DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

( GRADE 12 First Semester)

MODULE 2
CHAPTER 2 Discipline of Counseling
LESSON 1 Counseling
Lesson 2 Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

Prepared by:
Ms.Erika D. General

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 Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of disciplines of counseling

Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to demonstrate a high level of the basic
concepts of counseling through a group presentation of a situation in which practitioners of
counseling work together to assist individuals, groups, or communities involved in difficult
situations ( e.g., post disaster, court hearing about separation of celebrity couple, cyber bullying )

LESSON 1.The Discipline of Counseling

I. Objectives:

1. To identify the goals and scope of counseling and discuss the core values and
principles of counseling through I need Help, Where will I go? In what Way will
Counseling Empower Me and Which Counseling Principle I Agree Most?

2. To demonstrate comprehension of counseling principles through case analysis

Take it from the Expert!

KWL Chart

Topic: The Discipline of Counseling

What I Know What I Want to Know What I Learned

About Counseling About Counseling About Counseling

Guide Questions:

1. What are your ideas about counseling?

2. Did you experience counseling? Why?

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 Counseling – For Nystul (2003) defined it as basically an art and a science wherein you
endeavor to weigh the objective and subjective facets of the counseling process.

 As an art is the subjective dimension of counseling. It upholds a flexible and creative

process whereby the counselor modifies the approach to meet the developing needs of the
clients.
 As a science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the counseling process.
 In practical terms, counseling happens when a person who is distressed asks for help and
permit another person to enter into a kind of connection with him/her. It is indicative with
formal of someone in search of counseling requests for time and attention from person
who will listen, who will allow him/her to speak and who will not condemn and criticize
him/her.
 Informal helping- is a kind with formal helping in some ways such as presence of good
listening skills, empathy, and caring capacity.
 Based on Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling is the
profession that implicates the application of “ an integrated approach to the development
of a well-functioning individual “ through the provision of support that aids an individual
to use his/her potential to the fullest in accord with his/her interest , needs and abilities.
(University of Queensland, 2015).
 At the American Counseling Association (ACA) Conference in Pittsburgh in March
2010, the representatives come to an agreement on a mutual definition of counseling.
They agreed that counseling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse
individuals, families and group to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and
career goals (Kaplan, Tarvydas, and Gladding, 2014).

Activity 1. I Need Help, Where Will I Go?

Instruction:

1. If something is bothering about life matters: academics, relationships,

family, identity, and financial concerns, with whom do you share your
problem? Will you pursue formal help or a non-formal help? Why or why
not? Explain your answer.

2. Write your answer on the box.

Open Notes

Name: ____________________________________________________________

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Goals of Counseling – the key component of individual, group, organizational and community
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success
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 Detailed and expansive counseling goals have been identified by Gibson and Mitchell
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(2003), which are as follows:
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 1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and
development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.

2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.

3. Enhancement Goals- enhance special skills and abilities.

4. Remedial Goals – assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development

5. Exploratory Goals- examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities,
etc.

6. Reinforcement Goals- helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and
feeling is fine

7. Cognitive Goals-involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills

8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health

9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional
control, and developing positive self – concept.

The presented list of counseling goals, some of which are enhancement of the above goals

Goal Description

Insight Understanding of the origins and development of

emotional difficulties , leading to an increased capacity to
take rational control over feelings and actions

Relating with others Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful
and satisfying relationships with other people : for
example , within the family or workplace

Self- awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had
been blocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate
sense of how self is perceived by others.

Self- acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward self,

marked by an ability to acknowledge areas of experience
that had been the subject of self- criticism and rejection

Self – actualization Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving

an integration of previously conflicting parts of self.

Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual

awakening

Problem- Solving Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had
not been able to resolve alone. Acquiring a general
competence in problem – solving

Psychological education Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with

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 which to understand and control behavior

Acquisition of Social Skills Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills
such as maintenance of eye contact , turn taking in
conversations, assertive, or anger control

Cognitive change The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or

mal adaptive thought patterns associated with self-
destructive behavior

Behavior change The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self-

destructive patterns of behavior.

Systematic change Introducing change into the way in that social systems
operate

Empowerment Working on skills , awareness, and knowledge that will

enable to client to take control of his or her own life

Restitution Helping the client to make amends for previous

destructive behavior

Generality Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for

others and pass on knowledge and to contribute to the
collective good through political engagement

Activity 2. In What Way Will Counseling Empower Me?

Instruction:

1. In our discussion on counseling goals, John McLeod contends that: “counseling aims to
empower the client by helping him/her make critical decisions in life, develop ability to
cope, enhance effectiveness, and improve quality of life”.

2. What do you think about this statement? Do you accept or support it? How will it
empower you? Explain your answer.

3. Write your answer in the box.

Open Notes

Name:____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Scope of Counseling
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 The wide ranges of human problems create a widened scope and field of counseling. Broadly,
the scope of counseling includes individual counseling, marital and premarital counseling, family
counseling, and community counseling. A more focused subject matter related to scope of
counseling is the 4757-15 Scope of Practice foe Licensed Professional Counselors. It contains
the rights and responsibilities of licensed counselors including the following:

Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations

1. Afford counseling services to individuals, groups, organizations, or the general public

compromising of: application of clinical counseling principles, methods, or procedures to assist
individuals in realizing effective personal, social, educational, or career development and
adjustment.
2. “apply clinical counseling principles, methods , and procedures “, means an approach to
counseling that emphasizes the counselor’s role in systematically assisting clients through all
of the following: assessing and analyzing emotional conditions , exploring possible solutions,
and developing and providing treatment plan for mental and emotional adjustment or
development. It may include counseling, appraisal, consulting, supervision, administration, and
referral.
3. Engage in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders when under the
supervision of a professional clinical counselor, psychologist, psychiatrists, independent
marriage and family therapist, or independent social worker.
4. Provide training supervision for students and registered counselor trainees when services are
within their scope of practice, which does not include supervision of the diagnosis and
treatment of mental and emotional disorders.

Source: http:codes.ohio.gov/oac/4757-15

Core Values

 is a key component of an organization. It has significant influence on other organizational

components, more specifically, to its members. It serves as standards that shape the
members behavior in their interaction with their clients and other people.
According to Mcleod (2003) ,the founders of humanistic psychology, including Maslows and
Rogers ,highlighted the importance of values.

Ethical Principles of counseling which are follows:

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Ethical Principles These are the ideas that underpin both personal and professional
codes.

1. Autonomy of individuals

 Is based on the right to freedom of action and

freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of these
freedom does not interfere with the freedom of
others ; counseling cannot happen unless the client
has made a free choice to participate

2. Principle of Non maleficence

 This refers to instruction to all helpers or healers

that they must ,above all, do no harm;

 Beneficence refers to the order to promote human

welfare

3. Principle of Justice

 Concerned with the fair distribution of resources

and services , unless there is some acceptable
reason for treating them differently

 For counseling , the principle has particular

relevance to the question access

General Moral Theories  The BACP Ethical Framework for Good Practice ,
drawing on virtues perspective also identified a set of
personal qualities that all practitioners should possess:
empathy, sincerity, integrity, resilience, respect, humility,
competence, fairness, wisdom and courage

Activity 3. Which Counseling Principle I Agree Most?

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 Instruction:

1. Among those four ethical principle that we discuss in class, namely , principle of
autonomy of individuals, principles of non-maleficence, principle of justice, and principle
of fidelity, which will you choose to present? Why this principle? What aspect of the
principle influences you? Please explain.

2. Write your answers on the box.

Open Notes

Name:__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Guide Question:

1. What is the importance of counseling?

2. If you give a chance to become a counselor what are the characteristics do you
think that a counselor should have and why?

Generalization

Direction: The following statements enable you to reflect on or figure – out your level of
understanding about counseling. You are required to agree or disagree with each of the following
statements. After the Chapter Study. Place a check mark (/) on the After the Chapter Study
column if you agree with the statement and a cross mark (X) if you do not agree

Statements After the Chapter Study

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Counseling as an art is the subjective dimension of counseling. It
acclaims a flexible and creative process whereby the counselor
modifies the approach to meet the developing needs of clients.

Remedial goals refer to assisting a client to overcome and treat

an undesirable development.

Counseling happens when a person who is distressed asks and

permits another person to enter into a particular kind of
connection with him or her.

A licensed professional scholar may render to individuals ,

groups, organizations , or the general public counseling services
involving the application of clinical counseling principles,
methods, or procedures to assist individuals in achieving more
effective personal, social, educational, or career development and
adjustment.

The way we perceive or view things, people, events and our

environment, is influenced by our values.

Counselors treat with confidence personal information about

clients, whether obtained directly or indirectly by inference.

In view of the theory of utilitarianism in relation to beneficence,

the application of utilitarianism would be to apply an ethical
decision in the light of costs and benefits for each participant.

Marriage and family counseling refers to the efforts to establish

an encouraging relationship with a couple or family and
appreciate the complications in the family system.

A counselor’s primary responsibility is to respect the dignity and

to promote the welfare of clients.

Counselors accept employment only for positions which they are

qualified by education, training, supervised experience, state and
national professional credentials, and appropriate professional
experience.

Assignment

Search for the following:

- Roles , Functions and Competencies of counseling

- Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors

LESSON 2 Discipline of Counseling

2. Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

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 2.1 Roles, functions, and competencies of counselors
2.2 Areas of specialization where counselors work
2.3 Career opportunities of counselors
2.4 Rights, Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and Code of Ethics

Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of professionals and

practitioners in counseling
Performance Standard: The learners shall be able to undertake participant observation (e.g., a
day in a life of counselor) to adequately document and critique their roles, functions, and
competencies

Lesson 2 Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

I. Objectives
1. To show an understanding of the roles and functions of counseling and value
rights ,responsibilities , and accountabilities
2. To identify specific areas of specialization of counselors and career opportunities
for counselors
3. To distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors among counselors
4. To demonstrate understanding of values and rights and responsibilities through a
debate.

Recall
Instruction:
1. You recall as many roles and functions of counselors that you are aware off.
2. Write your answers on the notes box below.
3. Choose one role/function and identify the competencies required of role / function.

Open Notes

Name:________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Roles and Functions of Counselors

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 According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003) a helping profession is composed of members
“who are especially trained and licensed to perform a unique and service for fellow human
beings”.
Roles / Functions Description
Individual Assessment Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of
every client ; promotes the client’s self-understanding
and assisting counselors to understand the client better
Individual Counseling Considers as the core activity through which other
activities become meaningful. It is a client –centered
process that demand confidentiality. Relationship is
established between counselor and client.
Group Counseling and Guidance Groups are means of providing organized and planned
assistance to individuals for an array of needs.
Counselor provides assistance through group
counseling and group guidance.
Career Assistance Counselors are called on to provide career planning and
adjustment assistance to clients.
Placements and Follow -Up A service of school counseling programs with emphasis
on educational placements in course and programs.
Referral It is the practice of helping the clients finds needed
expert assistance that the referring counselor cannot
provide.
Consultation It is the process of helping a client through a third party
or helping system improves its service to its clientele.
Research It is necessary to advance the profession of counseling;
it can provide empirically based data relevant to the
ultimate goal of implementing effective counseling.
Evaluation and Accountability Evaluation is a means of assessing the effectiveness of
counselor’s activities.
Accountability is an outgrowth of demand that schools
and other tax-supported institutions be held accountable
for their actions.
Prevention This includes promotion of mental health through
primary prevention using a social – psychological
perspective.

Competencies of Counselors

Seven distinct competence areas of counselors:

There might be other areas but we will focus on the input of McLeod (2003).
1. Interpersonal Skills –counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate ;
empathize ; be present ; aware of nonverbal communication; sensitive to voice quality ,
responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of language .
2. Personal beliefs and Attitude- counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in
potential of change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and sensitive to values held by client
and self.
3. Conceptual ability – counselors have the ability to understand and assess client’s problem; to
anticipate future problems; make sense of immediate process in terms of wider conceptual
scheme to remember information about the client.

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4. Personal Soundness – counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to
counseling relationships, self-confidence ,capacity to tolerate strong of uncomfortable feelings in
relation to the clients, secure personal boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social
prejudice, ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.
5. Mastery of Techniques – counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out
specific interventions, ability to assess effectiveness of the interventions, understanding the
rationale behind techniques, possession of wide repertoire of intervention
6. Ability to understand and work within social system – this would be compromise of
awareness of family and work relationships of client the impact of agency on the clients, the
capacity to use support networks and supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender,
ethnicity , sexual orientation, or age group.
7. Openness to learning and inquiry – counselors must have the capacity to be curious about
client’s backgrounds and problems; being open to new knowledge

 Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors

1. Marriage and Family Counseling – refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging

relationship with couple or family and appreciate the complications in the family system.
2. Child and Adolescent Counseling – is a developing area of expertise in counseling
profession. The counseling strategies focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping
skills through promotion of resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and
intellectual intelligence, and other qualities that promote optional development.
3. Group Counseling – is the dynamic field in the counseling profession. Group counseling as a
practice can be located in most counseling programs and became the essential part of counselor’s
system. Group counseling offers the following : opportunities to members to learn from
observing other group members ; can functions as helpers and helps ; opportunities to discover
that you others have similar concerns ; members are encouraged to offer help to others
;opportunities to enhance interpersonal skills; the therapeutic climate created similar as the
client’s family origin.
4. Career Counseling –is an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling
aids individual on decisions and planning concerning their career. The counseling approach
includes integrating theory and practice. Adopted Savickas ( 1996 )as cited Nystul ( 20003 )
adopted the model of Wagner ( 1971) on structural analysis of personality to the realm of
vocational psychology. The model consist of vocational career services, occupational placement ,
vocational guidance , career counseling , career education , career therapy, and position
coaching.
5. School Counseling- refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs,
family and peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and
considers diversity in enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation,
counseling’s exceptional students and with the ability to handle problems such as drug abuse,
teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents, dropping out of school.
6. Mental Health Counseling - is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental
disorders. Mental disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse.
Rights and Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of Counselors ( MIDTERM)

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 Code of ethics help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and
accountabilities in the counseling profession. The rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of
the counselors are based on the counselors associations of Code of Conduct.
The code of ethics of the counselors is divided into seven sections, namely , (a) counseling
relationship, (b) confidentiality (c) professional responsibility (d) relationships with other
professionals , (e) evaluation, assessment, and interpretation, (f) teaching ,training and
supervision (g) research and publication.( Gladding , 2000 ). We shall only presenting in details
three of the seven areas, namely, counseling relationships, confidentiality, and professional
responsibility. The following three tables below provide a sample code of ethics of the
American Counseling Association.
Areas Description
The Counseling
Relationships
1. Client welfare Counselor’s primary responsibility is to respect the dignity and promote the welfare
of clients. They are also expected to encourage client’s growth. Counselors and
clients are expected to work together in crafting individual counseling plans
consistent with the client’s circumstances.
2. Respecting Diversity Counselors do not engage in discrimination based on age, color, culture, disability,
ethnic group, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, marital status and socio
economic status. Counselors shall respect differences and understand the diverse
cultural backgrounds of their clients.
3. Client Rights Counselors shall disclose the purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations,
potential risks, benefits of the services to be performed and other pertinent
information to the client throughout the counseling process. Counselors offer clients
the freedom to choose whether to enter into a counseling relationship and determine
which professional will provide counseling, except when the client is unable to give
consent.
4. Clients Served by In cases where the client is receiving services from another mental health
others professional, with clients consent, inform the professional person already involved to
develop an agreement.
5. Personal Needs and Maintain the clients and avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the
values expense of the clients. Counselors shall be aware of their values, attitudes, beliefs,
and behavior and how these apply in a diverse society and avoid imposing their
values on clients.
6. Dual Relationships Counselors are aware of their influential position over their clients avoid the
exploiting the trust and dependency of the clients. Counselors should not accept as
superiors or subordinates clients’.
7. Sexual Intimacies with Counselors should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not
Clients counsel persons with whom they have sexual relationship. Counselors should not also
engage with sexual intimacies with their former clients within a minimum of two
years.
8. Multiple Clients In cases where counselors agree to provide counseling services to two or more
persons who have a relationship, counselors clarify at the outset which person or
persons are clients and the nature of relationship they will have with each other
involved person.
9. Group Work Counselors screen prospective group counseling / therapy participants to determine
those with compatible needs. In group setting, counselors take reasonable precautions
to protect clients from physical or psychological trauma.
10. Fees Prior to entering the counseling relationship, the counselors clearly explain the clients
all financial arrangements related to professional fees.

Source: Gladding, 2000

Areas
Confidentiality

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1.Right to Privacy  Counselors respect a client’s right to privacy and avoid illegal and
unwarranted disclosures of unwarranted information.
 The right to privacy may be waived by the clients or their legally
recognized representative.
 The general requirement that the counselors keep the information
confidential does not apply when disclosure is required to prevent
clear and imminent danger to the client or others or when legal
requirements demand that confidential information is be revealed.
 Counselors who received information confirming that a client has a
disease known to be communicable and fatal is justified in
disclosing information to an identifiable third party, who by his/her
relationship with the client is at high risk of contracting the disease.
 When court orders the counselors to release confidential information
without client’s permit, counselors request to the court that the
disclosure should not be required due to potential harm to client or
counseling relationship.
2. Group and Families  In group work, counselors clearly define confidentiality and
parameters for the specific group being entered, explain its
importance, and discuss difficulties related to confidentiality
involved in group work.
 In family counseling, information about one family cannot be
disclosed to another member without permission.
3. Minor Incompetent client  When counseling clients who are minors or individuals who are
unable to give voluntary, informed consent, parents or guardians
may be included in the counseling process as appropriate.
4. Records  Counselors maintain necessary records for rendering professional
services to their clients and as required by laws, regulations, or
agency or institution procedures.
 Counselors are responsible for securing safety and confidentiality of
any counseling record they create, maintain, transfer, or destroy
whether the records are written, taped, computerized, or stored in
any other medium.
 Counselors recognized that counseling records are kept for the
benefits of the clients therefore provide access to record and copies
of record when requested by competent clients unless it contains
information that may be misleading or detrimental to the clients.
 Counselors obtain written permission from clients to disclose or
transfer records to legitimate third parties unless exception to
confidentiality exists.
5. Research and Training  Use of data derived from counseling relationships for purposes of
training ,research , or publication is confined to content that is
disguised to ensure the anonymity of the individuals involved.
Identification of the client involved is permissible only when the
client has reviewed the material and has agreed to its presentation or
publication.
6. Consultation  Information obtained in consulting relationship is discussed for
professional purposes only with persons clearly concerned with the
case. Before sharing information, counselors make efforts to ensure
that there defined policies that effectively protect the confidentiality
of information with other agencies serving the counselors clients.

Source: Gladding, 2000

Areas Description
Professional Responsibility

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1. Standards Knowledge  Counselors have a responsibility to read, understand, and
follow the Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice
2. Professional Competence  Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their
competence based on their education, training, supervised
experience, state and national professional credentials and
appropriate professional experience. Counselors will
demonstrate a commitment to gain knowledge, personal
awareness, sensitivity, and skills pertinent to working with
diverse client population.
 Counselors practice specialty areas new with to them only
after appropriate education, training, and supervised
experience. While developing skills in new specialty area,
counselors take step to ensure the competence of their work
and to protect other from possible harm.
 Counselors accept employment only for positions which they
are qualified by education, training, supervise experience, state
and national professional credentials, and appropriate
professional experience.
 Counselors continually monitor their effectiveness as
professionals and take steps to improve their skills and
knowledge.
 Counselors refrain from offering or accepting professional
services when their physical, mental, or emotional problems
are like to harm clients or others.

Act. 2 Count Me In, Count me Out: Will I Give up My Job or Not?

Instruction:
1. In the area of counseling relationships of the Code of Conduct, it states that “Counselors
should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with
whom they have sexual relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual intimacies
with their former clients within a minimum of two years.”
2. What if you are counselor and you have fallen in love with your client and the client has
also fallen in love with you. Since, it is unethical to pursue the relationship; you will quit your
job. Your job is also important to you. Now, what will be your decision?

Act. 3 Will I report My Client or Not

Instruction:
1. In the area of confidentiality of the Code of Ethics, there is a portion on client’s right to
privacy. What if the counselor, in his/her conversation with the client, found out that the
client accidentally killed a person, will you report the client to police or not? Explain
your answer.

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  Valuing
1. What is the importance of counseling?
2. If you give a chance to become a counselor are you going to grab it? Why or Why not?

 Generalization
1. What are roles of counseling?
2. What Careers opportunities and areas of specialization of counselors?
3. What are the roles and functions of counseling?

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