- 69,209 4 €9,9> = lst? cFiga - 69,20 + Nig Wu — temngi — tyeuxa-+ ty Naa ~ 2upcuagn + yi * chy < Wedayil = xy <9,X> ¢ igtirr tl = Hyutxe Ctl yi)? 20. 5. Suppose that E* is skiclly convex. and let yee Assume thal ro CF-9,x-9>20 For FEFOO, JE FLY) Chatty? ¢F-3,%-y) +0 (iret = yt)? = 0 tats tyil=o By 4. 2 Wetenygi So FY) SNEMYI = WxUnyil > WY? and €9,x%> € gui Nyniien= 102 Nole tral iF + Ch.x>- Ch y> —earn> beg.y> = WMI? = CBy>~ C9, + byl > Wri? — Wy? ci + uy? =o > =NXI7. Moreover, KFll= Uall=Hyi=NgSo ge Fon) and FeFly Using 2. (Few and Fy) contain 2 Single Pint ) ») feg So, Fo)+ (FI=193=FY) im ED let be a vector space of dimension n andl let (ed recen bea basis Of E Gun KEE, write x= Ete with meR; gm FeE* set fr- chee 4. Consider on E the norm Wye 2 a) compute explicitly, in ems of the fi's the dual norm Wiles of Fee™ BL Delernine expliertly the sot Fim (duality map) for every xe E: 2. Same questons but whee EF is Frouided with norm WX lhe = oe VK 3. Same questons bo} whee & IS Provided with the norm Wil, = (Zt?) ard Moe gprecaty with the nore Unt ( Zire?) uhece ech 20) Fook 4 > Su ) a) NE lle See veel, xee lecxl= Zixcurceat- a 2 Ziel mae hile mech Zech maxth it 2 max SiFild => WPll_ew é max ffl) - Note that, Wecll=4 for sien 2 AGL EE foe secon 2 mas IFil €0F lee then, WPliew = ptax IF:l = Ct. aes W iF FEF LO CAssome thal X#O => Uxll,#o) > maxlFcl = HEM = WX ant “2% Fee Pxye Nace 2 By (1) we hove hak IPL < max Veter forall ¢ > “AMS Foe WL Coe all & teen and Gy (2) we have tat ER xe 2 tes Ertl rn aNole frat =< Fe et $ if DIP KO => Fe Xe £ Kelme ay eel, VIP K co Wile 2 Fxg r for all 6 Fe ye teil mh ei, So, if thee is & such Yat Fe xn 2 Kel = Ex ¢ Zim g xd, Oly 1 2 Reall i, we have that Fi x: = Ix ie, SIF Ke #0, Fe = S90CKd Hil, fees * SgnCHAV I ex Vet 1 x4 Fin= 0 Fe G*: 6 AECIxH NX] IF Ko 3 for ol x#0. TE x20 = maxlFl = WFll= Ixt-0 = Vee £ mar ifel 20 telen in > 16 Pro » F=f F=03 NF lle = S¥P IF em a et nea Ol nee Leal = Ztetim ¢ Emax Ml lel Zarate = wen, Ziel 2 tr Welle 2 ZN Note thal, y= Ze, Whee= ¥ i iriled fe all c9 Lexile ZR > Wess 21rd > Ziel =tecyil ¢ alow > Flee = Z1fl = NEU, BP Feri) (assume X40 [klleo#0) > Zia = WFO tet, and Zxke see, = Weld, By) we have Maal Ex 5 = wry * Zl Bi Tite 5 Nose tat LC g1€ mone IXil* Allg > “UH, £% & NE tae wteke 24/9 R205 x fe fall Tice ime 2 fe all ¢, Xe Fee Il DIE Fe eo = IPle-Gez Xe Cy Tile inesSo) if thee ig & Such Hut Xie Fee IPal > 2 Hse “ Ze Wits “ =) for all t we have that x Fe = Wes Fittes DIP P40, Ke 2 II es > [ues Kl Fi So) iF IX:1 < UIXlle D P20 1B [Xel= Wt = KEL = NP hee = (EMR H1Fr KL BO Tf iE estes Teller, , AXc20 ath ZN = thee } for all 40 Te Lue fepynh (xl =tehed 2 Mileo forall ¢ ») Foo: ffee*: Te x20 Elfile tx > Fez0 For alt Foo) = [FroJ, 3. M4 UF liee > SUP IFoat Hel es nee ae omg cr peal = Erase © (CZrace)! (Zoe) = tray ( Zh)" eC 20) » Wiles (Zier) Note that Yer, gery (gt, Ene) ay par yet (Zee) = 2 = el > LFty)| = a zene (Bt) s tig e UPtee > WPligw = ( Zerit)" = iru, AUF lle = SP FOOL, ap ot ee asad nig Fa Foal = Ered < (Pixar)! ( Ziel! taxa, (20d <2)" > Wig (Zim) relat Note that Yi;2 (Et) Wyle Whe 7) MEU pace Bias) = 17m b) 4 (et Feri (oxume x#02 lingo) 7 x 3 CE IRI)" = well strays C2 tI)? ong EHF = CH ADE WI ( Frm) 2 Zine 2 By 64), ) and Halders Treqvality (Pea) we have thot * : Lae See a\4(z + Zins Exe 2 Zier = ( Btve')!*( 2iraryver (Zot) 8 (Zui) Ebel? > Aimer = Zim = (Emr)? (211)"* (50, we have equolity 1 Welle) FE. p dei 20 Feat ki. (eget) = Sgnchod DALE = BIKE Foe ol cL eMac? Be Gell? #0 DUELS AIG | As Bra for all ¢ sgoth) Feo A" lat BS sgocKde = AM Ut Gos AN yl sgntad= Alex, Avy Bina?» ime Ate > [Pd= A Il By) Exe any. aed? > Ge > Fay: fFee™ F-% 3 for all x0. “ae xeo 5 (Ete)! = Wen X20 3 Fizo Flo) =[F=0$ Aa (ek Fe F eK) Lassume x0 » IMKlp40) OC Eres) tebe taetes (ZUG) agg EH = Fy 76 H Emit)? Bz 4, 2) and Holder's Toeqality | we have that qaersisrespey (Zim JMS) Ecce e Breer e (Elms) Ziwt9)"*. (Zarvet)"( Erni) 3 Ele tcc |) = (Zt) ( Zn) = (zou GTB dete fret 2c col ale (59 we have equality in halder) Sook) + 5H CK A AIRIT= Pl XJ? foe alc > rte Be Heelg #0 LPS ALP, Ae Pra for all ¢BS syed fee AVS Gl" Ges ANF ixcel™ sga xe =) Bes NUS bcc Ute sgottea) 2 by, > Fe ANE Gl? x ExcAM acll? xs = ANG Z vel" v2. AM Eval’ - (Zina) => AT oth = cup AM: Wetec? Le UL A Kl > syecea Fe = AMY IM > Bee Ital? [ea wn Wo? P22 > Fea Efeet: x#O. 2 a (Zhe) 20 ete etpso Fe=0 For ofc If x20 2 Fla: [fod iz) 43 eh E+ Cueccro.sy A); Ulor-oF with its Usual norm We max ure), fete Consider the linear function al 4 fF wee be Poms f wade 4 Show Yat fe e* and comput VFllex 2. Can one Find Some UEE such Hho Wull=4 ond FCu)= IIFil_e® 2 Peaok: 4 A Fis Linea by the Unearity of the inkegal ( FlauHw. [aur @de = Sau ww Ae 5, 4 4, 4, Kenwwl=[Cmodt |< Simuaae saStumdes fvwae (Fax uel dt = AF EEC) con t = SE ude = tun fae = tae jut > Lis boonded Linear funttonal. then, F is conhimout > Fee* and WPta et yo thet up tutte f tet O6EEE ‘uex let to, thee we ute f Me we eet es» MOEE ty aod Mls pax, Iuil= 4 Such Hbal Walle 4 i leew) | Shuudels (Six tae fae] 2 E¥k + el fLiott-e x = Ete = t-Eove > Willen =(+ieumet ostet 2. No, Suppoie that thee is UEE with, Si Wed = AC H)= 4 tune gay, ttl aed Fou) = gf umdt= IF lleast= en > onfite~ (uwo~ Geueiae woe thal -fPeucoet 2 TF we define the Factor % on B43 by =) 4-u2 ab Wr 1-UW, £6001 ,we Have thal g is non-regaloe® ap = is Paes and Combinuoes Function and f- gtdt =o 2 |the |Fondhon 3d): sud 2) Glt)=o fo, £601] “Pecduse [hl EL aad Is oba-hegahoe FAL] ore contfosech nat DUAL for te, eels e)-ud) lors 4G Cunbeadichion (U)=0)) | 14 consider the space E+ C, (Sepsences Leading te 2x0) with 145 0a oom (see sechon 1.3). Far Query Cent Us (UUs, Us...) in E define Foor Ze A.check thal £ is acontimusus Linear Functional on & acd tomgule Flex 2 Cae one Find Some UEE Scr that lulled and Fons Flea 2 Pook Coe PMs Ytes 03 Ue Uy tan Mere) MMIg= Suettixt Now thal. f lek £0 aNEN suc Hak if 4) ODN Foau)e Eb) 2 Zbl. ae 2 \Uslelup-ol e€ Flurw)> E foltnrvae Z poe ZB¥o + Fons rod 50, Sq Fis alinear Rachonal on & Wee = SuplUyl ¢ mane f1U )ln led Lepanls | Espn |e Zldtal = Zn ¢ Eh (sr) 5 ktoo > (tua) Ze gun, Tite) o's = Lis bounded Linear function . then, F is conhmveut =» Fee* and WE teg 2 4 lek E00 Hee 18 NEN suck thal forall arn, f<€ PD _ Consider UNs (4,4, 40,00... €C a 2 venules | Eile Ze ls | Ze t-| eat] (ee I = | 2(tetpss) “1 =| 2-Vye-4| + [A= Mae |e 4 Ms > tr € Geme el) > Welle,2. No, Suggose that thee is UEG wil. Nut, = Seelal = 4 and Gate Z fete + Weg Le 2 ¥ > oe Bh- Zoos Z(4- be) = 21a) Note yok TE we define the Seavente On= $4 Us), we have tsa sh Shah For all ne 8 420 and Ea,-0 2 A dUg2 -h > Aa=o For all nen 2/444)? t-\Mn 2 tA) A Uneh Por all nem ¥ (Conkodtiction (Un 10) 2\> 4-Uq 29 2 | Adz ttn do WS Leb E be an infinite dimensional avs 1 Prove (U8ing Zorms Lemma) tak thee exists an algebraic basis Cdceg in such that lied Veer Recall that an algebraic basis Co~ hamel basis) isa Suoset (Ecligq in E such that evey xe E may Writles Uniquely as Ge ZK with JOT, nite 2. Comtech alinear Rnchonal Pie >® that is not continous 3 Assumay in adaition that € is a Banach Space, Prove tha tis aot cambable Feaot 1 Noe that the following Skelements are eqivalent 4) the subset (Ci)ier in E 19. an hamel basis iF every. conzero XEE May writlen Uniquely a5 K+ ERE: wit ICL, I Finite and %+0 2) the suosel E)er isa Ureacly independent subset oF & Wich Spans €: Tt meons thab a Linear ly, Independent | WICT 4 faite, ByXr- 0, Lew 2» kK =0 « syons €: Vxe€, I4cL, J foie suck that Zjkcee-%, KER Froot = 4192 TE tee is ICT, I faite Such that ZXie.=0 with %; ob all Zero > H 2 2 2K > thee is Lito > Cu Bowe So, 1, Can be writen as 16, and Cn= ERS, Rev He Yleonkadicton) =) (Ci)igy 18 a linearly, independent subset And it clear that (E)jex Spans E.2) 1 Te thee is ee, x40, suche that Can be weitten in two dif Fetal wags X= Ey BO ITI Atle, Keo ond _ X= ZO Sek Se Finite, #0 DERG - Bybee = X-x “26 L DP Zero wi of % FF eee > x03, With Aen) ie codon, nYi if tend, Nole that 2s Mot all be zee’ § Ceanteadticton) +e 44d TE 325, K 40425052) 2D d\nto or IA49 A thee is 4nth=du% such that > thee is i€I\42 on t€3,14, Suck that Ae = Ki- Ge #0. (Because ae chFterent ways Rie Ke#O oF Ay Ye #o to weite %). w So, an algebraic basis Com hamel basis) is 0 Subset CEiier in E Such that (idee 18 a linearly independent suoset OF © Which stans, E. euery Vector space! EA fo) has, a hamel basis Rook Consider the set N=ZACE: A is linearly inderendent3 With the. inclusion celaken (S) as the Parkal ordering on M. This Clear that H is aonemply, Since €4 fo3, there is an element rongeo KEE and [x3en lel Ceo tye totaly oraed Sect (oon) Wwe wide Cas C=CAc)ier and eonside- A> UA: Tt is clear that A is a Unearly Independent subset of € (Aer), and that Ais an veper bound For C. Sa, every chain CEM has an upper _beunel By Zora's Umma, MH has a maximal element & le+ F=spani6) then F is a subspace of & Suppose, that F#E. let %€€ and KF; Set B= BUIx.3 > BEH aqd ®S B, but this is impossible, Since & is maximal and B46 2 Sfan(8)= 2B is o home| bosis of &50, thece exists an algebcale bosis Chomel basis) B+ (bilies in E Nole that lbrll #0 Spat (eZ, Since bit0 forall (er > C+COdier, Cin be a is. hame basis and Heiil> fl */ibeil= Hbill/abill = 4 foro (eX. Cuery nenzero KEE may be wrille Uniqeely a5 Ke EAebe = ZAI be ez MeL, Keo Mbt tay Tea fey Wik, JeE, Thiele and %#0 for oll teT (Because, 2e#0 and bilo For of ce) 2 pe Sequences Gereralea by the G2 (0,...0/4,0).. ) infinile bose E=Fe, new! a Set Fintte Sequences, Sp* UKE Rs 3wem sock that %q 20 Peat ozn3 : Ca Wx,» Soe IX ed (et She Ines Rockonal PF defined on S- by Fs, am FCK) = E Xn Por all X= (Knew € Sp Checavie. each Som ney is Finttey fOr Mer) let ese Flan £40 > WR-Qh- Sl 2 £ oo a 2% So (22) converges te Os, > AER Fowssys Zo* Cae Bok, F(Z)= 9 feral NEN , whic is not conver genk + EC otrqenty) fo FLOs\+o sg elknt £ ty, en nee So Fis nok Seqertally Coninvovs = PO FPO) > F is act Continues let E be an inficiie- dimensional y.s. By t We hove that there exists on algebrote basis (iter in such thot lelle4 Veer ? Grey nonzers KEE Con be writen Unigialy as ashen ft Ke ZU with JeT, I Puite, YW to. ety. Feet sone ak tied cone as ahs Xe BME 1 Ree [SIE EY for al x¥0 and Divo WF xeo CT sotaconcaletct Sess Wave Consider the linear Rnekional F) defined on & by Po pak nia is ok: Foot ZO for oll Xe Ewer e ENE, ICT, Shuile GE K-40} FESR she sures oP Bie ’ Since Fox) s pn f eee x0 > Fee R Xe GeO ds BRE: ° ipxeo ” D axey: ZB aaubse Feaxegy® Zt caaetea) = a gyitac + Bathe = ACH FI)Bok, F(E)=i feral LET , which \s ot convergent Lo So, F is nok Seqerhally Contovovs a % 3. lel E be a Banach Space , it means that is a Complele normed vector Seace tenes Wate boss (Cdem let y= Span dies, int that 4) €= VE, 2) Sine E, isa limensiorol Normed Subspace of E, we have that E is cosed Nole that if X is aPinite-ctimensional rormed linear Spare wilh dim(X)-0 > X and Pace isomorphic A Sine dim(x)e0 thee exists a basis [éx,¢, Define T?X OP Fe cey HEX WH K- Fae by Tod = Cay, a. : : TOA HY) = CAG Hb, 22da4 bos, 0a Abn) = CAA, 1s, AAn) + (by by, ba) = ACA) Aa,..., An) + (bubs, bo) = ATO + Ty) Tis 0 Uinear Rrrellon: * Sopewe thak Toa2 Tip) then |(2r/4,., ale Cob, be > i=bi for al 144...0). Se, Xe: he is, ingectve. loreouer, Foe all (%,% ER tee ts, (2) 2 0% Mapey Kad Thea, Tis Suyectueae For all eX, UTC gg = CHa?) we Nofe tha} lI, ig earivatent to the norm on x, So there ex; MER, Hymo Such that Pitti, £ UxI,é milxelly for al KeX HUM ATCO ge MUR, all ex rocphic TEX is isomorphic to, (Conpie! A_vector is also Conglele Ris complete, We Wave tha “let Cran be al K|is Comples Since MW Txa)- 1 lly $ Ma Kal Also, We nave thal every. Compile! then, (Th Noeas is 2 Cove Subspace of a normed space isilaved’* Sequence in *F Lek X be a commlele Subspace o 50, Tred converges to 4.eY @ homed Space anc tet xe KX Cheeause Y is complete) 2 thee is (Klaeme ily 2 thee is xeX with Td? Je Conveges to because T is Sorgectue) Siote Ke K =) forall neighboochoed Wed And Since MIXq- Ky & UTCKed— TC OFX, NDOABD then, %q converges to Xe X. choose %q2 80%, 4)0 XK ) is comple: Ceadggrs (5 © Caudle, ce io HANA UK- Heal ty + Yn & Mn Mg + 270.) xe 2) Since En is a Froter Suospace of E ( becavie EntE and Eqt fol), ther Bleeds fg: wg-eler 3 ? for every ZeEn, Yaxt © BE Biye)C 9 Since El is sspace, bed 24 248 cy +n al nen, Ep te ceied, inblEde@ and E- Yer, but ths. contradic!(DR Hahn Banach in Prole-ckmenstenel Spaces Lt E be a Friile- dimensional normect space. er CCE be O nonempty convex Sek Such thal O€C. Wwe claim that tnee always exists Some hyperplane that Serorales Cand fod a Citole drat every hyte-rlane is Closect (ung ?) The main Point in this execse is thal NO additional Assumption on C Is required) A. lel Cialozs be @ Countoble Subset oF C that is dense in C (Why obes it exists ?) For every ny lek dee bull of (aloes | Cyt Ceo PX any Habe [EH Eb; 20M on ZH -43 check that Co ' compact and that Oey is dense in & 2. Peove thal thee is Some fic * suck thot Wall = and 20 Wee G 3. Deduce that thee is some FrEE* such that WFlleL ond 20 Vee C Conclude 4 let MOCE be nonempty disyotnt convex Sets. ove thal thee exists some hngeeplane H that separates A anc & Prost # Crery Linear Functional § deFingcl on a Fivile- dimensional ermed vector Space X with values in A, is Continyous, Prot Y_nermed Letter space let X be a Fintle-dimensivnal normed vector space With olim(E}-n Hoen thee exists a basis Chamel tosis) ()ieti2.in OF & Suh thal: exergy KEK con be toriten voiguely. as Ke Bue with XeEw he all cess, NY let F: XR be a Linea Pnctional > ns Fea = FC Exec). 2x ee)» Exe, Few Feed let rhe max CAR I= WRmyT eet > [Pemts | Backed ¢ Zixciiect erat, Recal_ that iF X is a Finilechmersional normedt Uetlor space then any Huo noms Welly, amet tlt, 0 X ace equivalent then, thee exists C,DeR, C,D>0 Such that PAPC! Hux, € DMM = Kimly , Re DH Weaaly Chreties Xt, £ DIK2 Fis bonded, hente is conkvous TB9 Freesat t sy So, every linear Rnctonal F ia Eis continuous = every hyPetlane H«CP-«J is closed 4 Wwe deFined the Gontinvers Linear functional From R” into & by FCE, by Nole that Cy= FS) with SE ttits.te)EW": £20 ond Ete=13 Since S 18 compact io R Ue hae thal Go i Congack (tacos, the inepe onder © Corkins Ritesh ere beh» £ Fackon of © congach is compoch) tn)= Eth sine (done & Dc > desire (Medyn) « closore ( Den) Ne re MY se testa tale [ZAP 13 > ln is dense in C 4. Using the heaven 17 Hank Gona cl, second qeomelic form) with As fol tree is Some Fe E* such that Feerre WxeCn, let bye Fn /ilfalt => there 1s RE E* sud, thot MeL ond Fa(xd 20, Bla ltrelis Paty dimension thea! V*|hag the Sale Himansioh ab \.|Giug abosis [4.603 io N, Bt |e ebssible to costel la srectic basis i V*) calied| the dich basis! Pe..Je% OF linear |Fngtomats| on| WV] defined by the |relotion| ef CGle+t+ Crea Ch, &ts,tn) for_dovy. |choice oF goo PFictats IEF Be f(a) rte cote 1} 1 Fifa Lfph factad =f Ee eh, tess. jot} ven int fade, Ko) Ag ®, kesh...02 = Fastvo,.\ 014+ BaCO.,94) Oe, <254,.,084 F L PE ate’) ade, te £4109 Flay b- m= ta, teh Are, +} tlaaxh to ¥ ry a a Tr _gtnergl Pear o/FCiZciec)l= AccPled > Zade, d= Fre) + Zhe Bae =ae'tx) ) ae Since Eis Pinte-timensional , then E* is al Pinite-chmensional C= is complete) ** (Balance weidestiags trever) Hoceover, Pa Lives on the closed ball (IIF:ll=1), then thee exists a subsequence (Fale. Which converges to a Continias Linear Sreckonal F wikl PEEL Role tat if xe Oe > sweat suck thal x€Cy oral azn =) Paitl20 for all n2N PD Fagl20 For K SufFidently large So, taking the Umit we dbtain that FO)20 fo all xe Deo Siece Gen is devse onc, we om extend to all C > thee is Fe e* sock that Filet and F(x120 For all xeCfr em csince A A6e_Corwer) So and O8C (Sine An 2 MPllet Fane im > Fw > he hypertion lole Hha , Since Eis a Fnile-dimensiowsl OS with dha( E)-o 9 Eland i" iBompcPhic the E| hog 0 Countable denge Subset becayse | IK" has a cuntable dense AY Let Cdicraa. ma [bea basi of E anct considethe ‘gprolphises AE KECK, MME AD thee is a sequence (ij... FjlEGM Soda tha! GE Le) GR Mom =x. For evdeg ro, theres Jem Sots that iF f29| then Ng - Klass < fac > et Yee, then Ht ig & Such rat Y= Tla) Chetase T is Soryective! 2 TCM > A hen Ais Countable berawe 1 Q™1 + IAI CT Is bijective) DATS I Tean, = WTCay- walle & MTUNG, pe € [NTH Ege = So, For very YEE thew is a, Sequence (TC9;)),,4 EA Coombatle Sdsel) Such ei) Tae > Ais|a couctable dese Subset of & Soleh Cus, be ocrntoble dense subse} of | (and C/CE then, consid: S= [Ogi Ws CO Olde, 4) #63 For all (Kp leS | let ECOBLE«, vy, ‘ ¥ Hhen De [%xg “KilES3 is ao cambadic Suse of &| (brease Wt is dounigble? dex Now, leh CEC and fem) Smee yaar t ink, thee is bn tha Yu € BCC, 413) PCE BC Gu NG). So) (KHIES jord yi € He, theo, Ver Kats ied Yee Ma Heyl 8 MM + Up