MA2177 Exercise 1 - First Order Ordinary Differential Equations Brief Solutions

1. (a) y  e sin x  C

dy x2 x2
(b)  x ln( x)  C1 , y ln( x)   C1 x  C 2 using integration by parts
dx 2 4

d2y x2 dy x 3
(c)   cos x  C1 ,   sin x  C1 x  C 2 ,
dx 2 2 dx 6

x4 C x2
y  cos x  1  C 2 x  C 3
24 2

dy
2. (a) xy  (1  x 2 )(1  y 2 )  Separable equation
dx

y 1 x2
 …  1 y2 dy   dx
x

1 x2
 …  ln(1  y 2 )  ln | x |   C1
2 2
2
General solution: 1  y 2  Cx 2 e x , where C  e 2C1 .

y
dy x  1
(b)   Homogeneous equation of degree 0
dx y  1
x
dy dv
Let y  vx , then vx .
dx dx
The original differential equation becomes
dv v  1 v 1 1
vx   …   dv    dx
dx v  1 2 x
v 1
1
 …  ln( v 2  1)  tan 1 v   ln | x | C
2
2
1  y   y
General solution: ln    1  tan 1     ln | x | C
2  x   x

1  y
or ln( x 2  y 2 )  tan 1    C
2 x

1
 y y 2
2   3 
dy x x
(c)       Homogeneous equation of degree 0
dx y
1  2 
 x
dy dv
Let y  vx , then vx .
dx dx
The original differential equation becomes

dv 2v  3v 2 1  2v 1
vx   …   v  v2 dv   dx
dx 1  2v x

 …  ln | v  v 2 |  ln | x |  ln C

 …  v  v 2  Cx
2
y y
General solution:     Cx or xy  y 2  Cx 3
x x

dy 2 x  y  4 dy a1 x  b1 y  c1
(d)   Differential equation of the form  , where
dx y  2 x  2 dx a 2 x  b2 x  c2
a1  2 , a 2  2 , b1  1, b2  1, c1  4 and c 2  2 .
Note that a1b2  a 2 b1  ( 2)(1)  ( 2)( 1)  0 .
dv dy
Let v  y  2 x , then   2.
dx dx
The original differential equation becomes
dv v4 v2
2  …  dv   (3) dx

dx v2 v
 …  v  2 ln | v |  3 x  C
 …  ( y  2 x)  2 ln | y  2 x |  3 x  C

General solution: ( y  x)  ln[( y  2 x) 2 ]  C

dy x  2y dy a1 x  b1 y  c1
(e)   Differential equation of the form  , where
dx 2 x  y  3 dx a 2 x  b2 x  c2
a1  1 , a2  2 , b1  2 , b2  1, c1  0 and c 2  3 .
Let x  X  h , y  Y  k .

h  2k 0
Choose h , k so that   …  h  2, k 1
2h  k  3  0

The original differential equation becomes

2
  
Y
dY X  2Y 1  2 X    Homogeneous equation of degree 0
dX 2 X  Y 2 Y X 
dY dv
Let Y  vX , then v X .
dX dX
The differential equation becomes
dv 1  2v 2v 1
v X   …   dv   dX
dX 2v 2 X
v  4v  1
1
 …   ln v 2  4v  1  ln X  ln C1
2

 …  v 2  4v  1X 2  C2 , where C 2 
1
C12
.

y  k y 1
Substitute v   and X  x  2 .
xh x2
 y  1  2  y 1   2
General solution:    4   1 ( x  2)  C 2
 x  2   x  2  

or ( y  1) 2  4( y  1)( x  2)  ( x  2) 2  C 2

dy
(f) cos x  y  sin 2 x  First order linear ODE
dx
dy
  (sec x) y  sin 2 x sec x
dx
sec x dx
Integrating factor: I ( x)  e   ...  sec x  tan x

d
Then we have (sec x  tan x) y   sin 2 x sec x(sec x  tan x)
dx

 sin 3 x 
 (sec x  tan x) y   sin 2 x sec x(sec x  tan x) dx    tan 2 x  dx
 cos 2 
x
 
 ...  tan x  x  sec x  cos x  C
C  x  cos x
General solution: y  1
sec x  tan x

dy
(g) 2  y cot x  y 3 cos x  Bernoulli’s equation
dx
dy
 2 y 3  y  2 cot x  cos x
dx
3
 dv dy
Let v  y 2 , then  ( 2) y  3
dx dx
The original differential equation becomes
dv dv
  v cot x  cos x   v cot x   cos x  First order linear ODE
dx dx
cot x dx
Integrating factor: I ( x)  e   ...  sin x

d
Then we have (sin x)v   cos x sin x
dx
sin 2 x
 (sin x)v    cos x sin x dx  ...   C
2
 sin 2 x 
General solution: sin x  y 2  C  0
 2 
 

dy
3. (a) ( x 2  1)
 4 xy  x with y(2)  1  Separable equation / First order linear ODE
dx
1 x
 ...   dy   dx
4y 1 x2 1

 ... 
1
4
1
 
ln 4 y  1   ln x 2  1  ln C1
2

C14
 ...  4 y  1 
( x 2  1) 2

1 C C4
General solution: y   , where C  1 .
4 ( x 2  1) 2 4

75
With initial condition y(2)  1  ...  C 
4
1 75
Particular solution: y  
4 4( x  1) 2
2

dy
(b) ( x  2)  y  ( x  2) 3 with y(4)  10  First order linear ODE
dx
dy y
   ( x  2) 2
dx x  2
1
 x  2 dx 1
Integrating factor: I ( x)  e  ... 
x2

4
 d  y 
Then we have  x2
dx  x  2 
y ( x  2) 2
  ( x  2) dx  ...  C
x2  2
( x  2) 3
General solution: y   C ( x  2)
2
With initial condition y(4)  10  ...  C  3 .
( x  2) 3
Particular solution: y   3( x  2)
2

dy
(c) xy  2( x 2  y 2 ) with y(2)  1
dx
 y 2
2 1    
dy 2( x 2  y 2 )   x  
     Homogeneous equation of degree 0
dx xy  y 
x
dy dv
Let y  vx , then vx .
dx dx
The original differential equation becomes
dv 2(1  v 2 )
vx   Separable equation
dx v
v 1
 …   dv   dx
2  v2 x
1
 …  ln( 2  v 2 )  ln | x |  ln C1
2

 …  2  v 2  Cx 2 , where C  C12

2
 y
General solution: 2     Cx 2  y 2  Cx 4  2x 2
x

9
With initial condition y(2)  1  C 
16
9 4
Particular solution: y 2  x  2x2
16

dI
4. (a)  5 I  20
dt
5 dt
Integrating factor: e   e 5t

5
 Then we have
d 5t
dt
 
e I  20e 5t

 e 5t I   20 e 5t dt  ...  4e 5t  C1

General solution: I  4  C1 e 5t

With initial condition I (0)  0  C1  4 .

Particular solution: I  4  4 e 5t

dI
(b)  5 I  10e  3t
dt

5 dt
Integrating factor: e   e 5t

Then we have
d 5t
dt
 
e I  10e 2t

 e 5t I   10 e 2t dt  ...  5e 2t  C 2

General solution: I  5e 3t  C 2 e 5t

With initial condition I (0)  0  C 2  5 .

Particular solution: I  5e 3t  5 e 5t

dI
(c)  5 I  25 sin 5t
dt

5 dt
Integrating factor: e   e 5t

Then we have
d 5t
dt
 
e I  25(sin 5t )e 5t

5 5t
 e 5t I   25(sin 5t )e 5t dt  ...  e (sin 5t  cos 5t )  C 3 , using integration by parts
2
twice
5
General solution: I  (sin 5t  cos 5t )  C3 e  5t
2
5
With initial condition I (0)  0  C3  .
2

Particular solution: I 
2
e 
5  5t
 sin 5t  cos 5t 
6