Module 04

Topic STEEL
Lecture Video lecture by Arch. Joe Juson
Quiz BT 04 Masonry
Student’s Study the following:
Assignment No. 4 1. All about Masonry, e.g., history, materials,
(For self-study) application, etc.

Building Technology
Instructor: Arch. Jose B. Juson Jr.
JPT Review Center

MASONRY – began spontaneously in the creation of low walls by stacking stones or pieces of
caked mud taken from dried puddles.
MORTAR – was originally the mud smeared into the joints of the rising wall to lend stability
and weather tightness.

MASONRY:
Mortar Description Construction Suitability Min. Average
type Compressive
Strength at 28
days
M High-strength mortar Masonry subjected to high 2500psi
lateral or compressive loads or (17.25 mpa)
severe frost action: masonry
below grade
S Medium high-strength mortar Masonry requiring high 1800psi
flexural bond strength but (12.40 mpa)
subjected only to normal
compressive loads
N Medium strength mortar General-use above grade 750psi(5.17mpa)
O Medium low-strength mortar Non load bearing interior walls 350psi(2.40mpa)
and partitions
 Bricks
 Stones
 Concrete blocks
 Tile
 Glass blocks
MORTAR
  Substance used to join masonry units, consisting of cementitious materials. Fine
aggregate and water
TYPE K – very low strength mortar
HYDRAION- cure of hydraulic cement mortars
RETEMPER – if the mortar was mixed less than 90mins prior to its stiffening, it has merely
dried. Retemper it with water to make it workable again
- for more than 2 ½ hours must be discarded, because it has begun to hydrate.
LIME is non hydraulic cement
SOLID MASONRY – walls may be constructed of either solid or hollow masonry units laid
contiguously with all joints solidly filled with mortar
COMPOSITE WALLS- solid masonry walls having a facing wythe and a backup wythe of
different solid or hollow masonry units
WYTHES – bounded by masonry headers or by metal ties
GROUTED MASONRY – walls have all interior joints filled entirely with grout as the work
progresses. The grout used to consolidate the adjoining materials into a solid mass is a fluid
Portland cement mortar that will flow easily without segregation of the ingredients
REINFORCED GROUTED MASONRY – use steel reinforcing bars placed in thickened joints
or cavities with a fluid grout mix or Portland cement, aggregate, and water for greater strength in
carrying vertical loads and increased resistance to buckling and lateral forces.
CAVITY WALLS – are constructed of a facing and a backing wythe of either solid or hollow
masonry units, completely separated by a continuous airspace and bonded with metal wall tiles
or horizontal joint reinforcement.
Advantages:
- the cavity enhances the thermal insulation value of the wall and permits the installation of
additional thermal insulation material
- the air space acts as barrier against water penetration if the cavity is kept clear, and if
adequate weep holes and flashing are provided
REINFORCED CONCRETE UNIT MASONRY
TYPES OF WALL MASONRY
- HOLLOW MASONRY
- CAVITY WALL MASONRY
- SOLID MASONRY
- GROUTED MASONRY
- MASONRY VENEER
- REINFORCED GROUTED MASONRY
- REINFORCED HOLLOW UNIT MASONRY
 BRICKS
3 MAJOR METHODS:
1. Soft mud process (oldest) moist clay (20-30%) pressed into simple rectangular molds,
either by hand or with the aid of molding machines
2. Dry-press process – used for clays that shrink excessively during drying. Clay mixed with
a min of water (up to 10%) is pressured into steel molds by a machine working at a very
high pressure.
3. Stiff mud process – (high production) least costly and most widely used today. Clay
containing 12-15% water is passed through a vacuum to remove any pockets of air, then
extruded through a rectangular die.
WATER-STRUCK BRICKS – sticky clay from adhering to the molds, the molds may be dipped
in water immediately before being filled, producing bricks with a relatively smooth, dense
surface
SAND-STRUCK or SAND-MOLD BRICKS – produced with a matte-textured surface
FIRING OR BURNING – process for ready transformation into their final form.
PERIODIC KILN –fixed structure that is loaded with bricks, fired, cooled and unloaded
TUNNEL KILN – higher productivity, where bricks are passed continuously on special railcars
to emerge at the far end fully burned
Stages of Kiln
1. Water smoking and dehydration
2. Oxidation and vitrification
3. Flashing
4. Cooled
FLY ASH BRICKS – made from fly ash and sand. The fly ash acts as the binder in the bricks
and the sand as the aggregate.
FACING BRICKS (ASTM C216) – intended for both structural and non structural uses where
appearance is important.
BUILDING BRICK (ASTM C62) – are used where appearance does not matter, such as in
backup wythes of masonry that will be concealed in the finished work.
SOLID UNITS – both facing bricks and building bricks
HOLLOW BRICK (ASTM C652) – may be up to 60% void and are used primarily to enable the
insertion and grouting of steel reinforcing bars in single wythes of brickwork.
PAVING BRICK (ASTM C902) – used for paving of walks, drives, and patios, must conform to
special requirements not only for freeze-thaw resistance, but water absorption and abrasion
resistance as well
FIRE BRICKS (ASTM C64)- used for lining of fireplaces or furnaces, made from special
fireclays
CUSTOM-MADE BRICKS
- Water tables
- Sills
- Jambs
- Copings
- Angles and radials

LAYING BRICKS
- Soldier – visual emphasis on such locations as window lintel or top of walls
- Sailor – brick laid vertically with the broad face exposed
- Shiner – brick laid horizontally on the longer edge with the broad face exposed. Also
called BULL STRETCHER
- Rowlock – often used for caps on garden walls and for sloping sills under windows,
although caps and sills are not durable in severe climates.
- Stretcher – brick or other masonry unit laid horizontally in a wall with the longer edge
exposed or parallel to the surface; simplest brick
- Header – used to bond the wythes together into structural unit
COURSE – horizontal layer of bricks or other masonry units
WYTHE – vertical layer of masonry units, one unit thick
JOINT PROFILES – tooling profiles for brickwork.
RUNNING BOND – simplest pattern which are used in cavity and veneer walls
COMMON BOD (or American bond)– has a header course every sixth course. Head joints are
aligned between the header and the stretcher course
ENGLISH BOND – alternates coursed of headers and stretchers
FLEMISH BOND – on one course there are alternating stretchers and headers
STACK BOND – since units do not overlap, longitudinal reinforcement is required in
unreinforced walls @ 16” o.c. vertically
CORBELLING – used in masonry construction. Used to span a door opening and create a
bracket to support a beam
ARCHES
 Segmental
 Tudor
  Jack
 Elliptical
 Gothic
CENTERING – brick locations were marked on the centering in advance to be sure that no
partial brick or unusual mortar joint thickness will be required to close the arch. This was done
by laying the centering on its side on the floor and placing bricks around it, adjusting their
positions by trial and error to achieve a uniform spacing
SPANDREL – area of flat wall that adjoins the arch
GAUGED BRICK – each brick is rubbed to the required wedge shape on an abrasive stone
ROUGH ARCH – depends on wedge – shaped mortar joints for its curvature
BARREL VAULT – arch translated along a lone perpendicular to its plane
DOME – arch rotated about its vertical centerline
REINFORCED BRICK MASONRY (RBM) – analogous to reinforced concrete. The same
deformed steel reinforcing bars used in concrete are place in thickened collar joints to strengthen
a brick or lintel.
QUIONS – cute stone blocks used to form strong corners on walls of weak masonry materials
such as mud bricks or round fieldstones.
BRICK QUIONS – used to make graceful termination of a concrete masonry wall at a garage
door opening.

STONE
BUILDING STONE – obtained by taking rock from the earth and reducing it to the required
shapes and sizes for construction.
 IGNEOUS ROCK- deposited in a molten state
 SEDIMENTARY ROCK – deposited by the action of water and window
 METAMORPHIC ROCK – formerly either igneous or sedimentary rock. Subsequently,
its properties were transformed by heat and pressure.
Commercial purposes (ASTM C119)
1. Granite – igneous rock, is the strongest and densest of building stones
Granite in a fusion of 3 minerals:
a. Feldspar (silicate of aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium)
b. Quartz (silicon dioxide)
c. Mica (potassium aluminum silicate)
 Quartz is the strongest and most durable
 Granite contains 25% to 40% quartz and 3% to 10% mica
 Commercial black granite is extremely low in quartz, approaching 0%, and is really not
granite, but a stone called basalt
 QUARTZITE, stone that is almost 100% quartz, is extremely strong

2. Limestone – 1st major sedimentary rock, consisting primarily of the carbonates of calcium
and magnesium, with small amounts of clay, sand and organic material, such as seashells
and other fossils.
a. Calcite limestone – limestone consisting approximately 95% calcium carbonate
and 5% impurities
b. Dolomitic Limestone – consisting of 60% to 80% calcium carbonate and 20% to
40% magnesium carbonate
c. Dolomitic limestone is stronger than calcite limestone
d. Limestone is generally homogenous (freestone) and non granular
e. Softer than both marble and granite
f. Not recommended for use as kitchen, dining or bar tabletops.

3. Quartz-based stone
a. Sandstone - 2nd major sedimentary rock type used in building construction.
b. Was formed by layers of sand (quartz) particles with oxides of calcium, silicon,
an iron as cementing agents.
c. If cemented by iron oxide, sandstone is brown or red in color and softer
d. Brownstone – widely used in wall construction
e. Bluestone - highly stratified, durable stone (suitable for paving and wall copings)

4. Slate – one of the metamorphic stone groups utilized in building construction.

a. Formed from clay
b. Hardstone with closely spaced planes and cleavage
c. Easily spit into sheets
d. Useful for paving stone, roof shingles, and thin wall facings
e. China and india are the largest suppliers

5. Marble – 2nd of the major metamorphic rock groups.

a. Recrystallized form of limestone
b. Easily carved and polished
c. Beautiful patterns of veining

6. Other stones – alabaster, greenstone, schist, serpentine, and soapstone

a. A variety of less frequently used in building stones.
b. Travertine – sedimentary rock obtained from sediments of limestone dissolved in
spring water
i. A porous stone and travertine slabs are pitted with voids
c. Travertine is closely related to limestone
d. Travertine Marble – good polish
e. It does not have the durability required for use in thin slabs for exterior cladding
f. When used as flooring material, its pitted surface can collect dirt, required greater
maintenance
 - Moisture absorption is good indicator of stone durability.
- The less absorptive the stone, the les susceptible it is to freeze-thaw damage or chemical
deterioration.
- Higher moisture levels can also cause corrosion of metal anchors or reinforcing within
the constructed masonry assembly.
- Stone density is also a good general measure of durability, correlating with higher
strength and lower absorption.
- Compressive strength is especially important for stone used in loadbearing walls.
HONING – grinding of stone slabs using water to cool the grinders
FINISHES ON STONE SLABS AND PANELS
- Surfaces of stone slabs and panels can be finished in several ways.
- The finish not only affects the surface appearance of the stone but also its durability.
- Honed or polished finish is generally more durable because it facilitates the drainage of
water from the surface.
Commonly used finishes on stone slabs and panels:
- Sawn finish – if stone is not finished beyond finish; A sawn finish has visible saw marks
- Honed Finish – when sawn finish is ground smooth with abrasive material. It requires
repeated grinding with increasingly fine abrasives. Water is used continuously during the
honing process to control dust.
- Polished Finish- no difference between honed and polished finish. Honed finish is
smooth but with matt appearance. Polished finish is grinding the stone surface with finer
abrasives and finally buffing it with felt until the surface develops sheen. Clear
penetrating sealer adds to sheen and increases durability. Only dense stones, (granite
marble, and other dense varieties), can develop a polish.
- Flame-cut finish – thermal finish; rough finish obtained by torching the stone surface
o Used only on granite
o Roughness of flame-cut finish makes it ideal for floors, particularly those subject
to frequent wetting
o Flame-cut finish used in treads of granite-topped stairs
o Polished finish is used for the risers
- Bush-hammered finish- also rough finish and is obtained by hammering off the surface
of stone with picks
- Split-face (cleft) finish – stone can be split through, yielding two split-face slabs.
Splitting is easier in slate, which has natural cleavage planes. Cleft & split-face are used
interchangeably
- Sandblasted finish – not as commonly used as other finished, sandblasting stone yields a
rough surface.
STONE APPLICATION
- Stone Masonry – may be laid in mortar, much like bricks or concrete blocks, to make
walls, arches and vaults, a method of construction
- Cladding – mechanically attached to the structural frame or walls of a building as a
facing
STONE MASONRY PATTERN
- Rubble – unsquared pieces of stone
- Ashlar – made of up squared pieces
- Coursed stone masonry – continuous horizontal joint lines
- Random Stone masonry (Uncoursed) - does not

CONCRETE MASONRY
Concrete masonry units (CMUs) are manufactured in 3 basic forms:
1. Larger hollow units (concrete blocks) - CHB
2. Solid bricks
3. Larger solid units
Concrete masonry – manufactured by vibrating a stiff concrete mixture into metal molds
- Mold can be reused at the reused at rate of 1000 or more units per hour
- Cured at an accelerated rate (steam curing, atmospheric pressure at higher pressure)
ASTM C90- establishes 3 weights of loadbearing concrete masonry units.
1. Same minimum compressive strength
2. Heavier blocks are denser
3. Typically have greater compressive strength than lighter block.
Heavier Blocks:
- less expensive to manufacture
- absorb moisture less readily
- have better resistance to sound transmission
- are more resistance to abuse
But greater weight also makes heavier blocks more expensive to ship and more labor intensive
and expensive for masons to lay in comparison to lighter-weight blocks.
ASTM C90 WEIGHT DENSITY OF CONRETE TYPICAL WEIGHS OF
CLASSIFICATIO (DRY) INDIVIDUAL UNITS
Normal weight (sometimes 125 pcf (2000kg/m3) or more 33-39 lb (15-18kg)
also referred to as
heavyweight)
Medium Weight From 105 pcf to less than 125 28-32 lb (13-15kg)
pcf (1680-2000 kg/m3)
Lightweight Less than 105 pcf 20-27lb (9-12 kg)
(1680kg/m3)
HALF- CMU - are available as standard units
BULLNOSE UNIT – are used where a sharp wall corner is to be avoided
SCORED UNIT – the wall has the appearance of a stack-bond wall but has the strength of a
running-bond wall
ARCHING ACTION – the 45deg. Flaring of the load in masonry walls
UNITS WITH PROJECTING FACE SHELLS – have projecting shells at one or both ends. They
are generally used interchangeably with the flush-end units.
- mortared on face shells only
- projecting face shells make it more convenient to mortar the head joints
- units with projecting face shells are also used in control joints
CONCRETE MASONRY LINTELS
- 8” high lintel units followed by one course of fully grouted regular units, May also be
used I to create a 16” deep lintel beam.
- If a 24” deep lintel beam is needed for long spans or heavy loading, 2 courses of fully
grouted regular units can be used above the 8” high lintel units
- STEEL LINTEL for a broad opening is made up of a wide – flange section to a plate.
Steel angle lintels are used for narrower openings.
- REINFORCED BLOCK LINTEL is composed of bond beam units.
- PRECAST REINFORCED concrete lintel is seen
COLUMNS – refers to an independent, isolated, vertical load bearing masonry or non masonry
member
PIER – generally used for a masonry column that is short in height, generally used as a
foundation for wood frame buildings with an underlying crawl space
PILASTER – is a column formed by thickening a small area of a masonry wall, which may
project on one or both sides of the wall
ACOUSTICAL UNIT – commonly used where a concrete masonry wall with sound-absorptive
properties is needed. It has fiberglass embedded behind open slits.
SPLIT-FACE UNIT – mimics a rough, stone like texture and is produced by fracturing a fully
hardened double CMU with guillotine, which produces two split-face units
RIBBED UNIT – also available as a split-face unit so that the ribs are not smooth. When ribbed
units are laid in a running-bond pattern, the ribs align to produce continuous vertical lines
BURNISHED UNITS – ground-face CMUs; often used in interiors where no additional finish is
required. They can also be used in an exterior wall, often as accent bands in a wall made with
split-face units.
GLAZED UNIT- has a facing of a glazing material bonded to one or more faces of the unit.
- approx. 1/10” thk. Is applied after the block has been made. The facing extends a little
beyond the CMU face on all sides.
- Glazed CMU surface is impervious to moisture and dust collection and is easy to clean,
so it is sanitary
1. The voids in CMUs are called
a.Voids
b. Cores
c.Cells
d. Frogs
e.None of the above
2. The nominal length of a typical CMUs
a.18 in
b. 16 in
c.12 in
d. 8 in
e.Variable
3. The nominal height of a CMU is
a.18 in
b. 16 in
c.12 in
d. 8 in
e.Variable
4. The nominal width (though-wall thickness) of a typical CMU is
a.18 in
b. 16 in
c.12 in
d. 8 in
e.Variable
5. A typical CMU has
a.One web
b. Two web
c.Three web
d. Four web
e.Five web

6. A typical CMU has

a.Once face shell
b. Two face shells
c.Three face shells
d. Four face shells
e.Five face shells
7. Which of the following CMU shaped is used to simulate a stack-bond wall, although the
wall is, in fact, made with a running-bond pattern
a.Lintel
b. Bullnose unit
c.Sash unit
d. Unit with projecting face shells
e.Scored unit
8. Which of the following CMU shapes has rounded corner?
a.Lintel
 b. Bullnose unit
c.Sash unit
d. Unit with projecting face shells
e.Scored unit
9. CMUs with projecting face shells can be used on both sides of a control joint in a wall.
The other unit that is commonly used in the same situation is
a.Scored unit
b. Bullnose unit
c.Sash unit
d. Lintel unit
10. Which of the ff. CMU shapes has a U-shaped profile in its vertical cross section?
a.Lintel unit
b. Bullnose unit
c.Sash unit
d. Unit with projecting face shells
e.Scored unit
11. Arching action occurs in a masonry wall with
a.A running bond pattern
b. A stack bond pattern
c.Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b
12. A lintel over an opening in all masonry walls is designed to carry the load from triangle-
shaped superimposed masonry
a.True
b. False
13. A split-face CMU is made by treating a standard CMU with an oxyacetylene torch to
produce a very smooth surface on one or more faces of the unit
a.True
b. False

GLASS MASONRY UNITS

- also called glass blocks or GMU
- are used as non – load bearing walls in virtually all types of projects, on the exterior as
well as interior buildings.
- By combining modularity of masonry units and transparency of glass
- GMUs provide a means of expression not available in other materials
GLASS MASONRY UNITS SIZES
- 6”x6”, 8x8”, 12x12” thicknesses of 3 to 4”; generally hollow with air trapped within,
although solid units are also available
- The R-value of a glass masonry unit is nearly 2.0, approx. The same as that of an air-
filled insulating glass unit
- GLASS BLOCK WALL – gives greater privacy, more security, and greater sound
insulation than a glass window or glass curtain wall
 - GLASS MASONRY WALL have a higher fire-resistance rating than conventional glass
wall
- 45mins rating is easily achievable and a higher rating is available
Installation:
- Glass masonry wall is similar to that of other masonry walls
- Generally laid in stack bond with Portland cement-lime mortar. The joints are fully
mortared, as with clay bricks
- The cross-sectional profile of a glass masonry unit is slightly depressed in the interior so
that the mortar is thicker in the interior than on the face of the units.

CERAMIC TILES & STONE PANELS

- The tiles are adhered with mortar, and the voids between tile edges are then filled with grout
CERAMIC TILE CHARACTERISTICS:
- made from natural clay, porcelain or other ceramic materials. The exposed face is either
glazed or left unglazed and then fired to a temperature sufficient to produce the necessary
physical properties
- glaze protects the tile body against water absorptions and provides for a wide range of
colors
- can be scratched
STONE TILE CHARACTERISTICS:
- also known as CUT STONE TILE
- many of the same characteristics as STONE PANEL flooring

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
 Quality and Uniformity – tile size, color, pattern and texture are important for the finish
 Shapes and Dimensions – dimensional consistency is vital for proper installation
 Warpage –tiles are not uniformly flat; LIPPAGE
 Water absorption- tiles do not absorb atmospheric moisture
 Breaking strength –tiles should maintain their integrity when subjected to loads or when
objects are dropped on the floor
 Abrasion hardness – tiles should be hard enough to resist the abrasion that will occur
over their service life
CERAMIC TRIM SHAPES – glazed side is the indicated by the heavier line.
SETTING METHODS:
 Tiles are set using mortar
 1st – mortar bed is set
o if water bed is required – mortar bed is places in 2 applications with a waterproof
membrane in the middle
o if the floor will be subjected to considerable load
o a cleavage (bond-breaking) membrane is sometimes necessary to prevent bonding
with the subfloor. Reinforcing and cleavage membranes are not needed if the
mortar bed is to be bonded with the subfloor
 2nd tile is set on mortar bed while mortar is still green, that is, not cures
o if the tile is set after the bed has cured, a Portland cement bond coat is required
between the tile and the mortar bed

3 PRIMARY TILE –SETTING METHODS:

 THICK SET/ BED – usually requiring a 2 to 3 in thick mortar bed, this method is
necessary where
o The floor tiles are large, generally more than 12x12”
o The floor slopes to floor drains
o There is excessive variation in the thickness of tiles, as is generally the case with
natural slope panels
o The subfloor has surface irregularities
 MEDIUM SET/BED – actually involves thin-set mortars that can be applied thicker than
traditional thin-set mortars. Allowing a bed of ¼” to ¾” in thickness, this method
provides extra setting space when the subfloor is not properly prepared or when large-
format tiles (18 to 24, in one dimension) are used
  THIN SET/BED
o The tiles are small generally less than 12x12”
o No slope to floor drains is required
o The tile thickness is relatively uniform
o Subfloor does not have excessive surface irregularities
o The mortar bed is generally 1/8” thick and consists of polymer-based adhesives
SETTING MATERIALS: MORTARS, ADHESIVES & EXPOXIES
- wide variety of setting materials are available to adhere ceramic and stone tile to the subfloor
using 3 setting methods:
 Organic adhesives – usually ready to use liquid or powdered water-emulsion latex
products that cure by evaporation.
 Cement mortars – consists of mixtures of Portland cement, sand, water, and water-
retentive additives and are for general-duty installation
 Water-cleanable epoxies – composed of an epoxy resin and a hardener, are suitable for
heavy-duty installations, high-temperature conditions, and specific functions
 Furan resin mortars – consist of furan resin, powder containing carbon or silica filler,
and an acid catalyst and are formulated for resistance to chemicals
SETTING MATERIALS – GROUTS
- after tiles have been set and the mortar has partially cured, grout id used to fill the joints
between the tiles edges.
 Sand – Portland cement grouts – used for joints greater than 1/8” wide, whereas
unsanded cement grouts contain water-retentive additives and are for joints up to 18 in.
wide
 Polymer-modified cement grouts – tend to perform better than Portland cement grouts
 Water-cleanable epoxy and furan resin grouts – essentially the same as the mortars
and are used with the appropriate mortar

MOVEMENT JOINTS –filled with pedestrian traffic grade urethane or silicone sealant over
either foam backer rod or bond-breaking tape.
For interior:
 20-25ft. in each direction when not exposed to direct sunlight
 8-12ft. in each direction when exposed
For exterior:
 8-12ft. is required in each direction
STONE PANEL FLOORING
- known as “dimension stone”, natural stone that are selected and fabricated (cut and
trimmed) to specific shapes/sizes, w/ or w/o mechanical dressing of one or more surfaces.
- Natural stone used for panel flooring
 and usually have large dimensions in on or both directions. Because the panels are not
uniformly thick, they must be installed over a thick-set mortar bed.
PATTERNS AND FINISHES FOR STONE PANEL FLOORING;
 POLISHED –reflective sheen and resistant to wear
 HONED – uniformly matt sheen
 THERMAL – exposure to an open flame essentially burns off the intermediate surface,
leaving a slightly roughened surface that has improved slip resistance
OTHER TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS:
- Bricks, stones, and concrete blocks are the most commonly used types of masonry units.
- Hollow tiles of cast gypsum or fired clay were often used for partition construction.
- Structural glazed facing tiles of clay remain in use, especially for partitions, where their
durable, easily cleaned surfaces are advantageous
- Structural terra cotta – glazed or unglazed molded decorative units of fired clay
- Autoclave aerated concrete (AAC)