NAME class Héadway Grammar Reference with practice Exercises preintermediate rovirs rion UNITI UNIT 1 EXERCISES pe tenes ese eared eee “his nit has examples ofthe Present Simple and Preset : : ontinuous, the Past Simple, and two future forms: going to and the 2 They (arrive) at 3.00 p.m. last Friday. Preset Continuous forthe tre 3 Pou) outlast nigh? Al hese tenses ate covered ini ter wits 4 Rin aa Present tenses Unit 2 ‘5 Jenny. (enjoy) meeting new people. Pasttenses Ui 3and9 6 “They (wot a) heen st ight Fatweforms Unit's 7 1 Get ks) woking eka The aim inthis nits to evs what you already ko errr ose Present tenses 9 The Earth _(go) round the Sun. She tvs London 0 i ale Tearn $100 a day. > im saving money for my education 2 Choose the correct answer. roe ee ee Thad a bad accident last month. 4 Why is the child crying / does the child cry - did be fall over? I'm going to study for a Masters degree. 6 Do you always go / Are you always going to school by bus? What are you doing tonight? 7 Debbie doesn't like / isn’t liking fish. Peni Question, 3. Write the sentences and questions in the correct order. Theyre engl What ore thy watching ener otal Negative 2. she/ isn't /to// today / going / school He vant learning French Vim not sleeping. 3. a/ new /Tm /Took for / fat going /to Verb forms with no auxiliary verb oy Inthe Present Simple and the Past Simple we use the auxiliary verb dfoin the questions and negatives Tere sno ailiary verb inthe 4 going/ what they do to / are? positive 5 to/ ist / se / going iwite/ Dan the! party /to Positive Question fone “ They live in Australia. Dao they ive in London? He arrived yesterday. Where did Bill go? 4 Match the questions 1-5 with the answers a-e. Negative 1 Whose mobile phones this? dort work in New irk 2. Which jacket do you pref? Ye didi wate 3) What sort of dog have you got? 4. How fst does your ca go? Dr13 Questions acces ea ee ree 1 Yes/No questions have no question wor. areca Are you hot? Yes, Lamia, mt no. Does he speak English? Yes, he docs./No, he doesnt E aa 2 Questions can beg with a question word PATE ee ‘what_where which how who when why whose Tike the brown one. Where’ the station? Why are you laughing? Whose is this coat? How docs she g0 10 work? Oxford Unversity Pes202 1NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N 3. What, which, and whose can be fllowed by a noun. What size do you take? Which coat is yours? Whose book i this? 4 Which is generally used when there isa limited choice. Which is your pen? The black one or the blue one? “This rule is not always true, What Which 5 How can be followed by an adjective or an adverb, How big is his new car? How fast does it go? How can also be followed by mucl or many. How much is this sendwich? How many brothers and sisters have you got? newspaper do you read? ‘Choose the correct question word. which whose who why where when what how Where's the train station? are you laughing? 1 2 3 4 do open this? 5 shoes are these? 6 7 shall Thave~a curry ora pizza? 8 shall we leavet Write questions for these answers. 1. She lives in Cairo. 2 Geolf arrived last Wednesday. | 3. They're playing computer games, 4 Marco comes from Italy 5 “Theyre coming a 5 clock 6 No, he didat enjoy the book. 7 Weosts 45 euros. 8 Wee watching fi 9 No, they dont goto the same school ‘Oxford University Press 202 2NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT 2. > 21 Present Simple Form Positive and negative 1 You | live we | dont ive They sear here, He lives she : doesnt live Question 1 do |r Where they | tier he does | she it Short answer Do you like Peter? Yes, Ido Does he speak French? No, he doesn't. Use The Present Simple is used to express 1 habit get up at 730. Josmokes foo much 2. a fact which is always true Vagetaviane don't eat mest. We come from Spain 3a fact which is true fora long time, I ive in Osfor She works ina ban. > 2.2 Present Continuous Form cannlistare + ~ing (preseatpacticl Positive and negative ‘m (am) ' ‘m not He a) She She] fat | working vou, we | EGO We | arnt UNIT 2 EXERCISES 1 Choose the correct form of the verb. 1 They have / has two children “Manon comes / come from France, ‘When do /does he start work? Where does / do she live? 1 gets / getup at 630 a.m, Jason doesut/ don’ like coffee How much time have /has I go? 8. You don't / doesn't have a watch 9 Itsow / snows alot herein winter, 10 What does /do that word mean? 2 Complete the sentences with the Present Simple form of the verbs in the box. Jonget eat go tive play have finish speak 1 My sister fies in Argentina, 2 Anthony very healthy food. 31 shopping for clothes every weekend. 4 We singing lessons on Tuesday afternoons. 51 Russian and French, 6 My dad often people’ names. 7 Mycousin the piano. 8 Theexam ‘at 10.30am. exactly 3. Make the positive sentences negative. 11 go swimming twice a week. dont go swimming twice a mech. 2 Andeeas works in the city centre. 3 They live in Manchester. 4 Were vegetarian, 5 He goes tothe gym every day 4 Complete the sentences with the Present Continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 You are listening (not / listen) to me. 2 We (ot go) skiing thi winter. 3 they (watch) the news? 4 Jule (aot enjoy) the fil. 51 (ot waste) time! Im working! 6 Where you (Go) om holiday? 7 you (Gee) the dents tomorrow? 8 Why they (smile)? 9 Everyone (ave) a great time: 10 She (Gtudy) economics at cllege ‘Oxford University Press 202NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N Question am [1 he is | she What it | wearing? they Short answer Are you going? Yes, Lam./No, Im mot. NOT ¥e5-F Is Arma working? Yes, she is/No, she isn't. NOT Yer-shese Use ‘The Present Continuous is used to express: n activity happening now. replaying foul in the garden She cant talk now because she’s washing her har an activity happening around now, but perhaps not atthe ‘moment of speaking He' studying maths at university. Tm reading a good book atthe moment. 4 planned future arrangement Tin seeing the doctor at 10.00 tomorrow. What are you doing this evening? )> 233 Present Simple and Present Continuous Read the ight and wrong sentences. Fraser comes from Scotland, NOT Fraseris-coming from Scotland 1m reading a good book atthe moment NOT Some verbs express a sate, not an activity, and are usually used in the Present Simple only. She likes the Rolling tones. NOT Shebtking the Roline Stones, Low what you mean NOL Bom newegg me Similar verbs ae think, agree, understand, love. > 24 have got/have Form Positive ie have Wvouwerthey | has He/she Pe Negative dlont have WYou!WelTh They | havent got cee] any mone Helshe hast got 5 Match sentences 1-3 with descriptions a-c. 1 The girls are playing computer games. 2 Timataying with my cousin, 3. Were meetingat 9.30, a planned arrangement forthe future ‘ban activity happening around now but perhaps not right now © an activity happening right now 6 Tick (V) the correct sentence in each pair. 1 Di She studies atthe moment. [Z/ she’ studying at the moment 2 L)Whata great meal Everyone enjoysit (2) What a great meal. Everyons’ enjoying it 3 D1 Hespeaks Dutch and German, Ci He’ speaking Dutch and German. 4D Pedrois coming from Cadiz. Pedro comes from Cadiz. 5 D)We usually goby car. (2 We'e usually going by car. 6 Litmlowing white chocolate. Ci Hove white chocolate. 7B What do you do tomorrow? What are you doing tomorrow? 8 C1 We're studying American history this erm. [5 We study American history this term, 9 [Are you understanding this word? 1 Do you understand this word? 10 Ei tm meeting Lucy tomorrow at sdock DI meet Lacy tomorrow at 1 o'clock, 7 Complete the sentences with the Present Simple oF ‘Continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Clare always Jans look tired! 2 you (come)? The film is starting. 3 What you do) now? 4 Jessica (work) inate. 5 We (meet) Max at 8 c¢lock tonight, 8. Write the correct form of have got. you/asister? Have sou got a sister? hho/ not /a bike. they / not / anytime. we /any coffee? sy cat / blac eyes, 1 / twelve cousins 9 Tick (V) the correct sentences, Both children have got dinner at 630, oes the hotel have a gym? Jo's got one brother and two sister, “Torsten’s got blonde hat. Do you have millein your coffee? “The restaurant doesit have a car park. ‘What time have you got breakfast? Ive got a bath every night. Did you had a good holiday? I didnt like vegetables when Twas young. ‘Oxford University Press 202 4NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N Question Vyou/ po | wwelthey | have | a new ear? Does | he/she youl Have weithey | gor | a new car? Has | helshe Short answer Do you have an iPhone? Yes, IdoNo, I don't Have you got. an iPhone? Yes, Ihave,No, [haven't Note ‘We can use contractions (ve and 8) with have got, but not with have. De got asster Thave a sister NOT Boessivter Use 1 Have and have got mean the same, Have got is more informal We use ita lot when we speak, but not so much when we write, Have you got the time? The UK has a population of 60 milion. In American English, have + dofdoes is much more common, 2 Have and have got express possession Thave | 4 new car Pega | She has SESDSS, | these hildeen He has Tsay | Mond ha 3. When have + noun expresses an activity or a habit, have (not have 400) is used. Look at these sentences. Thave a shower every da. NOT Fregorashowerevery day: What time do you have lunch NOT hat time-hovesuegotdunch 4 Inthe past tense, we use had with did and didn, Thad a bicycle wher T was young. Did you have a nice weekend? 1 dids’'t have any money wher Iwasa student ‘Oxford University Press 202NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT 3, p> 31 Past Simple Form ‘The form of the Past Simple is the same forall persons. Positive 1 He/she/tt | finished You arrived | yesterday. We went They Negative ‘The negative ofthe Past Simple is formed with di Hl He/Sheflt You idait (did not) arrive | yesterday We They the Past Simple is formed with di When | did | she/you/they, ete. | arrive? Short answer Did you go to work yesterday? Yes, I did Did it rain lastnight? No. it did Spelling of regular verbs It ‘The normal rule is to add -ed or -d. workiworked start/started —lvellived —lovelloved. Some short verbs with only one syllable double the consonant, stop/stopped _plan/planned Verbs ending in a consonant + -y, change the -» toed studyistudied carry/carried But playfplayed —_enjay/enjoyed There are many’ common irregular verbs, See the list on p158; Use The Past Simple expresses a completed past action. Notice some of the time expressions We played tenis last Sunday. I worked in London in 2007. Jon lef wo minutes ago. > 3.2 Past Continuous Form waslwere-+ verb -ing (present participle) Positive and negative Wtershelt | eS (vas no) working. YourWelThey | werent (were not) UNIT 3 EXERCISES 1 Complete the sentences with the Past Simple of the verbs in the brackets, 1 Richard lf (eave) school in 2006, 2. My parents (have) a house by the sea 3 We (not see) our cousins last week. 4 they (G0) to Spain in June? 5 When you (arrive)? 61 (op) working at 9.00 pan. 7 Matthew. (ix) my computer for me lastnight 8 they (oxganize) a surprise party for us. 9 When: the film (Gini)? 10. Caroline (work) ina restaurant last summer. 2 Answer the questions so that they're true for you. Use short answers. 1 Did you do any cooking yesterday? 2 Didyougoshoppinglastweskend? 3 Didyougotobedbatelastmighi? 3 Write the se the correct order. 1 lastnight / et / we / out / did We didn’t eat out last night, 2 Friday / we /last/ arrived /in Prague 3 Jamie / yesterday / and his band / played Jin a concert 4. three weeks / Frank /ago/ lest /his job 5 ago /they J met /two years 4 Write the Past Simple form of the verbs. 1 fll fall 6 keep 2 send 7 ll 3 find 8 write 4 at 9 break 5 buy 10 bring 5 Write questions for these answers. 1 Las watching TV at 10 otlock, What were you doing at 10 oclock? 2 No, wasnt laughing at you! 3 Iwas cooking dinner when Joe came to visit. 4 They were sleeping when Ileft. 5 No, the computer wast working. ‘©Orford Unversity Press202 6NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N Question 1 was | HE | she What | doing you they ‘Were you working yest? Use Short answer Yes, Iwas/No, I waste, 1 The Past Continuous expresses a past activity that has duration, 1 had a good time while Iwas living in Pars, You were making a ot of noise lst night. Were you having party? 2 The activity was in progress before, and probably afi, time in the past “What were you doing at 8.0 las night?" ‘I was watching TY. When I woke up this morning, the sun was shining > 3.3 Past Simple and Past Continuous The Past Simple expresses completed past actions. "The Past Continuous expresses activities in progress. Compare these sentences washed my hai Iwas washing my hair when you phoned. ir last night ‘What did you do atthe weekend?” “I played tennis: We were playing tennis when i started to rain. 2 APast Simple action can interrupt a Past Continuous activity in progress When I phoned Simon he was having a shower, was doing my homework wher Jane arrived, 3 Instories, the Pa st Continuous imple tells the action. 1 was a beautiful day. The sun was shining and the birds were singing, 0 we decided to go fora picnic. We put everything in the car > 344 Prepositions in time expressions an deseribe the scene, The Past at the weekend in two weeks time : ina avs tock en saturday string, | mening | Sn only ming at Christmas jtermoon evenings ‘on Christmas Day fon January 18 no preposition ‘90 wooks ago yesterday evening this afternoon next month tomorrow a tonight ning 6 Complete the sentences with the Past Continuous form. ‘of the verbs in the box. ‘make have work tell talke read notdo not shine 1 Who were you talking toon the phone lastnight? 2 hey ‘much — just sitting around and chatting. 3. Law Kevin five minutes ago — he nagazine. 4 Thesun at lunchtime, but itis now. 51 breakfast when you called 6 Kati ‘usa story when you arrived. 7. I closed the door because the kids a 81 still hard at 7.30 lastnight. 7 Read the sentences. Which action happened first? 1 We were playing fotball when it started to rain, First we were playing football, Fist tstarted to rain, 2 When you called, Twas having breakfast. First you called. First I eas having breakfast 3 Ben was studying when he heardaknockat the door First Ben heard knock First Bea was studying. 8 Complete the text Use the Past Simple and Past Continuous Ikea such a terrible night! "he wind (1) ws Homing (blow) and the trees (2) (make) alot of noise. Suddenly, (3) (ear) a big crash of thunder and it (4) (start) to rain. ASI ()____ (run) home, 1(6)__ (Gall) over and got soaking wet. (7) (have) a long way to go and the rain (8) (come) down so hard that it (9) (be) dificult to see anything. Iwas very happy when I ially (10) (arrive) back at my house. 9 Choose the correct preposition. ‘We always go shopping om / in / atthe weekend. Lets meet on /in /at 8:30 TIl give youa call on /in/ at two weeks’ time. What would you like to do a /in /on the morning? They started the course om / a /in January. {n/ On / At Christmas Day we often go fora walk. Do you eat special food on / at / in Christmas? What dd he do in / at /on Friday? 1 went to university in at /on the 1990s, 10 Rebecca bought a car at /m /n July ‘Oxford University Press 202 7NAME Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT 4 p> 41 Expressions of quantity Count and uncount nouns 1 tis important to understand the difference between count and uuncouat nouns Count nouns| Uncount nouns acup water agi sugar an apple sill anexe music a pound money We can say three cups, two girls, fem pounds, We c ‘We cannot say two-wolers, tree-musies, one-money. We cannot count them. 2 Count nouns can be singular or plural This cup is ful. These cups are empty. The water i cold ‘much and many We use much with uncount nouns in questions and negatives: count nouns can only be singular weather was terible How much money have you got? There ist much mal 2. We use many with count nouns in questions and negatives. left ow many people were at the party? 1 id take many photos on lay some and any 1 Some is used in positive sentences. i ike some sugar. 2 Anyis used in questions and negatives. Is there any sugar in this tea? Have you got any bro and sisters? We dorit have any wasking-up liquid 1 didn't buy any apples. 3. Weuse some in questions that are requests or offers Can T have some cake? Would you like some tea? 4. The rales are the same for someone, somewhere, et. Ive got something for yo. Helio? ts anybody here? There isnt anywhere to go in my town. a fewand a litle 1 Wensea few with count nouns. ‘There are a few biscuits eft, but not many 2. We use a ite with uncount nouns only have a litle time. a losis of. 1 We use a tio of with both count and uncount nouns. ‘Thence a lt of butter. Tye go lots of friends. 2 Alotfots of can be used in questions and negatives ‘Ave there lots of tourists your country There isnt a lot of butter, but theres enough. anything, anybody, UNIT 4 EXERCISES 1 Write € (count) or U (uncount).. 1 money _U- 5 banana 2 time 6 oliveoil 3 advice 7 child 4 gid 8 weather Find and correct the mistake in each sentence. Ate there any cole? [sthere any coer? I want some informations. Chocolate taste nice. “The water are cold. She needs moneys. We dont have any homeworks tonight. 7 Would you like a broccoli 8 The people is very friendly. Write how much, how many, much, or many. 1 How many hours do you work every day? 2 children has Lucy got? 3 ime have we got let? 4 There werent people atthe party 5 Thereienit bread. ‘Complete the sentences with some or any. 1 She says she cat give us any information. 2. Natalie usually takes sandvviches and a banana to ‘work 3 No, sorry I havenit got cigarettes. I dorft smoke. 4 Stuart has had great news. 5 Did they give you advice! 6 “Tonis got money for you 7 Thesupermarket didsit have cogs! 8 Please have more coffe. Use a word from the box to complete the conversatios ‘something anything (<3) someone/somebody anywhere nno-one/nobody anyonetanybody (22) somewhere (22) 1A. Areyou doing anything special for your birthday? B Yes, we might go nice for dinner. Can you recommend. t 2 A Letsgo nice for a picnic this weekend. B Great idea, should I bring ‘ 3. A Whats the matter? B Ob, Tim going toa party on Friday and Teast find A. Dorit worry ve got__ you can borrow. 4A Tihink! can hear talking upstairs! B Hello, is there there? A Lean see B_ OK. Theres obviously there, ‘Oxford University Press 202 8NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N > 42 Articles -a,an, and the 1 The indefinite article a or an is used with singular, count nouns to refer to. thing oran idea for the frst time. We have aeat and a dog, ‘Theret a supermarket in Adam Street 2 The definite article the is used with singular and plural, count and "uncount nouns when both the speaker and the listener know the thing or idea already, We havea cat and a dog. The cat is old but the dog is just « puppy. Tim going tothe supermarket. Do you want anything? (Webath know which supermarket.) Indefinite article The indefinite article is used 1 with professions Tin a teacher. She's an architect 2. with some expressions of quantity, apairof alittle acouple of afew 3. with some expressions of frequency. ‘once a week — three times a day 4 in exclamations with what + a count noun, What a lovely day! What a pity! Definite article ‘The definite article is use 1 before seas, rivers, hotels, pubs, theatres, museums, and newspapers the Atlantic the British Museum The Times the Ritz 2. if there is only one of something. the sun the Queen 3. with superlative adjectives. ek the richest man inthe world Jane’ the oldest in the class. the Government No article ‘There is no article: | efore plural and uncount nouns when talking about things in general ike potatoes. Milks good for you 2 before countries, towns, streets languages, magazines, meas, airports, stations, and mountains, Thad lunch with John. 1 bought Cosmopolitan at Victoria Station. 3 before some places and with some forms of transport at home inito bed allo work auto schooVuniversity by bus by plane bycar by train con foot She goes to work by bus Twas at home yesterday evening. 4 inexclamations with What + an uncount noun. What beautiful weather! What loud music! Note In the phrase go home, there is no article and no preposition. Twent home early. NOT boventtohome. 6 Choose the correct option. 1 Lets play afer tle more songs. 2 There’ ots of/ afew sugar inthe cupboard 3. Rosie’ go something / anything tll you. 4 Idoattknow anything / something about it 5. Isnobody/ anybody inthe swimming pool? 6 Justa few /a bite milkin my coffee, please. 7. Thor ie a fw lot of talc in Pais. ‘There isi ot of/ many ie, but well gt there 7 Choose the correct answer 1 Your mobilephone isin @ie Ba 2. Wesaw a reat film yesterday — dancer Aa Bihe 3. Robi wearing Aa Bthe 4. Would you ike Aa Dan Enea arti eee ete living room. film was about pair of red trousers. jpple ora banana? 6 Heys look! Ive got email! Aa Ba 7 What ‘wonderfal surprise! A noartile Ba 8 Wenced, ‘couple of things from the supermarket Athe Ba 8 Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or ~ (no article). 1 Tehink you're the best inthe lass. 2 Areyou having. Inch today? 3 Trevor's ‘small, black dog, 4 Theres ‘chemist’ next to the bank. 5. Thetrain leaves from. Birmingham New Street station. 6 What pity you cant come! 7 Government makes the laws, 8 British Museum is free. 9. Tlove swimming in ‘Atlantic Ocean, 10 What lovely weather! 9 Correct these sentences using a, an, the or ~ (no article). 1 Berlin is capital city of Germany. Berlin isthe capital city of Germany. My brother’ architect in big company in London. Tm going to shops. Would you like anything? What beautiful new dress you're wearing! Excuse me, is there bank near here? [ive in small village in mountains in Switzerland, [bought pair of sunglasses on Oxford Street The life is wonderful when sun is shining. really love walking on beach near my house. Tim reading interesting book a the moment. ‘Oxford University Press 202 9NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT 5. > 51 Verb patterns Here are four verb paters, There i list of verb patterns on p18. 1 Verb + 10+ infinitive They want to buy anew car 2 Verb + ing Welove going o parties Lenjoy traveling abroad. 2 Verb + ing of + to+ infinitive with nochange in mesning Ie started to rain/raining 1 continued to work/working in the library. Li like to g0 abroad, 4 Verb + preposition + ing Woe thinking of moving house. 1m looking forward to having more fre time like doing and would lke to do 1 Like doing and love doing express a general enjoyment. 1 like working asa teacher. = Lam a teacher and Tenjoy it I ove dancing. = This is one of my hobbies. 2 Would like to do and would love to do express a preference nove oF ata specific time, [id like to be a teacher. = When | grow up, I want to be a teacher. ‘Thanks. Td love to dance. = Ata party. Tm pleased you asked ms Short answer Yes, Fwould/Yes, Id love to, Yes, Fwould No, thank you. Question Would yo like to dance? Would you like to come fora walk? Note Na, wouldnt is not common because itis impolite. > 5.2 Future forms will Form will + infinitive without to Willis a modal auxiliary verh. There isan introduction to modal auniary verbs on p43. The forms of wil are the same forall Persons Positive and acgative inersheinYowwerthey | HCD | Felp you wont invite Tom. Question What time will he/you/they be back? Short answer Will you help me? Yes, Iwill Note No, Iwon' is impolite. It mans ‘T dosit want to help you! {A polite way of saying ‘no’ here i ‘Tan afraid Feat? “Will you give me a lift” ‘Sorry. Tm afraid F can't. Use Willis used: | toexpress future intention made a! the moment of speaking, “Ws Jane’ birthday’ “Is? T1 buy her some flowers! PH give you my phone number "Da you want the blue or the red pen?" ‘PI take the red one 2. to express an offer Pilearey your suitcase. Well do the washing-up. UNIT 5 EXERCISES 1 Find and correct five sentences that are wrong. 1 Are you thinking to goto university? You want being teacher, doit you? started to rain just afer seven, Bruce wants to buy a sandwich I really dont like t cook. ‘Wei both love to travel. “They enjoy listening to classical music Tm looking forward o see you tomorrow. finished to read the book last aight. Molly likes working as an architect 2 Read the sentences and answer the questions. 1. Steve loves going to football matches. oes Steve goto foothall matches? Yes / No 2 Yes Iillove to spend the weekend with you. Have you asked me to spend the weekend with you? Yes / No 3 Tike to be a doctor. ‘Ama doctor now? Yes/No 4 Wed lke some water, Are we drinking water now? Yes/No 5 Amy likes working asa teacher. Is Amyateacher? Yes/No 3. Complete the sentences with the infinitive or the -ing form ‘of the verbs in brackets, 1 Were thinking of changing (change) our car. 2. Sheloves (swim). 3 Tm ooking forward to (hea) from you soon. 4 They want (g0) toa restaurant for dinner. 5 like (Gee) you very soon, 4. Write sentences to respond to these statements, Use will. 1 Tim tired and Thaven' done the washing-up. 1 do the washing-up for you, 2 Ineed a cup of coe. 3 Do you want chicken or turkey? This bags heavy 5 havent got your mobile number. ‘© Orford Unversity Press202 10NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N 3. to expressa future fact, The speaker thinks it is sure to happen in the future. Pl be 30 next week, It will bea nice dey tomorrow. This use is called the pure ure. The speaker is talking about the future without expressing an intention, plan, or personal opinion ‘going to Form aimfistare + going + to + infinitive Positive and negative “a fam) ' ‘m not reste | 5) Tess [at] goingto eve Ye | eam we | eae Wee | re Question mt wren [is [efter | goingtoarrivet ae | oulweibey Short ansiwer ‘Are they going to get married? Yes, they are No, they aren't. Use Going tis used: 1 toexpress a future decision, intention, or plan made before the moment of speaking. How long are they going to stayin Rome? She isn going to havea birthday party. 2 when we can see or fos! now that something is certain to happen inthe Future, Look at these clouds! Its going to rain. Watch out! You're gong t0 drop that vase. will or going tot Toole atthe ase of will and going to in these sentences. {im going to make a chicken casserole for dinner (decided this moraing and bought everything for it) What ca I cook for dinner? Er... Tow! I'll make a chicken nssorolel(U decided at the moment of speaking ) Present Continuous he Present Continuous forthe future is used; 1 tocxpress a planned future arrangement Tim meeting my cousin for nch. ‘What are you doing this weokend? “Were having a party: Can you come? 2. with the verbs go and come. ‘She's coming on Priday. Tm going home eary tonight Sometimes there is litle or no difference between going fo and the Present Continuous to express a future arrangement. We're seeing a film this evening, Wore going to see a film thie evening. 5. Write the sentences and questions in the correct order. 1 his mind / going /issit/ Bob / to change Bob ie going ta change his mind 2. How long /are/ stay / with /to/ fan / going / you!? 3 You /be/ ‘re /to/ going / very surprised 4 1/'m/on business / Moscow / going /to 5 I/friends tomorrow / for / meeting /a drink /"m/ evening 6 rain its /t0/ going / think 6 Choose the best answer, Wendy’ pregnant. She going to have /She'l have a baby. “The phone’ ringing! ‘OK, [llanswer/ In answering it 1 2 3. Oh dear, I think I sneeze / Tm going o sneeze 4 Tve decided I'm going to get / get a new job. 5 6 think Arsenal will win /is wining the match tonight, Look atthe mess help / I going to help you clear it up. Tm seving/ Ilse the doctor tomorrow at 10.00. 1 to buy. OK, Fl take / 1m going to take Ym not sure which the redone. 7 Tick (¥) the correct option. 1 Tm going to go to bed early tonight. decision already made / sudden decision 2 Anthony is going to ask Nadia to marry hi. decision already made sudden decision 3 You look tied, I'l cook dinner. You can relax. decision already made sudden decision 4 “The doorbell ringing” Tl go? decision already made sudden decision Oxford Unversity Pess202 1NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT 6 p> 61 What... like? Form what + t0 be + subject + fie? A. What's your teacher like? ‘A What are his parents lke? ‘A What was your holiday like? A What were the beaches lke? B She’ very patient B Theyre very kind B Wonderful. We swam a lt B OK, but some were dirty. Note 1 We dont use fke in the answer. She’ patient. NOT SheStke patient: 2. Like in this question isa preposition, nota verbs: ‘Whats Jim like?” ‘Hes intelligent and kind, and very good-looking 3. In these sentences like is a vers “What does Jim like?” ‘He likes motorbikes and playing tennis! Use What .. ike? means Describe somebody or something. Tell me about it.I dont know anything about it? 2 How's your mother? asks about health. It doesnt ask for a description “How's your mother?” ‘She’ very wel thank you > 62 Comparative and superlative adjectives Form 1 Look at the chat Comparative | Supedative cheap | cheaper cheapest SHor ves | small smaller smallest fieti bigger biggest Adjectives funnier fannie that end cutie cari ny heavier heaviest Adjectives | careful | more carcal | most careful wsithtwo | boring | more boring | most boring Tllables | expensive | more expensive | mos expensive ermore | intresting | more intresting | moet iotresting Twreguar |B furor furthest idjcctives | B00 better best bad worse worst “For short adjectives with one vowel + one consonant, double the ‘consonant: hor/hottert hottest falfatterlfaties, 2. Than s often used after a comparative adjective. Tm younger than Barbara. Barbara’ more intelligent than Sarah, ‘Much can come before the comparative to give emphasis. Shes muck nicer thaw her sister. Is Tokyo much more modern than London? he is used before superlative adjectives, Hes the fanniest boy in the cass. Which isthe tallest building in the world? UNIT 6 EXERCISES 1. Match the questions and answers. 1 Whats Harry lke? 2. What does Harry ike? 3. Hows Harry? a Very wel, thanks. Oh, the usual things - good food and nice people © Hestall, funny and very good-looking 2 Answer these questions so they are true for you. 1 Whats your best friend like? 2. What docs he/she like? 3. What are you like? 4 What do you like? 3. Write the comparative and superlative of each adjective, 1 easy 2 expensive 3 fie 4 sad 5 interesting 6 big 7 good 8 funny casier ——_asiest, 4 Tick the correct sentence in each pai. 1 [Z)My mobile phone is better than yours. (My mobile phone is more good than yours. 2 CiDubaiis hotter than Amsterdam. 2 Dubs is hoter than Amsterdam. 3 Littsthe worse place inthe world. Cttsthe worst place in the world. 4 C) Reading is boringer than watching TV. Reading is more boring than watching TV. 5 [i Thisisthe heavyest bag on the plane T7 thisis the heaviest bag on the plane 5 Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjective in bold. 1 Tima very fast runner. Tm the fastest omer in my club, 2 teas an amazing experience es Ive ever had. 3 Sheba beautiful gid, Shes Te ever seen, 4 This classi very noisy. Ws in the school. 5. tsa realy sunny day. Ws of the yearso fart 6 Tewas areally dificult exam, Ws Thaveever taken. ‘© Oxford Unversity Press202 12NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N Use 1 CComparatives compare one thing, person, or action with another. She's taller than me. London’ more expensive than Rome. ‘We use superlatives to compare somebody or something with the whole group, She’ the tallest in the cass [es the most expensive hotel in the world As... as shows that something isthe same or equal Fis as tall as Peter. Tm as worried as you are [Not as... as shows that something issit the same or equal She i’ as tll as her mother He isn't nearly as clever as me! 6 Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjective in brackets. 1 ‘This restaurant is cheaper (cheap) than the other one inthis street. The food is realy good. [think its the most delicious (delicious) food in town, 2. Who isthe country? 3 Simon isa good player. but Mark isa (g00d) player than him. But Michael is the (alented) player in the team 4 Could you tell me the Manchester from here? 5 Hlies generous, but Hannah is even. (generous) than her, 6 Tvenever been (popular) actor in your (quick) way to getto (happy). hiss the happy) day of my ie 7 Complete the sentences. Use as... as and a word from the box. Tong dificult exciting tll much Jash hot quiet high spiey 1 dont thinka giraffe can run as fastas lion. 2 This summer s warm, but it not last 3 Tma bit easly. The journey didat take expected, 4 The Eiffel Tower int the Empire State Building. 5 Thechildren are asleep, s0 Tl be lean. 6 Tgotan A in my exam! It wasn't thought it would be. 7. dont like oranges bananas 8 The Alpsarent the Himalayas. 9 My curry isa yours, 10 I didnt expect the film to be was! 8. Complete the sentences. Use than or as... as and the adjective in bold. 1 Tm nota very good dancer Haveli Hazel a bevter dancer than me. 2. Berlin init as expensive as Oslo. Oslo is Berlin. 3. She docsst work very hard. Ido, work mach her, 4 Madrid is bigger than Lisbon. Lisbon 5 Welaughed the most. No one laughed us, 6 Youire shorter than me. Tim not Madrid. you are ‘© Orford Unversity Press202 13NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT7 > 71 Present Perfect Form dhave/has + -ed (past participle) ‘The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed, There are many ‘common irregular verbs. See the list on p158, Positive and negative 1 ‘ve (have) YourWerThey | haven't ay | wna competion He/Sherlt flee Question 1 Have youlwelthey | heen to the United States? Has | he/she/t Short answer Yes, [have,/No, Thaven't Yes, she has./No, she hasn't. Have you been to Las Vegas? Has she ever writen a novel? Note We cannot use Ive, tev, he, et. in short answers Yes Ihave NOT dete Yes wehave. NOT esoweivee Use 1. The Present Perfect expresses an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present {ve known fokn for sx years. How long have you worked for'The London Gazette? ‘The time expressions or and since are common with this use. We use jor with a period of time, and since with a point in time. Wore lived here for three years (a perio of time) They've lived here since 2010. (a point in time) Note In many languages, this use is expressed by a present tense. But in English, we say Peter has been a teacher for ten years. NOT Peteriee-tanchenforterpente 2. The Present Perfect connects the present and the pas. It expresses ‘experiences in life before now. Pve met «lot of famous people. (before now) She has won afot of awards. (in her life) ve travelled a ot in Africa. (in ny ie) She's written thrce books. (up to now) ‘The action can continue to the present, and probably into the fature Hee made sie TV programmes. (S more) far, Hel probably make Bver and never are common with this use, Have you ever been to Africa? ve never played poker UNIT 7 EXERCISES 1 Make sentences in the Present Perfect. 1 How long / know / Paul? How long have you known Paul? 2 Where/ you / be? 23. Tnever ide horse. 4 You make / decision / ye? 5. You be/ very good 6 You do /homework? 17 She [be /Tndin wie 8 Theirplane/ just land. 9 You/see/ Louisa? 10. What /happen / your arm? 2 Write Present Perfect questions for these answers. 1 Have you ever been to Canada No Ive never been to Canada. But [like to go. po No, but Il love to win some money one day! Fe ‘Yes, Tsaw a lion when Twas on holiday in South Africa, 3 Answer the questions so that they're true for you. Use short, 1 Have you ever met a famous person? Has your teacher ever given you avery dificult tet? Have you ever lived abroad? Have you ever driven a ca? ave your parents ever visited the United Sates? 4 Add for or since to these sentences. 1A. Have you been here fora long time? B Yes, quite whil Voelock. 2 Tvestudied English seven years 3A. Hove long have you bad those shoes? B Oh, 've had them ‘months! Havenit you seen them before? 4 sages wwe had a meal ot in a restaurant! 5 Thavent seen Nigel a few days now, 6 Wevelived here January last year ‘© Orford Unversity Press202 14NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N 3. The Present Perfect expresses a past action with results inthe present. Iis often a recent past action. Tye fost my wallet. (Chavent got it now.) The tax’ arrived, (ts outside the door now.) Has the postman been? (Is there a parcel for me?) ‘The adverbs ust, already, and yet are common with this use. Yet is used in questions and negatives. She’ just had some good news. Tve already had breakfast. Has the postman been yet? 15 11.00 ard she has got up yet )> 72 Present Perfect and Past Simple 1 Read and compare the use of the Past Simple and the Present Perfect in these sentences | ved in Pari fortwo years, from 2007-2009, (The action is finished) Pye lived in London since 2009. (J sil do. The action is not Sinished.) ve been o Scotland. (This san experience in my lif.) went with my husband two years ago (Ata definite past time.) “Have you ever flown ina helicopter? "Yes, Ihave ‘Where did you fl” “Lflew over New York “Oh dear, 've broken my glasses?” "What happened?” “Tdropped them: 2. These are common time expressions used withthe Past Simple annd the Present Perfect. Past Simple Present Perfect last week since Monday yesterday ever the day before yesterday never in 1999) just on July 21° already three months ago yet for two weeks (but now ended) | for two weeks (and continues) 5 Use the Present Perfect and the words in brackets to describe these situations. 1 She cart find her mobile phone. (She lose / mobile phone) She’ lost her mobile phone, 2 His plate is empty. (He / eat / everything) 3. Hek carrying a suitcase. (He /be/on | holiday) 4 Her legis in plaster. (She / break / leg) 5 Thavenit got any more money. (I/ spend /all / my / money) 6 Thefinal score is 3-1 to our team. (Our / team / win / match) 6 Find and correct the mistake in each sentence. 1 Arthur knows Monica fora year and a half. Arthur’ known Monica for a year and a half 2. She'shad a headache for this morning 3. Jane was a lawyer for thirty years and she still enjoys it 4 Howlong do you live inthis village? 5. Weve been to Jamaica in 2009. 6 How long do you have your cat? 7 8 9 0 “They've known each other since five days Gareth had his new job for nine months. fe loves it Iived here for five years, ut Im going to move soon, Lam here since last week. 7 Choose the best answer, iid you talk / Have you talked to Derek yesterday? never went / I've never beon to Croatia Did you ever dream / Have you ever dreamt of being famous? I never read / ve never read a Harry Poter book. I never saw / Ive never seen you before Did you ever hear / Have you ever heard ofan actor called Kathryn Dabney? ve never heard /I never heard this song before. Have you seen / Did you see the news lastnight? Inever won /Tve never wor a competition in my life 10 Henever met / Hes never met his grandfather He: he was born before ‘© Oxford Unversity Press202 15NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT 8 > 81 have to Form hhasihave + to + infinitive Positive and negative ‘arti [Sate Question vovetawromaremsnr — Ri Past of have to ‘The pas tense of have to is had to, with did and didn’ inthe question and the negative Thad to getup early this morning Why did you have to work lat weokenat? I didi't have to do any housework wien Iwasa child Use ' Have to expresses strong obligation. The obligation comes from jutside’ ~ perhaps a law, a rule at school or work, or someone n authority You have to pace a driving tet if you want ta drive a car (Thats the lave) Thave to start work at 8.00. (My company says T must) The dactor says Ihave todo more exercise Doritidoesnt have to expresses absence of obligation (it sit necessary). You don’t have to do the washing-up. 've gota dishwasher She docen't have to work on Monday. ls her day off 1 did't have to get up carly this morning, but I did get up because ft was such a lovely day. Note Have got to is moe informal. It usually expresces an obligation on ‘one particular occasion. “Look atthe time! Tv got 10 go. Fyn going lo bed. I've go to get up carly tomorrow: ‘Shee got to work hard. Her exane stat next wook ‘The forms of have go t+ infinitive are the same as have got + noun, See pla. UNIT 8 EXERCISES 1 Rewrite the sentences. Use a form of have fo, 1 can stay in bed until late tomorsow. 1 have to get up early tomorrow. 2 Htwasnt necessary for us to buy anything. We anything. 3 Why wasit necessary for you to go to the office? Why the oflcc? 4 Must you leave so soon? 5 Tnceded to makea phone call 1 phone call 6s necessary forthe children to wear a uniform. “The children ‘uniform, 2. Write questions with have fo. 1 Thave to learn a lot of words for homework. How many words do you have to learn for homework? 2 Thad to pay a parking fine yesterday. How much 3 She has to work late sometimes, How often 4 They have to leave early tomorrow. ‘What time 2 5 Tm working all dy on Saturday. Do you Sunday too? 6 They have to wear school uniform, What 2 7 Thad to wait along time for my train this morning. How long : 3 Find and correct any sentences that are wrong. 1 Do youcan drivea car? Shall we to have a break now? [think you should drink les coffee. ‘The children doesnt should wear shoes in the house. “Emily musts go to the dentist soon. Tm afraid we must to leave now. You must tidy your bedroom. Could you lend me your mobilet She cans play the violin very well 10 Idontt wouldnt like tobe a dactor. 4. Complete the sentences with a modal from the box. Use some modals more than once. ‘an cant could must shouldn't might should 1 Could you pass me the salt, please? 2. dani think it’s a good idea for you to stay. You stay. 3 Ws possible ill snow next week. i now next week 4 Do you have the ability to speak Russian? you speak Russian? 5 leit OK if use your bathroom? Tuse your bathroom? ‘© Orford Unversity Press202 16NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N > 82 Introduction to modal auxiliary verbs Form ‘hese are modal auxiliary verbs. 6. We very important that you stop smoking, You stop smoking. Ws possible Tl ask you to help me. I ask you to help me, can _coukd must shall should will _ would ‘They have certain things in common: 1 They go with another verb and add meaning He can play the guitar T must wash my bait 2. There is no $n the thie person singular. The form isthe same for all persons. She can dance very well He should try harder. I wil rain soon We must hurry. 3 There is no daidoes in the question. Can she sing? Shall we go now? 4 There is no dont/doest in the negative I woulduit like to be a teacher. They can't speak French, Note will not = wor't I won't ain tomorrow. 55 Mast modal verbs refer to the present and fare. Only ca asa past tense form, could. could swim wher Twas three > 83 should Form should + infinitive without to The forms of should are the same forall persons. Positive and negative 1 should do more exercise, YouyWe/hey megs shouldnt | tell hes Question Should lishethey seea doctor? Da you think I)he/we should see a doctor? Short answer Yes, you should. 1No, you should. Should Iphone home? Should Thuy a motorbike? Use I Should is used to express what the speaker thinks isthe best thing todo, ltexpresses mild obligation, or advice. I should do more work. (This is my opinion.) You should do more work. (This is my advice) Do you think we should stop? (Tm asking for your opinion.) 2. Shouldn't expresses negative advice. You shouldn't sit o close tothe TV. pad for your eyes. 3. Should expresses the opinion ofthe speaker, and iti often introduced by I think or I dont think. 1 think politicians should listen more. 1 don’ think people should get married until they've 21 8 John is unable to drive John drive 9 think it would be a good idea to apol You apologize. (Choose the correct option. 1 Professional dancers has o /have to train very hard to keep fi 2 Does he has t9/ have to finish the essay by Friday? 3 Must / Should we pay for this by credit card? 4 dont think you should / You wouldnt go to that restaurant. Its not very good. ‘You should / have fo show your passport atthe airport 6 We could/ must remember to thank Russell forthe present he save us 7 Think we should / must buy Josie a leaving present, Complete the sentences. Use must, should, or shouldn't and a phrase from the box. Sometimes more than one answer is, possible, _g0 to Sydney Harbour Bridge try the new pizzeria hhave ahaircut Ido rememberto-send-himacard stop smoking immediatly we call their mobile amoke so mach apply forit 1 ts your uncle birthday next week, You say: must remember to send hima card. 2. You see your perfect job advertise Your sister says: You 3 You know your frend would like the new pizzeria in town. the newspaper. You say: You in town, 4 You have a problem and ask your friend for advice. You ask: What. ’ 5. You are going to Australia, Your Australian friend says: You. 6 a) Your friend smokes 40 cigarettes a day. You say: You Your friend goes to see a dactor about his smoking. ‘The doctor says: You 7 Your hair is much too long. You say to yourself 1 8 You are expecting dinner guests but they are an hour late. You say to your partner r ‘© Oxford Unversity Press202 17NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway > 84 must Form must + infinitive without to ‘The forms of must are the same fr all persons Positive and negative Yeuyeriey | mas, | tae Questions with must are posible, but have tos more common. What time do we have to leave? Use 1 Aust expresses strong obligation. Generally, this obligation comes from ‘inside the speaker 1 must havea shower. (I think this is necessary) We must got now car 2 You mast. can express a strong suggestion. You must see the Monet exhibition Is wonderful You must give me a call when youe ex! in towns ‘Oxford University Press 202 18NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT 9 p> 91 Past Perfect Form had + -ed past participle ‘The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed, There are many ‘common irregular verbs. See the list on p158, Positive and negative 1 : trsstom | 10 | sre You/We/They | hacia Question 1 via | fastest | tated? hey Short answer wei No, they hadi. Use 1 We use the Past Perfect to express an action in the past which happened before another action inthe past. When [arrived at the theatre, the play had already started. 2. We use the Past Simple to express actions in the order they happened. Look at these actions ia the Past Simple Action 1 ‘Action 2 ‘The bear went ‘The man came down from the tee. Join left the party. Larrived. They walked along way. They were tired. Notice how they are expressed using the Past Perfect. Action 2 Action 1 ‘The man came down from the tree... ater the bear had gone, When 1 arrived at the party Jol had left They were tired because they walked a long way. 3. Wit is clear that one action was completed before it sit necessary to use the Past Perfect 1 tidied up after everyone went home. I tidied up after everyone had gone home. UNIT 9 EXERCISES 1 Complete the sentences with the words in brackets and the Past Perfect. 1 Antonio was annoyed with himself because hei left his mobile ‘phone at home (leave / his mobile phone / hom) 2 Thelitle girl was crying. She teddy). 13 Jckeand Pete spent the night celebrating because they (imi / all their exams). 4 Gemma felt nervous as she waited inthe departure lounge. She (never | ly / before). 5. Holly’ husband was angry with her because she (ose /her (forget / his birthday). 6 Darius felt sick. He (at / 100 much chocolat), 7 Laura looksd beautiful. She (just /have/ a ew haircut) 2 Choose the best option. Rob (1) returned / had returned home from work at 3.30 pam. He (2) flt/had felt terrible. He (3) had / had had an awful day. His wife, Sheila, (4) brought /had brought him a cup of tea and asked him chat (5) was / ad been wrong. He (6) told / had told her that at the office that morning everyone was panicking, His boss, Martin, (7) had received / received an email from Head (Office ~ the news (8) wasn't hadn't been good. The email said that the company was having financial problems and needed to cut 200 jabs ~ that (9) meant / had meant that half ofthe staff would hhave to go. Martin then admitted that he (10) ew / had known about this news fora few weeks, but he (11) had fold / dia’ tell anyone. All the staff (12) were/ ad been angry and upset. Martin sid that they could all go home early. Rob (13) hadn't boon / did't _gohome straightaway — he went for a drink with his colleagues so that they could talk about the news. Everyone was worried because they knew there (14) werent / hadn't been many other jobs around. After few drinks, Rob caught the train home and (15) told /had told Sheila the bad news. ‘© Oxford Unversity Press202 19_ - Héadwa Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Pre-intermediate rourth rorrion y > 92 Conjunctions 3. Choose the correct answer. ‘We use conjunctions to jin sentence. 1 We were realy surprised when he arrived unexpectedly 1 when, while, as soon as, after, before, as, and until are a) until b) when ).as soon as Conjunctions of ime. They can go in two places in the sentence 2. The act was relly expensive Thought t anyway When 1 arrived home, Tom was ooking the mea dso bybut because Tom ws talling to me while he was cooking the mea Ee ee ere ae fon As soon as I arrived home, Tom started cooking the meal aren ny Lath Tom cooked the mel after I arrived! arrived home. , Ie ha cooke the meal before | arived home. ads Bassoonas util He dit start cooking the meal unit arrived home 4. Dorit eat that chocolate now. Wit___ afer anc! ‘Ashe was talking Twas thinking abou! the lst ime wel met until ——)before when 2 s0is.a conjunction of rel 5 Tim very busy. but go shopring ieee He was bored 0 he went fora walk. until B)when 6) before because is connction of reason 6 Could you phone your parents inner? You wort He went for a walk: because he was bored. have time afte. 3 but and although are conjunctions which join contrasting ideas, pe Bee aot Inve rani but we played tenn 7 Ohno! forgot o fed the cat Il doit we gt home. “Aihough was raining, we played tennis. das Bul) when 8 Were saying in hotel carr nee house i bu. D> 93 0, such (0, so many, so much until ——B)when before ° the manager war away, welll had the meeting, Form Be b)So Although 50+ adjctve/adver 4. Complete the sentences with so, such, $0 much, or 0 many. Tas so scared. He always drives so fas. 1 Thats sucha fantastic suit. You look so smart 2 That film was bad! Ive never seen 2 afl such a + adjective + singular noun film, ‘She such a nice person 3 Tee got ‘work to do. I wont finish it by this evening. 4 Youve worked hard all week. You deserve a break. such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun — ‘The Smiths are such friendly neshbours, 5 Kwa, ‘great party that noone wanted t leave! 6 There were people in town it took ages to do the s0 many + plural nouns shopping. Some cdrom have so many os. 7 was a nice day that we decided to goto the beach s0 much + uncountable nouns 8. Ti looking forward to my holiday Footballers earn so much money these days. 9 Some people have ‘money they dont knov what dowith itt Use 10 That book was interesting couldnt put it down. So and such are used for emphasizing an adjective or noun. They are used more in spoken than writen English. They are often ‘exclamations, with an exclamation mark (). He works so hard! is stronger than He works very hand ‘© Oxford Unversity Press202 20NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT 10 > 10.1 The passive Form amvisiare swashwere hasfhave been will + ed (past participle) ‘The past participle of regular verbs ends in -ed. There are many ‘common irregular past participles, Sec the list on p158. Present English i spoken all over the world 100 million mobile phones are thrown away every year. Fiat cars aren't made in Pace. Wher is coffee grown? Past ‘The frst text message was sent in 1989. They weren' injured in the accident Wher was television invented? Present Perfect Alot of new features have been added. The bank's been robbed! We haven't been invited tothe wedding will 10,000 cars will be produced nex! year ‘The cars won't be sold in the UK. Short answers Yes, they are/No, they arent Yes, it has/No, it hasnt Yes, they will/No, they won't Are cars made in your country? Has my car beon repaired? Will landne phones be replaced by mobiles? (Go be + -ed) is used after modal ausiliary verbs and other verbs which are followed by an infinitive. Driving should be banned in city centres ‘The house is going to be knocked down. Use 1. The rules for tense usage in the passive are the same as in the active Present Simple to express habit My car is serviced regularly. Past Simple to express finished action inthe pas: America was discovered by Christopher Columbus. Present Perfect to express an action which began in the past and ‘continues to the present ‘Smart phones’ have been sold since 2007. 2. The object of an active verb becomes the subject of a passive verb Notice the use of by in the passive sentence Active Shakespeare wrote Passive was written by Shakespeare UNIT 10 EXERCISES 1 Whi 1 What do dactors dat A. Doctors help people who ae B. People who are sick are helped by doctors 2. What happened to the robbers? A ‘The robbers were arrested a few hours later. B. The police arrested the robbers a few hours later. 3 Do these cars come from Germany or Japan? ‘A. People make these cars in Japan B These cars are made in Japan. 4 So, what happened when Vanessa met Tony? A. Vanessa kissed Tony. B Tony waskissed by Vanessa. answer is better, A or BE 2 Rewrite the active sentences in the passive. 1 Someone has fixed my car. ‘My car has been fixed. 2. They opened three new schools last yer. 3 People built the Pyramids thousands of years ago. 4 Someone sells tickets atthe box office. 3. Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets. 1 “The road will be closed (close) fr three days next month, 2 Wine (produce) in Iceland ~ is too cold. 3 The first Harry Potter book (publish in 1997. 4 Chewing gum (make) for more than a ‘century. 5 Theshop, (cell next year 4 Complete the sentences with the correct passive form of the verbs discover bull not paint ‘employ 1 Around €70,000 was stolen from a hank in Prankfurt lastnight the box. write steal invite 2 Xrays accidentally by Wilhelm Konrad, Roentgen in 1806 3. Hundreds of new apartment blocks: since March, 4 Do you think we 5. Many people in Russia ‘to Annas wedding? in the oil and gas industry 6 Macbeth by William Shakespeare. 7 LaGioconda by Picasso, Oxford Unversity Pess202 21NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N 3. The passive is not just another way of expressing the samme sentence inthe active, We choose the active o the passive depending on what we are more interested in, Hamlet was written in 1600, (We are more interested in Havnlet) Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in 1600. (We are more interested in who wrote it) Note ‘The subject of an active sentence is not mentioned in the passive sentence if it is not really important Active People speak German in parts of lal. Passive German is spoken in parts of lay. NOT f Rewrite these sentences using a form of the passive, 1 They cancelled the football match because of heavy snow. ‘The football match mas cancelled because of heavy snow. 2 Awoman told us not to talkin the library. {3 People will eat six milion hamburgers this year 4. How do people use chopsticks? ‘5 How did scientists discover DNA? 6 ‘The police arrested the murder suspect late lastnight. Someone leans the tollts every evening, Write questions for these answers. Use the correct active or passive form of the verb. 1 Where are oranges grown? Oranges are grown in southern Spain. Te fallen off my bike five times. ‘Aluminum is weed for making drink cans. “The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. “The letter was posted last Wednesday Yes, [have repaired your washing machine Find and correct two sentences that are wrong, Breakdst is usually served at 9 cclock. “The money was stole from the shop. ‘A new bridge will be built next year. “These chocolates are made in Switzerland, Spanish spoken in Arges ‘© Orford Unversity Press202 22NAME Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued class Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT II > 111 Present Perfect Continuous Form Ihasihave + been + -ing (present participle) Positive and negative ten | ene) we NE They been worl =, Shas se |e Question 7 have | 7" How long they been working? te me |e : stor aver Hiwesou ten ring? ‘ethane Ra thee Use The Pel Raft Continua we 1 Not t to express an activity which began inthe past and continues to the present He's been teaching music for years 1s been raining for days to refer to an activity with a result inthe present, Tin ot because Ive been running Thaven' got any money because Tve been shopping. Sometimes theres litle or no difference in meaning between the Present Perfect Simple and Continuous. How long have you worked here? How long have you been working here? Some verbs have the idea ofa long time - wait, work, learn, travel, play “These verbs can often be found in the Present Perfect Continuous ve beon waiting for hours. Some verbs donit have the idea of a lang time — find, start, buy. di, lose, break, stop. Its unusual to find these in the Present Perfect Continuous. ve bought new dress. My cat has died. ‘My radio's broken Verbs that express a state ~ lke, love, know, have (for possession), are not found inthe Present Perfect Continuous We've known each other for afew wesks. NoT Ifthe sentence gives a number ora quantity, the Present Perfect Simple is used. The Continuous isnot possible. ve been writing emis all morning. 've written twenty. NOT Fre boom-ritine twenty: UNIT 11 EXERCISES 1 Make sentences and questions using the Present Perfect Continuous. 1A. Your Spanish i excellent B Thanks. 1/ leaen it / eight years. oe beer learning it for eight ye 2A You've done alot of work. B_We/ work / hard / this week. 3. A Youre really good dance B I/ practise / lot | recently. 4A Youboth look really brow B We sunbathe / at / beach 5 A HaveTgot lourin my B Yes. What/ you / cook? 2 Complete the conversations with the Present Perfect oF Present Perfect Continuous form of the verb in backets. 1A What (1) have you dane (do) t your arm? B IQ) (ply) tennis lot this week, and 1 @)_____thurt) my ebow. 2A This decorating is hard work. (1) (paint) the bedroom all afternoon and ()__Conly/ pain three walls 1B Never mind. I wil lok great when you (@)_____ finish it 3A Hiken.1() (oot (see) you for ages. What (2) (ou ido) recently? BIG) (travel. ‘A “Thats fantasti! Where (4) (you) be BIG) (be) to Thailand. Have o (you ever / go there? A No.Thavent,but (7) (rant) to go for along time 4a Hi) have) a good day? B Ys.1Q) (hop). Butt 8 (pend) lot of money A Show me what you @) uy). B Wal, Tmafraid 1) (ot /buy) anything for you! 1 (6) (9) 10 find you a birthday present forages but 17) (Gnd) anything yt. 3. Choose the best answer. So, what have you done /been doing recently? Anything fan? My friends been buying / bought anew computer. Atlas! T've understood / been understanding the question, “The athletes are tired. They've tained been training all day Have you swum / been swimming? Your hair looks wet Oh, there you are! Fv looked / een looking for you ‘everywhere! 7. Great news! Hannahis been having /had a baby gle! ‘© Oxford Unversity Press202 23NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N UNIT 12 > 121 First conditional Form I+ Present Simple, will + infinitive with ut f0 Positive and negative If work hard, 10 pass my exams If we don't hurry up, we'll be at. yout late, I won't wait for you Question What will you do if you don't goto university? Short answer Yes, Twill, No, won't. Will you goto university you pass your exams? Notes 1 English uses a present tense in the condition clause, nota fatre form, Ifitrains, PM stay home. NOT stv WI work hard, I'l pass, NOT fF ork hard — 2. The condition clause (i) can come atthe beginning of the sentence or at the end. Notice the wee ofthe comma Wf work hard. 1 pass my exams i pass my exams if | work hari. Use The first conditional is used to express a pos probable result inthe foture, Its sunny, we'll go for a picnic. You'l get wet if you don't take an unbrela ible condition and and when ‘expresses a possibility that something will happen. When expresses what the speaker sees as certain to happen. When Iget home, Flt havea shower. NOT Set geehonme > 12.2 might Form ‘might + infinitive without to ‘Might isa modal auxiliary verb, Foran introduction to modal auauliary verbs, see pl43, The forms of might are the same forall persons Positive and negative 1 go tothe party. He | might | belate 1 | might not | rain tomorrow. We 20 out fora meal tonight, Note ‘The negative is often expressed with I dont think + will J don't think iM rai tomorrow Question The inverted question Might you toaska question with Do you think is unusual. Itis very common wil? Poyouthiok | they'll come to our party? Short answer Do you think il rain? It might UNIT 12 EXERCISES 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. 1 You tget (get) wet ifyou go out. Is raining! 2 Ifwe (not /Teave) soon, well be late 3. What you. (do) i you fail the exam? 4 fits sunny, we (G0) tothe beach. 5 1fMa (lie) to me once more, ll be furious! 2. Complete the First Conditional questions. 1 Perhaps itl rain What will you do if trains? 2 Its possible Ryan will lose his job ‘What if loses his job? 3s possible there won't be any tickets, What will do if any tickets? 4 Perhaps Frank will miss his light What ithe misses his light? 5 Perhaps Alice will go shopping in New York, ‘What wil Alice buy if in New York? 6s possible that your taxi willbe late What ifthe taxis late? 3 Rewrite these sentences using might. 1 Ws possible Il be away in July. Lmight be away in, 2 Kcould rain tomorrow. 3 Were not sure whether well g0 on holiday. 4 Ws possible that shel 4. Choose the best answer. 1 Tmight not / wont be here tomorsow Is my day of 2. Migit you / Do you think you'l be free this afternoon? 3. We might / will buy Jane's car. It depends on the price. 4 I might not / won't beable to goto the concert on Saturday. My ‘mum is thinking of visiting me. 5. Ifyoudont go now, you might / be late. You can never be sure what the trafic wil be ike! 6 think fm getting a cold I might not wont come to work tomorrow. 7. ts going to be -10°C tonight. Be careful it 1/ might be icy on the roads 8 Luke sa very clever boy. I'm sure he might / ‘get into university 9 Tight be out later. 'm going to my karate class. ‘© Orford Unversity Press202 24NAME class Grammar Reference with practice exercises Continued Héadway Pre-Intermediate Fouts eDiT/0N Use _Might is used to express a future possibility. It means will perhaps 1 contrasts with wil, which expresses a future certainty. land will win the match (Lam sure they will) England might win the match (ats possible, but Pm not sure) p> 123 Second conditional Form If Past Simple, would + infinitive without to ‘Would ie a modal auxiliary verb, There isan introduction to medal auuiliary verbs on pd. The forms of would are the same forall persons. Positive and negative fT had more money, Pl (would) buy a new computer. If she knew the answer, shed el us I didi ike you, wouldnt talk 10 you Question What would you do if you had a year off? Short answer Yes, I would. 1No, I wouldn't Would you travel round the word? Yeh ha he money, wold they bay anew cart Ye they won No, they woulda Notes 1 As wit the first conditional, the condition clause can come atthe beginning or the end ofthe sentence WT had more time, Td help [help if Thad more time. 2. Were soften used instead of asin the condition clause. YL were you, Tl goto be Ihe were taller, he'd be a policeman, 3. The use of the past tense (If had) and would does not refer to past lime. It expresses distance from the present and unteality because it is diferent from the facts we know. If Thad... (but I donit have ..) would (but L wont.) Use 1 The second conditional i used to express an unreal or improbable condition and its result. The use of the past forms show that is not realty. If ore the President, Ti stop all war. (But Tm not the President. = reality) If lived in big house, Ta have a party (But Hive ina small Hat) 2 The phrase, /T were you, Id. is often used to give advice If were you, 14 call the doctor First and second conditional The frst conditional is posible and probable. ‘The second conditional is improbable and sometimes impossible, If Lwin the tennis match, Vl be so happy. (L think its possible) IT won the tennis match Ta be so happy (But I dont think I will) ‘Complete the conversations with might/might not ot will/ won't. 1A. Are you going to watch the football tonight? B Yes, lam. Who do you think (1) will win? ‘A. Well 'm not sure. Manchester City are the better team, but Bayern Munich are playing wel atthe moment, so they @) win tonight B Ifno one wins, they (3) hhave to play again next week. 2A. Areyou going to Darrens party this Saturday? B Tmnot sure. Fm tired, sol (1) 0. 1(2) just watch a DVD and relax instead, A Oh, goon, 13) 0 ifyou go. I (4) be fun, B OK then,1(5) pick you up at 8.0. 3. A. HiSophia.'m sorry, but we (1) beable to get to the cinema on time. Our bus has broken dove. B ‘thats OK. Do you think you (2) beable to get bre by 9,002 There's another showing of the film then, A. Wall, the driver thinks they (3) be ableto fix the problem soon. Ifnot, they (4) send another bus to {ake usinto town, Choose the correct answer. 1 we did / dont have to work, we'd travel round the world 2. Ifyou took /take more exercise, youd be fiter. 3. Fé help help you if had more time. 4 IL am / were you, Fl forget all about it 5 IFT win / wom the lottery Ti give all the money to charity ‘Match the two halves of each sentence. Hed move to France she got the job, Ifthe weather was nicer, TA drive to work Tatakean aspirin sheid be very happy. if were you. ifThada car. wei goto the beach. ithe spoke French Use the Second Conditional to finish these sentences, 1 LT were the leader of my country, 2 If could travel anywhere inthe world, 13 FL could meet any famous person inthe world, 4 fyouasked meto cook a meal, ‘© Oxford Unversity Press202 25