RAJSHAHI UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Technical English (Sessional)

HUM 1222
Submitted by: Assignment on:
“PHONETICS”
Team Optimus Prime
Team Nexus
Team Optimizers
Department: ME
Section: A
Date of sub.: 01-10-2019

Submitted to:
Abdullah-Al-Mijan
Assistant Professor,
Faculty of Applied Science and
Humanities.
RUET
 Team
“O P T I M U S P R I M E”
Sl. no. Roll no. Team Members’ Contact no. E-mail Address
Name
01 1802031 Sifat Sheikh 01868-609419 tanvirsifat1854@gmail.co
m
02 1802032 Neamat Ullah Khan 01614-304242 neamat.tanvir18@outlook.c
om
03 1802033 Md. Sabiar Rahman 01845-611320 sabiarsonet41@gmail.com
Sonet
04 1802034 Md. Abu Raihan Rafi 01835-152831 raihanrafi61@gmail.com

05 1802035 Md. Shakibul Alam 01878-312744 Shakibjisan63@gmail.com

06 1802036 Sharnali Mondal 01791-913248 sharnalimondalbristy2110@

Bristy gmail.com
07 1802037 Ayesha Binte Kibria 01715-034075 mohona.ayesha@gmail.com

08 1802038 Md. Mir Musharuf 01717-981440 musharuf11@gmail.com

Hossain Roni
09 1802039 (Cap.)Md. Ar Rahman 01644-329354 rahmandip7@gmail.com
Dip
10 1802040 Taufiq Ahmed 01731-239355 taufiqahmed726@gmail.co
m

Group Name : NEXUS

Group Captain : Md. Tahjib Islam Ninad
Roll No. of the members : 1802041-18020450
Course No. : HUM 1222
Course Title : Technical English Sessional
Details of the group members :
 Roll Name Email Id. Contact No.
1802041 Mst. Esrat Jahan esratesha8374@gmail.com 01758512930
skdvbwmk@gmail.co
1802042 Shukdev Bhowmick m 01679062794

1802043 Sarajit Dutta sharajitdutta@gmail.com 01688659725

1802044 Fuad Arnob fuadarnob2013@gmail.com 01939776586

Md. Showrov
1802045 Hassan showrov19hassan@gmail.com 01760406495
1802046 Md. Arif Hasan arifhasan2308@gmail.com 01780553919

1802047 Amir Hossen asrador01@gmail.com 01636037201

1802048 Souvik Podder nayanpodder48@gmail.com 01799129918
Nayan
1802049 Md. Tahjib Islam tahjibninad45620@gmail.com 01765449521
Ninad
(Captain)
1802050 Md. Abdul Wares warestt@gmail.com 01303013524

Name of the Team: Team Optimizers (A team that makes everything better)
Information of Team Members:
Name of Members Roll Number Mobile Number Email Address
MD. KHAIRUL ISLAM 1802051 01776-938536 ruet1802051anondo@gmail.com
ANONDO

MD. MIRAZUL ISLAM 1802052 01796-143156 mirazulislambadhon@gmail.com

BADHAN
MD. FAYZUR RAHMAN 1802053 01869-978596 fayzurrahmanfahim@gmail.com

SHUVENDU PAUL 1802054 01787-966989 shuvendupaulshuvo@gmail.com

NILOY ROKON 1802055 01726-639574 rokon84@gmail.com

UTSA SAHA 1802056 01766-363644 utsasaha618@gmail.com

AMIT KUMAR PAUL 1802057 01632-102427 amitpaul63519@gmail.com

TAIYEBA PARVIN 1802058 01644-716996 taiyebatiba01@gmail.com

IKHTIAR UDDIN 1802059 01749-840190 khiljee098@gmail.com

SHAHIDUL ISLAM 1802060 01727-959470 shahidulislam160526@gmail.com

Group Captain: Name: Shuvendu Paul

Roll No: 1802054
Mobile Number: 01787-966989
Email Address: shuvendupaulshuvo@gmail.com

Phonetics and Phonology

Basic skills: Speaking

 Listening
 Speaking Speech sounds produced by human vocal chord
 Reading
 Writing
Phonetics and
Phonology

Phonetics

 What is Phonetics?
 Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds.
 3 inter-related factors of speech sounds:

 How they are produced

 How they are transmitted
 How they are received and perceived.

 Branches of Phonetics
1. Articulatory Phonetics
2. Acoustic Phonetics
3. Auditory Phonetics

1. Articulatory phonetics

 Definition:
This branch is concerned with how speech sounds are produced through
different speech organs or articulators.
Speech Articulators are:
Lips Lungs

Teeth Larynx

Tongue Glottis

Alveolar Uvula

Ridge Velum

Hard Palate Trachea

Soft Palate Oesophagus

Nasal Passage Epiglottis

Glottal flods Vocal Folds

2. Acoustic Phonetics
 Definition:
a) This branch studies how speech sounds are transmitted from the speaker to
the listener through the air.

b) The journey of speech sounds from speaker to listener is made in form of

sound waves comprising frequencies and amplitudes

3. Auditory Phonetics
 Definition:
This branch analyzes and examines how we receive and realize speech sounds.
Auditory phonetics studies varied auditory impressions of quality, pitch, length
and loudness of speech sounds.

 Phonology

 Definition:
Phonology is a level of linguistics that studies the sound systems of languages.
Phonology is concerned with:-
a) The range and function of sounds.
b) Rules to show the types of phonetic relationships among other linguistic
units.

Phonology can be seen in 2-main ways:-

 1. As a level of linguistic organization- 2.As a component of generative grammar-

Contrasted with the levels of

Contrasted with the
Phonetics, syntactic and semantic
Grammar and semantics in the
First instance

 Branches of Phonology
1. Segmental: It analyzes speech into discrete segments; Such as Phonemes.
2. Supra-segmental: It analyzes features that extend over more than one segment;
Such as stress and intonation.

 Phonetics vs. Phonology

 PHONETICS
 It concerns with the concrete characteristics of sounds used in language.
 Units of speech: Speech sounds, phones (which is analyzed by dividing
it segments. ‘MESA’: 4 phone segments, that is, the 4 sounds [m], [e],
[s], [a].

 PHONOLOGY
 Concerns how sounds function in a systematic way in a particular
language
 It studies the abstract linguistic units: phonemes, and analyses its
distinctive features, above all its capacity of producing changes in
meaning.
 DIFFERENCES
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY

Descriptive linguistics Theoretical linguistics

All speech sounds(universal) Sounds of a particular language

Studies phones Studies phonemes

Limited scope Broader scope

Transcribed between square brackets, Represents between slashes /p/,/t/

for example [p], [t]

Reception Function
Description Distribution

 Units of Phonetic & Phonology

 Phoneme:
A phoneme is a phonological unit that includes similar sounds or phones
and differentiates between two or more words.
Example: /t/ - ten /p/ - pen

 Phone:
A phone is a phonetic unit used to indicate the smallest segment of sounds.

Example:

Phone
 /u/ /i/
/e/

 Allophone:
The phones of a phoneme are called allophones of each other.

Example: /k/ (Phoneme)

[k ¿¿ h]¿ (Kite) [k] (sky)

(Allophones)
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
 Englishlanguage has 26 letters. These letters represents 44 different sound
symbols.

Consonant sounds (24)

Vowel sounds (20)

IPA CHART
 Why PHONETIC chart?
Phonetic chart-
i) Allows everyone,(not just linguists)to learn the pronunciation of an
utterance.
ii) Shows us that sounds are relate to each other.

VOWEL SOUNDS
 What is VOWEL Sound?
 Vowel is one of the two general categories used for the classification of
speech sounds.
Definition:
The speech sounds that are produced without any obstacles in the vocal tract are
called vowels.
Example:
/ɑ:/, /æ/, /i:/, /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /u:/

 How can we define VOWEL sounds?

It can be done in terms of two ways:

Phonetically Phonologically
 Phonetically Phonologically

They are sounds articulated Vowels are those units

without a complete closure in that function at the center
the mouth of syllables.

They can be: They can be:

1. Nasal 1. Long
2. Oral 2. Short

 Let’s talk about syllables!

To understand what syllable is the best way to explain that is with an example.
Say each of these words to yourself:
• Mouse (1 syllable)
• Rab-bit (2 syllables) As you can hear, a syllable
is a 'unit of pronunciation’
• Kan-ga-roo (3 syllables)
• Bar-ra-cu-da (4 syllables)
• Hip-po-po-ta-mus (5 syllables)

 Based on syllables
 Vowel Sounds can be divided into 3 types:-
 Monophthong(one vowel sound in a syllable)
 Diphthong(two vowel sound in a syllable)
 Triphthong

MONOPTHONGS
(a, e, i, o, u)

 What is MONOPHTHONG?
This term used in phonetic classification of vowel sounds.
 Definition:
A monophthong is a single vowel sound articulated without any obstacles in the
vocal tract.
Examples:
 /æ/ (A a)
 /ɛ/ (E e)
 /ɪ/ (I i)
 /ɑ/ (O o)
 /ʌ/ (U u)
So on…….

 The English language has 12 monophthongs:

 — Seven short
vowels—kit, put,
dress, strut, trap, lot.

— Five long (:)

vowels—fleece,
goose, nurse,
thought.

 What does MONOPHTHONG do?

Monophthong ensures that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth
position
For example, when you say "teeth"(("ee“) nothing changes for that sound)

Let’s pronounce monophthongs!

// Phonetic Symbol

ː Long sound

Monophthong check (Long vowels):

/i:/(-ঈ): Three sleepy sheep see a bee eating a piece of cheese
/u:/(-ঊ): Sue threw soup at the youth in the blue
/ɜː/ (-আ): The thirty third Earl of Splurge flirts with Bert’s girlfriend Myrtle
/ɜː/(-আ): The banana that was on the table was for the girl that Robert met at the
ball

Monophthong check (Short vowels):

/ʌ/ (আ): My country cousin loves to jump in muddy puddles
/ ɪ / (ই): Which big tin did Bill kick under the kitchen sink?
/ɒ/ (অ): Don and Dot Mogg have long blond hair
/e/ (-এ): The jelly Ned made for ted never set

CONSONANT SOUNDS
 What is CONSONANT Sound?
Consonants are one of the two general categories used for the classification of
speech sounds
 Definition:
The speech sounds that are produced with interruption in the lung air or some
obstacles in vocal tract are called consonants.

Examples:

/θ/ /z/
/ʒ/ /ð/
/f/

 How can we define Consonant sounds?

It can be done in terms of two ways:
 Phonetically
  Phonologically

PHONETICALLY:
 Consonants are speech sounds made by a closure or narrowing in the
vocal tract so that the air flow is either completely blocked, or so
restricted that audible friction is produced.

• Consonant articulations are most conveniently described in terms of

places and manners of articulations.

PHONOLOGICALLY:
 Consonants are those units that friction at the margins of syllables, either
singly or in clusters.

Places of Articulation of Consonants

 It refers to the clarity of the word spoken.
 According to their places of articulation, English consonant phonemes can
be divided into 9 types as shown in the picture:
 The English language has 24 Consonant sounds.

IPA Consonant sounds:

/p/ /b/ /f/ /v/ /m/ /n/

(পা) (বা) (ফা) (ভা) (মা) (না)

/t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /ŋ/ /h/

(তা) (দা) (থ) (দ) (অং) (হা)

/tʃ/ /dʒ/ /s/ /z/ /I/ /r/

(চ) (জ) (সা) (যা) (লা) (রা)

/k/ /g/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /j/ /w/

(কা) (গা) (শা) (য) (ঞ) (ওয়া)
 How these Consonant Sounds pronounce?

 Let’s pronounce them with examples!

Part-1
/b/ -বা- (Bag, bubble, build, robe): Barbara Baker baked beautiful bread while her
brother Bob looked after the baby.
/k/ - কা-(Cash, quick, cricket, sock): Carl Kalm kinkily kissed a sick, clammy
charneleon.
/ð / - দ- (There, those, brothers, others): Bertha then poured there three frothy beers
for the three thirsty thieves.
Part-2
/z/-যা-(Zoo, crazy, lazy, zigzag, nose): "Cecil the serpent lost his hiss," said Zorro
the Zebra.
/ʒ/ -য - (Television, delusion, casual): When ships come to shore, sailors usually
rush to wash, and go ashore.
/tʃ/- চ- (Choose, cheese, church, watch): Charles tried to eat the chicken and chips
with Chinese chopsticks.

Part-3
/dʒ /-জ- (Joy, juggle, juice, stage): The judge sent Jim to jaol for stealing gin and
jam.
/h/ - হা-(High, help, hello): Henry and Harriet in the heat to heul the heavy horse up
the hill.
/m/- মা-(Room, mother, mad, more): Mary Smith and James McMohan made
marvellous miffuns on Mondays.

Part-4
/n/ - না-(Now, nobody, knew, turn): Nellie danced with her nephew Norman as the
sun went down.
/ŋ/- অং -(King, thing, song, swimming): The king angrily rang his younger son,
Koonk the singer, as he was dying.
/l/- লা-(Law, lots, leap, long): Lovely looking Lily Lawson used to live in Lincoln,
but now she lives in London.

Part-5
/r/- রা- (Road, roses, river, ring, ride): Roanld the rabbit raced after the red rooster.
/j/- ইয়ো-(Yellow, usual, tune, yesterday, yard): The young and beautiful Yolanda
yearned for Yuhana's new yellow yacht.
/w/- ওয়া-(Wall, walk, wine, world): Here's why we should beware of wearing a wig
in windy weather.

Sound check:
Fool One Peal Walk Our Cut
Full Won Pill Work Pour Engineer

Stress & Transcription

 Stress Sounds

To understand stress sound is the best way to explain that is with an example:
 Mother
 Department
When a word has many syllables, one of them is always pronounced more
strongly. This is called word stress, and we say that the syllable is stressed. 

 Why STRESS SYLLABLE Important?

 Word stress is a feature used to give prominence to one or more syllables
within a word.

[Im-age /ˈɪmɪʤ/n 1 a picture of someone or something in your mind: As

she spoke, an image of a country garden came into my mind.]

 Have you ever seen anything in your dictionary?

Well, that was phonetic TRANSCRIPTION!

 What does PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION do?

  With phonetic transcriptions, dictionary tells you about the pronunciation of
words.

 So, what is PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION?

Phonetics is the study of the sounds used in speech with a system writing like IPA,
you can represent speech sounds visually with symbols.
So, transcription is the process of making a written of words that we have spoken.
For example,
The IPA-based phonetic transcription of the word:

HOME /hoʊm/

COME /kʌm/
 Note that in spelling, these words are similar. They both end in OME. But their
phonetic transcriptions are different, because they are pronounced differently.

Examples:

REVIEW
  Basic Skill
 Phonetics
 Phonology
 Phone, Phoneme & Allophone
 Vowel Sounds
 Monopthongs
 Consonant Sounds
 How they pronounce?
 Stress and transcription

 Let’s summarize
 Basic Skills
 Phonetics
 Phonology
 Phone, Phoneme & Allophone

 Basic skills
 Listening
 Speaking
 Reading
 Writing

 Phonetics
Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sounds.

Branches of Phonetics
1. Articulatory Phonetics
2. Acoustic Phonetics
3. Auditory Phonetics

 Phonology
Phonology is a level of linguistics that studies the sound systems of languages.

 Branches of Phonology
1. Segmental
2. Supra-segmental

 Units of Phonetic & Phonology

 Phoneme:
A phoneme is a phonological unit that includes similar sounds or phones and
differentiates between two or more words.
/t/- ten
/p/- pen

 Phone:
A phone is a phonetic unit used to indicate the smallest segment of sounds.

 Allophone:
The phones of a phoneme are called allophones of each other
 VOWEL Sound
The speech sounds that are produced without any obstacles in the vocal tract are
called vowels.
Examples: /ɑ:/, /æ/, /i:/, /ɪ/, /ɛ/, /u:/

Let’s Summarize!
 Monophthongs
 Consonant Sounds
 How sounds pronounce?

 Stress & Transcription

 MONOPHTHONG
A monophthong is a single vowel sound.

 What does MONOPHTHONG do?

Monophthong shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth
position.

The English language has 12 monophthongs:

 six short vowels

 five long(:) vowels

CONSONANT Sound
 Definition:
The speech sounds that are produced with interruption in the lung air or some
obstacles in vocal tract are called consonants.

 How can we define Consonant sounds?

Consonants are speech sounds made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal
tract.

Places of Articulation of Consonants

 It refers to the clarity of the word spoken

The English language has 24 Consonant sounds:

Examples:
/b/ - বা - (Bag, bubble, build, robe)
/k/ - কা - (Cash, quick, cricket, sock)
/ð / - দ - (There, those, brothers, others)

Stress
To understand stress sound is the best way to explain that is with an example:
Mother
Department

Transcription
Transcription is the process of making a written of words that we have spoken.
THANK YOU