a) make a contract or arrangement or arrive at an understanding;
(b) give effect to a provision of a contract, arrangement or
understanding;
(c) require the giving of, or give, a covenant; or
(d) enforce the terms of a covenant;
has effect as if it were also an authorization in the same terms to
every other person named or referred to in the application for the
authorization as a party to the contract, arrangement or
understanding or as a proposed party to the proposed contract,
arrangement or understanding, or as a person who is or would be
bound by, or entitled to the benefit of, the covenant or the proposed
covenant, as the case may be.
(7) Subject to this Part, the Commission may, upon application by or
on behalf of a person, grant an authorization to the person, and to
any other person acting in concert with the first-mentioned person,
to engage in conduct to which section 45D, 45DA or 45DB would
or might apply and, while such an authorization remains in force,
that section does not apply in relation to the engaging in that
conduct by the applicant and by any person acting in concert with
the applicant.
(7A) Subject to this Part, the Commission may, on application by or on
behalf of a person, grant an authorisation to the person to engage in
conduct to which section 45E or 45EA would or might apply.

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While the authorisation remains in force, that section does not
apply in relation to the person engaging in that conduct.
(8) Subject to this Part, the Commission may, upon application by or
on behalf of a corporation, grant an authorization to the corporation
to engage in conduct that constitutes or may constitute the practice
of exclusive dealing and, while such an authorization remains in
force, section 47 does not prevent the corporation from engaging in
that conduct in accordance with the authorization.
(8AA) If:
(a) the Commission grants an authorization to a corporation to
engage in particular conduct under subsection (8); and
(b) the particular conduct referred to in the authorization is
conduct expressly required or permitted under a contract, an
arrangement, an understanding or an industry code of
practice;
then:
(c) the authorization has effect as if it were also an authorization
in the same terms to every other person named or referred to
in the application for the authorization as a party or proposed
party to the contract, arrangement, understanding or code;
and
(d) the authorization may be expressed so as to apply to or in
relation to another person who becomes a party to the
contract, arrangement, understanding or code at a time after
the authorization is granted.
(8AB) For the purposes of subsection (8AA), a reference in that
subsection to a contract, an arrangement, an understanding or an
industry code of practice includes a reference to a proposed
contract, a proposed arrangement, a proposed understanding or a
proposed industry code of practice (as the case requires).

(8A) Subject to this Part, the Commission may, upon application by or

on behalf of a person, grant an authorisation to the person to
engage in conduct that constitutes (or may constitute) the practice
of resale price maintenance. While the authorisation remains in

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force, section 48 does not prevent the person from engaging in that
conduct in accordance with the authorisation.
(9) Subject to this Part, the Commission may, upon application by or
on behalf of a person:
(a) grant an authorisation to the person to acquire shares in the
capital of a body corporate or to acquire assets of a person; or
(b) grant an authorisation to the person to acquire a controlling
interest in a body corporate within the meaning of
section 50A;
and, while such an authorisation remains in force:
(c) in the case of an authorisation under paragraph (a)—
section 50 does not prevent the person from acquiring shares
or assets in accordance with the authorisation; or
(d) in the case of an authorisation under paragraph (b)—
section 50A does not, to the extent specified in the
authorisation, apply in relation to the acquisition of that
controlling interest.
(10) An authorization to a corporation under subsection (1) may be
expressed so as to apply to or in relation to another person who:
(a) in the case of an authorization to make a contract or
arrangement or arrive at an understanding—becomes a party
to the proposed contract or arrangement at a time after it is
made or becomes a party to the proposed understanding at a
time after it is arrived at; or
(b) in the case of an authorization to give effect to a provision of
a contract, arrangement or understanding—becomes a party
to the contract, arrangement or understanding at a time after
the authorization is granted.
(11) An authorization under subsection (5) may be expressed so as to
apply to or in relation to another person who:
(a) in the case of an authorization to require the giving of, or to
give, a covenant—becomes bound by, or entitled to the
benefit of, the proposed covenant at a time after the covenant
is given; or

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(b) in the case of an authorization to enforce the terms of a
covenant—becomes bound by, or entitled to the benefit of,
the covenant at a time after the authorization is granted.
(12) The Commission does not have power to grant an authorization to
a corporation to make a contract or arrangement, to arrive at an
understanding or to require the giving of, or to give, a covenant if
the contract or arrangement has been made, the understanding has
been arrived at or the covenant has been given before the
Commission makes a determination in respect of the application.
(13) An application made to the Commission under this section for an
authorization in relation to a particular contract or proposed
contract (including an application mentioned in subsection (8AA))
may be expressed to be made also in relation to another contract or
proposed contract that is or will be, or in relation to two or more
other contracts or proposed contracts that are or will be, in similar
terms to the first-mentioned contract or proposed contract and,
where an application is so expressed, the Commission may grant a
single authorization in respect of all the contracts or proposed
contracts or may grant separate authorizations in respect of any one
or more of the contracts or proposed contracts.
(14) Where an application made to the Commission under this section
for an authorization in relation to a particular contract or proposed
contract is expressed in accordance with subsection (13) to be
made also in relation to another contract or contracts or proposed
contract or proposed contracts:
(a) the application shall set out:
(i) the names of the parties to each other contract; and
(ii) the names of the parties to each other proposed contract
where those names are known to the applicant at the
time when the application is made; and
(b) if an authorization is granted in respect of a proposed
contract the names of the parties to which were not so known
to the applicant, the authorization shall, by force of this
subsection, be deemed to be expressed to be subject to a
condition that any party to the contract will, when so required

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by the Commission, furnish to the Commission the names of
all the parties to the contract.
(15) In subsections (13) and (14):
(a) contract includes an arrangement, understanding, industry
code of practice or covenant and proposed contract has a
corresponding meaning; and
(b) the reference to the parties to a contract or proposed contract
shall, for the purposes of the application of those subsections
in relation to a covenant or proposed covenant by reason of
paragraph (a) of this subsection, be read as a reference to the
persons who are or will be, or but for subsection 45B(1)
would be, respectively bound by, or entitled to the benefit of,
the covenant or proposed covenant.
(16) A corporation that has made an application to the Commission for
an authorisation, or a person other than a corporation who has
made an application to the Commission for an authorisation under
subsection (9), may at any time, by notice in writing to the
Commission, withdraw the application.

89 Procedure for applications and the keeping of a register

(1) An application for an authorization, a minor variation of an

authorization, a revocation of an authorization or a revocation of an
authorization and the substitution of another authorization, shall be
made in writing as prescribed.

(2) If the Commission receives such an application, the Commission

must cause notice of the receipt of that application to be made
public in such manner as it thinks fit.

(3) The Commission must keep a register of:

(a) applications for authorizations; and
(b) applications for minor variations of authorizations; and
(c) applications for, or the Commission’s proposals for, the
revocation of authorizations; and

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(d) applications for, or the Commission’s proposals for, the
revocation of authorizations and the substitution of other
authorizations;
including applications that have been withdrawn or proposals that
have been abandoned.

(4) Subject to this section, the register kept under subsection (3) shall
include:
(a) any document furnished to the Commission in relation to an
application or proposal referred to in subsection (3);
(aa) any draft determination, and any summary of reasons, by the
Commission that is furnished to a person under section 90A,
or under that section as applied by section 91C;
(ab) any record of a conference made in accordance with
subsection 90A(8), or with that subsection as applied by
section 91C, and any certificate in relation to a conference
given under subsection 90A(9), or under that subsection as so
applied;
(b) particulars of any oral submission made to the Commission
in relation to such an application or proposal; and
(c) the determination of the Commission on such an application
or proposal and the statement of the reasons given by the
Commission for that determination.

(5) Where a person furnishes a document to the Commission in

relation to an application or proposal referred to in subsection (3)
or makes an oral submission to the Commission in relation to such
an application or proposal, he or she may, at the time when the
document is furnished or the submission is made, request that the
document or a part of the document, or that particulars of the
submission or of part of the submission, be excluded from the
register kept under subsection (3) by reason of the confidential
nature of any of the matters contained in the document or
submission.
(5A) Where such a request is made:
(a) if the document or the part of the document, or the
submission or the part of the submission, to which the
request relates contains particulars of:

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(i) a secret formula or process;
(ii) the cash consideration offered for the acquisition of
shares in the capital of a body corporate or assets of a
person; or
(iii) the current costs of manufacturing, producing or
marketing goods or services;
the Commission shall exclude the document or the part of the
document, or particulars of the submission or of the part of
the submission, as the case may be, from the register kept
under subsection (3); and
(b) in any other case—the Commission may, if it is satisfied that
it is desirable to do so by reason of the confidential nature of
the matters contained in the document or the part of the
document, or in the submission or the part of the submission,
exclude the document or the part of the document, or
particulars of the submission or of the part of the submission,
as the case may be, from that register.

(5B) If the Commission refuses a request to exclude a document or a

part of a document from the register kept under subsection (3), the
Commission shall, if the person who furnished the document to the
Commission so requires, return the document or part of the
document to him or her and, in that case, paragraph (4)(a) does not
apply in relation to the document or part of the document.
(5C) If the Commission refuses a request to exclude particulars of an
oral submission or of part of an oral submission from the register
kept under subsection (3), the person who made the submission
may inform the Commission that he or she withdraws the
submission or that part of the submission and, in that case,
paragraph (4)(b) does not apply in relation to the submission or
that part of the submission, as the case may be.
(5D) Where the Commission is satisfied that it is desirable to do so for
any reason other than the confidential nature of matters contained
in a document or submission, the Commission may exclude a
document or part of a document referred to in paragraph (4)(a) or
particulars referred to in paragraph (4)(b) from the register kept
under subsection (3).

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(5E) If a person requests, in accordance with subsection (5) that a
document or a part of a document, or that particulars of a
submission or of part of a submission, be excluded from the
register kept under subsection (3), the document or part of the
document, or particulars of the submission or of the part of the
submission, shall not be included in that register until the
Commission has made a determination in relation to the request.

(6) A document shall not be included in the register kept under

subsection (3) if a direction in relation to that document was in
force under paragraph 22(1)(b) of the Trade Practices Act 1974
immediately before the commencement of the Trade Practices
Amendment Act 1977.

90 Determination of applications for authorisations

(1) The Commission shall, in respect of an application for an

authorization:
(a) make a determination in writing granting such authorization
as it considers appropriate; or
(b) make a determination in writing dismissing the application.
(2) The Commission shall take into account any submissions in
relation to the application made to it by the applicant, by the
Commonwealth, by a State or by any other person.
(4) The Commission shall state in writing its reasons for a
determination made by it.
(5) Before making a determination in respect of an application for an
authorization the Commission shall comply with the requirements
of section 90A.
(6) The Commission shall not make a determination granting an
authorization under subsection 88(1), (5) or (8) in respect of a
provision (not being a provision that is or may be an exclusionary
provision) of a proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, in
respect of a proposed covenant, or in respect of proposed conduct
(other than conduct to which subsection 47(6) or (7) applies),
unless it is satisfied in all the circumstances that the provision of

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the proposed contract, arrangement or understanding, the proposed
covenant, or the proposed conduct, as the case may be, would
result, or be likely to result, in a benefit to the public and that that
benefit would outweigh the detriment to the public constituted by
any lessening of competition that would result, or be likely to
result, if:
(a) the proposed contract or arrangement were made, or the
proposed understanding were arrived at, and the provision
concerned were given effect to;
(b) the proposed covenant were given, and were complied with;
or
(c) the proposed conduct were engaged in;
as the case may be.

(7) The Commission shall not make a determination granting an

authorization under subsection 88(1) or (5) in respect of a
provision (not being a provision that is or may be an exclusionary
provision) of a contract, arrangement or understanding or, in
respect of a covenant, unless it is satisfied in all the circumstances
that the provision of the contract, arrangement or understanding, or
the covenant, as the case may be, has resulted, or is likely to result,
in a benefit to the public and that that benefit outweighs or would
outweigh the detriment to the public constituted by any lessening
of competition that has resulted, or is likely to result, from giving
effect to the provision or complying with the covenant.
(8) The Commission shall not:
(a) make a determination granting:
(i) an authorization under subsection 88(1) in respect of a
provision of a proposed contract, arrangement or
understanding that is or may be an exclusionary
provision; or
(ii) an authorization under subsection 88(7) or (7A) in
respect of proposed conduct; or
(iii) an authorization under subsection 88(8) in respect of
proposed conduct to which subsection 47(6) or (7)
applies; or

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(iv) an authorisation under subsection 88(8A) for proposed
conduct to which section 48 applies;
unless it is satisfied in all the circumstances that the proposed
provision or the proposed conduct would result, or be likely
to result, in such a benefit to the public that the proposed
contract or arrangement should be allowed to be made, the
proposed understanding should be allowed to be arrived at, or
the proposed conduct should be allowed to take place, as the
case may be; or
(b) make a determination granting an authorization under
subsection 88(1) in respect of a provision of a contract,
arrangement or understanding that is or may be an
exclusionary provision unless it is satisfied in all the
circumstances that the provision has resulted, or is likely to
result, in such a benefit to the public that the contract,
arrangement or understanding should be allowed to be given
effect to.
(9) The Commission shall not make a determination granting an
authorization under subsection 88(9) in respect of a proposed
acquisition of shares in the capital of a body corporate or of assets
of a person or in respect of the acquisition of a controlling interest
in a body corporate within the meaning of section 50A unless it is
satisfied in all the circumstances that the proposed acquisition
would result, or be likely to result, in such a benefit to the public
that the acquisition should be allowed to take place.
(9A) In determining what amounts to a benefit to the public for the
purposes of subsection (9):
(a) the Commission must regard the following as benefits to the
public (in addition to any other benefits to the public that
may exist apart from this paragraph):
(i) a significant increase in the real value of exports;
(ii) a significant substitution of domestic products for
imported goods; and
(b) without limiting the matters that may be taken into account,
the Commission must take into account all other relevant
matters that relate to the international competitiveness of any
Australian industry.

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(10) Subject to subsections (10A), (12), (13), (14) and (15), if:
(a) the Minister, by notice published in the Gazette, fixes a date
for the purposes of the application of this subsection in
relation to applications for authorizations under subsection
88(1), (5), (7), (7A), (8) or (8A); and
(b) the Commission does not determine an application for an
authorization under a subsection in relation to which a date is
so fixed within 4 months from that date or the date on which
the application was or is received by the Commission,
whichever is the later;
the Commission shall be deemed to have granted, at the expiration
of that period, the authorization applied for.
(10A) If, within the latest occurring 4 month period referred to in
paragraph (10)(b) in relation to an application for an authorisation,
the Commission gives to the applicant a written notice requesting
the applicant to give to the Commission additional information
relevant to the determination of the application, the reference in
that paragraph to 4 months shall be taken to be a reference to a
period consisting of 4 months increased by the number of days in
the period commencing on the day on which the notice is given to
the applicant and ending on the day on which the applicant gives to
the Commission such of the additional information as the applicant
is able to provide.
(11) Subject to subsections (12), (13) and (15), if the Commission does
not determine an application for an authorisation under subsection
88(9) within:
(a) 30 days from the day on which the application is received by
the Commission; or
(b) if the Commission, before the end of that period of 30 days,
gives to the applicant a notice in writing requesting the
applicant to give to the Commission additional information
relevant to the determination of the application—the period
consisting of 30 days from the day on which the application
is received by the Commission increased by the number of
days in the period commencing on the day on which the
notice is given to the applicant and ending on the day on

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which the applicant gives to the Commission such of the
additional information as the applicant is able to provide;
the Commission shall be deemed to have granted, at the end of that
period, the authorisation applied for.
(11A) The Commission may, within the 30 day period mentioned in
subsection (11), notify the applicant in writing that the
Commission considers that the period should be extended to 45
days due to the complexity of the issues involved. If the
Commission so notifies the applicant, the references in
subsection (11) to 30 days are to be treated as references to 45
days.
(12) If the applicant for an authorization informs the Commission in
writing before the expiration of the period referred to in
subsection (10) or (11) (in this subsection and in subsection (13)
referred to as the base period) that the applicant agrees to the
Commission taking a specified longer period for the determination
of the application, a reference to that longer period shall be deemed
for the purposes of that application to be substituted in
subsection (10) or (11), as the case may be, for the reference in that
subsection to the base period.
(13) For the purposes of any application of subsection (12), a reference
in that subsection to the base period shall, if a reference to another
period is deemed by any other application or applications of that
subsection to have been substituted in subsection (10) or (11) for
the reference in subsection (10) or (11) to the base period, be
construed as a reference to that other period.

(14) If a person to whom a notice has been sent under subsection

90A(2) in relation to a draft determination in respect of an
application for an authorization notifies the Commission in
accordance with subsection 90A(6) that he or she wishes the
Commission to hold a conference in relation to the draft
determination, the period referred to in subsection (10) of this
section shall be deemed to be increased by a period equal to the
period commencing on the day on which the first notification in
relation to the draft determination was received by the Commission
and ending on the seventh day after the day specified in the

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certificate given by a member of the Commission in pursuance of
subsection 90A(9) as the day on which the conference terminated.
(15) Where a party to a joint venture makes at the one time two or more
applications for authorizations, being applications each of which
deals with a matter relating to the joint venture:
(a) the Commission shall not make a determination in respect of
any one of those applications unless it also makes a
determination or determinations at the same time in respect
of the other application or other applications; and
(b) if the Commission does not make a determination in respect
of any one of the applications within the period referred to in
whichever of subsections (10) and (11) is applicable in
relation to that application, the Commission shall be deemed
to have granted, at the expiration of that period, all the
authorizations applied for.

90A Commission to afford opportunity for conference before

determining application for authorisation

(1) Before determining an application for an authorization (other than

an application for an authorisation under subsection 88(9)), the
Commission shall prepare a draft determination in relation to the
application.
(2) The Commission shall, by notice in writing sent to the applicant
and to each other interested person, invite the applicant or other
person to notify the Commission, within 14 days after a date fixed
by the Commission being not earlier than the day on which the
notice is sent, whether the applicant or other person wishes the
Commission to hold a conference in relation to the draft
determination.
(3) If:
(a) the draft determination provides for the granting of the
application unconditionally; and

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(b) no person has made a written submission to the Commission
opposing the application;
each notice by the Commission under subsection (2) shall inform
the person to whom the notice is sent that the draft determination
so provides.

(4) If:
(a) the draft determination does not provide for the granting of
the application or provides for the granting of the application
subject to conditions; or
(b) the draft determination provides for the granting of the
application unconditionally but a written submission has, or
written submissions have, been made to the Commission
opposing the application;
the Commission shall send with each notice under subsection (2) a
copy of the draft determination and:
(c) in a case to which paragraph (a) applies—a summary of the
reasons why the Commission is not satisfied that the
application should be granted or why it is not satisfied that
the application should be granted unconditionally; or
(d) in a case to which paragraph (b) applies—a summary of the
reasons why it is satisfied that the application should be
granted unconditionally.

(5) If each of the persons to whom a notice was sent under

subsection (2):
(a) notifies the Commission within the period of 14 days
mentioned in that subsection that he or she does not wish the
Commission to hold a conference in relation to the draft
determination; or
(b) does not notify the Commission within that period that he or
she wishes the Commission to hold such a conference;
the Commission may make the determination at any time after the
expiration of that period.
(6) If any of the persons to whom a notice was sent under
subsection (2) notifies the Commission in writing within the period
of 14 days mentioned in that subsection that he or she wishes the

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Commission to hold a conference in relation to the draft
determination, the Commission shall appoint a date (being not later
than 30 days after the expiration of that period), time and place for
the holding of the conference and give notice of the date, time and
place so appointed to each of the persons to whom a notice was
sent under subsection (2).
(7) At the conference:
(a) the Commission shall be represented by a member or
members of the Commission (being a member or members
who participated in the preparation of the draft
determination) nominated by the Chairperson; and
(b) each person to whom a notice was sent under subsection (2)
and any other interested person whose presence at the
conference is considered by the Commission to be
appropriate is entitled to attend and participate personally or,
in the case of a body corporate, may be represented by a
person who, or by persons each of whom, is a director,
officer or employee of the body corporate; and
(c) a person participating in the conference in accordance with
paragraph (a) or (b) is entitled to have another person or
other persons present to assist him or her but a person who so
assists another person at the conference is not entitled to
participate in the discussion; and
(e) no other person is entitled to be present.
(8) A member of the Commission participating in the conference shall
make such record of the discussions as is sufficient to set out the
matters raised by the persons participating in the conference.
(9) The member of the Commission who represents the Commission at
the conference, or, if the Commission is represented by more than
one member of the Commission, one of those members appointed
by the Chairperson:
(a) may exclude from the conference any person who uses
insulting language at the conference, creates, or takes part in
creating or continuing, a disturbance at the conference or
repeatedly interrupts the conference;

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(b) may terminate the conference when he or she is of the
opinion that a reasonable opportunity has been given for the
expression of the views of persons participating in the
conference (other than persons excluded from the conference
under paragraph (a)); and
(c) shall give a certificate certifying the day on which the first
notification under subsection (6) in relation to the draft
determination was received by the Commission and the day
on which the conference terminated;
and any such certificate shall be received in all courts as evidence
of the matters certified.
(10) A document purporting to be a certificate referred to in
subsection (9) shall, unless the contrary is established, be deemed
to be such a certificate and to have been duly given.
(11) The Commission shall take account of all matters raised at the
conference and may at any time after the termination of the
conference make a determination in respect of the application.
(12) For the purposes of this section, interested person means a person
who has notified the Commission in writing that he or she, or a
specified unincorporated association of which he or she is a
member, claims to have an interest in the application, being an
interest that, in the opinion of the Commission, is real and
substantial.
(13) Where the Commission is of the opinion that two or more
applications for authorizations that are made by the same person,
or by persons being bodies corporate that are related to each other,
involve the same or substantially similar issues, the Commission
may treat the applications as if they constitute a single application
and may prepare one draft determination in relation to the
applications and hold one conference in relation to that draft
determination.

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Division 1 Authorizations

Section 91
91 Grant and variation of authorisations

(1) An authorization may be expressed to be in force for a period

specified in the authorization and, if so expressed, remains in force
for that period only.
(1A) An authorisation, other than an authorisation deemed to have been
granted under subsection 90(10) or (11), comes into force on the
day specified for the purpose in the authorisation, not being a day
earlier than, and an authorisation deemed to have been granted
under subsection 90(10) or (11) comes into force on:
(a) where paragraph (b) or (c) does not apply—the end of the
period in which an application may be made to the Tribunal
for a review of the determination by the Commission of the
application for the authorisation;
(b) if such an application is made to the Tribunal and the
application is not withdrawn—the day on which the Tribunal
makes a determination on the review;
(c) if such an application is made to the Tribunal and the
application is withdrawn—the day on which the application
is withdrawn.
(1B) A minor variation of an authorization comes into force on a day
specified by the Commission in the determination making the
variation, not being a day earlier than:
(a) if neither paragraph (b) nor (c) applies—the end of the period
in which an application may be made to the Tribunal for a
review of the determination of the Commission in respect of
the application for the minor variation; or
(b) if such an application is made to the Tribunal and the
application is not withdrawn—the day on which the Tribunal
makes a determination on the review; or
(c) if such an application is made to the Tribunal and the
application is withdrawn—the day on which the application
is withdrawn.
(1C) If an authorization (the prior authorization) is revoked and another
authorization is made in substitution for it, that other authorization

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comes into force on the day specified for the purpose in that other
authorization, not being a day earlier than:
(a) if neither paragraph (b) nor (c) applies—the end of the period
in which an application may be made to the Tribunal for a
review of an application, or the Commission’s proposal, for
the revocation of the prior authorization and the substitution
of that other authorization; or
(b) if such an application is made to the Tribunal and the
application is not withdrawn—the day on which the Tribunal
makes a determination on the review; or
(c) if such an application is made to the Tribunal and the
application is withdrawn—the day on which the application
is withdrawn.

(2) If the Commission considers that it is appropriate to do so:

(a) for the purpose of enabling due consideration to be given to:
(i) an application for an authorization; or
(ii) an application for a minor variation of an authorization;
or
(iii) an application for the revocation of an authorization and
the substitution of a new one; or
(b) pending the expiration of the time allowed for the making of
an application to the Tribunal for review of a determination
by the Commission of an application referred to in
paragraph (a) and, if such an application for a review is
made, pending the making of a determination by the Tribunal
on the review; or
(c) for any other reason;
the Commission may at any time:
(d) in the case of an application for an authorization—grant an
authorization that is expressed to be an interim authorization;
and
(e) in the case of an application for a minor variation of an
authorization—grant an authorization that is expressed to be
an interim authorization dealing only with the matter the
subject of the application for a variation; and

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Section 91A
(f) in the case of an application for the revocation of an
authorization and the substitution of another—suspend the
operation of the authorization sought to be revoked and grant
an authorization that is expressed to be an interim
authorization in substitution for the authorization suspended.
(2AA) An authorization granted under paragraph 91(2)(d), (e) or (f) and
expressed to be an interim authorization comes into force on such a
date, not being a date before the grant of the interim authorization,
as is specified by the Commission in the interim authorization.
(2AB) The Commission may, at any time, revoke an authorization that is
expressed to be an interim authorization and, where that interim
authorization is in substitution for an authorization the operation of
which has been suspended, the revocation of the interim
authorization has the effect of reviving the operation of the
suspended authorization.
(2A) Subsections 90(4) to (9), inclusive, do not apply in relation to an
authorization that is expressed to be an interim authorization.
(3) An authorization may be expressed to be subject to such conditions
as are specified in the authorization.

91A Minor variations of authorizations

(1) A person to whom an authorization was granted, or another person

on behalf of such a person, may apply to the Commission for a
minor variation of the authorization.
(2) On receipt of an application, the Commission must, if it is satisfied
that the variation sought in the application is a minor variation, by
notice in writing given to any persons who appear to the
Commission to be interested:
(a) indicate the nature of the variation applied for; and
(b) invite submissions in respect of the variation within a period
specified by the Commission.
(3) After considering the application and any submissions received
within the period specified, the Commission may make a

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determination in writing varying the authorization or dismissing
the application.
(4) The Commission must not make a determination varying an
authorization to which, if it were a new authorization, subsection
90(6) or (7) would apply, unless the Commission is satisfied that,
in all the circumstances, the variation would not result, or would be
likely not to result, in a reduction in the extent to which the benefit
to the public of the authorization outweighs any detriment to the
public caused by the authorization.
(5) The Commission must not make a determination varying an
authorization to which, if it were a new authorization, subsection
90(8) or (9) would apply, unless the Commission is satisfied that,
in all the circumstances, the variation would not result, or would be
likely not to result, in a reduction in the benefit to the public that
arose from the original authorization.
(6) Nothing in this section prevents a person from applying for 2 or
more variations in the same application.
(7) If:
(a) a person applies for 2 or more variations:
(i) at the same time; or
(ii) in such close succession that the variations could
conveniently be dealt with by the Commission at the
same time; and
(b) the Commission is satisfied that the combined effect of those
variations, if all were granted, would not involve a material
change in the effect of the authorization;
the Commission may deal with all of those variations together as if
they were a single minor variation.
(8) An application for a minor variation may be withdrawn by notice
in writing to the Commission at any time.

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Section 91B
91B Revocation of an authorization

(1) A person to whom an authorization was granted, or another person

on behalf of such a person, may apply to the Commission for a
revocation of the authorization.
(2) On receipt of such an application, the Commission must, by notice
in writing given to any persons who appear to the Commission to
be interested:
(a) indicate that the revocation of the authorization has been
applied for; and
(b) indicate the basis on which the revocation has been applied
for; and
(c) invite submissions in respect of the revocation within a
period specified by the Commission.
(3) If, at any time after granting an authorization, it appears to the
Commission that:
(a) the authorization was granted on the basis of evidence or
information that was false or misleading in a material
particular; or
(b) a condition to which the authorization was expressed to be
subject has not been complied with; or
(c) there has been a material change of circumstances since the
authorization was granted;
the Commission may, by notice in writing given to any persons
who appear to the Commission to be interested:
(d) inform those persons that it is considering the revocation of
the authorization; and
(e) indicate the basis on which the revocation is being proposed;
and
(f) invite submissions in respect of the revocation within a
period specified by the Commission.
(4) After considering any submissions invited under subsection (2) or
(3) that are received within the period specified by the Commission
under that subsection, the Commission may make a determination
in writing:

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(a) revoking the authorization; or
(b) deciding not to revoke the authorization.
(5) If an objection to the revocation is included in any submission
(a) that was invited under subsection (2) or (3); and
(b) that is received within the period specified by the
Commission under that subsection;
the Commission must not make a determination revoking the
authorization unless the Commission is satisfied that it would, if
the authorization had not already been granted, be prevented under
subsection 90(6), (7), (8) or (9) from making a determination
granting the authorization in respect of which the revocation is
sought.
(6) An application for revocation may be withdrawn by notice in
writing to the Commission at any time.
(7) The Commission may disregard any objection that, in its opinion,
is either vexatious or frivolous.

91C Revocation of an authorization and substitution of a

replacement

(1) A person to whom an authorization was granted, or another person

on behalf of such a person, may apply to the Commission for a
revocation of the authorization and the substitution of a new
authorization for the one revoked.
(2) On receipt of such an application, the Commission must, by notice
in writing given to any persons who appear to the Commission to
be interested:
(a) indicate that the revocation of the authorization, and the
substitution of another authorization for it, has been applied
for; and
(b) indicate the basis upon which the revocation and substitution
has been applied for and the nature of the substituted
authorization so applied for; and
(c) invite submissions in respect of the revocation and
substitution within a period specified by the Commission.

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(3) If, at any time after granting an authorization, it appears to the
Commission that:
(a) the authorization was granted on the basis of evidence or
information that was false or misleading in a material
particular; or
(b) a condition to which the authorization was expressed to be
subject has not been complied with; or
(c) there has been a material change of circumstances since the
authorization was granted;
the Commission may, by notice in writing given to any persons
who appear to be interested:
(d) inform those persons that it is considering the revocation of
the authorization and the substitution of a new authorization;
and
(e) indicate the basis on which the revocation and substitution is
being proposed and the nature of the substituted authorization
proposed; and
(f) invite submissions in respect of the proposed action within a
period specified by the Commission.
(4) After considering any submissions invited under subsection (2) or
(3) in relation to an authorization that are received within the
period specified by the Commission under that subsection and after
compliance with the requirements of section 90A in accordance
with subsection (5), the Commission may make a determination in
writing:
(a) revoking the authorization and granting another such
authorization that it considers appropriate, in substitution for
it; or
(b) deciding not to revoke the authorization.

(5) Before making a determination under subsection (4) in relation to

an application, or a proposal, for the revocation of an authorization
and the substitution of another, the Commission must comply with
the requirements of section 90A.
(6) For the purposes of complying with section 90A in accordance
with subsection (5), section 90A has effect:

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(a) as if the reference in subsection (1) to an application for an
authorization (other than an application for an authorization
under subsection 88(9)) were a reference to an application, or
to a proposal, for the revocation of an authorization (other
than an authorization granted on an application granted under
subsection 88(9)) and the substitution of another
authorization; and
(b) as if references in other provisions of that section to an
application, or to an application for an authorization, were
references either to an application, or to a proposal, for the
revocation of an authorization and the substitution of another;
and
(c) as if subsection 90A(2) had provided, in its operation in
relation to a proposal for the revocation of an authorization
and the substitution of another, that:
(i) the reference to the applicant and to each other
interested person were a reference only to each
interested person; and
(ii) each reference to the applicant or other person were a
reference only to the other person.
(7) The Commission must not make a determination revoking an
authorization and substituting another authorization unless the
Commission is satisfied that it would not be prevented under
subsection 90(6), (7), (8) or (9) from making a determination
granting the substituted authorization, if it were a new
authorization sought under section 88.

(8) An application for the revocation of an authorization and the

substitution of another authorization may be withdrawn by notice
in writing to the Commission at any time.

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Division 2 Notifications

Section 93

Division 2—Notifications

93 Notification of exclusive dealing

(1) Subject to subsection (2), a corporation that engages, or proposes

to engage, in conduct of a kind referred to in subsection 47(2), (3),
(4), (5), (6), (7), (8) or (9) may give to the Commission notice, as
prescribed, setting out particulars of the conduct or proposed
conduct.
(2) A corporation may not give a notice for conduct or proposed
conduct if:
(a) the corporation applied for an authorisation for the conduct
or proposed conduct; and
(b) the Commission or the Trade Practices Commission made a
determination dismissing the application or granting an
authorisation (whether or not the authorisation is still in
force); and
(c) either:
(i) the Tribunal or the Trade Practices Tribunal made a
determination on an application for a review of a
determination described in paragraph (b); or
(ii) the time for making such an application for review has
ended without the making of an application.
(2A) In subsection (2):
Trade Practices Commission means the Trade Practices
Commission established by section 6A of this Act as in force
immediately before this subsection commenced.
Trade Practices Tribunal means the Trade Practices Tribunal
continued in existence by section 30 of this Act as in force
immediately before this subsection commenced.
(3) If the Commission is satisfied that the engaging by a corporation in
conduct or proposed conduct of a kind described in subsection
47(2), (3), (4) or (5) or paragraph 47(8)(a) or (b) or (9)(a), (b) or

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(c) and referred to in a notice given by the corporation to the
Commission under subsection (1) has or would have the purpose or
has or is likely to have, or would have or be likely to have, the
effect of substantially lessening competition within the meaning of
section 47 and that in all the circumstances:
(a) the conduct has not resulted or is not likely to result, or the
proposed conduct would not result or be likely to result, in a
benefit to the public; or
(b) any benefit to the public that has resulted or is likely to result
from the conduct, or would result or be likely to result from
the proposed conduct, would not outweigh the detriment to
the public constituted by any lessening of competition that
has resulted or is likely to result from the conduct or would
result or be likely to result from the proposed conduct;
the Commission may at any time give notice in writing to the
corporation stating that the Commission is so satisfied and
accompanied by a statement setting out its reasons for being so
satisfied.
(3A) If:
(a) a corporation has notified the Commission under
subsection (1) of conduct or proposed conduct described in
subsection 47(6) or (7) or paragraph 47(8)(c) or (9)(d); and
(b) the Commission is satisfied that the likely benefit to the
public from the conduct or proposed conduct will not
outweigh the likely detriment to the public from the conduct
or proposed conduct;
the Commission may give the corporation a written notice stating
that the Commission is so satisfied.

(3B) The Commission must also give the corporation a written

statement of its reasons for giving notice when the Commission
gives the notice.

(4) Before giving a notice under subsection (3) or (3A) the

Commission shall comply with the requirements of section 93A.
(5) In satisfying itself for the purposes of subsection (3) or (3A) in
relation to any conduct or proposed conduct referred to in a notice

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given to the Commission by a corporation under subsection (1), the
Commission shall seek such relevant information as it considers
reasonable and appropriate and may make a decision on the basis
of any information so obtained and any other information furnished
to it by the corporation or any other person or otherwise in its
possession.
(6) A corporation that has given a notice to the Commission under this
section in relation to any conduct or proposed conduct may, at any
time before the Commission has given to the corporation a notice
under subsection (3) or (3A) in relation to the conduct or proposed
conduct, by notice in writing to the Commission, withdraw the
first-mentioned notice.
(7) Where a corporation has given notice to the Commission under
subsection (1):
(a) in the case of a notice given before the expiration of the
period of 3 months commencing on the date of
commencement of the Trade Practices Amendment Act 1977,
the engaging by the corporation in the conduct referred to in
the notice on or after that date and before the giving of the
notice shall not be taken, for the purposes of section 47, to
have had the effect of substantially lessening competition
within the meaning of that section; and
(b) in any case, the engaging by the corporation in the conduct
referred to in the notice after the giving of the notice shall not
be taken, for the purposes of section 47, to have the purpose,
or to have or be likely to have the effect, of substantially
lessening competition within the meaning of that section
unless:
(i) the Commission has given notice to the corporation
under subsection (3) of this section in relation to the
conduct and the conduct takes place more than 30 days
(or such longer period as the Commission by writing
permits) after the day on which the Commission gave
the notice; or
(ii) the notice has been, or is deemed to have been,
withdrawn and the conduct takes place after the day on

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which the notice was, or is deemed to have been,
withdrawn.
(7A) A notice under subsection (1) describing conduct or proposed
conduct referred to in subsection 47(6) or (7) or paragraph 47(8)(c)
or (9)(d) comes into force:
(a) at the end of a prescribed period that started on the day when
the corporation gave the Commission the notice; or
(b) if the Commission gives notice to the corporation under
subsection 93A(2) during that period—when the Commission
decides not to give the corporation a notice under
subsection (3A) of this section.
(7B) A notice under subsection (1) describing conduct or proposed
conduct referred to in subsection 47(6) or (7) or paragraph 47(8)(c)
or (9)(d) does not come into force:
(a) if the notice is withdrawn, or deemed to be withdrawn, before
it would come into force under subsection (7A); or
(b) if the Commission:
(i) gives notice to the corporation under subsection 93A(2)
during the period described in paragraph (7A)(a); and
(ii) gives notice to the corporation under subsection (3A).

(7C) A notice under subsection (1) describing conduct referred to in

subsection 47(6) or (7) or paragraph 47(8)(c) or (9)(d) ceases to be
in force:
(a) when the notice is withdrawn or deemed to be withdrawn; or
(b) if the Commission gives the corporation a notice under
subsection (3A)—on the 31st day after the Commission gave
the notice under subsection (3A) or on a later day specified in
writing by the Commission.
(8) Where:
(a) a corporation gives a notice to the Commission under
subsection (1) in relation to any conduct or proposed
conduct;
(b) before or after the notice is given the corporation makes an
application to the Commission for an authorization to engage
in that conduct;

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(c) the Commission:
(i) makes a determination dismissing the application; or
(ii) makes a determination granting an authorization in
respect of the application; and
(d) the Tribunal makes a determination on an application for a
review of the determination of the Commission or the time
for making such an application for review expires without an
application for review having been made;
the notice shall thereupon be deemed to be withdrawn.
(9) If an application is made to the Tribunal for a review of the giving
of a notice by the Commission under subsection (3) or (3A), a
reference in subsection (7) or paragraph (7C)(b) to the day on
which the Commission gave the notice shall be read as a reference
to:
(a) if the application is withdrawn—the day on which the
application is withdrawn;
(b) if the Tribunal, on the application of the Commission or of
any other person who the Tribunal is satisfied has an interest
in the subject matter of the review, declares that the
application for the review is not being proceeded with by the
applicant with due diligence—the day on which the Tribunal
makes the declaration; or
(c) in any other case—the day on which the Tribunal makes a
determination on the review.
(10) Where:
(a) a corporation has given a notice to the Commission under
subsection (1) in relation to conduct or proposed conduct and
the Commission has given notice to the corporation in
writing under subsection (3) or (3A) in relation to the
conduct or the proposed conduct; or
(b) a notice given by a corporation to the Commission under
subsection (1) in relation to conduct or proposed conduct is
withdrawn or deemed to be withdrawn;
the corporation is not entitled to give a further notice under
subsection (1) to the Commission in relation to the same conduct

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or proposed conduct or in relation to conduct or proposed conduct
to the like effect.

93A Commission to afford opportunity for conference before giving

notice in relation to exclusive dealing

(1) Before giving a notice under subsection 93(3) or (3A) in relation to

any conduct or proposed conduct, the Commission shall prepare a
draft notice in relation to that conduct or proposed conduct.

(2) The Commission shall, by notice in writing sent to the corporation

to the conduct or proposed conduct of which the draft notice relates
and to each other interested person, invite the corporation or other
person to notify the Commission, within 14 days after a date fixed
by the Commission being not earlier than the day on which the
notice is sent, whether the corporation or other person wishes the
Commission to hold a conference in relation to the draft notice.
(3) The Commission shall send with each notice under subsection (2) a
copy of the draft notice and a summary of the reasons why it
proposes to give the notice under subsection 93(3) or (3A).
(4) If each of the persons to whom a notice was sent under
subsection (2):
(a) notifies the Commission in writing within the period of 14
days mentioned in that subsection that the person does not
wish the Commission to hold a conference in relation to the
draft notice; or
(b) does not notify the Commission within that period that he or
she wishes the Commission to hold such a conference;
the Commission must decide after the end of that period whether or
not to give the notice under subsection 93(3) or (3A).
(5) If any of the persons to whom a notice was sent under
subsection (2) notifies the Commission in writing within the period
of 14 days mentioned in that subsection that he or she wishes the
Commission to hold a conference in relation to the draft notice, the
Commission shall appoint a date (being not later than 30 days after
the expiration of that period), time and place for the holding of the
conference and give notice of the date, time and place so appointed

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to each of the persons to whom a notice was sent under
subsection (2).
(6) At the conference:
(a) the Commission shall be represented by a member or
members of the Commission (being a member or members
who participated in the preparation of the draft notice)
nominated by the Chairperson; and
(b) each person to whom a notice was sent under subsection (2)
and any other interested person whose presence at the
conference is considered by the Commission to be
appropriate is entitled to attend and participate personally or,
in the case of a body corporate, may be represented by a
person who, or by persons each of whom, is a director,
officer or employee of the body corporate; and
(c) a person participating in the conference in accordance with
paragraph (a) or (b) is entitled to have another person or
other persons present to assist him or her but a person who so
assists another person at the conference is not entitled to
participate in the discussion; and
(e) no other person is entitled to be present.

(7) A member of the Commission participating in the conference shall

make such record of the discussions as is sufficient to set out the
matters raised by the persons participating in the conference.

(8) The member of the Commission who represents the Commission at

the conference, or, if the Commission is represented by more than
one member of the Commission, one of those members appointed
by the Chairperson:
(a) may exclude from the conference any person who uses
insulting language at the conference, creates, or takes part in
creating or continuing, a disturbance at the conference or
repeatedly interrupts the conference;
(b) may terminate the conference when he or she is of the
opinion that a reasonable opportunity has been given for the
expression of the views of persons participating in the
conference (other than persons excluded from the conference
under paragraph (a)); and

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(c) shall give a certificate certifying the day on which the first
notification under subsection (5) in relation to the draft notice
was received by the Commission and the day on which the
conference terminated;
and any such certificate shall be received in all courts as evidence
of the matters certified.
(9) A document purporting to be a certificate referred to in
subsection (8) shall, unless the contrary is established, be deemed
to be such a certificate and to have been duly given.
(10) The Commission must take account of all matters raised at the
conference.

(10A) After the conference, the Commission must decide whether or not
to give a notice under subsection 93(3) or (3A).
(11) For the purposes of this section, interested person means a person
who has notified the Commission in writing that he or she, or a
specified unincorporated association of which he or she is a
member, claims to have an interest in the matter, being an interest
that, in the opinion of the Commission, is real and substantial.
(12) Where the Commission is of the opinion that two or more notices
given to the Commission under subsection 93(1) by the same
person, or by persons being bodies corporate that are related to
each other, deal with substantially similar conduct or proposed
conduct, the Commission may treat the notices as if they
constituted a single notice and may prepare one draft notice in
relation to the notices so given to the Commission and hold one
conference in relation to that draft notice.

95 Register of notifications

(1) The Commission shall keep a register containing:

(aa) notices relating to voluntary industry codes given to the
Commission pursuant to regulations made under
section 51AE (including notices that have been withdrawn
pursuant to those regulations); and

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(a) draft notices, and summaries of reasons, by the Commission
furnished to any person under section 93A; and
(b) records of conferences made in accordance with subsection
93A(7) and certificates in relation to conferences given under
subsection 93A(8); and
(c) notices (including notices that have been withdrawn) given to
the Commission under section 93; and
(d) documents furnished to the Commission in relation to such
notices; and
(e) particulars of any oral submissions made to the Commission
in relation to such notices; and
(f) particulars of notices given by the Commission to
corporations by which notices under section 93 were given;
and
(g) particulars of any permits given by the Commission under
subparagraph 93(7)(b)(i); and
(ga) details of the specification of any day by the Commission
under paragraph 93(7C)(b); and
(h) records of proceedings at conferences held under section 65J
or 65M; and
(j) particulars of recommendations made to the Minister by the
Commission under section 65K or 65N.
(2) Where a person furnishes a document to the Commission:
(a) in relation to a notice given to the Commission under
section 93; or
(b) in relation to a conference held under section 65J or 65M;
or makes an oral submission to the Commission in relation to the
notice or the conference, he or she may, at the time when the
document is furnished or the submission is made, request that the
document or a part of the document, or that particulars of the
submission or of part of the submission, be excluded from the
register kept under subsection (1) by reason of the confidential
nature of any of the matters contained in the document or
submission.

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Section 95
(3) Where such a request is made:
(a) if the document or part of the document, or the submission or
part of the submission, to which the request relates contains
particulars of:
(i) a secret formula or process;
(ii) the cash consideration offered for the acquisition of
shares in the capital of a body corporate or of assets of a
person; or
(iii) the current costs of manufacturing, producing or
marketing goods or services;
the Commission shall exclude the document or the part of the
document, or particulars of the submission or of the part of
the submission, as the case may be, from the register kept
under subsection (1); and
(b) in any other case—the Commission may, if it is satisfied that
it is desirable to do so by reason of the confidential nature of
matters contained in the document or the part of the
document, or in the submission or the part of the submission,
exclude the document or the part of the document, or
particulars of the submission or of the part of the submission,
as the case may be, from that register.
(4) If the Commission refuses a request to exclude a document or a
part of a document from the register kept under subsection (1), the
Commission shall, if the person who furnished the document to the
Commission so requires, return the document or part of the
document to him or her and, in that case, paragraph (1)(d) does not
apply in relation to the document or part of the document.
(5) Subsection (4) does not apply in relation to a document that was
produced to the Minister or the Commission in pursuance of a
notice under section 65Q or 155.
(6) If the Commission refuses a request to exclude particulars of an
oral submission or of part of an oral submission from the register
kept under subsection (1), the person who made the submission
may inform the Commission that he or she withdraws the
submission or that part of the submission and, in that case,
paragraph (1)(e) does not apply in relation to the submission or that
part of the submission, as the case may be.

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Division 2 Notifications

Section 95
(7) Where the Commission is satisfied that it is desirable to do so for
any reason other than the confidential nature of matters contained
in a document or submission, the Commission may exclude a
document or part of a document referred to in paragraph (1)(d) or
particulars referred to in paragraph (1)(e) from the register kept
under subsection (1).
(8) If a person requests in accordance with subsection (2) that a
document or part of a document, or that particulars of a submission
or of part of a submission, be excluded from the register kept under
subsection (1), the document or the part of the document, or
particulars of the submission or of the part of the submission, shall
not be included in that register until the Commission has made a
determination in relation to the request.

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Preliminary Division 1

Section 95A

Part VIIA—Prices surveillance

Division 1—Preliminary

95A Interpretation

(1) In this Part, unless the contrary intention appears:

applicable period, in relation to a locality notice, has the meaning

given by section 95ZB.
body means any organisation or body, whether incorporated or
unincorporated, and includes a group of 2 or more individuals.
business notice means a notice under subsection 95L(3).
Commonwealth authority means:
(a) the Commonwealth; or
(b) an authority, institution or other body (other than a society,
association or incorporated company) established for a public
purpose by or under a law of the Commonwealth; or
(c) a society, association or incorporated company in which the
Commonwealth, or an authority, institution or other body of
the kind referred to in paragraph (b), has a controlling
interest.
declared person, in relation to goods or services of a particular
description, means a person in relation to whom a declaration
under subsection 95X(2) in relation to goods or services of that
description is in force.

exempt supply, in relation to goods or services of a particular

description, means a supply of goods or services of that description
in relation to which a declaration under section 95B is in force.

external inquiry means an inquiry by a body other than the

Commission.

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Division 1 Preliminary

Section 95A
goods includes:
(a) ships, aircraft and other vehicles; and
(b) animals, including fish; and
(c) minerals, trees and crops, whether on, under or attached to
land or not; and
(d) water; and
(e) gas and electricity.
inquiry means an inquiry held in accordance with this Part into a
matter or matters relating to prices for the supply of goods or
services.
inquiry body means:
(a) in relation to an inquiry to be held, or being held, by the
Commission—the Commission; or
(b) in relation to an inquiry to be held, or being held, by a body
other than the Commission—the other body.
inquiry Chair means:
(a) in relation to an inquiry to be held, or being held, by the
Commission—the member of the Commission presiding at
the inquiry; or
(b) in relation to an inquiry to be held, or being held, by a body
other than the Commission—the person presiding at the
inquiry.

inquiry notice means a notice under section 95H.

law of the Commonwealth does not include:
(a) the Northern Territory (Self-Government) Act 1978; or
(b) the Norfolk Island Act 1979; or
(c) a law made under, or continued in force by, an Act referred
to in paragraph (a) or (b).

locality notice means a notice under subsection 95Z(5).

member of the staff of the Commission means a person referred to
in subsection 27(1) or a person engaged under section 27A.

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Preliminary Division 1

Section 95A
notified goods or services means goods or services of a particular
description in relation to which a declaration under subsection
95X(1) is in force.
person includes a Commonwealth authority and a State or
Territory authority.
price includes:
(a) a charge of any description; and
(b) in relation to goods or services—any pecuniary benefit,
whether direct or indirect, received or to be received by a
person for or in connection with the supply by the person of
the goods or services.
response notice means a notice under subparagraph 95Z(6)(c)(i).

services includes any rights (including rights in relation to, and

interests in, real or personal property), benefits, privileges or
facilities that are, or are to be, provided, granted or conferred in
trade or commerce, and includes, but is not limited to, the rights,
benefits, privileges or facilities that are, or are to be, provided,
granted or conferred under:
(a) a contract for or in relation to:
(i) the performance of work (including work of a
professional nature), whether with or without the supply
of goods; or
(ii) the provision of, or the use or enjoyment of facilities
for, amusement, entertainment, recreation or instruction;
or
(iii) the conferring of rights, benefits or privileges for which
remuneration is payable in the form of a royalty, tribute,
levy or similar exaction; or
(b) a contract of insurance; or
(c) a contract between a banker and a customer of the banker
entered into in the course of the carrying on by the banker of
the business of banking; or
(d) any contract for or in relation to the lending of moneys;
but does not include rights or benefits being the supply of goods or
the performance of work under a contract of service.

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Division 1 Preliminary

Section 95A
State or Territory authority means:
(a) a State, the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern
Territory; or
(b) an authority, institution or other body (except a society,
association or incorporated company) established for a public
purpose by or under a law of a State, the Australian Capital
Territory or the Northern Territory; or
(c) a society, association or incorporated company in which a
State, the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern
Territory, or an authority, institution or other body of the
kind referred to in paragraph (b), has a controlling interest.
supply includes:
(a) in relation to goods—supply (including re-supply) by way of
sale, exchange, lease, hire or hire-purchase; and
(b) in relation to services—provide, grant or confer.
(2) In this Part, unless the contrary intention appears:
(a) a reference to the supply of goods or services includes a
reference to agreeing to supply goods or services; and
(b) a reference to the supply of goods includes a reference to the
supply of goods together with other property or services, or
both; and
(c) a reference to the supply of services includes a reference to
the supply of services together with property or other
services, or both; and
(d) a reference to the supply of goods does not include a
reference to:
(i) a supply for use outside Australia; or
(ii) a supply for which a price is not charged; or
(iii) any other supply prescribed by the regulations; and
(e) a reference to the supply of services does not include a
reference to:
(i) a supply outside Australia; or
(ii) a supply for which a price is not charged; or
(iii) any other supply prescribed by the regulations.

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Preliminary Division 1

Section 95B
(3) For the purposes of this Part, a supply by way of retail sale is taken
not to be a supply on terms and conditions that are the same as, or
substantially similar to, the terms and conditions of a supply by
way of wholesale sale.

95B Exempt supplies

(1) The Minister, or the Commission with the approval of the Minister,
may by notice published in the Gazette declare a supply of goods
or services of a specified description, that is a supply in a specified
manner, of a specified kind or in specified circumstances, to be an
exempt supply for the purposes of this Part.
(2) The Minister, or the Commission with the approval of the Minister,
may by notice published in the Gazette vary or revoke a
declaration under subsection (1).

95C Application of Part

(1) This Part applies in relation to the supply of goods or services:

(a) by a Commonwealth authority; or
(b) by a foreign corporation; or
(c) by a trading corporation in the course of, or for the purposes
of, its trading operations; or
(d) by a financial corporation in the course of, or for the
purposes of, its business operations; or
(e) by a body corporate incorporated in a Territory (other than
the Northern Territory or Norfolk Island); or
(f) in an internal Territory (other than the Northern Territory),
the Territory of Christmas Island or the Territory of Cocos
(Keeling) Islands; or
(g) in the course of, or in connection with, trade or commerce:
(i) among the States; or
(ii) between a State and an internal Territory; or
(iii) between a State and the Territory of Christmas Island or
the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands; or

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Division 1 Preliminary

Section 95D
(iv) between an internal Territory and the Territory of
Christmas Island or the Territory of Cocos (Keeling)
Islands; or
(v) between the Territory of Christmas Island and the
Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands; or
(vi) between 2 internal Territories;
and not otherwise.

(2) However, this Part does not apply in relation to the supply of goods
or services by:
(a) an authority, institution or other body (except a society,
association or incorporated company) established for a public
purpose by or under a law of Norfolk Island; or
(b) a society, association or incorporated company in which a
controlling interest is held by Norfolk Island, or an authority,
institution or other body covered by paragraph (a).

95D Crown to be bound

(1) This Part binds the Crown in right of the Commonwealth, of each
of the States, of the Australian Capital Territory and of the
Northern Territory.
(2) Nothing in this Part makes the Crown liable to be prosecuted for an
offence.
(3) The protection in subsection (2) does not apply to an incorporated
Commonwealth authority or an incorporated State or Territory
authority.

95E Object of this Part

The object of this Part is to have prices surveillance applied only in

those markets where, in the view of the Minister, competitive
pressures are not sufficient to achieve efficient prices and protect
consumers.

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Preliminary Division 1

Section 95F
95F Simplified overview of this Part

(1) This Part deals with 3 main things.

Price inquiries
(2) First, it provides for the Commission or another body to hold price
inquiries in relation to the supply of goods or services.
(3) These inquiries may relate to the supply of goods or services by a
particular person. If so, the person’s ability to increase the prices of
those goods or services during a particular period is restricted.
However, there is a way for the person to increase prices during
that period.

Price notifications

(4) Second, this Part allows the Minister or the Commission to declare
goods or services to be notified goods or services and to declare a
person to be a declared person in relation to such goods or services.

(5) If this happens, the person’s ability to increase the prices of such
goods or services during a particular period is restricted. However,
there is a way for the person to increase prices during that period.

Price monitoring
(6) Third, this Part allows the Minister to direct the Commission to
undertake price monitoring.

(7) This may be in relation to supplies of goods or services in a

particular industry or in relation to supplies of goods or services by
particular persons.

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Part VIIA Prices surveillance
Division 2 Commission’s functions under this Part

Section 95G

Division 2—Commission’s functions under this Part

95G Commission’s functions under this Part

(1) The Commission’s functions under this Part are set out in this
section.

Price inquiries
(2) The Commission is to hold such inquiries as it is required to hold
under section 95H.
(3) The Commission may, with the Minister’s approval under
section 95H, hold such other inquiries as it thinks fit.

(4) The Commission is to give the Minister a report on the results of

each inquiry it holds.

Price notifications

(5) The Commission is to consider locality notices and to take, in

relation to such notices, such action in accordance with this Part as
it considers appropriate.

Price monitoring
(6) The Commission is to monitor prices, costs and profits in any
industry or business that the Minister directs it to monitor and is to
give the Minister a report on the results of such monitoring.

General
(7) In exercising its powers and performing its functions under this
Part, the Commission must, subject to any directions given under
section 95ZH, have particular regard to the following:
(a) the need to maintain investment and employment, including
the influence of profitability on investment and employment;

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Commission’s functions under this Part Division 2

Section 95G
(b) the need to discourage a person who is in a position to
substantially influence a market for goods or services from
taking advantage of that power in setting prices;
(c) the need to discourage cost increases arising from increases
in wages and changes in conditions of employment
inconsistent with principles established by relevant industrial
tribunals.

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Part VIIA Prices surveillance
Division 3 Price inquiries

Section 95H

Division 3—Price inquiries

Subdivision A—Holding of inquiries

95H Price inquiries

Inquiries by Commission
(1) The Minister may, by notice in writing given to the Chairperson,
require the Commission to hold an inquiry into a specified matter
or specified matters.
(2) The Minister may, by notice in writing given to the Chairperson,
approve the Commission holding an inquiry into a specified matter
or specified matters.

Inquiries by other bodies

(3) The Minister may, by notice in writing, request a body other than
the Commission to hold an inquiry into a specified matter or
specified matters.
(4) The other body must, if it agrees to hold the inquiry, appoint a
person to preside at the inquiry. The appointment must be in
writing.
(5) However, if the other body is a group of 2 or more individuals, the
Minister must, by writing, appoint one of those individuals to
preside at the inquiry.
(5A) The Minister must, as soon as practicable after confirmation that
the other body will hold the inquiry, table a statement in each
House of the Parliament:
(a) specifying that the body will hold the inquiry; and
(b) giving the Minister’s reasons for requesting the body, rather
than the Commission, to hold the inquiry.

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 Prices surveillance Part VIIA
Price inquiries Division 3

Section 95J
No inquiry in relation to exempt supply

(6) A notice under this section must not authorise the holding of an
inquiry into a supply of goods or services of a particular
description that is an exempt supply in relation to goods or services
of that description.

No inquiry in relation to a State or Territory authority

(7) A notice under this section must not authorise the holding of an
inquiry into the supply by a State or Territory authority of goods or
services.

95J Content of inquiry notices

Description of goods or services

(1) An inquiry notice must specify the description of the goods or
services in relation to which the inquiry is to be held.

Supply of goods or services by particular persons

(2) An inquiry notice must also specify whether the inquiry is to be
held in relation to the supply of goods or services of that
description by a particular person or persons.
(3) If such an inquiry is to be held, the notice may also specify that
person or persons. If it does not, the inquiry body must, by writing,
determine that person or persons.
(4) The inquiry Chair must give the Minister notice in writing of the
determination.

No inquiry in relation to a State or Territory authority

(5) The inquiry body must not determine a State or Territory authority
as a person in relation to whom an inquiry will be held.

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Part VIIA Prices surveillance
Division 3 Price inquiries

Section 95K
Ministerial directions

(6) The Minister may, in an inquiry notice, give such directions as he

or she thinks fit as to the holding of the inquiry and the matters to
be taken into consideration in the inquiry.

(7) The inquiry body must comply with any such directions.

95K Period for completing inquiry

Inquiry period
(1) An inquiry notice must specify the period within which the inquiry
is to be completed and a report on the inquiry is to be given to the
Minister.
(2) The inquiry body must complete the inquiry and give the report to
the Minister within that period.

Extensions
(3) The Minister may, before the end of the completion period, extend
or further extend that period by notice in writing given to the
inquiry Chair.
Example: A notice under subsection (1) specifies that an inquiry is to be
completed and a report given by 1 August.
On 30 July the Minister gives a notice under subsection (3) extending
the deadline to 8 August.
On 6 August the Minister gives another notice under subsection (3)
further extending the deadline to 12 August.

(4) If the Minister does so, the inquiry body must complete the inquiry
and give its report within the completion period as so extended or
further extended.
(5) In this section:

completion period means the period within which the inquiry body
is required by this section to complete an inquiry and to give its
report on the inquiry.

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 Prices surveillance Part VIIA
Price inquiries Division 3

Section 95L
95L Notice of holding of inquiry

General notice

(1) An inquiry body must, as soon as practicable, give notice of an

inquiry it is to hold.
(2) The notice must be given in each State, the Australian Capital
Territory and the Northern Territory by advertisement published in
the Gazette and in a newspaper circulating in that State or
Territory.

Notice to particular person or persons

(3) If the inquiry is to be held in relation to the supply of goods or
services by a particular person or persons, the inquiry body must,
as soon as practicable, give the person, or each of the persons, a
notice in writing.

Content of notice
(4) A notice under this section must:
(a) state that the inquiry body is to hold the inquiry; and
(b) specify the matter or matters in relation to which the inquiry
is to be held; and
(c) specify the time and place at which the inquiry is to start; and
(d) in the case of a notice under subsection (3)—set out the
effect of section 95N; and
(e) specify any other matter prescribed by the regulations.

95M Notice of extension of period for completing inquiry

If:
(a) an inquiry is being held in relation to the supply of goods or
services of a particular description by a particular person or
persons; and

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Division 3 Price inquiries

Section 95N
(b) the Minister extends, or further extends, the period within
which the inquiry is required to be completed and a report on
the inquiry given to the Minister;
the inquiry body must, as soon as possible, give the person, or each
of the persons, a notice in writing giving details of the extension or
further extension.

95N Price restrictions

(1) This section applies if an inquiry body gives a person a business

notice stating that it is to hold an inquiry in relation to the supply
by the person of goods or services of a particular description.

Offence: previous local supply

(2) The person is guilty of an offence if:
(a) before the applicable day in relation to the business notice,
the person supplies (the current supply) goods or services of
that description in a locality on particular terms and
conditions; and
(b) the person has supplied goods or services of that description
in that locality on the same or substantially similar terms and
conditions in the period of 12 months before the current
supply; and
(c) the current supply is at a price that exceeds the highest price
at which the person has supplied goods or services of that
description in that locality on the same or substantially
similar terms and conditions in that period; and
(d) in a case where a notice has been given to the person under
subsection (5)—the current supply is not in accordance with
the notice.
Penalty: 100 penalty units.

Offence: no previous local supply

(3) The person is guilty of an offence if:

(a) before the applicable day in relation to the business notice,
the person supplies (the current supply) goods or services of

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 Prices surveillance Part VIIA
Price inquiries Division 3

Section 95N
that description in a locality on particular terms and
conditions; and
(b) the person has not supplied goods or services of that
description in that locality on the same or substantially
similar terms and conditions in the period of 12 months
before the current supply, but has supplied goods or services
of that description elsewhere in Australia on the same or
substantially similar terms and conditions in that period; and
(c) the current supply is at a price that exceeds the highest price
at which the person has supplied goods or services of that
description in Australia on the same or substantially similar
terms and conditions in that period; and
(d) in a case where a notice has been given to the person under
subsection (5)—the current supply is not in accordance with
the notice.
Penalty: 100 penalty units.

Offence: no previous supply in Australia

(4) The person is guilty of an offence if:
(a) before the applicable day in relation to the business notice,
the person supplies (the current supply) goods or services of
that description in a locality on particular terms and
conditions; and
(b) the person has not supplied goods or services of that
description in Australia on the same or substantially similar
terms and conditions in the period of 12 months before the
current supply; and
(c) in a case where a notice has been given to the person under
subsection (5)—the current supply is not in accordance with
the notice.
Penalty: 100 penalty units.

Approval to increase prices

(5) The Commission may give the person a notice in writing stating
that the person is permitted, during the period:

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Division 3 Price inquiries

Section 95P
(a) beginning on a specified day; and
(b) ending at the beginning of the applicable day in relation to
the business notice;
to supply goods or services of a specified description in a specified
locality on specified terms and conditions at a price not exceeding
a specified price.
(6) The Commission may give a notice under subsection (5) on its own
initiative or on the application of the person.

Consultation
(7) In an external inquiry, the Commission must consult the body
holding the inquiry before giving a notice under subsection (5).

Definition
(8) In this section:

applicable day, in relation to a business notice, means the 14th day

after whichever is the earlier of the following days:
(a) the day on which the person given the notice receives a copy
of the report by the inquiry body on the inquiry to which the
notice relates;
(b) the last day of the period within which the inquiry body is
required to complete the inquiry to which the notice relates
and to give the Minister a report on the inquiry.

Subdivision B—Reports on inquiries

95P Copies of report to be made available

Inquiry into supply of goods or services by particular persons

(1) For an inquiry held in relation to the supply of goods or services by
a particular person or persons, the inquiry body must send the
person, or each of the persons, a copy of the report on the inquiry
on the day on which it gives the Minister the report.

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Price inquiries Division 3

Section 95Q
(2) A copy of a report sent to a person must be accompanied by a
notice in writing setting out the effect of section 95Q.

All inquiries
(3) For any inquiry, the inquiry body must, unless the Minister directs
otherwise, make copies of the report on the inquiry available for
public inspection as soon as practicable after the period of 28 days
beginning on the day on which it gives the Minister the report.

95Q Notification of proposed prices after receipt of report

(1) This section applies if a person receives a copy of a report on an

inquiry held in relation to the supply by the person of goods or
services of a particular description.

Price notification

(2) The person must, within 14 days after receiving the copy, give the
Commission a notice in writing specifying the price or prices at
which the person is supplying, or proposing to supply, goods or
services of that description.

Offence
(3) A person is guilty of an offence if the person contravenes
subsection (2).
Penalty: 10 penalty units.

Public notification

(4) The Commission must, within 14 days after it receives the notice
under subsection (2), make publicly available details of the price or
prices specified in the notice.

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Part VIIA Prices surveillance
Division 3 Price inquiries

Section 95R

Subdivision C—Procedure at inquiries

95R Public inquiries etc.

Public inquiries
(1) An inquiry body must hold an inquiry in public, unless the Minister
directs otherwise.

Taking of evidence
(2) The inquiry body may take evidence in private at an inquiry held in
public if:
(a) a witness objects to giving, in public, evidence that the
inquiry body is satisfied is of a confidential nature; and
(b) the inquiry body considers that it is desirable to do so.

(3) The inquiry body may permit a person appearing as a witness at the
inquiry to give evidence by giving, and verifying by oath or
affirmation, a written statement.
(4) If a statement is so given in an inquiry held in public, the inquiry
body must make available to the public in such manner as it thinks
fit the contents of the statement other than any matter:
(a) that the person who gave the evidence objects to being made
public; and
(b) the evidence of which the body is satisfied would have been
taken in private if that evidence had been given orally and the
person had objected to giving it in public.

Written submissions
(5) The inquiry body may require or permit a person desiring to make
a submission to the body to make the submission in writing.
(6) If a submission is so made in an inquiry held in public, the inquiry
body must make available to the public in such manner as it thinks
fit the contents of the submission.

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 Prices surveillance Part VIIA
Price inquiries Division 3

Section 95S
Procedure

(7) The procedure to be followed at an inquiry is within the discretion

of the inquiry Chair. The inquiry body is not bound by the rules of
evidence.

(8) Subsection (7) operates:

(a) subject to this Part; and
(b) in any case—subject to any direction given to the inquiry
body by the Minister; and
(c) in an inquiry held by the Commission and at which the
inquiry Chair is not the Chairperson—subject to any
direction given to the inquiry Chair by the Chairperson.
Note: See also section 95ZN (about confidentiality of information).

95S Taking of evidence on oath or affirmation

Evidence on oath or affirmation

(1) An inquiry body may take evidence at an inquiry on oath or
affirmation.
(2) An oath or affirmation may be administered by:
(a) in an inquiry by the Commission—a member of the
Commission; or
(b) in an external inquiry—the person presiding at the inquiry.

Summons
(3) The inquiry Chair may, by writing signed by him or her, summon a
person to appear at an inquiry to give evidence and to produce such
documents (if any) as are specified in the summons.
(4) In an inquiry by the Commission, the power conferred on the
inquiry Chair by subsection (3) may, at his or her discretion, be
exercised on the application of another person.

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Division 3 Price inquiries

Section 95T
95T Failure of witness to attend

(1) A person is guilty of an offence if:

(a) the person is given a summons to appear as a witness at an
inquiry; and
(b) the person fails to attend as required by the summons or fails
to appear and report himself or herself from day to day; and
(c) the person has not been excused, or released from further
attendance, by:
(i) in an inquiry by the Commission—a member of the
Commission; or
(ii) in an external inquiry—the person presiding at the
inquiry.
Penalty: 10 penalty units.

(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the person has a reasonable
excuse.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (2) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

95U Refusal to be sworn or to answer question

(1) A person appearing as a witness at an inquiry must not:

(a) refuse or fail to swear an oath or to make an affirmation if
required to do so by:
(i) in an inquiry by the Commission—a member of the
Commission; or
(ii) in an external inquiry—the person presiding at the
inquiry; or
(b) refuse or fail to answer a question that he or she is required to
answer by the inquiry Chair; or
(c) refuse or fail to produce a document that he or she was
required to produce by a summons under this Part given to
him or her.
Penalty: 10 penalty units.

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Section 95V
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply if the person has a reasonable
excuse.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (2) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(3) It is a reasonable excuse for the purposes of subsection (2) for a

person to refuse or fail to answer a question on the ground that the
answer might tend to incriminate the person or to expose the
person to a penalty.
(4) It is a reasonable excuse for the purposes of subsection (2) for a
person to refuse or fail to produce a document on the ground that
the production of the document might tend to incriminate the
person or to expose the person to a penalty.
(5) Subsections (3) and (4) do not limit what is a reasonable excuse for
the purposes of subsection (2).

95V Protection of witnesses

Subject to this Part, a person summoned to attend or appearing as a

witness at an inquiry has the same protection, and is, in addition to
the penalties provided by this Part, subject to the same liabilities, in
any civil or criminal proceedings as a witness in proceedings in the
High Court.

95W Allowances to witnesses

(1) A witness summoned under this Part to appear at an inquiry is

entitled to be paid such allowances for his or her travelling, and
such other expenses, as are prescribed by the regulations.
(2) The witness is entitled to be paid by:
(a) if the witness was summoned by the inquiry Chair—the
Commonwealth; or

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Section 95W
(b) if the witness was summoned on the application of a
person—that person.
(3) The regulations may provide for those allowances and expenses by
reference to a scale of expenses for witnesses who attend before a
court specified in the regulations.

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Section 95X

Division 4—Price notifications

95X Declarations by Minister or Commission

Notified goods or services

(1) The Minister, or the Commission with the approval of the Minister,
may by notice published in the Gazette declare goods or services of
a specified description to be notified goods or services for the
purposes of this Part.

Declared persons
(2) The Minister, or the Commission with the approval of the Minister,
may by notice published in the Gazette declare a person to be, in
relation to goods or services of a specified description, a declared
person for the purposes of this Part.

(3) The Commission must give the person notice in writing of a

declaration under subsection (2). The notice must set out the effect
of section 95Z.

(4) A declaration under subsection (2) must specify the time when it is
to cease to have effect. Such a declaration ceases to have effect at
the time specified, unless it is revoked sooner.

Variation or revocation
(5) The Minister, or the Commission with the approval of the Minister,
may by notice published in the Gazette vary or revoke a
declaration under this section.

95Y Declarations in relation to State or Territory authorities

(1) The Minister must not make or approve a declaration of a State or

Territory authority under section 95X unless:
(a) the appropriate Minister of the State or Territory concerned
has agreed to the declaration being made; or

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Section 95Y
(b) the Council has, on the request (the current request) of an
Australian government, recommended the declaration and the
Minister has consulted the appropriate Minister of the State
or Territory concerned.

Role of Council
(2) The Council must not recommend a declaration of a State or
Territory authority in relation to goods or services unless it is
satisfied that:
(a) at least one Australian government has notified the State or
Territory concerned that the government is not satisfied that
there is effective supervision of the prices charged by the
authority for the supply of those goods or services; and
(b) there is not such effective supervision; and
(c) the supply of those goods or services by the authority has a
significant direct or indirect impact on qualifying trade or
commerce.

(3) The Council must also not recommend a declaration of a State or

Territory authority in relation to goods or services if:
(a) in the 5 year period before it received the current request, it
was satisfied (when considering a previous request) that there
was effective supervision of prices charged by the authority
for the supply of those goods or services; and
(b) it is satisfied that there has not been a substantial change in
the mechanism for that supervision since it was satisfied as
mentioned in paragraph (a).
(4) In deciding whether there is effective supervision of prices charged
by a State or Territory authority, if the State or Territory concerned
is a party to the Competition Principles Agreement, the Council
must apply the relevant principles set out in the agreement.

Definitions

(5) In this section:

Australian government means the Commonwealth, a State, the
Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory.

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Section 95Z
qualifying trade or commerce means trade or commerce described
in paragraph 95C(1)(g) or trade and commerce between Australia
and another place.

95Z Price restrictions

Offence: previous local supply

(1) A person is guilty of an offence if:
(a) the person is a declared person in relation to notified goods
or services; and
(b) the person supplies (the current supply) goods or services of
that description in a locality on particular terms and
conditions (the actual terms) at a particular price (the actual
price); and
(c) the person has supplied goods or services of that description
in that locality on the same or substantially similar terms and
conditions in the period of 12 months before the current
supply; and
(d) the actual price exceeds the highest price at which the person
has supplied goods or services of that description in that
locality on the same or substantially similar terms and
conditions in that period; and
(e) the current supply is not an exempt supply.
Penalty: 100 penalty units.
Note: Subsection (4) contains a defence to this offence.

Offence: no previous local supply

(2) A person is guilty of an offence if:
(a) the person is a declared person in relation to notified goods
or services; and
(b) the person supplies (the current supply) goods or services of
that description in a locality on particular terms and
conditions (the actual terms) at a particular price (the actual
price); and

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Section 95Z
(c) the person has not supplied goods or services of that
description in that locality on the same or substantially
similar terms and conditions in the period of 12 months
before the current supply, but has supplied goods or services
of that description elsewhere in Australia on the same or
substantially similar terms and conditions in that period; and
(d) the actual price exceeds the highest price at which the person
has supplied goods or services of that description in Australia
on the same or substantially similar terms and conditions in
that period; and
(e) the current supply is not an exempt supply.

Penalty: 100 penalty units.

Note: Subsection (4) contains a defence to this offence.

Offence: no previous supply in Australia

(3) A person is guilty of an offence if:
(a) the person is a declared person in relation to notified goods
or services; and
(b) the person supplies (the current supply) goods or services of
that description in a locality on particular terms and
conditions (the actual terms) at a particular price (the actual
price); and
(c) the person has not supplied goods or services of that
description in Australia on the same or substantially similar
terms and conditions in the period of 12 months before the
current supply; and
(d) the current supply is not an exempt supply.
Penalty: 100 penalty units.
Note: Subsection (4) contains a defence to this offence.

Defence
(4) Subsection (1), (2) or (3) does not apply if the following 4
requirements are satisfied.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (4) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

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Section 95Z
Locality notice

(5) The first requirement is that the person has given the Commission
a notice (a locality notice) in writing stating that the person
proposes to supply goods or services of that description in that
locality on specified terms and conditions (the proposed terms) at a
specified price (the proposed price).
Note: The person may give further notices modifying the locality notice: see
section 95ZA.

Response to locality notice

(6) The second requirement is that:
(a) the applicable period in relation to the locality notice has
ended; or
(b) the Commission has given the person a notice in writing
stating that it has no objection to the person supplying goods
or services of that description in that locality on the proposed
terms at the proposed price; or
(c) both of the following apply:
(i) the Commission has given the person a notice (the
response notice) in writing stating that it would have no
objection to the person supplying goods or services of
that description in that locality on the proposed terms at
a specified price (the approved price) that is less than
the proposed price;
(ii) the person has, not later than 7 days after being given
the response notice, given the Commission a notice in
writing stating that the person proposes to supply goods
or services of that description in that locality on the
proposed terms at a price not exceeding the approved
price.

Actual terms

(7) The third requirement is that the actual terms are the same as, or
substantially similar to, the proposed terms.

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Section 95ZA
Actual price

(8) The fourth requirement is that the actual price does not exceed:
(a) if paragraph (6)(a) or (b) applies—the proposed price; or
(b) if paragraph (6)(c) applies—the approved price.

95ZA Later notices modifying a locality notice

(1) If a person gives the Commission a locality notice, the person may
give the Commission one or more further notices in writing stating
that the locality notice is to have effect as if there were substituted
for the proposed price another specified price.
(2) A price specified in a notice under subsection (1) must be:
(a) less than the proposed price; and
(b) less than the price specified in any previous notice under that
subsection in relation to the locality notice.

(3) If a notice is given under subsection (1), the locality notice has
effect accordingly.
(4) In this section:

proposed price has the meaning given by subsection 95Z(5).

95ZB Applicable period in relation to a locality notice

(1) The applicable period in relation to a locality notice is the period

(the price-freeze period) of 21 days starting on the day on which
the notice was given.
(2) However, the Commission may, with the consent of the person
who gave the locality notice, determine, before the end of the
price-freeze period, that the applicable period in relation to the
notice for the purposes of this section is a specified longer period.
(3) If the Commission so determines, that longer period is taken to
become the applicable period in relation to the locality notice.
(4) Also, if the Commission has given a response notice, the period
that is the applicable period (worked out under subsections (1) to

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Section 95ZC
(3)) in relation to the locality notice is taken to be increased by a
period of 14 days.
Example: On 1 May the person gives the Commission a locality notice.
Under subsection (1), the applicable period ends on 21 May.
On 9 May the Commission, with the consent of the person,
determines, under subsection (2), that the applicable period ends on
31 May.
If the Commission also gives the person a response notice, under
subsection (4), the applicable period instead of ending on 31 May ends
on 14 June.

95ZC Register of price notifications

Keeping of register
(1) The Commission must keep, at such place as it thinks fit, a register
for the purposes of this section.

Information on the register

(2) If a person has given the Commission a locality notice, the
Commission must, as soon as practicable after the end of the
applicable period in relation to the notice, include in the register:
(a) a copy of the notice, on which has been endorsed, or to which
has been attached, a statement indicating the outcome of the
Commission’s consideration of the notice (including any
action taken by it in relation to the notice and the outcome of
any such action); and
(b) a copy of each notice given under this Part to, or by, the
Commission in relation to the locality notice; and
(c) a statement of the reasons for the outcome of the
Commission’s consideration of the locality notice.

Gazette notice

(3) The Commission must, within 3 months after the end of the
applicable period in relation to the locality notice, cause to be
published in the Gazette a notice:

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Section 95ZD
(a) stating that the Commission received the locality notice and
specifying the date it received the notice; and
(b) setting out such particulars (if any) relating to the outcome of
the Commission’s consideration of the locality notice as it
considers appropriate.

Exclusion of confidential information

(4) A person who gives the Commission a document in relation to a
locality notice, or who makes an oral submission to the
Commission in relation to such a notice, may ask it to exclude
from a document to be placed in the register any information:
(a) that was in the document given by the person or in the
submission made by the person; and
(b) that the person claims is confidential.
(5) The Commission may exclude the information if it is satisfied that
the claim is justified and is not of the opinion that disclosure of the
information is necessary in the public interest.
(6) An application may be made to the Administrative Appeals
Tribunal for the review of a decision under subsection (5) to refuse
to exclude the information.

Inspection of register
(7) A person may, at any time during ordinary office hours in the place
where the register is kept, inspect or make copies of, or take
extracts from, the register.

Validity of acts done

(8) The validity of an act done by the Commission in relation to a
locality notice is not affected by a failure of the Commission to
comply with this section.

95ZD Delegation by Commission

(1) The Commission may, by writing, delegate to a member of the

Commission:

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Section 95ZD
(a) the Commission’s price notification powers in relation to
specified locality notices; and
(b) the Commission’s power under section 95ZJ relating to a
notice given by the member exercising (as a delegate) the
Commission’s price notification powers.

(2) In this section:

price notification powers means the Commission’s powers under
paragraph 95Z(6)(b) or (c).

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Division 5 Price monitoring

Section 95ZE

Division 5—Price monitoring

95ZE Directions to monitor prices, costs and profits of an industry

(1) The Minister may give the Commission a written direction:

(a) to monitor prices, costs and profits relating to the supply of
goods or services by persons in a specified industry; and
(b) to give the Minister a report on the monitoring at a specified
time or at specified intervals within a specified period.

Commercial confidentiality
(2) The Commission must, in preparing such a report, have regard to
the need for commercial confidentiality.

Public inspection
(3) The Commission must make copies of the report available for
public inspection as soon as practicable after it gives the Minister
the report.

95ZF Directions to monitor prices, costs and profits of a business

(1) The Minister may give the Commission a written direction:

(a) to monitor prices, costs and profits relating to the supply of
goods or services by a specified person; and
(b) to give the Minister a report on the monitoring at a specified
time or at specified intervals within a specified period.

Commercial confidentiality

(2) The Commission must, in preparing such a report, have regard to

the need for commercial confidentiality.

Commission to send person a copy of the report

(3) The Commission must send the person a copy of the report on the
day it gives the Minister the report.

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Section 95ZG
Public inspection

(4) The Commission must also make copies of the report available for
public inspection as soon as practicable after the person has
received a copy of the report.

95ZG Exceptions to price monitoring

Exempt supplies
(1) The Minister must not direct the Commission under this Division
to monitor prices, costs and profits relating to a supply of goods or
services of a particular description that is an exempt supply in
relation to goods or services of that description.

State or Territory authorities

(2) The Minister must not direct the Commission under this Division
to monitor prices, costs and profits of a State or Territory authority
that supplies goods or services unless the State or Territory
concerned has agreed to the direction being given.

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Section 95ZH

Division 6—Other provisions

95ZH Ministerial directions

Commission
(1) The Minister may, by notice in writing give to the Chairperson,
direct the Commission to give special consideration to a specified
matter or matters in exercising its powers and performing its
functions under this Part.
(2) The Commission must comply with any such directions.

Other bodies
(3) The Minister may, by notice in writing given to the person
presiding at an external inquiry, direct the body holding the inquiry
to give special consideration to a specified matter or matters in
holding the inquiry.
(4) The body must comply with any such directions.

95ZI Inquiries by an unincorporated body or a group of 2 or more

individuals

(1) This section applies to inquiries by an unincorporated body or a

group of 2 or more individuals.

(2) The regulations may make provision for and in relation to the
manner in which the unincorporated body or group of individuals
is to:
(a) give a notice, report or other document to a person under this
Part; or
(b) do any other thing under this Part.

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Section 95ZJ
95ZJ Withdrawal of notices

Commission

(1) The Commission may give a person a notice (the withdrawal

notice) in writing withdrawing a notice it previously gave the
person under this Part (other than this section).

(2) If the Commission does so, this Part has effect, from the time at
which the withdrawal notice is given to the person, as if the other
notice had not been given to the person.

Other bodies
(3) The body holding an external inquiry may give a person a notice
(the withdrawal notice) in writing withdrawing a notice it
previously gave the person under this Part (other than this section).
(4) If the body does so, this Part has effect, from the time at which the
withdrawal notice is given to the person, as if the other notice had
not been given to the person.

95ZK Power to obtain information or documents

Notice by Commission
(1) If the Chairperson has reason to believe that a person is capable of
giving information or producing documents relevant to:
(a) the Commission considering the matters contained in a
locality notice that the person has given it; or
(b) an inquiry that is being held in relation to the person; or
(c) a supply of goods or services by the person that is of a kind
in relation to which the Commission is carrying out an
inquiry; or
(d) a supply of goods or services by the person that is of a kind
in relation to which the Commission is monitoring under
section 95ZE or 95ZF;

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Section 95ZK
the Chairperson may, by notice in writing signed by him or her and
given to the person, require the person to do one or more of the
following:
(e) give the Commission, by writing signed by the person or his
or her agent or, in the case of a Commonwealth authority or a
body corporate, by a competent officer of the authority or
body, within the specified period and in the specified
manner, specified information relating to the affairs of the
person;
(f) produce to the Commission, within the specified period and
in the specified manner, specified documents relating to the
affairs of the person;
(g) if the person is a body corporate and the notice relates to the
matter in paragraph (d)—give the Commission, together with
the information or documents concerned, a declaration in a
form approved by the Chairperson and signed by:
(i) the Chief Executive Officer (however described) of the
body corporate; or
(ii) a person nominated by the Chief Executive Officer;
stating that the information or documents are true and
correct.

Notice by other bodies

(2) If:
(a) an external inquiry is being held in relation to a person; and
(b) the inquiry Chair has reason to believe that the person is
capable of giving information or producing documents
relevant to the inquiry;
the inquiry Chair may, by notice in writing signed by him or her
and given to the person, require the person:
(c) to give the body, by writing signed by the person or his or her
agent or, in the case of a Commonwealth authority or a body
corporate, by a competent officer of the authority or body,
within the specified period and in the specified manner,
specified information relating to the affairs of the person; or

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Section 95ZK
(d) to produce to the body, within the specified period and in the
specified manner, specified documents relating to the affairs
of the person.

Period specified in notice

(3) A period specified in a notice under subsection (1) or (2) must end
at least 14 days after the notice was given.

Offence: refusal or failure to comply with notice

(4) A person is guilty of an offence if the person refuses or fails to
comply with a notice given to the person under this section.
Penalty: 20 penalty units.

(5) Subsection (4) does not apply if the person has a reasonable
excuse.
Note: A defendant bears an evidential burden in relation to the matter in
subsection (5) (see subsection 13.3(3) of the Criminal Code).

(6) It is a reasonable excuse for the purposes of subsection (4) for an

individual to refuse or fail to give information or produce a
document on the ground that the information or production of the
document might tend to incriminate the individual or to expose the
individual to a penalty.

(7) Subsection (6) does not limit what is a reasonable excuse for the
purposes of subsection (5).

Offence: false or misleading declarations

(8) A person must not, in a declaration made for the purposes of

paragraph (1)(g), make a statement if the person knows, or is
reckless as to whether, the statement is false or misleading.

Penalty: 20 penalty units.

Making information or documents publicly available

(9) If:

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Section 95ZL
(a) a notice is given to a person under this section relating to an
inquiry that is being held in public in relation to the person;
and
(b) the person gives the information concerned or produces the
documents concerned to the inquiry body in connection with
the inquiry;
the inquiry body must make the information or documents
available to the public in such manner as it thinks fit.
Note: See also section 95ZN (about confidentiality of information).

95ZL Inspection of documents etc.

Members or staff members

(1) A member of the Commission, or a member of the staff of the

Commission, may inspect documents:
(a) given to the Commission for the purposes of the exercise of
its powers or the performance of its functions under this Part;
or
(b) produced at an inquiry.

(2) A member of the Commission, or a member of the staff of the

Commission, may also make copies of, or take extracts from, those
documents.

Associate members
(3) An associate member of the Commission may inspect documents:
(a) given to the Commission for the purposes of the exercise of
its powers or the performance of its functions under this Part
in relation to an inquiry for the purposes of which the
Chairperson has directed that the associate member be taken
to be a member of the Commission; or
(b) produced at that inquiry.
(4) An associate member of the Commission may also make copies of,
or take extracts from, those documents.

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Section 95ZM
External inquiries

(5) In an external inquiry, the person presiding at the inquiry, or a

person providing assistance in the inquiry to the body holding the
inquiry, may:
(a) inspect documents given to the body for the purposes of the
inquiry; and
(b) make copies of, or take extracts from, those documents.

95ZM Retention of documents

(1) The Commission, or a body other than the Commission, may retain
a document given or produced to it as mentioned in section 95ZL.
It may retain the document for such reasonable period as it thinks
fit.
(2) The person otherwise entitled to possession of the document is
entitled to be supplied, as soon as practicable, with a copy certified
by the Commission or other body, as the case may be, to be a true
copy.
(3) The certified copy must be received in all courts and tribunals as
evidence as if it were the original.
(4) Until a certified copy is supplied, the Commission or other body,
as the case may be, must, at such times and places as it thinks
appropriate, permit the person otherwise entitled to possession of
the document, or a person authorised by that person, to inspect and
make copies of, or take extracts from, the document.

95ZN Confidential information

(1) This section applies if a person claims that disclosure of the

following information would damage the competitive position of
the person:
(a) information made available, or to be made available, by or on
behalf of the person (whether in oral evidence or in a written
statement, submission or other document) at the hearing of an
inquiry by the Commission or another body;

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Section 95ZO
(b) information given, or contained in a document produced, by
the person under section 95ZK to the Commission or another
body.

Commission or other body to take confidentiality steps

(2) If the Commission or other body, as the case may be:
(a) is satisfied that the claim is justified; and
(b) is not of the opinion that disclosure of the information is
necessary in the public interest;
it must take all reasonable steps to ensure that the information is
not disclosed, without the consent of the person, in the proceedings
or by it, to a person other than:
(c) in relation to the Commission:
(i) a member of the Commission or an associate member of
the Commission; or
(ii) a member of the staff of the Commission who receives
the information in the course of his or her duties; or
(d) in relation to the other body:
(i) the person presiding at the inquiry concerned; or
(ii) a person providing assistance in the inquiry to the other
body.

Interpretation
(3) This section has effect despite anything in sections 95R and 95ZK.

95ZO Immunity

Members or associate members of the Commission

(1) A member of the Commission, or an associate member of the

Commission, has, in the performance of his or her functions or the
exercise of his or her powers under this Part as a member or
associate member, the same protection and immunity as a Justice
of the High Court.

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Section 95ZP
Person presiding at an external inquiry

(2) In an external inquiry, the person presiding at the inquiry has, in

the performance of his or her functions or the exercise of his or her
powers under this Part in that capacity, the same protection and
immunity as a Justice of the High Court.

95ZP Secrecy: members or staff members of the Commission etc.

Offence
(1) An entrusted person is guilty of an offence if:
(a) the person:
(i) makes a copy or other record of any protected
information or of all or part of any protected document;
or
(ii) discloses any protected information to another person or
to a court; or
(iii) produces all or part of a protected document to another
person or to a court; and
(b) in doing so, the person is not acting in the course of
performing or exercising functions, powers or duties under or
in relation to this Act.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 2 years.

Courts
(2) An entrusted person cannot be required to:
(a) disclose any protected information to a court; or
(b) produce all or part of a protected document to a court;
unless that disclosure or production is necessary for the purpose of
carrying into effect the provisions of this Act.

Definitions
(3) In this section:

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Section 95ZQ
court includes any tribunal, authority or person having power to
require the production of documents or the answering of questions.
entrusted person means a person who is or was:
(a) a member of the Commission or an associate member of the
Commission; or
(b) a member of the staff of the Commission; or
(c) appointed or engaged under the Public Service Act 1999.
produce includes permit access to.

protected document means a document that:

(a) is given to or otherwise acquired by the Commission for the
purposes of this Part; and
(b) has not been made available to the public by the Commission
under this Part.
protected information means information that:
(a) is disclosed to, or obtained by, an entrusted person for the
purposes of this Part or as permitted by the repealed Part; and
(b) has not been made available to the public under this Part by
the Commission and is not contained in oral evidence given
in public at the hearing of an inquiry.
repealed Part means Part V of the Prices Surveillance Act 1983, as
continued in operation by Schedule 2 to the Trade Practices
Legislation Amendment Act 2003.

95ZQ Secrecy: persons involved in inquiries by bodies other than

the Commission

Offence
(1) An external person is guilty of an offence if:
(a) the person:
(i) makes a copy or other record of any protected
information or of all or part of any protected document;
or

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Section 95ZQ
(ii) discloses any protected information to another person or
to a court; or
(iii) produces all or part of a protected document to another
person or to a court; and
(b) in doing so, the person is not acting in the course of
performing or exercising functions, powers or duties under or
in relation to this Act.
Penalty: Imprisonment for 2 years.

Courts
(2) An external person cannot be required to:
(a) disclose any protected information to a court; or
(b) produce all or part of a protected document to a court;
unless that disclosure or production is necessary for the purpose of
carrying into effect the provisions of this Act.

Definitions

(3) In this section:

court includes any tribunal, authority or person having power to
require the production of documents or the answering of questions.
external person means a person who is or was:
(a) the person presiding at an external inquiry; or
(b) a person providing assistance in such an inquiry to the body
holding the inquiry.
produce includes permit access to.

protected document means a document that:

(a) is given to or otherwise acquired by the body holding the
external inquiry concerned for the purposes of that inquiry;
and
(b) has not been made available to the public by that body under
this Part.

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Division 6 Other provisions

Section 95ZQ
protected information means information that:
(a) is disclosed to, or obtained by, an external person for the
purposes of the inquiry concerned; and
(b) has not been made available to the public under this Part by
the body holding that inquiry and is not contained in oral
evidence given in public at the hearing of that inquiry.

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 Resale price maintenance Part VIII

Section 96

Part VIII—Resale price maintenance

96 Acts constituting engaging in resale price maintenance

(1) Subject to this Part, a corporation (in this section called the
supplier) engages in the practice of resale price maintenance if that
corporation does an act referred to in any of the paragraphs of
subsection (3).
(2) Subject to this Part, a person (not being a corporation and also in
this section called the supplier) engages in the practice of resale
price maintenance if that person does an act referred to in any of
the paragraphs of subsection (3) where the second person
mentioned in that paragraph is a corporation.

(3) The acts referred to in subsections (1) and (2) are the following:
(a) the supplier making it known to a second person that the
supplier will not supply goods to the second person unless
the second person agrees not to sell those goods at a price
less than a price specified by the supplier;
(b) the supplier inducing, or attempting to induce, a second
person not to sell, at a price less than a price specified by the
supplier, goods supplied to the second person by the supplier
or by a third person who, directly or indirectly, has obtained
the goods from the supplier;
(c) the supplier entering into an agreement, or offering to enter
into an agreement, for the supply of goods to a second
person, being an agreement one of the terms of which is, or
would be, that the second person will not sell the goods at a
price less than a price specified, or that would be specified,
by the supplier;
(d) the supplier withholding the supply of goods to a second
person for the reason that the second person:
(i) has not agreed as mentioned in paragraph (a); or
(ii) has sold, or is likely to sell, goods supplied to him or her
by the supplier, or goods supplied to him or her by a

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Section 96
third person who, directly or indirectly, has obtained the
goods from the supplier, at a price less than a price
specified by the supplier as the price below which the
goods are not to be sold;
(e) the supplier withholding the supply of goods to a second
person for the reason that a third person who, directly or
indirectly, has obtained, or wishes to obtain, goods from the
second person:
(i) has not agreed not to sell those goods at a price less than
a price specified by the supplier; or
(ii) has sold, or is likely to sell, goods supplied to him or
her, or to be supplied to him or her, by the second
person, at a price less than a price specified by the
supplier as the price below which the goods are not to
be sold; and
(f) the supplier using, in relation to any goods supplied, or that
may be supplied, by the supplier to a second person, a
statement of a price that is likely to be understood by that
person as the price below which the goods are not to be sold.
(4) For the purposes of subsection (3):
(a) where a price is specified by another person on behalf of the
supplier, it shall be deemed to have been specified by the
supplier;
(b) where the supplier makes it known, in respect of goods, that
the price below which those goods are not to be sold is a
price specified by another person in respect of those goods,
or in respect of goods of a like description, that price shall be
deemed to have been specified, in respect of the
first-mentioned goods, by the supplier;
(c) where a formula is specified by or on behalf of the supplier
and a price may be ascertained by calculation from, or by
reference to, that formula, that price shall be deemed to have
been specified by the supplier; and
(d) where the supplier makes it known, in respect of goods, that
the price below which those goods are not to be sold is a
price ascertained by calculation from, or by reference to, a
formula specified by another person in respect of those goods

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Section 96A
or in respect of goods of a like description, that price shall be
deemed to have been specified, in respect of the
first-mentioned goods, by the supplier.
(5) In subsection (4), formula includes a set form or method.

(6) For the purposes of subsection (3), anything done by a person

acting on behalf of, or by arrangement with, the supplier shall be
deemed to have been done by the supplier.

(7) A reference in any of paragraphs (3)(a) to (e), inclusive, including

a reference in negative form, to the selling of goods at a price less
than a price specified by the supplier shall be construed as
including references to:
(a) the advertising of goods for sale at a price less than a price
specified by the supplier as the price below which the goods
are not to be advertised for sale;
(b) the displaying of goods for sale at a price less than a price
specified by the supplier as the price below which the goods
are not to be displayed for sale; and
(c) the offering of goods for sale at a price less than a price
specified by the supplier as the price below which the goods
are not to be offered for sale;
and a reference in paragraph (3)(d), (e) or (f) to a price below
which the goods are not to be sold shall be construed as including a
reference to the price below which the goods are not to be
advertised for sale, to the price below which the goods are not to be
displayed for sale and to the price below which the goods are not to
be offered for sale.

96A Resale price maintenance in relation to services

(1) This Part applies to conduct in relation to services in a way that

corresponds to the way it applies to conduct in relation to goods.
(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), this Part is to be read with
appropriate modifications, including the following modifications:
(a) references in this Part to goods are to be read as references to
services;

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Section 97
(b) references to the sale of goods are to be read as references to
the re-supply of services.

97 Recommended prices
For the purposes of paragraph 96(3)(b), the supplier is not to be
taken as inducing, or attempting to induce, a second person as
mentioned in that paragraph in relation to any goods:
(a) by reason only of a statement of a price being applied to the
goods as mentioned in paragraph 99(1)(a) or being applied to
a covering, label, reel or thing as mentioned in paragraph
99(1)(b), provided that the statement is preceded by the
words “recommended price”; or
(b) by reason only of his or her having given notification in
writing to the second person (not being a notification by way
of a statement being applied as mentioned in paragraph (a))
of the price that he or she recommends as appropriate for the
sale of those goods, provided that there is included in the
notification, and in each writing that refers, whether
expressly or by implication, to the notification, a statement to
the following effect:
“The price set out or referred to herein is a recommended
price only and there is no obligation to comply with the
recommendation.”.

98 Withholding the supply of goods

(1) For the purposes of paragraph 96(3)(d) or (e), the supplier shall be
deemed to withhold the supply of goods to another person if:
(a) the supplier refuses or fails to supply those goods to, or as
requested by, the other person;
(b) the supplier refuses to supply those goods except on terms
that are disadvantageous to the other person;
(c) in supplying goods to the other person, the supplier treats that
person less favourably, whether in respect of time, method or
place of delivery or otherwise, than the supplier treats other
persons to whom the supplier supplies the same or similar
goods; or

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Section 99
(d) the supplier causes or procures a person to withhold the
supply of goods to the other person as mentioned in
paragraph (a), (b) or (c) of this subsection.
(2) Paragraph 96(3)(d) does not apply in relation to the withholding by
the supplier of the supply of goods to another person who, within
the preceding year, has sold goods obtained, directly or indirectly,
from the supplier at less than their cost to that other person:
(a) for the purpose of attracting to the establishment at which the
goods were sold persons likely to purchase other goods; or
(b) otherwise for the purpose of promoting the business of that
other person.
(3) For the purposes of subsection (2), there shall be disregarded:
(a) a genuine seasonal or clearance sale of goods that were not
acquired for the purpose of being sold at that sale; or
(b) a sale of goods that took place with the consent of the
supplier.

99 Statements as to the minimum price of goods

(1) For the purposes of paragraph 96(3)(f), if:

(a) a statement is applied to goods, whether by being woven in,
impressed on, worked into or annexed or affixed to the goods
or otherwise;
(b) a statement is applied to a covering, label, reel or thing in or
with which goods are supplied; or
(c) a statement is used in a sign, advertisement, invoice,
catalogue, business letter, business paper, price list or other
document or otherwise in a manner likely to lead to the belief
that it refers to goods;
the statement shall be deemed to have been used in relation to
those goods.

(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), covering includes a stopper,

glass, bottle, vessel, box, capsule, case, frame or wrapper and label
includes a band or ticket.

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Part VIII Resale price maintenance

Section 100
100 Evidentiary provisions

(1) Where, in proceedings under this Act by a person (in this section
referred to as the plaintiff) against another person (in this section
referred to as the defendant), it is claimed that the defendant has
engaged in the practice of resale price maintenance and it is
established that:
(a) the defendant has acted, in relation to the plaintiff, as
mentioned in paragraph 98(1)(a), (b), (c) or (d);
(b) during a period ending immediately before the time when the
defendant so acted, the defendant had been supplying goods
of the kind withheld to the plaintiff or to another person
carrying on a business similar to that of the plaintiff; and
(c) during the period of 6 months immediately before the time
when the defendant so acted, the defendant became aware of
a matter or circumstance capable of constituting a reason
referred to in paragraph 96(3)(d) or (e) for the defendant’s so
acting;
then, subject to subsection (2), it shall be presumed, unless the
contrary is established, that that matter or circumstance was the
reason for the defendant’s so acting.
(2) Subsection (1) does not apply where the plaintiff establishes the
matter mentioned in paragraph 98(1)(b) or (c) but the terms
disadvantageous to the plaintiff, or the less favourable treatment of
the plaintiff, consisted only of a requirement by the defendant as to
the time at which, or the form in which, payment was to be made
or as to the giving of security to secure payment.
(3) In the application of this section in proceedings by the Commission
for an injunction, references to the plaintiff shall be construed as
references to a person specified in the application for the injunction
as the person in relation to whom the defendant is claimed to have
acted as mentioned in paragraph (1)(a).

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 Review by Tribunal of Determinations of Commission Part IX
Applications for Review Division 1

Section 101

Part IX—Review by Tribunal of Determinations of

Commission
Division 1—Applications for Review

101 Applications for review

(1) A person dissatisfied with a determination by the Commission:

(a) in relation to an application for an authorization or a minor
variation of an authorization; or
(b) in relation to the revocation of an authorization, or the
revocation of an authorization and the substitution of another
authorization;
may, as prescribed and within the time allowed by or under the
regulations or under subsection (1B), as the case may be, apply to
the Tribunal for a review of the determination.
(1AA) If:
(a) the person applying under subsection (1) for review of a
determination was the applicant for an authorization, or for
the minor variation of an authorization, for the revocation of
an authorization or for the revocation of an authorization and
the substitution of another authorization; or
(b) the Tribunal is satisfied that the person has a sufficient
interest;
the Tribunal must review the determination.
(1A) Where a person has, whether before or after the commencement of
this subsection, made an application under subsection (1) for a
review of a determination, the Tribunal may, if the Tribunal
determines it to be appropriate, make a determination by consent of
the applicant, the Commission, and all persons who have been
permitted under subsection 109(2) to intervene in the proceedings
for review, whether or not the Tribunal is satisfied of the matters
referred to in subsection 90(6), (7), (8) or (9).

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Part IX Review by Tribunal of Determinations of Commission
Division 1 Applications for Review

Section 101A
(1B) A presidential member may, on the application of a person
concerned:
(a) in an application for an authorization under subsection 88(9);
or
(b) in an application for a minor variation or a revocation of such
an authorization; or
(c) in an application for the revocation of such an authorization
and the substitution of another authorization;
shorten the time allowed by or under the regulations within which
an application under subsection (1) may be made for a review of
the determination by the Commission of the application referred to
in paragraph (a), (b) or (c) if the member is satisfied that special
circumstances exist and that, in all the circumstances, it would not
be unfair to do so.
(2) A review by the Tribunal is a re-hearing of the matter and
subsections 90(6), (7), (8) and (9), 91A(4), 91A(5), 91B(5) and
91C(7) apply in relation to the Tribunal in like manner as they
apply in relation to the Commission.

101A Application for review of notice under subsection 93(3) or (3A)

A person dissatisfied with the giving of a notice by the

Commission under subsection 93(3) or (3A) may, as prescribed
and within the time allowed by or under the regulations, apply to
the Tribunal for a review of the giving of the notice and, if the
person was the person to whom the notice was given or the
Tribunal is satisfied that the person has a sufficient interest, the
Tribunal shall review the giving of the notice.

102 Functions and powers of Tribunal

(1) On a review of a determination of the Commission in relation to:

(a) an application for an authorization; or
(b) an application for a minor variation of an authorization; or
(c) an application for, or the Commission’s proposal for, the
revocation of an authorization; or

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Applications for Review Division 1

Section 102
(d) an application for, or the Commission’s proposal for, the
revocation of an authorization and the substitution of another
authorization;
the Tribunal may make a determination affirming, setting aside or
varying the determination of the Commission and, for the purposes
of the review, may perform all the functions and exercise all the
powers of the Commission.
(1A) If a person applies to the Tribunal for review of a determination of
the Commission relating to:
(a) the grant of an authorisation under subsection 88(9); or
(b) the minor variation, or the revocation, of an authorization
granted under that subsection; or
(c) the revocation of an authorization granted under that
subsection and the substitution of another authorization;
the Tribunal must make its determination on the review within 60
days after receiving the application for review.
(1B) The 60 day time limit in subsection (1A) does not apply if the
Tribunal considers that the matter cannot be dealt with properly
within that period of 60 days, either because of its complexity or
because of other special circumstances.
(1C) If subsection (1B) applies, the Tribunal must notify the applicant
before the end of the 60 day period that the matter cannot be dealt
with properly within that period.
(2) A determination by the Tribunal affirming, setting aside or varying
a determination of the Commission in relation to:
(a) an application for an authorization; or
(b) an application for a minor variation of an authorization; or
(c) an application for, or the Commission’s proposal for, the
revocation of an authorization; or
(d) an application for, or the Commission’s proposal for, the
revocation of an authorization and the substitution of another
authorization;
is, for the purposes of this Act other than this Part, to be taken to be
a determination of the Commission.

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Part IX Review by Tribunal of Determinations of Commission
Division 1 Applications for Review

Section 102
(4) Upon a review of the giving of a notice by the Commission under
subsection 93(3):
(a) if the person who applied for the review satisfies the Tribunal
that in all the circumstances:
(i) the conduct or proposed conduct to which the notice
relates has resulted or is likely to result, or would result
or be likely to result, as the case may be, in a benefit to
the public; and
(ii) that benefit would outweigh the detriment to the public
constituted by any lessening of competition that has
resulted or is likely to result from the conduct or would
result or be likely to result from the proposed conduct;
the Tribunal shall make a determination setting aside the
notice; or
(b) if the person who applied for the review does not so satisfy
the Tribunal—the Tribunal shall make a determination
affirming the notice.
(5) Where the Tribunal makes a determination setting aside a notice
given by the Commission under subsection 93(3), then, after the
setting aside of the notice, subsection 93(7) has effect in relation to
the conduct referred to in the notice as if the Commission had not
given the notice.
(5A) The Tribunal must set aside a notice under subsection 93(3A) if the
person who applied for a review of the giving of the notice satisfies
the Tribunal that the likely benefit to the public from the conduct
or proposed conduct to which the notice relates will outweigh the
likely detriment to the public from the conduct or proposed
conduct.
(5B) The Tribunal must affirm the giving of a notice under subsection
93(3A) if the person who applied for a review of the giving of the
notice does not satisfy the Tribunal as described in
subsection (5A).
(5C) If the Tribunal sets aside a notice given by the Commission under
subsection 93(3A), then:

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 Review by Tribunal of Determinations of Commission Part IX
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Section 102
(a) if the Commission gave the notice as part of a process
starting when the Commission gave a notice under subsection
93A(2) during the period described in paragraph 93(7A)(a)—
the Commission is taken for the purposes of paragraph
93(7A)(b) to have decided not to give the notice under
subsection 93(3A) at the time the Tribunal set aside the
notice given under subsection 93(3A); and
(b) for the purposes of subsections 93(7B) and (7C) the notice is
taken not to have been given.
(6) For the purposes of a review by the Tribunal, the member of the
Tribunal presiding at the review may require the Commission to
furnish such information, make such reports and provide such other
assistance to the Tribunal as the member specifies.
(7) For the purposes of a review, the Tribunal may have regard to any
information furnished, documents produced or evidence given to
the Commission in connexion with the making of the
determination, or the giving of the notice, to which the review
relates.

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Part IX Review by Tribunal of Determinations of Commission
Division 2 Procedure and Evidence

Section 103

Division 2—Procedure and Evidence

103 Procedure generally

(1) In proceedings before the Tribunal:

(a) the procedure of the Tribunal is, subject to this Act and the
regulations, within the discretion of the Tribunal;
(b) the proceedings shall be conducted with as little formality
and technicality, and with as much expedition, as the
requirements of this Act and a proper consideration of the
matters before the Tribunal permit; and
(c) the Tribunal is not bound by the rules of evidence.

(2) The powers of the Tribunal with respect to matters of procedure in

particular proceedings may be exercised by the Tribunal
constituted by a presidential member.

104 Regulations as to certain matters

The regulations may make provision:

(a) for securing, by means of preliminary statements of facts and
contentions, and by the production of documents, that all
material facts and considerations are brought before the
Tribunal by all persons participating in any proceedings
before the Tribunal; and
(aa) with respect to evidence in proceedings before the Tribunal,
including the appointment of persons to assist the Tribunal
by giving evidence (whether personally or by means of a
written report); and
(b) with respect to the representation in any such proceedings of
persons having a common interest in the proceedings.

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 Review by Tribunal of Determinations of Commission Part IX
Procedure and Evidence Division 2

Section 105
105 Power to take evidence on oath

(1) The Tribunal may take evidence on oath or affirmation and for that
purpose a member of the Tribunal may administer an oath or
affirmation.
(2) A member of the Tribunal may summon a person to appear before
the Tribunal to give evidence and to produce such documents (if
any) as are referred to in the summons.

106 Hearings to be in public except in special circumstances

(1) Subject to this section, the hearing of proceedings before the

Tribunal shall be in public.

(2) Where the Tribunal is satisfied that it is desirable to do so by

reason of the confidential nature of any evidence or matter or for
any other reason, the Tribunal may:
(a) direct that a hearing or part of a hearing shall take place in
private and give directions as to the persons who may be
present; or
(b) give directions prohibiting or restricting the publication of
evidence given before the Tribunal, whether in public or in
private, or of matters contained in documents filed or lodged
with the Registrar, received in evidence by the Tribunal or
placed in the records of the Tribunal.

(3) The powers of the Tribunal under this section may be exercised by
the Tribunal as constituted for the purposes of the hearing or by the
Tribunal constituted by a presidential member.

107 Evidence in form of written statement

The Tribunal may permit a person appearing as a witness before

the Tribunal to give evidence by tendering, and, if the Tribunal
thinks fit, verifying by oath or affirmation, a written statement,
which shall be filed with the Registrar.

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Part IX Review by Tribunal of Determinations of Commission
Division 2 Procedure and Evidence

Section 108
108 Taking of evidence by single member

The Tribunal as constituted for the purposes of any proceedings in

which evidence may be taken may authorize a presidential member
to take evidence for the purposes of the proceedings on its behalf,
with such limitations (if any) as the Tribunal so constituted directs,
and, where such an authority is given:
(a) that member may take evidence accordingly; and
(b) for the purposes of this Act, that member shall, in relation to
the taking of evidence in accordance with the authority, be
deemed to constitute the Tribunal.

109 Participants in proceedings before Tribunal

(1) A person to whom an authorization was granted is entitled to

participate in any proceedings before the Tribunal instituted by
another person in relation to that authorization.
(1A) A person to whom a notice was given by the Commission under
subsection 93(3) or (3A) is entitled to participate in any
proceedings before the Tribunal instituted by another person in
relation to that notice.

(2) The Tribunal may, upon such conditions as it thinks fit, permit a
person to intervene in proceedings before the Tribunal.

110 Representation

In proceedings before the Tribunal:

(a) a natural person may appear in person;
(aa) a person other than a body corporate may be represented by
an employee of the person approved by the Tribunal;
(b) a body corporate may be represented by an employee, or a
director or other officer, of the body corporate approved by
the Tribunal;

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Procedure and Evidence Division 2

Section 110
(c) an unincorporated association of persons or a member of an
unincorporated association of persons may be represented by
a member or officer of the association approved by the
Tribunal; and
(d) any person may be represented by a barrister or a solicitor of
the Supreme Court of a State or Territory or of the High
Court.

Trade Practices Act 1974 435