THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING DIFFERENT TYPES OF THEORIES
PRELIMS | FIRST SEMESTER
TRICIA JESHIEL P. TORRES o Descriptive
o Explanatory
THEORY o Predictive
o An organized system of accepted o Prescriptive
knowledge that is composed of concepts,
propositions, definitions and assumptions CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
intended to explain a set of fact, event of o Can correlate concepts
phenomena. o Logical in nature
o Creative and rigorous structuring of ideas that o Simple but generally broad in nature
projects a tentative purposeful and o Can be a source of hypotheses
systematic view of phenomena (Chinn & o Contribute in enriching the general body of
Kramer) knowledge
o Can be used by practitioners to enhance
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY their practice
o Florence Nightingale believed that the o Must be consistent
environment was the major component of
creating illness in a patient; she regarded the CONCEPTS—building blocks of theories
disease as the ”reactions of kindly nature o Abstract concepts—intangible (love, care,
against the conditions in which we have freedom…)
placed ourselves.” o Concrete concepts—tangilble (nursing,
pain…)
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Concepts
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Propositions Systematically
Assumptions organized
TheoryeH wView Phenomena THEORETICAL MODELS—highly established set of
Definitions concepts
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o An articulated and communicated
conceptualization of invented or discovered
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reality in or pertaining to nursing for the
purpose of describing, explaining, predicting
or prescribing nursing care (Meleis, 1991)
o
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Describes
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Explains Nursing
Theory
Predicts Theory
Prescribes
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COMPONENTS OF A THEORY (Barnum, 1994)
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o Context—environment
o Content—subject
o Process—method
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o Diagnosis and treatment of human responses CONCEPTUAL MODELS—representation of an
to actualor potential health problems idea or knowledge based in the own
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(American Nursing Association) understanding of a person, phenomena, or
o To assist clients in the performance of theory
activities contributing to health its recovery or
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peaceful death that clients will perform
unaided, if they had the necessary will, SCIENTIFIC METHOD
strength or knowledge (Virginia Henderson) o Observation
o Gathering information
METAPARADIGM OF NURSING o Forming hypothesis
o Experiment
o Conclusion or theoretical explanation
SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE
o Traditional knowledge—passed down from
generation
o Authoritative knowledge—idea by a person
of authority perceived as true because of his
expertise
o Scientific
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BASIC NURSING: FOUNDATION OF SKILLS & o Compiled notes of her visits to hospitals and
CONCEPTS her observations of sanitary facilities, social
NURSING HISTORY, EDUCATION AND ORGANIZATION problems of the places she visited.
o At 31, she entered Deaconesses School at
NURSING HISTORY Kaiserswerth despite of her family’s resistance
o Nursing is an ancient profession that has to her ambitions. She became a nurse over
evolved alongside human civilization the objections of society and family.
o During the industrial revolution, scientific o Upgraded the practice of nursing and made
methods became more important nursing an honorable profession for women.
o Published books: Notes on Nursing
I. PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING/MEDIEVAL
PERIOD
RATIONALISM
o Nursing was untaught and was performed o The use of reasons tested through studies
due to compassion of others o Uses deductive type of reasoning (general to
o Religion greatly influenced the practice of specific)
nursing—“the good Samaritan”
EMPIRISM
CHRISTIAN ORGANIZATION THAT’S PROVIDED FOR THE o Uses objective and tangible data or those
SICK that are perceived by the senses
ORGANIZATION CONTRIBUTION o Uses inductive type of reasoning (specific to
Parabolani Provided care during the great general)
brotherhood plague in Alexandria
Responsible for early
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Knights of St. THE CIVIL WAR & NURSING
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development of managerial and
John of o America’s tragic conflict underscored the
administrative standards in
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Jerusalem eH w need of nursing
providing care in the hospitals
Camillus de Considered to be the patron saint o Sisters of the holy cross were the first to
o.
Lellis of nurses respond
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Sisters of Established by St. Vincent de Paul o Dorothea Dix—a teacher was appointed as
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Charity in France superintended for nurses
Founded at Kaiserwerth, o Clara Barton (1821-1912)—volunteered her
Order of Germany. Recognized the role of nusing skills and organized the red cross in the
Deaconesses women in giving services for the
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US after the war.
sick, training schools for nurses
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II. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE NURSING/MIDDLE
PIONEERS OF NURSING
AGES
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o Lillian Wald—first community health nurse
o Nursing care was performed without any
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o Isabel Hampton Robb—founded nursing
formal education and by people who were
organizations
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directed by more experienced nurses.
o Adelaide Nutting—first nurse appointed as
o Developed by religious orders of the Christian
university professor
churches.
o Lavinia Dock—author of early textbooks
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o Mary Breckenridge—serviced rural America
III. PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING/NIGHTINGALE
o Mamie Hale—educator of midwives
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ERA
o Mary Mahoney—America’s first African-
American nurse
o 19th – 20th century
o Linda Richards—America’s first trained nurse
o Influenced by:
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(the term trained nurse preceded registered
o Wars
nurse)
o Arousal of social consciousness
o Mary Grant Seacole—worked together with
o Increased educational opportunities
nightingale during the Crimean war
o Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Sidney
o Florence Nightingale—“lady with the lamp”
Herbert to recruit female nurses to provide
o Dorothea Lynde Dix—appointed
care for the sick and injured in the Crimean
superintendent of the female nurses of the
War
union army during the american civil war
o Louisa May Alcott—“hospital sketches”
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
o Harriet Tubman—“the moses of her people”
o Mother/founder of modern nursing.
o Walt Whitman—worked together with Alcott
o Lady with the lamp because of her
o Sojouner Truth—nurse counselor for the
achievements in improving the standards for
freedman’s relief association
the care of war casualties in the Crimean war
o Born May 12, 1800 in Florence, Italy
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o Jean Henri Dunant—organized the “PRACTICAL” NURSING
International Conference that founded the o Women who cared for others, but who has no
Red Cross during the Geneva Convention formal education
o Lucy Osborne—developed Australia’s first
school for nurses under the supervision of EARLY PRACTICAL NURSING SCHOOLS
nightingale o Ballard school—NYC, 1892
o Clara Barton—organized and establishedThe o Thompson Practical Nursing School—
American Red Cross Vermont, 1907
o Mary Agnes Snively—developed the Toronto o Household Nursing School—Boston, 1918
General Hospital School of Nursing and was
the first president of the Canadian Nurses
Association NURSING EDUCATION: LP/VNS
o Bedford Fenwick—establed the International o LPNs (Licensed Practical Nurses) and LVNs
Council of Nurses in Great Britain (Licensed Vocational Nurses) work under the
o Margaret Higgins Sanger—founded of supervision of an RN or other licensed
planned parenthood which initiated the use provider such as a physician or dentist.
of birth control o Education is focused on basic nursing skills
o M. Lucille Kinlein—first independent nurse and direct client care.
practitioner o Educated in community colleges, hospitals,
vocational programs.
PROMINENT PERSONAGE DURING THE PHILIPPINE
REVOLUTION
o Josephine Bracken—wife of Jose Rizal NURSING EDUCATION: RNS
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installed a field hospital in an estate in Tejeros o RNs (Registered Nurses) may operate
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that provided nursing care autonomously and may supervise
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o Rose Sevilla de Alvaro—converted their eH w LP/VNsLVNS.
house into quarters for Filipino soldiers during o Education is focused on basic nursing skills
the Phil-American War in 1899
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and direct client care.
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o Hilaria de Agunaldo—wife of Emilio o Educated in universities, community colleges,
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Aguinaldo organized the Filipino Red Cross hospitals.
o Melchora Aquino—tandang sora, nursed the
wounded Filipino soldiers DIPLOMA PROGRAMS
o Captain Solomen—revolutionary leader in
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o Typically 3 years in length and offered by
Nueva Ecija provided nursing care to the hospitals.
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wounded when in combat o Graduates receive diploma rather than a
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o Agueda Kahabagan—revolutionary leader in college degree.
Laguna also provided nursing services to her o Program emphasizes basic skills particularly
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troops suited for hospital clients.
o Trinidad Tecson—ina ng biak na bato, stayed
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o Such programs contribute 6% of nurse
in the hospital to care for the wounded graduates.
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soldiers
ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAMS
PROMINENT NURSING LEADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES o 2-year program offered through community
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o Cesaria Tan—first Filipino nurse who has colleges or as options at four-year universities.
Masters Degree in USA o Graduate receives Associate Degree in
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o Socoro Sirilan—reformed social service for Nursing (ADN).
indigenous patients in San Lazaro Hospital o Program stresses basic skill preparation with
o Magdalena Valenzuela—first Filipino industrial clinical practice occurring increasingly in
nurse
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community-based institutions (e.g.
o Annie San—founded the National League of ambulatory settings, schools and clinics).
Philippine Government Nurses o Such programs contribute 60% of nurse
o Cornel Elvegia Mendoza—first female military graduates.
nurse
o Loreto Tupaz—dean of Filipino Nursing BACCALAUREATE DEGREE PROGRAMS
Education o Typically 4 years in length, offered through
o Conchita Diaz—first editor of “the filipino colleges and universities.
nurses” o Graduate receives Bachelor of Science in
o Dr. Julita Sotejo—author of code ethics for Nursing (BSN)
nurses o Emphasizes preparation for practice in
o Anastacia Tupaz—first filipino nurse with the nonhospital settings, broader scientific
title of nursing superintendent chief nurse at content, and systematic problem-solving
the Philippine general hospital tools for autonomous and collaborative
practice.
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o Such programs contribute 34% of all nursing
graduates.
NURSING ORGANIZATIONS AMERICAN NURSES
ASSOCIATION (ANA)
o Purpose: To improve the quality of nursing
care.
o Established 1911.
o Establishes standards for nursing practice.
o Establishes a professional code of ethics.
o Develops educational standards
o Oversees a credentialing system.
o Influences legislation affecting health care.
o For RNs only.
o Publications: American Journal of Nursing;
American Nurse
NURSING ORGANIZATIONS NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION FOR PRACTICAL NURSE EDUCATION
AND SERVICE, INC. (NAPNES)
o Purpose: To improve the quality, education,
and recognition of nursing schools and
LP/VNs in the U.S.
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o Established 1941.
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o Provides workshops, seminars, and
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continuing-education programs. eH w
o Evaluates and certifies continuing-education
programs of others.
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o Provides individual student professional
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liability insurance program.
o For LPs/VNs.
o Publications: Journal of Practical Nursing;
NAPNES Forum.
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NURSING ORGANIZATIONS NATIONAL LEAGUE
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FOR NURSING (NLN)
o Purpose: To identify the nursing needs of
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society and to foster programs designed to
meet these needs.
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o Established 1952.
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o Accredits nursing education programs.
o Conducts surveys to collect data on
education programs.
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o Provides continuing-education programs.
o Open to all nurses and non-nurses.
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o Publication: Nursing & Health Care.
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