INTRODUCTION

On 20th December 2020, my industrial visit programme was

started. I travelled to the respective industries for Exposure.
The main aim of the Programme was to:
 Study structure, function, objective and mandates of
the industry.
 Study various processing units and different activities
under supervision of industry staff.
 Skill development in all crucial tasks of the industry.
 Learning the economy of the industry.
 

LIST OF INDUSTRIES VISITED

 
 

PLACE DATE
Broiler Farm 22/12/20
Mushroom Unit 29/12/20
Dairy Farm 31/12/20

FARMER’S PROFILE
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ENTREPRENEUR NAME : Shrabana Jena

ENTERPRICE NAME : Broiler Farm

CAPACITY : 3000

LOCATION OF THE UNIT :

At- Osakana
PO- Angeswarpada
Naugaon, Jagatsinghpur
MOBILE NO : 9348769978

EDUCATION : 10th pass

YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT : 2018

INTRODUCTION:

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Broiler is a tender meat young chicken of male or female that grows from a hatch weight of
40 grams to a weight over approximately around 1.5 kg to 2 kg in about 6 weeks time period
only. Broilers today has emerged as the one of the fastest growing poultry segment with the
increased acceptance of  broiler chicken meat in cities, towns, and villages, the demand and
consumption of broiler chicken is increasing day by day in a fast pace. In India, during the
last few years, poultry farming has taken a U- turn from a backyard venture into a fastest
growing commercial sector. For achieving better profits from poultry industry, One should
be aware and have good knowledge on its technicality viz: housing, breed, feed
management, and over all maintenance.

ACTIVITIES:
 Old litter materials were removed after completion of one batch and the shed is left
unused. After 15 days, phenyl wash of the shed is done followed by formalin spray of
the entire room.

 Feeding and drinking platforms were washed with potash solution and the bulbs were
also sterilized.

 Spraying of ViraCid-S and Bioclean 24hrs prior to arrival of chicks is recommended.

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 Litter materials were spread up to a height of 3inch on the floor and clean news papers
were spread over it.
 Rooms are arranged with all the equipments such as one 100wt bulb/ 50 chicks in
winter or 100 chicks in summer, 2 water tanks /100 chicks and 2 feeding tanks /100
chicks.

 Clean trucks were used for transportation of chicks. Chick of 40-50gm is generally
considered as healthy chicks. Male and female ratio is 70:30.

Feeding:
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 On 1st day suji or rice flour spread on news paper floor.
 From 1st night or 2nd day pre starter is given for 10 days.

 From 11th day starter is given for 12 days.

 From 22 days finisher is given for 13 days.

 Water should be well treated with 4 hr prior to feeding chicks.

Medicine and vaccine:

 On 1st day electoral water /sugar water is given.
 On 2nd day antibiotics (1g/1l water) + multivitamin is given and multivitamin is
continued for more 4days.
 On 7th day at morning Emolite is given and in evening vaccine is given.
 On 8th day CALCICARE is given @ 15ml/100chicks.
 On 9th day AMBIPLEX is given @ 10ml/100 chicks.
 On 14th day morning Emolite is given @ 5ml/100 chicks and vaccine e at evening.
 On 21st day liver tonic in every 4-5 days

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 On 26th day growth promoter (Zipromin / Ossomin) is given @ 15-20ml/100 chicks.

TEMPRATURE REQUIREMENT:
 1st day - 7th day =400C
 10th day – 22nd day =350C
 22nd day – 35th day =300C

ECONOMICS:
Batch size: 3000 + 5% extra (Mortality rate)
Batch interval: 55 days (40 days + 15 days)
Cost of a chick: ₹35.00
Cost of kg of feed: ₹32.00
Cost of equipment (waterer, feeder etc.): ₹15/bird
Cost of insurance: ₹4/bird/year
No. of batches / year: 6
Cost of kg of live broiler: ₹ 82
Feed Conversion Ratio: 1.68- 1.72
Average weight of bird at time of sale: 2kg
Feed requirement to attain 1.8 kg body weight: 3.5 kg
Rearing period – 40days
Cleaning period- 1-2 weeks

FIXED COST:

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Construction of brooder cum grower house one sq. feet /bird for 3000 birds @ ₹150/sq. feet
= ₹4, 50, 000. 00
Equipment for 3000 birds @ ₹15/bird = ₹45, 000. 00
Total fixed cost = ₹3, 95, 000. 00

WORKING CAPITAL
Cost of chicks 3150 @ ₹35/ chick (5% extra for mortality) = ₹1, 10, 250. 00
Cost of concentrate feed @ 3.5 kg /bird for 3000 birds @ ₹32/kg= ₹3, 36, 000.00
Misc. expenditure i.e. electricity, vaccine medicine including veterinary aid @
₹4/bird/batch= ₹12000.00
Total working capital = ₹4,58,250.00
Total project cost = ₹8,53,250.00

RETURN
Cost of live broiler @ ₹82/kg for 3000 birds( avg. weight=2kg/bird) =₹4,92,000.00
Profit /batch= ₹33,750.00

SWOT Analysis:
Strength:

 Good growth rate.

 Good source of protein at a low cost.
 High market demand throughout the year.

Weakness:
 Cost of feed is high.
 High label of sophistication is required.
 Birds are highly susceptible to diseases.

Opportunity:
 Growing demand of poultry meat in wet market.
 Growing demand of alternate breeds in the market.
 High potential for value addition in chicken product.

Threat:

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  Bird flu and other emerging diseases.
 Natural calamities.
 Adverse climatic condition increases mortality rate.
 Sudden decrease in demand due to myth making in the society.

CONCLUSION & REVIEW:

Since our country is self dependent in poultry farming business and there equipment's with less govt
intervention and initiative of private enterprise this industry requires support from veterinary health,
poultry feed, financial sectors and poultry processing sectors for better growth which directly and
indirectly creates more employment.With rise in the middle class and increased urbanization, cost
(contains rich source of protein), targeted per-capita consumption, growth rate (both egg and
broiler), major population prefer to go for egg and chicken (as compare to other non-veg food).
Hence poultry industry is playing/ will play major role in the near future.

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 FARMER’S PROFILE

ENTREPRENEUR NAME : Samarendra Dixit

ENTERPRICE NAME : Mushroom Cultivation
CAPACITY : 300 Beds/Batch
LOCATION OF THE UNIT : At/PO- Kakatpur
Dist- Puri, 752108
MOBILE NO. : 7894149016
EDUCATION : B. Com
YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT : 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Now a day the demand of mushroom is good in the market and many people are earning
well by cultivating this mushroom. Mushroom farming is a profitable farming in Odisha.
Mushroom farming can be started in Odisha with low investment and small area. Because
this farming is done at home, so women of the house can do well. It is very simple and easy
to cultivate. Four types of mushrooms are cultivated in India. Those are “Botten
mushroom”, “Paddy straw mushroom”, “Milky mushroom”, “Dhingri Mushroom”. It is good
to cultivate “Palo Mushrooms” and “Dhingri Mushrooms” for Orissa Environment.

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REQUIRED INGREDIENTS: 
 Paddy Straw: Straw of local paddy is usually good for paddy straw mushroom
cultivation.  Especially straw from paddy variety with white primodia, narrow, stiff
and un-threshed (by bullock or tractor) is required. Paddy straw when trodden by
bullocks or tractor, loose stiffness and easily rots when it comes in contact with
water, gets compressed which is not good for mushroom mycelia growth. As such
straw obtained through harvesting by beating the straw bundles with hand are
always good for mushroom cultivation. Only the top and panicle portion is removed.
Paddy straw should be harvested leaving only 4” to 6” from the ground level. This is
because on fungal species is found at the base portion which caused rotting and
contamination of the straw subsequently. A mushroom bed of 2 feet length, 2 ft
wide and 2 ft height is prepared from 10 to 20 bundles of straw as per the thickness
of the straw bundles. First hold on the top of straw bundle and loosen the binding of
the straw bundle by doing so the leaves come out. If leaves will remain, it will hold
more water for long time and cause rotting of the straw soon. 
 Mushroom Spawn: For one bed of mushroom 250 to 350 gm of mushroom spawns
(seed) required. The culture should be free from infection. 
 Nutrition: For cultivation of paddy straw mushroom, powder of bengalgram, lentil,
horse gram, red gram, black gram or green gram and wheat bran and paddy husk is
used. Powder obtained from bengalgram with its seed coat gives more yield form
powder of bengalgram with seed coat.  

MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR PREPARING ONE BED OF MUSHROOM:

 Straw bundle :-  15-20 bundles of straw (as per thickness of bundle)
 Mushroom Spawn(Seed) :-  One bottle Or 250 gm
 Nutrition :-  250 gm of Bengal gram or red gram
 Bed Size :-  2 ft x 2 ft  OR 1.5 ft x 1.5 ft
 Space  :-  3ft x 3ft OR 2.5ft x 2.5ft ( 7-10 sq ft/bed ) 

CULTIVATION METHOD: 
1. Remove leaves of the straw bundle and cut to 1ft size with a straw cutter.  The
required number of straw bundles is soaked in a tank of clean water for 12 to 16
hours. Water from ditches, ponds etc which are dirty should not be used. At the time
of soaking use 100 ml of formalin and 10 grams of bavistin per 100 liters of water.
Where electric heaters are available hot water should be used for treating the straw
bundles.
2. Remove the straw bundles from water and keep in standing positions for 5 to 6
hours so as to drain out the excess water from the outside and inside the straw
bundles and only 75 % moisture will remain in the straw bundles. 
3. Spawn of 2 to 3 weeks should be used. Break the bottle and remove the glasses. Use
cotton to remove small glass piece if stick to the spawn. Divide the spawn to 4 equal
parts and make small pieces of spawn having size of thumb finger.  

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 4. Use 250 gms of Dal powder grinded from whole grain of bengalgram. Else use paddy
husk or rice bran to reduce the cost of cultivation. It should also be divided to 4
equal parts.  
5. After arranging straw, spawn and nutrition, prepare the beds. First put a layer of
straw of 6 inches height. See that the bases of straw are towards outer side and top
portion are inside. Let the direction of the first layer be east-west or north-south.
Take one part of the spawn out of the 4 parts and put the spawn pieces on the bed
leaving 2 inches from outer side and at 3 inches distance. Sprinkle the dal powder of
Bengalgram or redgram over the spawn blocks and nearby area.  
6. Over the first layer, put again 6 inches height of straw. Arrange the straw on the
opposite direction of the first layer (East-west of North-south).  Take of another part
of spawn and put the spawn piece at a distance of 3 to 4 inches as in the first layer.
Also sprinkle the dal powder over it as done previously.
7. Put the third layer of 6 inches of straw in parallel direction to the 1 st layer and put
rest 2 parts of spawn all over the third layer and sprinkle 2 parts of Dal powder too.
8. Cover the third layer with the final 4th layer of straw of 1 to 2 inches width, parallel to
the 2nd layer. Now press the layer at the top so that the mycelium can grow well.
9. After the bed is ready, cover it with white polythene sheet of. First 4-5 days keep the
beds as such. After 4-5 days the polythene sheet may be removed for 30 minutes
daily for aeration and spray water only on portion of bed where straw is dried.
10. After 10 to 11 days when mycelium growth is observed, the polythene cover may be
removed exposing the bed to open air.
11. Harvesting: First flush of mushroom comes out after 13-15 days of sowing. The
mushroom should be harvested at bud stage whose demand is more in the market
and also tasty on cooking.  
After 14-15 days first phase of harvesting is done giving 90 % of the yield. The beds
may be retained for another after 5-10 days for the second phase of harvest of 10 % or
can be taken outside for second phase harvest so that fresh bed can be laid out to save
time of harvest cycle.

COLLECTION OF PADDY STRAW CUTTING OF PADDY STRAW

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 SOAKING TANK SOAKING OF PADDY STRAW IN WATER

ARRANGEMENT OF BEDS COVERING THE BEDS WITH POLYTHENE SHEET

REMOVING POLYTHENE SHEET FOR EMERGENCE OF BUDS

AERATION

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ECONOMICS:

Working capital:
Cost of production of 1kg of mushroom =₹50.00
Quantity of mushroom produced from 15 beds =10kg
Cost of production of 15 beds = 10 × 50 =₹500.00
Cost of production of 300beds =( 300/15) × 500 = ₹10000.00
Return
Quantity of mushroom produced from 300 beds = 200kg
Selling price of 200 kg of mushroom @ ₹150/kg = 200× 150 =₹30000.00
Profit = ₹30000.00 - ₹10000.00 = ₹20000.00

SWOT Analysis:
Strength:
 High productivity in less land requirement.
 Short duration crop with high yield.
 Cheap availability of raw material (waste product).
 Round the year cultivation.

Weakness:
 Highly perishable product.
 Cost of regulating indoor temperature is high.
 Non availability of cold storage facility in the area.
 Extreme climatic condition during winter and summer.
 Less durable structure.

Opportunity:
 Huge market demand.
 High return on investment.
 Effective use of agricultural waste.

Threat:
 Sudden decrease in demand due to pandemic.
 Natural calamities.
 Insect and rodent infestation.

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CONCLUSION & REVIEW:
Mushroom cultivation is a highly labour-oriented venture and labour availability is no
constraint in India. Availability of raw materials and labour makes mushroom cultivation
economically profitable in India. Moreover, the scope for intense diversification into
cultivation of other edible mushrooms like oyster, shiitake and medicinal mushrooms
presents additional opportunities for Indian growers. Mushroom cultivation is suitable for
integrated and sustainable farming and should be encouraged for its integration with
agriculture, fisheries and animal husbandry.

FARMER’S PROFILE
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ENTREPRENEUR NAME : Ullash Das

ENTERPRICE NAME : Dairy Farm

CAPACITY : 32 Cows + 25 Calves

LOCATION OF THE UNIT :

At- Dhuanpada
PO- Korua
Naugaon, Jagatsinghpur
MOBILE NO : 8018503027

EDUCATION : 10th pass

YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT : 2015

INTRODUCTION

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 Introduction Dairying is an important source of subsidiary income to small/marginal farmers
and agricultural labourers. In addition to milk, the manure from animals provides a good
source of organic matter for improving soil fertility and crop yields. The gobar gas from the
dung is used as fuel for domestic purposes as also for running engines for drawing water
from well. The surplus fodder and agricultural by- products are gainfully utilised for feeding
the animals. Almost all draught power for farm operations and transportation is supplied by
bullocks. Since agriculture is mostly seasonal, there is a possibility of finding employment
throughout the year for many persons through dairy farming. Thus, dairy also provides
employment throughout the year. The main beneficiaries of dairy programmes are
small/marginal farmers and landless labourers. 

ACTIVITIES
1. Care and management of animals

To get high milk during any lactation, the milch animal should be properly fed and necessary
care and manage mental practices should be followed.

 Provide green succulent forage together with leguminous hay or straw to the extent
of animal can consume, so that all its maintenance requirements are met with through
forage only. Extra concentrate at the rate of 1 kg for every 2 to 2.5 litres of milk should be
provided. Salt and mineral supplements should be given to maintain the lactation.
 With proper feeding and care, a cow will come to heat within 16 days of calving. Do
not with hold service unnecessarily after the signs of heat are noticed in a cow. The
shorter the interval between calving, the more efficient the animal is as a milk producer.
By maintaining proper records of breeding and calving of the animals will ensure a study
flow of milk throughout the year.
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  Individual attention to feed each animal according to its production is a must. For
this purpose maintain individual production records.
 Keep up regularity of feeding. Concentrate mix is fed before or during milking, when
as roughages after milking. This practice will avoid dust in the shed.
 Water should be provided to drink at will or at frequent intervals. It is more
beneficial, if the animal is maintained on paddy straw as sole rough age.
 Regularity in milking is essential. Increase of milk in the udder will reduce further
secretion of milk. Milking thrice is better than twice since 10 - 15 % more milk can be
produced.
 Rapid, continuous, dry hand milking should be practiced without undue jerking of
teats. Milking should be done with whole hand, but not with thumb and index finger.
 Cows should be trained to let down milk without calf suckling. This will be held to
wean the calves early.
 Loose housing with shelter during hot part of the day should be provided. The
animals will get maximum exercise in loose housing system.
 Grooming of the cows and washing of the buffaloes before milking help in clean milk
production. Daily brushing will remove loose hair an dirt from the coat. Grooming will
also keep the animal hide pliable.
 Water spraying on their bodies will keep the cows comfortable especially in summer.
 Common ailments should be properly detected and treated.
 Common vices should be properly detected and care should be taken. E.g.: Kicking,
licking, suckling etc.
 Provide at least 60 - 90 days dry period between calving. If the dry period is not
sufficient, the milk yield is subsequent lactation will be reduced.
 Vaccinate the cows- against important diseases and also guard against insects and
pests.
 Check for mastitis regularly.

2. Feeding Schedule:

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A. Up to 6 months:
Approx. body Quantity of milk Quantity of calf
Age of calf Green grass (kg)
weight (kg) (kg) starter (g)
4 days to 4
25 2.5 Small qty. Small qty.
weeks
4-6 weeks 30 3.0 50-100 Small qty.
6-8 weeks 35 2.5 100-250 Small qty.
8-10 weeks 40 2.0 250-350 Small qty.
10-12 weeks 45 1.5 350-500 1-0
12-16 weeks 55 - 500-750 1-2
16-20 weeks 65 - 750-1000 2-3
20-24 weeks 75 - 1000-1500 3-5

B. After 6 months:

Concentrate mixture
Age (months) Approximate body weight (kg) Grass (kg)
(kg)
6-9 70-100 1.5-1.75 5-10
9-15 100-150 1.75-2.25 10-15
15-20 150-200 2.25-2.50 15-20
Above 20 200-300 2.50-2.75 15-20

Everyday each adult cow is fed with 10kg of cow feed, 5kg of hay, 20kg of silage and 50g
minerals.

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3. Milking

Hand milking is performed by massaging and pulling down on the teats of the udder,
squirting the milk into a bucket. Two main methods are used:

 The top of the teat is pinched shut between finger and thumb, trapping milk in the
lower part, which is then squeezed by the other fingers, squirting the milk out through
the hole in the tip of the teat.
 The top of the teat is pinched shut by the fingers and thumb, which are then slid
down the teat, pushing the milk towards the bottom.

Products
1. RAW MILK
Raw milk refers to unprocessed, untreated milk straight from the cow. The milk we buy from
the local supermarket nowadays is a different substance altogether. It has been pasteurized,
ultra-pasteurized, or homogenized. Milk is
forced through hot plates to heat it rapidly
to a temperature of 75°C. It is then forced
through ice cold plates to cool it rapidly to
4°C. This can kill off some harmful bacteria
but also kills most of the good bacteria and
lactase enzymes. This liquid is not really
milk. It is a chemically altered substance,
heated to remove pathogens and bacteria
and to prolong its shelf life. The resultant
low-enzyme activity makes it difficult to
digest, the altered fat content renders the
vitamins and minerals difficult to absorb, and the residual drugs and antibiotics pose a
threat to human health. On top of this, the naturally occurring beneficial bacteria have been
destroyed. Raw milk from healthy, grass-fed, and pasture-raised cows is in a league of its
own. Organically raised cows are happy, fed on their natural diet of grass and other cow-
friendly foods. Raw milk is an incredibly complex whole food, complete with digestive

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enzymes and its own antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-parasitic mechanisms conveniently
built into a neat package.

k-full of both fat and water-soluble vitamins, a wide range of minerals and trace elements,
all eight essential amino acids, more than 60 enzymes, and CLA-an omega-6 fatty acid with
impressive effects on everything from insulin resistance to cancer to cardiovascular disease.
Raw milk is delicious medicine.

2. COW DUNG MANURE

Cow dung is collected and stored in a manure pit till it is fully decomposed. This manure can
be used for manuring the crops.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT
Fixed cost:
Cost of 12 Holstein cows= ₹40000 × 12= ₹ 4, 80,000.00

Cost of 20 Jersey cows = ₹75000 × 20= ₹15, 00,000

Cost of shed= ₹ 4, 00,000.00

Cost of containers (feeding and milking) = ₹20000.00

Cost other equipments= ₹10,000.00

Total fixed cost= ₹24, 10,000.00

Working capital:
Per day concentrate feed cost for all: ₹5000/day

For one month = 30 × 5000= ₹1, 50,000

Quantity of hay per cow = 10bundle/day

Cost of 10 bundle of hay @ ₹1.5/bundle = ₹15

Cost of hay for 32cows/day= 15 × 32 = ₹480

Cost of hay for 1 month= 480 × 30 =₹14,400

Labour cost @300/day for 2 labour = 600

Labour cost for 1 month = ₹18,000

Medicine cost /month = ₹15,000

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Miscellaneous cost /month = ₹5,000

Total working capital for 1month= ₹2, 02,400.00

RETURN:
Production of milk (morning & evening) =240litter/day

Cost of 1litter of milk=₹35.00

Cost of 240 litter of milk = 240 × 35 =₹8,400.00

Total selling price of raw milk for 1month= ₹8400 × 30=2, 52,000.00

Cost cow dung @₹ 800/trip for 2trips/month= ₹1600.00

Total return in 1 month = ₹2, 53,600.00

Profit = 253600-202400= ₹51,200/month.

SWOT ANALYSIS
Strength:

 A large variety of value added products can be made from milk.

 High demand throughout the year.
 By-products (cow dung, cow urine) are also of great demand.
 Regular income to the farmer.

Weakness:

 Feed availability to cattle throughout the year is not adequate.

 Animal health care activities have limited coverage.
 Poor transportation facility restricts transportation to major processing centre.
 Lack of awareness about using modern dairy technology.

Opportunity:

 Use of cow-dung manure and bio-gas is increasing day by day.

 Use of milk and milk products for culinary purpose is increasing in India.
 Increase in milk yield due to various breeding technique.
 Better use of crop residues.

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Threat:

 Theft of animals.
 Seasonal fluctuations in milk production.
 Natural calamities and and pandemic situations.

CONCLUSION & REVIEW:

India is endowed with the largest livestock population in the world. It accounts
for about 57.3 per cent of the world’s buffalo population and 14.7 per cent of
the cattle population. Thus, there is a tremendous scope/potential for
increasing the milk production through profitable dairy farming.

RASMI RANJAN SWAIN

REGD. NO. -1741901149
SEC: C GROUP:5

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