MOTORCYCLE

OPERATOR
TRAINING MANUAL
2020-2021
 PREFACE

This Motorcycle Operator Training Manual has been

prepared with your safety in mind. Within these pages are
numerous instructions, suggestions, and tips that, if followed,
will prepare anyone for a lifetime of enjoyable and safe
motorcycling.

In recent years motorcycle safety has received a great deal

of attention. This is the result of many serious injuries and
deaths of motorcyclists in motor vehicle traffic accidents.
This manual will help the beginning motorcyclist obtain a
license and become a safe rider. Additionally, it refreshes and
improves the experienced rider’s skills.

Although comprehensive, this handbook does not include

all laws regulating traffic on the streets and highways. The
Texas Department of Licensing & Regulation (TDLR) strongly
recommends reviewing the references to the motor vehicle
statutes and local ordinances in order to gain a better
knowledge of motor vehicle laws.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

 A MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR
OF THE TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF
LICENSING AND REGULATION

Congratulations on your decision to obtain a Texas

motorcycle license!

Riding a motorcycle is fun and exciting – but it also is much

more challenging than driving a car. One way to help prepare
yourself for this challenge is to develop the safety skills that
can help protect you when you’re out on the roads of Texas.

This booklet contains helpful information for all motorcyclists,

whether they are beginners or seasoned riders. Please
take time to read and study each chapter. You’ll find tips
on safety-related topics like what to wear to make yourself
more visible to other vehicles, and how to safely ride with
other motorcyclists. We also discuss the importance of riding
sober and well-rested.

We also include information on riding three-wheel

motorcycles, which are continuing to grow in popularity.
Operating a three-wheel motorcycle requires different
skills than a two-wheeler and it’s important to know those
differences and how to handle them.

Enjoy the beautiful roads of Texas. Drive friendly and be

safe.

Brian E. Francis
Executive Director
Texas Department of Licensing & Regulation

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

CONTENTS
The Rider and Being in shape to ride
the Motorcycle . . . . . . . 1 Why this information
is important . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Riding Texas Highways . . 2
Alcohol and drugs in
Motorcycle Operation . . . . . 45
Disabled Parking . . . . . . 6
Alcohol in the body . . . . . . . 45
Preparing to ride Alcohol and the law . . . . . . . 47
Wear the right gear . . . . . . . 8 Minimize the risks . . . . . . . .48
Know your motorcycle . . . . . 10 Step in to protect friends . . . . 48
Know your responsibilities . . . 13 Fatigue . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Ride within your abilities Earning your license . . . 50
Basic Vehicle Control . . . . . 14
Keeping your distance . . . . . 18
Three-wheel supplement
Supplementary information
SEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
for three-wheel motorcycles . . 52
Intersections . . . . . . . . . . 24
Know your vehicle . . . . . . . 52
Increasing Conspicuity . . . . 27
Basic vehicle control . . . . . . 54
Crash Avoidance . . . . . . . 30
Carrying passengers and cargo . 57
Handling dangerous surfaces 33
Mechanical Problems . . . . . 35 Hand Signals . . . . . . . .58
Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Frequently Asked
Flying Objects . . . . . . . . . 37 Questions . . . . . . . . . 60
Getting off the road . . . . . . 37
Carrying passengers
and cargo . . . . . . . . . . .38
Group Riding . . . . . . . . . 42

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

THE RIDER AND THE MOTORCYCLE
RIDING ENVIRONMENT

IGN
DES
INAL
RIG
RO
O FO
FABB
KE
NIK
TO
THANKS

Motorcycling is a unique experience. and mental strategies so you can be a

Compared to a car, you do not sit in a safer, more alert rider.
motorcycle, you become part of it. Not
as a passive driver, but as an active The diagram above illustrates the
rider arcing into a string of smooth complex environment that awaits you,
corners, playing along with the rhythm and supports the concept that, as the
of the road; shifting, accelerating, Motorcycle Safety Foundation says,
and braking with precision. Whether “Safe riding is as much a skill of the eyes
you ride to and from work or prefer and mind as it is of the hands and feet.”
the camaraderie of a group ride on
the weekend, motorcycling engages Successfully piloting a motorcycle is a
all your senses and creates an much more involved task than driving a
invigorating sense of freedom. car. Motorcycling requires a fine sense
of balance and a heightened sense of
Along with freedom comes awareness and position amidst other
responsibility. All states require roadway users. A motorcycle responds
some form of license endorsement more quickly to rider inputs than a car,
demonstrating you possess a but is also more sensitive to outside
minimum level of skill and knowledge. forces, like irregular road surfaces or
This manual and other motorcycle crosswinds. A motorcycle is also less
publications can help prepare you visible than a car due to its narrower
for success. Completion of a TDLR- profile, and offers far less protection
approved motorcycle operator training by exposing its rider to other traffic and
course is required prior to obtaining a the elements. All these risks can be
Texas license. In the course, you will managed through study, training, and
learn how to improve your riding skills practice.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 1

RIDING TEXAS HIGHWAYS

Motorcycling is very popular in Texas. EQUIPMENT

Before you apply for a motorcycle Texas law requires the following
license, it is critical that you know the equipment on motorcycles and motor-
Texas laws governing motorcycles and driven cycles:
the common sense safety rules.
• Horn
If you have ever ridden a motorcycle,
you may know that it only looks easy to • Mirror
ride. Motorcycles are different from other • Steering
vehicles–having only two wheels places
• Brakes
more demand on the operator for balance
and coordination. The motorcycle’s smaller • Tires
size makes it harder for others to see it • Wheel Assembly
in traffic and the rider more vulnerable
to injury in a crash. Riding a motorcycle • Exhaust System
requires special skills and knowledge • Tail Lamp (1)
beyond those required for driving a car.
• Stop Lamp (1)
On today’s highways there are large
• License Plate Lamp
numbers of motorcycle riders and an even
larger number of automobile drivers who do • Rear Red Reflector
not understand how to safely mix in traffic. • Head Lamp (1)
This lack of knowledge has resulted in an
increase in motorcycle-related crashes. • Motorcycle, Serial, or Vehicle Identification
The keys to safety are understanding and • Footrests and handholds for passenger
learning how to share the roadway.
Texas law requires the following
Knowing all you can about the motorcycle you equipment on mopeds:
ride, or intend to ride, is good preparation
• Brake
for safe and enjoyable riding. Learning
to ride off the street in “The Course for • Head Lamp
Motorcycle Riders” is good insurance. • Reflector
When you take to the road, you will be
able to concentrate on the traffic because • Rear Lamp
control of the motorcycle becomes second These are just minimum requirements. To
nature with the proper instruction. survive in traffic, you should have a mirror
There are plenty of things on the highway on each side. It is also a good idea to have
that can cause you trouble. Your motorcycle additional reflectors on
should not be one of them. Three ways to be the motorcycle.
sure your motorcycle won’t let you down are:
•M
 ake sure you start with the right equipment
•M
 aintain your motorcycle and keep it in safe
riding condition
•A
 void add-ons and modifications
that make your motorcycle harder
to handle

2 Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

Motorcycles manufactured after 1975 The operator of a motorcycle on a public
must be ridden with the headlight on. highway must hold a valid motorcycle license
(class M driver license). This requirement
Helmet and Passengers – Helmets
also applies to operators of three-wheel
meeting Federal Motor Vehicle Safety
motorcycles, motor driven cycles and mopeds.
Standard #218 (FMVSS-218) are
required for motorcycle operators and Texas Transportation Code, Section
passengers. This requirement applies to 521.148, requires persons who complete
all motorcycles and mopeds regardless a motorcycle course for three-wheel
of size or number of wheels. motorcycles be restricted to the operation
Persons 21 years-of-age or older are of only three-wheel motorcycles.
exempt from wearing a helmet if they have Adult Motorcycle Operator
completed a TDLR-approved motorcycle Licensing
operator training course, or are covered
To receive a license to operate a motorcycle,
with medical insurance. (Proof of medical
adult applicants must pass a DPS-
insurance must be a card or certificate that
approved motorcycle operator training
contains the name of the insurer, the insurance
course. The skills test may be waived.
policy number, and the policy period).
Adults, ages 18 through 24, who do not hold
An operator who uses someone else’s
a current driver license of any class must
motorcycle to take the skills test must wear
successfully complete an Adult Driver Education
a helmet unless he or she is 21 years-
course. The Class M knowledge test is waived
of-age or older and meets the course or
for persons who have successfully completed
insurance requirements described above.
a TDLR-approved motorcycle operator training
Helmets should: course and present the certificate of completion
• Fit snugly at the time of application. Only applicants for a
Class M license and restricted to operating a
• Be securely fastened when riding moped are required by statute to take the Class
• Be free of defects such as cracks, loose M knowledge test.
padding, frayed straps, or exposed metal The motorcycle skills test is waived for persons
A motorcycle operator cannot carry ages 18 and above who present a valid
a passenger unless the motorcycle is completion certificate for a TDLR-approved
equipped with a permanent passenger motorcycle operator training course and hold
seat, footrests and handholds. an unrestricted Class A, B, or C license at the
time of application. Minors, less than 18 years-
LICENSING AND of-age, must successfully complete a TDLR-
OPERATION approved motorcycle operator training course
Texas law requires all applicants pass a and are required to pass a motorcycle skills
TDLR-approved motorcycle operator training test before being issued a Class M license.
course before applying for licensing. Note: The course completion certificate is valid
Out-of-state applicants who hold a for licensing for two years from the date of
motorcycle license are not required to issuance.
show proof of course completion.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 3

RIDING TEXAS HIGHWAYS

Skills Test and Waiver For more information, refer to page 51.
Information An applicant, 18 years-of-age or above,
In order to take a skills test, applicants must who has passed a TDLR-approved
have their own motorcycle and provide a motorcycle operator training course, and
passenger vehicle and a licensed driver to has an unrestricted (not a learner license)
transport the examiner during the skills test. Class A, B, or C license, may present
The vehicle owners must show proof of liability the MSB-8 completion certificate or a
insurance for both vehicles and the vehicles completion card from a course that meets
must pass an on-site assessment. The skills Motorcycle Safety Foundation curriculum
test will be similar to the passenger car test standards and have the skills test waived.
and will include scoring on four basic skills.
Requirements for Licensing
1. Control – Your ability to make
Minors
your motorcycle do what you want
Minors, ages 15 through 17, must pass a
it to do.
TDLR-approved motorcycle operator training
2. O
 bservation – Your ability to see what other course before applying for a motorcycle
traffic is doing and other things which may license.
create problems
in traffic. Before taking the course, minors must
successfully complete the entire classroom
3. P
 ositioning – Your ability to drive phase of a driver education course and should
in your lane. obtain a Class C learner license or unrestricted
4. Signaling – Your ability to use Class C license. A minor must present the
turn signals is required. MSB-8 before testing for a motorcycle license.
You may also be graded on your Minors, 15 through 17, years-of-age, are NOT
performance on the following skills: eligible for a skills test waiver. Minors under
16 years-of-age can only be licensed to ride
a. Traffic signs
a motorcycle with no more than 250cc piston
b. Traffic signals displacement. This restriction is indicated by
c. Intersection observance – Use the the restriction code “I” on the driver license.
proper lane; slow down and look both After the person reaches 16 years-of-age,
ways before entering the intersection the 250cc restriction may be removed.
d. Turns Auto Cycle
e. Right-of-way With new types of vehicles on the market,
the Texas legislature created a new definition
f. Following, passing, proper lane for an auto cycle. An “auto cycle” is a motor
position and observance vehicle, other than a tractor, that is:
Note: Texas law requires that the approach for • Designed to have, when propelled, not more
a right turn and the right turn shall be made than three wheels on the ground;
as close as practicable to the right-hand curb • Equipped with a steering wheel;
or edge of the roadway. This does not conflict • Equipped with a seat that does not require
with the material presented elsewhere in the operator to straddle or sit astride the seat;
this manual. A motorcycle positioned to the and
right of center of its lane is complying with • Manufactured and certified to comply with
the law while still protecting its lane position. federal safety requirements for a motorcycle.

4 Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

Registration BE ROAD READY
Every owner of a motor vehicle, including Studies indicate that in crashes, motorcycle
motorcycles and mopeds, that will be ridden riders and passengers are more likely to be
on public roadways, must register their vehicle seriously injured or killed than automobile
through the County Tax Assessor-Collector in operators or passengers. Your chance of
their county of residence. A license plate that reaching your destination safely is directly
includes a current registration sticker must be related to the preparation you do before the
attached to the rear of a motorcycle or moped. ride. You need to mentally prepare by being
alert, free of stress, sober, and ready for riding.
Inspection
All Texas-registered motor vehicles must be Head Protection – A helmet protects
inspected yearly at an official motor vehicle you against head injury, windblast, cold,
inspection station. This requirement includes sunburn, flying objects, and hearing loss.
motorcycles, mopeds, scooters, and auto Head injuries account for the majority of
cycles. The Texas Department of Motor motorcycle fatalities. Without a helmet,
Vehicles (DMV) and DPS have transitioned you are five times more likely to sustain
to a new vehicle inspection and registration a critical head injury in a crash.
system requiring motorists to display only the Eye Protection – Eyeglasses with
valid registration sticker on the windshield. shatterproof lenses protect the eyes but
The sticker serves as combined proof of most styles do not seal out the wind that
registration and inspection. When a vehicle makes your eyes water. Goggles provide
passes inspection, the inspection station will eye protection and most models protect
print the passing Vehicle Inspection Report your eyes from the wind. A motorcycle
(VIR) and enter the information into an windshield or fairing alone is not adequate
electronic database. The DMV verifies the for eye protection. Eye protection should:
database information when you register the
• Be shatterproof
vehicle. You should still be prepared to present
the printed VIR when registering your vehicle. • Be securely fastened
The VIR is only valid for 90 days from the • Be optically clear
month of inspection for registration purposes.
• Resist impact and penetration
• Not block peripheral vision
Insurance Protective Clothing – The clothes you
All motor vehicle operators must show proof wear when riding a motorcycle should protect
of liability insurance when the vehicle is you from sunburn, windburn, rain, dehydration,
registered, inspected, or when obtaining cold, and parts of the motorcycle, while also
an original Texas Driver License. providing visibility and comfort. In case of a
crash, quality riding clothes may prevent or
reduce the severity of cuts, abrasions, and
bodily injury. Quality riding clothes consist of:
• Low-heeled footwear that covers
the ankle with no dangling laces or
rings and provides a good grip on
the road surface and footrests.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 5

RIDING TEXAS HIGHWAYS

• G
 loves that protect the hands from DISABLED PARKING
cuts and bruises, blisters, cold, wind,
and provide better grip for control. It is a violation of state law, carrying a
fine of $500-$750, for a person to park,
• B
 rightly colored, long-sleeved, stand, or stop any vehicle, including
shirt or jacket and long pants motorcycles, in a disabled person parking
that will resist abrasions and fit space. The law specifically states:
comfortably without binding.
1. You may not park in a disabled parking
• R
 ain suits are recommended in space unless the motorcycle has a
rainy weather. disabled license plate or a state-issued
Face Shields – Any motorcyclist who removable windshield identification card;
has been hit in the face by a stone or an 2. Y
 ou may not use a disabled parking
insect while riding can tell you about the windshield identification card
benefits of face protection. Studies indicate unless transporting the disabled
that motorcycle riders with shields covering person to whom it was issued;
their faces suffer fewer facial injuries than
those without a shield. A face shield should: 3. Y
 ou may not lend your windshield
identification card to someone else;
• Be securely fastened to the helmet
4. You may not block an access or
• Be free of scratches curb ramp.
• Resist impact and penetration Some municipalities have additional
laws related to disabled parking.

6 Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

 Do NOT park
in striped areas
Do not park a motorcycle in striped areas
adjacent to handicap parking spaces or in
the striped area in front of the entrance to
a business adjacent to a parking space.
The striped area is for wheelchair lifts. In
addition, motorcycles should not be parked on
sidewalks. Parking on sidewalks can prevent
a person who is handicapped from gaining
access to a business or their residence.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 7

PREPARING TO RIDE

What you do before you start a trip goes a long way toward determining whether or not
you will get where you want to go safely. Before taking off on any trip, a safe rider makes
a point to:
1. Wear the right gear.
2. Become familiar with the motorcycle.
3. Check the motorcycle equipment.
4. Be a responsible rider.

WEAR THE RIGHT trips (less than five miles long), just a few
minutes after starting out.
GEAR
When you ride, your gear is “right” if it protects  ost ridersare riding slower than
•M
you. In any crash, you have a far better chance 30 mph when a crash occurs. At these
of avoiding serious injury if you wear: speeds, helmets can cut both the number
and the severity of head injuries by half.
• A DOT compliant helmet.
No matter what the speed, helmeted riders
• Face or eye protection.
are three times more likely to survive head
•P
 rotective clothing. injuries than those not wearing helmets
at the time of the crash. The single most
Helmet Use important thing you can do to improve your
Crashes can occur — particularly among chances of surviving a crash is to wear
untrained, beginning riders. And, one out a securely-fastened, quality helmet.
of every five motorcycle crashes results
in head or neck injuries. Head injuries
are just as severe as neck injuries — and HELMETS
far more common. Crash analyses show
that head and neck injuries account for
a majority of serious and fatal injuries to
motorcyclists. Research also shows that, with
few exceptions, head and neck injuries are
reduced by properly wearing a quality helmet.
Some riders don’t wear helmets because
they think helmets will limit their view to the
sides. Others wear helmets only on long trips
or when riding at high speeds. But, here are
some facts to consider:
Helmet Selection
 DOT-compliant helmetlets you
•A There are two primary types of helmets,
see as far to the sides as necessary. A providing two different levels of
study of more than 900 motorcycle crashes, coverage: three-quarter and full face.
where 40% of the riders wore helmets, did
not find even one case in which a helmet Whichever style you choose, you
kept a rider from spotting danger. can get the most protection by
making sure that the helmet:
• Most crashes happenon short

8 Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

 • Is designed to meet U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT) and
CLOTHING
state standards. Helmets with a label from
the Snell Memorial Foundation also give
you an assurance of quality.
• Fits snugly,all the way around.
• Has no obvious defects such
as cracks, loose padding, or frayed straps.
Whatever helmet you decide on, keep
it securely fastened on your head when
you ride. Otherwise, if you are involved
in a crash, it’s likely to fly off your head
before it gets a chance to protect you.
Eye and Face Protection
A plastic shatter-resistant faceshield can help
protect your whole face in a crash. It also Clothing
protects you from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects The right clothing protects you in a
and pebbles thrown up from cars ahead. collision. It also provides comfort, as well
These problems are distracting and can be as protection from heat, cold, debris and
painful. If you have to deal with them, you hot and moving parts of the motorcycle. It
can’t devote your full attention to the road. can also make you more visible to others.
Goggles protect your eyes, though they won’t  acket and pantsshould cover
•J
protect the rest of your face like a faceshield arms and legs completely. They should fit
does. A windshield is not a substitute for a snugly enough to keep from flapping in the
faceshield or goggles. Most windshields will wind, yet loosely enough to move freely.
not protect your eyes from the wind. Neither Leather offers the most protection. Sturdy
will eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses won’t synthetic material provides substantial
keep your eyes from watering, and they might protection as well. Wear a jacket, even
blow off when you turn your head while riding. in warm weather, to prevent dehydration.
Many are designed to protect without
To be effective, eye or faceshield protection must: getting you overheated, even on summer
• Be freeof scratches. days. Some riders choose jackets and
pants with rigid “body armor” inserts in
• Be resistantto penetration.
critical areas for additional protection.
• Give a clear viewto either side.
 oots or shoesshould be high and
•B
• Fasten securely,so it does not blow off. sturdy enough to cover your ankles and
• Permit airto pass through, to reduce give them support. Soles should be made
fogging. of hard, durable, slip-resistant material.
Keep heels short so they do not catch
 ermit enough roomfor eyeglasses
•P on rough surfaces. Tuck in laces so they
or sunglasses, if needed. won’t catch on your motorcycle.
Tinted eye protection should not be • Gloves allow a better grip and help
worn when little light is available. protect your hands in a crash. Your gloves

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 9

PREPARING TO RIDE

should be made of leather or similar The Right Motorcycle For You

durable material. First, make sure your motorcycle is right
• Hearing protection reduces noise for you. It should “fit” you. Your feet should
while allowing you to hear important reach the ground while you are seated on
sounds such as car horns or sirens. Long- the motorcycle and the controls should be
term exposure to engine and wind noise easy to operate. Smaller motorcycles are
can cause permanent hearing damage usually easier for beginners to operate.
even if you wear a full face helmet.
Borrowing and Lending
Whether you choose disposable foam
Borrowers and lenders of motorcycles, beware.
plugs or reusable custom molded devices,
Crashes are fairly common among beginning
be sure you adhere to state laws regarding
riders — especially in the first months of
hearing protection.
riding. Riding an unfamiliar motorcycle adds
In cold or wet weather, your clothes should to the problem. If you borrow a motorcycle,
keep you warm and dry, as well as protect get familiar with it in a controlled area. And,
you from injury. You cannot control a if you lend your motorcycle to friends, make
motorcycle well if you are numb. Riding sure they are licensed and know how to
for long periods in cold weather can cause ride before allowing them out into traffic.
severe chill and fatigue. A winter jacket
No matter how experienced you may be,
should resist wind and fit snugly at the neck,
ride extra carefully on any motorcycle that’s
wrists, and waist. Good-quality rainsuits
new or unfamiliar to you. More than half of
designed for motorcycle riding resist tearing
all crashes involve riders with less than five
apart or ballooning up at high speeds.
months of experience on their motorcycle.

KNOW YOUR
MOTORCYCLE
There are plenty of things on the highway
that can cause you trouble. Your motorcycle
should not be one of them. To make sure
that your motorcycle won’t let you down:
• Start with the right motorcycle
for you.
• Read the owner’s manual.
• Be familiarwith the motorcycle
controls. TEST YOURSELF 1
• Check the motorcycle before A plastic shatter-resistant face
every ride. shield:
• Keep it in safe riding condition between A. Is not necessary if you have a windshield.
rides. B. Only protects your eyes.
• Avoid add-ons and modifications that C. Helps protect your whole face.
make your motorcycle harder to handle. D. Does not protect your face as well as goggles.
Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

10
Get Familiar with the off switch. Find and operate these items
Motorcycle Controls without having to look for them.
Make sure you are completely familiar with • Know the controls.Work the
the motorcycle before you take it out on throttle, clutch, brakes, and gearshift lever
the street. Be sure to review the owner’s a few times before you start riding.
manual. This is particularly important if  ide very cautiouslyand be aware
•R
you are riding a borrowed motorcycle. of surroundings. Accelerate gently, take
If you are going to use an unfamiliar turns more slowly, and leave extra room
motorcycle: for stopping.
• Make all the checksyou would on
your own motorcycle.
• Find out where everything is,
particularly the turn signals, horn, headlight
switch, fuel-supply valve, and engine cut-

MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 11

PREPARING TO RIDE

Check Your Motorcycle mirror so you can see the lane behind and
A motorcycle needs more frequent attention as much as possible of the lane next to
than a car. A minor technical failure on a you. When properly adjusted, a mirror may
car is seldom more than an inconvenience show the edge of your arm or shoulder –
for the driver. The same failure on a but it’s the road behind you and to the side
motorcycle may result in a crash or having that are most important.
to leave your motorcycle parked on the L — Lights and Electrics
side of the road. If anything is wrong with • Check both headlight and taillight. Test
your motorcycle, you will want to find your switch to make sure both high and
out about it before you get in traffic. low beams work.
The primary source of information about • Turn on both right and left hand turn
how a motorcycle should be inspected and signals. Make sure all lights are working
maintained is its owner’s manual. Be sure properly.
to absorb all of its important information. A
motorcycle will continue to ride like new if it is • Try both brakes and make sure each one
properly maintained and routine inspections turns on the brake light.
become part of its maintenance cycle. O — Oil and Other Fluids
A pre-ride inspection only takes a few minutes • Check engine oil and transmission fluid
and should be done before every ride to levels.
prevent problems. It is quick and easy to • Check the brake hydraulic fluid and coolant
check the critical components and should level weekly.
be as routine and automatic as checking
• Be sure your fuel valve is open before
the weather forecast before heading out for
starting out. With the fuel valve closed,
the day. An inspection should be conducted
your motorcycle may start with only the
before every ride and includes checks of:
fuel that is still in the lines, but will stall
T — Tires and Wheels once the lines are empty.
• Check tire inflation pressure,
• Look underneath the motorcycle for signs
treadwear, and general condition
of an oil or fuel leak.
of sidewalls and tread surface.
C — Chassis
• Try the front and rear brake levers one at a
• Check the front suspension. Ensure there
time. Make sure each feels firm and holds
is no binding. The rear shocks and springs
the motorcycle when fully applied.
should move smoothly.
C — Controls
• Be sure the chain is adjusted according to
• Make sure the clutch and throttle operate
the manufacturer’s specifications and that
smoothly. The throttle should snap back
the sprockets are not worn or damaged.
to fully closed when released. The clutch
should feel tight and should operate S — Stands
smoothly. • Ensure the side stand operates smoothly
and that the spring holds it tightly in the
• Try the horn. Make sure it works.
up position. If equipped, the center stand
• Clean and adjust your mirrors before should also be held firmly against the frame
starting. It’s difficult to ride with one hand whenever the motorcycle is moving.
while you try to adjust a mirror. Adjust each

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

12
Additionally, regular maintenance such as As a rider you cannot be sure that other
tune-ups and oil changes are as important operators will see you or yield the right of way.
for a motorcycle as routine checkups by your To lessen your chances of a crash occurring:
doctor are for you. Wear and tear is normal • Be visible— wear proper clothing,
with use; routine maintenance will help prevent use your headlight, ride in the best lane
costly breakdowns. The schedule for regular position to see and be seen.
upkeep for motorcycle parts and controls is
contained in your motorcycle’s owner’s manual. •C
 ommunicate your intentions
— use the proper signals, brake light, and
KNOW YOUR lane position.
RESPONSIBILITIES • Maintain an adequate space
“Accident” implies an unforeseen event cushion — when following, being
that occurs without fault or negligence. In followed, lane sharing, passing, and being
traffic, that is not the case. In fact, most passed.
people involved in a crash can claim some
responsibility for what takes place. • Search your pathof travel 12
seconds ahead.
Consider a situation where someone decides
to drive through an intersection on a yellow • Identify and separatehazards.
light turning red. Your light turns green. You  e prepared to act— remain alert
•B
pull into the intersection without checking for and know how to carry out proper crash-
possible traffic. That is all it takes for the two of avoidance skills.
you to crash. It was the driver’s responsibility
Blame doesn’t matter when someone is injured
to stop, and it was your responsibility to look
in a crash. The ability to ride aware, make
before pulling out. Both of you are at fault.
critical decisions, and carry them out separates
Someone else might be the first to start the
responsible riders from the rest. Remember, it
chain of events leading to a crash, but it
is up to you to keep from being the cause of,
doesn’t leave any of us free of responsibility.
or an unprepared participant in, any crash.

TEST YOURSELF 2
More than half of all crashes:
A. O
 ccur at speeds greater than 35mph.
B. Happen at night.
C. A
 re caused by worn tires.
D. Involve riders who have less than five months
of experience on their motorcycles.
Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 13

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed, or balance.
That is something you can learn only through practice, preferably in a formal course of
instruction. But control begins with knowing your abilities and riding within them, along
with knowing and obeying the rules of the road.

BASIC VEHICLE elbows. This permits you to use the proper

muscles for precision steering.
CONTROL
• Knees — Keep your knees against the
Body Position gas tank to help you keep your balance as
To control a motorcycle well: the motorcycle turns.
• Posture — Position yourself • Feet — Keep your feet firmly on the
comfortably so you are able to operate footrests to maintain balance. Don’t
all the controls and can use your arms to drag your feet. If your foot catches on
steer the motorcycle rather than to hold something, you could be injured and it
yourself up. This helps you bond with your could affect your control of the motorcycle.
motorcycle and allows you to react quickly Keep your feet near the controls so you
to hazards. can get to them fast if needed. Also, do
not let your toes point downward — they
• Seat — Sit far enough forward so that
may get caught between the road and the
arms are slightly bent when you hold the
footrests.
handgrips. Bending your arms permits you
to press on the handlebars without having Shifting Gears
to stretch. There is more to shifting gears than
• Hands — Hold the handgrips firmly to simply getting the motorcycle to pick
keep your grip over rough surfaces. Start up speed smoothly. Learning to use
with your right wrist flat. This will help you the gears when downshifting, turning,
keep from accidentally using too much or starting on hills is equally important
throttle. Also, adjust the handlebars so for safe motorcycle operation.
your hands are even with or below your The gearshift lever is located in front of
the left footrest and is operated by the left
HOLDING HANDGRIPS foot. To shift “up” to a higher gear, position
your foot under the shift lever and lift. To
downshift, press the shift lever down. The
shift lever changes one gear each time it is
lifted or pressed down. Whenever the lever is
released, spring loading returns it to center,
where the mechanism resets for the next shift
up or down. A typical gear pattern is 1-N-2-
3-4-5. The N is for neutral, which is selected
by either a “half lift” from 1st gear or a “half
press” from 2nd gear. Most motorcycles have
five gears, but some have four or six gears.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

14
 slightly while smoothly easing out the clutch
SHIFTING GEARS
can help the engine come up to speed more
quickly and make the downshift smoother.
Shifting to a lower gear causes an effect
similar to using the brakes. This is known
as engine braking. To use engine braking,
shift down one gear at a time and ease out
the clutch through the friction zone between
each downshift. Keep the clutch in the friction
zone until the engine speed stabilizes. Then,
ease out the lever fully until ready for the next
downshift. Usually you shift gears one at a
time, but it is possible to shift through more
As your motorcycle increases speed, you than one gear while the clutch is squeezed.
will need to shift up to a higher gear. Shift Remain in first gear while you are stopped so
up well before the engine RPM reaches that you can move out quickly if you need to.
its maximum recommended speed. As
a general rule, shift up soon enough to Work toward a smooth, even clutch release,
avoid over-revving the engine, but not especially when downshifting. It is best
so soon to cause the engine to lug. to change gears before entering a turn.
However, sometimes shifting while in the
When upshifting, use a 3-step turn is necessary. If so, remember to shift
process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you smoothly. A sudden change in power
squeeze the clutch lever, 2) lift the shift to the rear wheel can cause a skid.
lever firmly as far as it will go, 3) smoothly
ease out the clutch and adjust the throttle. Braking
Once the shift is completed, release the shift Improper braking technique remains a
lever to permit it to reset for the next shift. significant contributing factor in many
You should shift down through the motorcycle crashes. Your motorcycle has two
gears with the clutch as you slow or brake controls: one for the front wheel and one
stop, and can also shift down when you for the rear wheel. Always use both brakes
need more power to accelerate. every time you slow or stop. The front brake
is more powerful and can provide at least
Make certain you are riding slowly enough 70% of your total stopping power. The front
when you shift into a lower gear. If not, the brake is safe to use if you use it properly.
motorcycle will lurch, and the rear wheel may
skid. When riding downhill or shifting into Maximum straight-line braking is accomplished
first gear you may need to use the brakes to by fully applying both front and rear
slow enough before downshifting safely. brakes without locking either wheel.

When downshifting, use a 3-step To do this:

process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you •S
 queeze the front brake
squeeze the clutch lever, 2) press the shift smoothly, firmly, and with progressively
lever down firmly, 3) ease out the clutch lever more force. Do not grab the brake
as you roll on the throttle. Once the shift is lever or use abrupt pressure.
completed, release the shift lever to permit it to
reset for the next shift. Rolling on the throttle

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 15

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

• As the motorcycle’s weight Linked and Integrated

transfers forward, more traction becomes Braking Systems
available at the front wheel, so the front
Some motorcycles have linked braking which
brake can be applied harder after braking
connects the front and rear brakes on the
begins.
motorcycle and applies braking pressure to
• Keep your knees against the tank both brakes when either the front lever or rear
and your eyes up, looking well ahead. This pedal is applied. An integrated braking system
helps you stop the motorcycle in a straight is a variation of the linked system in which
line. partial front braking is applied whenever the
•A
 pply light-to-lighter pressure rear brake is activated. Consult your owner’s
to the rear brake pedal to prevent a manual for a detailed explanation on the
rear wheel skid. As weight transfers operation and effective use of these systems.
forward less traction is available at the Anti-Lock Braking
rear. Use less rear brake pressure. Systems (ABS)
Using both brakes for even “normal” stops ABS is designed to prevent wheel lock-up
will permit you to develop the proper habit and avoid skids when stopping in straight-
or skill of using both brakes properly in an line, panic situations. ABS operates when
emergency. Squeeze the front brake and press maximum pressure on both the front and rear
down on the rear. Grabbing at the front brake brake controls is applied. If electronic sensors
or jamming down on the rear can cause the detect the possibility of a wheel lock, brake
brakes to lock, resulting in control problems. hydraulic pressure is released then reapplied
to maintain maximum braking effectiveness.
Braking in a Corner
Any time a motorcycle is leaned over, the The system is capable of releasing and
amount of traction available for braking is reapplying pressure more than 15 times per
reduced. The greater the lean angle, the more second.
the possibility of the tires losing traction. Turning
To stop as quickly and as safely as possible Approach turns and curves with caution.
in a curve, and depending on road and Riders often try to take curves or turns too
traffic conditions, try to get the motorcycle fast. When they cannot hold the turn, they end
as perpendicular to the road as possible, up crossing into another lane of traffic or going
then brake. If conditions do not allow, brake off the road. Or, they overreact and brake
smoothly and gradually, but do not apply too hard, causing a skid and loss of control.
as much braking force as you would if the
motorcycle were straight up. As you slow, Use four steps for better control:
you can reduce your lean angle, and as more • SLOW — Reduce speed before the turn
traction becomes available for braking, you can by closing the throttle and, if necessary,
more firmly apply the brakes, so that by the time applying both brakes.
the motorcycle is stopped, the motorcycle is
straight up, and the handlebars are squared. • LOOK — Look through the turn to where
you want to go. Turn just your head, not
your shoulders, and keep your eyes level
with the horizon.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

16
 • PRESS — To turn, the motorcycle must In normal turns, the rider and the motorcycle
lean. To lean the motor-cycle, press on the should lean together at the same angle.
handgrip in the direction of the turn. Press In slow, tight turns, counterbalance by leaning
left handgrip — lean left — go left. Press the motorcycle only and keeping your body
right handgrip — lean right — go right. straight.
The higher the speed in a turn, the greater
the lean angle.
• ROLL — Roll on the throttle to maintain
or slightly increase speed. This helps
stabilize the motorcycle.

NORMAL TURNS SLOW, TIGHT TURNS

TEST YOURSELF 3
When riding, you should:
A. T
 urn your head and shoulders to look through
turns.
B. Keep your arms straight.
C. K
 eep your knees away from the gas tank.
D. Turn just your head and eyes to look where
you are going.
Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 17

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

KEEPING YOUR • Communicate your intentions.

DISTANCE • Avoid windblast from other
The best protection you can have is distance vehicles.
— a “cushion of space” — separating yourself •P
 rovide an escape route.
from other vehicles on the roadway. This will
provide you with a clear view of emerging • Set up for turns.
traffic situations, so that if someone else Many motorcyclists consider the left third of
makes a mistake, you will have: the lane – the left tire track of automobiles
• More time to respond. – to be their default lane position. You
should then consider varying your lane
• More space to maneuver, including an position as conditions warrant, keeping
escape route if necessary. in mind that no portion of the lane need
Lane Positions be avoided — including the center.
Successful motorcyclists know that they are You should position yourself in the portion
safer when clearly seen. In some ways the size of the lane where you are most likely to be
of the motorcycle can work to your advantage. seen and you can maintain a space cushion
Each traffic lane gives a motorcycle three around you. Change position as traffic
paths of travel, as indicated in the illustration. situations change. Ride in path 2 or 3 if
vehicles and other potential problems are on
Your lane position should help you:
your left only. Remain in path 1 or 2 if hazards
• Increase your ability to see and are on your right only. If vehicles are being
be seen. operated on both sides of you, the center of
• Avoid others’ blind spots. the lane, path 2, is usually your best option.

•A
 void surface hazards. Remember, the center third of the lane is the
place where debris and oil drippings from cars
• Protect your lane from other drivers. collect and where hazards such as manhole

LANE POSITIONS

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

18
 FOLLOWING

covers are located. Unless the road is wet, • When the rear bumperof the
the average center strip permits adequate vehicle ahead passes the marker, count
traction to ride on safely. You can operate to off the seconds: “one-thousand-one, one-
the left or right of the grease strip and still be thousand-two.”
within the center third of the traffic lane. Avoid • If you reach the markerbefore you
riding on big buildups of oil and grease usually reach “two,” you are following too closely.
found at busy intersections or tollbooths.
A two-second following distance leaves
Experienced riders rely on their own best a minimum amount of space to stop or
judgment and instincts. One absolute, swerve if the driver ahead stops suddenly.
however, is to avoid riding in another vehicle’s It also permits a better view of potholes
blind spot. and other hazards in the road.
Following Another Vehicle A larger cushion of space is needed if your
“Following too closely” is a factor in motorcycle will take longer than normal to stop.
crashes involving motorcyclists. In traffic, If the pavement is slippery, if you cannot see
motorcycles need as much distance to through the vehicle ahead, or if traffic is heavy
stop as cars. Normally, a minimum and someone may squeeze in front of you, open
of two seconds distance should be up a three-second or more following distance.
maintained behind the vehicle ahead.
Keep well behind the vehicle ahead even
To gauge your following distance: when you are stopped. This will make it
• Pick out a marker,such as a easier to get out of the way if someone
pavement marking or lamppost, bears down on you from behind. It will also
on or near the road ahead. give you a cushion of space if the vehicle
ahead starts to back up for some reason.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 19

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

When behind a car, ride where the driver can Passing

see you in the rearview mirror. Riding in the
 ide in the left portionof the
1. R
center portion of the lane should put your
lane at a safe following distance to
image in the middle of the rearview mirror
increase your line of sight and make
— where a driver is most likely to see you.
you more visible. Signal and check for
Riding at the far side of a lane may permit oncoming traffic. Use your mirrors and
a driver to see you in a sideview mirror. But turn your head to look for traffic behind.
remember that most drivers don’t look at their
2. When safe,move into the left lane
sideview mirrors nearly as often as they check
and accelerate. Select a lane position
the rearview mirror. If the traffic situation
that does not crowd the car and provides
allows, the center portion of the lane is usually
space to avoid hazards in your lane.
the best place for you to be seen by the drivers
ahead and to prevent lane sharing by others. 3. Ride through the blind
spotas quickly as possible.
Being Followed
Speeding up to lose someone following  ignal againand complete mirror
4. S
too closely only ends up with someone and headchecks before returning to your
tailgating you at a higher speed. original lane and then cancel the signal.

A better way to handle tailgaters is to get them Remember, passes must be

in front of you. When someone is following completed within posted speed
too closely, change lanes and let them pass. limits, and only where permitted.
If you can’t do this, slow down and open up Know your signs and road
extra space ahead of you to allow room for markings!
both you and the tailgater to stop. This will
also encourage them to pass. If they do not
pass, you will have given yourself and the
tailgater more time and space to react in PASSING
case an emergency does develop ahead.
Passing and Being Passed
Passing and being passed by another vehicle
is not much different than with a car. However,
visibility is more critical. Be sure other drivers
see you and that you see potential hazards.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

20
Being Passed Do not move into the portion of the
When you are being passed from behind, lane farthest from the passing vehicle.
stay in the center portion of your lane. It might invite the other driver to cut
Riding close to the passing vehicle could back into your lane too early.
put you in a hazardous situation. Lane Sharing
Avoid being hit by: Cars and motorcycles need a full
• The other vehicle — A slight mistake lane to operate safely. Lane sharing
by you or the passing driver could cause is usually prohibited.
a sideswipe. Riding between rows of stopped or moving
• Extended mirrors — Some drivers cars in the same lane can leave you vulnerable
forget that their mirrors hang out farther to the unexpected. A hand could come out of
than their fenders. a window; a door could open; a car could turn
suddenly. Discourage lane sharing by others.
• Objects thrown from windows Keep a center-portion position whenever
— Even if the driver knows you’re there, drivers might be tempted to squeeze by
a passenger may not see you and might you. Drivers are most tempted to do this:
toss something on you or the road ahead
of you. • In heavy,bumper-to-bumper traffic.

• Blasts of wind from larger  hen theywant to pass you.

•W
vehicles— They can affect your • When youare preparing to turn at an
control. You have more room for error if intersection.
you are in the middle portion when hit by
• When youare moving into an exit lane
this blast than if you are on either side of
or leaving a highway.
the lane.

BEING PASSED

TEST YOURSELF 4
Usually, a good way to handle
tailgaters is to:
A. C
 hange lanes and let them pass.
B. Use your horn and make obscene gestures.
C. S
 peed up to put distance between you and the
tailgater.
D. Ignore them.
Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 21

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
Merging Cars Cars Alongside
Drivers on an entrance ramp may not see you Do not ride next to cars or trucks in other
on the highway. Give them plenty of room. lanes if you do not have to. You might be
Change to another lane if one is open. If there in the blind spot of a car in the next lane,
is no room for a lane change, adjust speed which could switch into your lane without
to open up space for the merging driver. warning. Cars in the next lane also block
your escape if you come upon danger in
your own lane. Speed up or drop back to
find a place clear of traffic on both sides.

MERGING BLIND SPOTS

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22
SEE RIDER RADAR
Good, experienced riders are
always aware of what is going
on around them. They reduce
their risk by using a three-step
SEESM strategy:
• Search
• Evaluate
• Execute
SEE will help you assess
what is going on in traffic so
you can plan and implement
the safest course of action as
traffic situations change. Let’s
look at each of these steps.
Search
How assertively you search,
and how much time and
space you have, can eliminate
or minimize risk. As you
search, focus on finding
potential escape routes,
especially in or around
intersections, shopping
Finally, experienced riders search for
areas and school and construction zones.
hazards that are further out, looking ahead
One way to search is to use your “RiderRadar” to an area it would take about 12 seconds
to aggressively scan the environment ahead to reach. This provides time to prepare for
of you, to the sides, and behind you to avoid a situation before it becomes immediate.
potential hazards even before they arise. There
Using the SEE strategy will help you to
are three “lead times” experienced riders
Search for a variety of factors such as:
consider. First, be alert and scan for hazards
that are about two seconds ahead of you, or • Oncoming traffic that may turn left in
within your following distance. Scanning your front of you.
four-second immediate path can allow you • Traffic coming from the left and from the
time for a quick response if something should right.
go wrong. Anything that is within four seconds
of your path is considered immediate because • Traffic approaching from behind.
four seconds is considered enough time and • Hazardous road conditions that
space to swerve and/or brake for fixed hazards require you to be alert, especially in
or for someone or something entering your areas with limited visibility. Visually “busy”
path of travel. surroundings could hide you and your
motorcycle from others.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 23

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
Evaluate In potential high-risk areas, such as
Evaluate means to think about how hazards intersections, shopping areas, and school and
can interact to create risks for you. Anticipate construction zones, cover the clutch and both
potential problems and have a plan to brakes to reduce the time you need to react.
reduce risks, particularly when faced with:
INTERSECTIONS
• Road and surface The greatest potential for conflict between
characteristicssuch as potholes, you and other traffic is at intersections.
guardrails, bridges, telephone poles, and An intersection can be in the middle of an
trees that will not move into your path, but urban area or at a driveway on a residential
may influence your riding strategy. street — anywhere traffic may cross your
• Traffic control devices including path of travel. Over one-half of motorcycle/
traffic signals, warning signs, and car crashes are caused by drivers entering a
pavement markings, which will require you rider’s right-of-way. Cars that turn left in front
to carefully evaluate circumstances ahead. of you, including cars turning left from the lane
on your right, and cars on side streets that
• Vehicles and other trafficthat pull into your lane, are the biggest dangers.
may move into your path and increase Your use of SEE at intersections is critical.
the likelihood of a crash. Think about your
time and space requirements to maintain There are no guarantees that others see you.
a margin of safety and time to react if an Never count on “eye contact” as a sign that a
emergency arises. driver will yield. Too often, a driver looks right
at a motorcyclist and still fails to “see” him or
Execute her. The only eyes that you can count on are
Finally, Execute your decision. To create your own. If a car can enter your path, assume
more space and minimize harm from any that it will. Good riders are always “looking for
hazard: trouble” — not to get into it, but to stay out of it.
• Communicate your presence with Increase your chances of being seen at
lights and/or horn. intersections. Ride with your headlight on
• Adjust your speedby accelerating, and in a lane position that provides the
stopping, or slowing. best view of oncoming traffic. Provide a
space cushion around the motorcycle that
• Adjust your positionand/or permits you to take evasive action. When
direction by swerving, changing lanes, approaching an intersection where a vehicle
or moving to another position within your
lane.
Apply the old adage “one step at a time” TEST YOURSELF 5
to handle two or more hazards. Adjust To reduce your reaction time, you
speed to permit two hazards to separate. should:
Then deal with them one at a time as
A. Ride slower than the speed limit.
single hazards. Decision-making becomes
more complex with three or more hazards. B. Cover the clutch and the brakes.
Evaluate the consequences of each and C. Shift into neutral when slowing.
give equal distance to the hazards. D. Pull in the clutch when turning.
Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

24
 LARGE INTERSECTIONS

driver is preparing to cross your path, slow hard and hold your position if an oncoming
down and select a lane position to increase vehicle turns in front of you, especially if
your visibility to that driver. Cover the clutch there is other traffic around you. This strategy
lever and both brakes to reduce reaction time. should also be used whenever a vehicle in
As you enter the intersection, move away the oncoming lane of traffic is signaling for a
from the vehicle. Do not change speed or left turn, whether at an intersection or not.
position radically, as drivers might think you
are preparing to turn. Be prepared to brake

SMALL INTERSECTION

TEST YOURSELF 6
Making eye contact with other drivers:
A. Is a good sign they see you.
B. Is not worth the effort it takes.
C. D
 oesn’t mean that the driver will yield.
D. Guarantees that the other driver will yield to
you.
Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 25

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
Blind Intersections BLIND INTERSECTIONS
If you approach a blind intersection, move to
the portion of the lane that will bring you into
another driver’s field of vision at the earliest
possible moment. In this picture, the rider has
moved to the left portion of the lane — away
from the parked car — so the driver on the
cross street can see him as soon as possible.
Remember, the key is to see as much
as possible and remain visible to
others while protecting your space.
Stop Signs
If you have a stop sign or stop line, stop there
first. Then edge forward and stop again, just
short of where the cross-traffic lane meets
your lane. From that position, lean your body
forward and look around buildings, parked
cars or bushes to see if anything is coming. STOP SIGNS
Just make sure your front wheel stays out of
the cross lane of travel while you’re looking.
Passing Parked Cars
When passing parked cars, stay toward the
left of your lane. You can avoid problems
caused by doors opening, drivers getting
out of cars or people stepping from between
cars. If oncoming traffic is present, it is
usually best to remain in the center-lane
position to maximize your space cushion.
A bigger problem can occur if the
driver pulls away from the curb without PARKED CARS
checking for traffic behind. Even if he
does look, he may fail to see you.
In either event, the driver might cut into
your path. Slow down or change lanes
to make room for someone cutting in.
Cars making a sudden U-turn are the
most dangerous. They may cut you off
entirely, blocking the whole roadway and
leaving you with no place to go. Since
you can’t tell what a driver will do, slow
down and get the driver’s attention. Sound
your horn and continue with caution.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

26
 PARKING AT CURBS Clothing
Most crashes occur in broad daylight.
Wear bright-colored clothing to increase
your chances of being seen. Remember,
your body is half of the visible surface
area of the rider/motorcycle unit.
Bright orange, red, yellow, or green
jackets/vests are your best bets for being
seen. Your helmet can do more than
protect you in a crash. Brightly colored
helmets can also help others see you.
Any bright color is better than drab or
dark colors. Reflective, bright-colored
clothing (helmet and jacket/vest) is best.
Reflective material on a vest and on the
Parking at the Roadside sides of the helmet will help drivers coming
If parking in a parallel parking space next from the side to spot you. Reflective
to a curb, position the motorcycle at an material can also be a big help for drivers
angle with the rear wheel to the curb. (Note: coming toward you or from behind.
Some cities have ordinances that require
motorcycles to park parallel to the curb.) Headlight
The best way to help others see your
INCREASING motorcycle is to keep the headlight on — Use
CONSPICUITY your high beam whenever you are
In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers often not following or meeting a car.
say that they never saw the motorcycle. From (new motorcycles sold in the USA since 1978
ahead or behind, a motorcycle’s outline is automatically have the headlights on when
much smaller than a car’s. Also, it’s hard to running). Studies show that during the day, a
see something you are not looking for, and motorcycle with its light on is twice as likely to
most drivers are not looking for motorcycles. be noticed. Use low beam at night and in fog.
More likely, they are looking through the
skinny, two-wheeled silhouette in search of
cars that may pose a problem to them.
Even if a driver does see you coming,
you are not necessarily safe. Smaller
vehicles appear farther away and seem
to be traveling slower than they actually
are. It is common for drivers to pull out in
front of motorcyclists, thinking they have
plenty of time. Too often, they are wrong.
However, you can do many things to make it
easier for others to recognize you and your
motorcycle.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 27

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

SIGNALING Brake Light

Your motorcycle’s brake light is usually not
as noticeable as the brake lights on a car —
particularly when your taillight is on. (It goes on
with the headlight.) If the situation will permit,
help others notice you by flashing your brake
light before you slow down. It is especially
important to flash your brake light before:
 ou slow more quicklythan others
•Y
might expect (turning off
a high-speed highway).
 ou slow whereothers may not
•Y
expect it (in the middle of a block
or at an alley).
If you are being followed closely, it is a
good idea to flash your brake light before
Signals you slow. The tailgater may be watching
The signals on a motorcycle are you and not see something ahead that will
similar to those on a car. They tell make you slow down. This will hopefully
others what you plan to do. discourage them from tailgating and warn
them of hazards ahead they may not see.
However, due to a rider’s added vulnerability,
signals are even more important. Use them Using Your Mirrors
anytime you plan to change lanes or turn. While it is most important to keep track of
Use them even when you think no one else what is happening ahead, you cannot afford
is around. It’s the car you do not see that is to ignore situations behind. Traffic conditions
going to give you the most trouble. Your signal change quickly. Knowing what is going on
lights also make you easier to spot. That is behind is essential for you to make a safe
why it is a good idea to use your turn signals decision about how to handle trouble ahead.
even when what you plan to do is obvious.
Frequent mirror checks should be part
When you enter a freeway, drivers of your normal searching routine. Make
approaching from behind are more likely to see a special point of using your mirrors:
your signal blinking and make room for you.
 hen you are stoppedat an
•W
Turning your signal light on before each intersection. Watch cars coming up
turn reduces confusion and frustration for from behind. If the drivers are not paying
the traffic around you. Once you turn, make attention, they could be on top of you
sure your signal is off or a driver may pull before they see you.
directly into your path, thinking you plan to
 efore you change lanes.Make
•B
turn again. Use your signals at every turn
sure no one is about to pass you.
so drivers can react accordingly. Don’t
make them guess what you intend to do.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

28
 become a good judge of distance. Even then,
USING MIRRORS
allow extra distance before you change lanes.
Head Checks
Checking your mirrors is not enough.
Motorcycles have “blind spots” like
cars. Before you change lanes, turn
your head, and look to the side for other
vehicles.
On a road with several lanes, check
the far lane and the one next to you. A
driver in the distant lane may head for
the same space you plan to take.
Frequent head checks should be your normal
scanning routine. Only by knowing what is
happening all around you are you fully
prepared to deal with it.
• Before you slow down. T  he driver
Horn
behind may not expect you to slow, or
Be ready to use your horn to get
may be unsure about where you will slow.
someone’s attention quickly.
For example, you signal a turn and the
driver thinks you plan to turn at a distant It is a good idea to give a quick beep before
intersection, rather than at a nearer passing anyone that may move into your lane.
driveway. Here are some situations:
Most motorcycles have rounded (convex)  driverin the lane next to you is driving
•A
mirrors. These provide a wider view of the too closely to the vehicle ahead and may
road behind than do flat mirrors. They also want to pass.
make cars seem farther away than they really
are. If you are not used to convex mirrors, get  parked carhas someone in the
•A
familiar with them. (While you are stopped, driver’s seat.
pick out a parked car in your mirror. Form a  omeone is in the street,riding a
•S
mental image of how far away it is. Then, turn bicycle or walking.
around and look at it to see how close you
came.) Practice with your mirrors until you In an emergency, sound your horn loud and
long. Be ready to stop or swerve away from the
danger.

TEST YOURSELF 7 Keep in mind that a motorcycle’s horn is

not as loud as a car’s — therefore, use
Reflective clothing should: it, but do not rely on it. Other strategies,
A. Be worn at night. like having time and space to maneuver,
B. Be worn during the day. may be appropriate along with the horn.
C. Not be worn.
D. Be worn day and night.
Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 29

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
Riding at Night CRASH AVOIDANCE
At night it is harder for you to see and be No matter how careful you are, there will be
seen. Picking your headlight or taillight out times when you find yourself in a tight spot.
of the car lights around you is not easy for Your chances of getting out safely depend on
other drivers. To compensate, you should: your ability to react quickly and properly. Often,
• Reduce Your Speed —  Ride even a crash occurs because a rider is not prepared
slower than you would during the day — or skilled in crash-avoidance maneuvers.
particularly on roads you do not know Know when and how to stop or swerve-
well. This will increase your chances of two skills critical in avoiding a crash. It is
avoiding a hazard. not always desirable or possible to stop
• Increase Distance— Distances are quickly to avoid an obstacle. Riders must
harder to judge at night than during the also be able to swerve around an obstacle.
day. Your eyes rely upon shadows and Determining which skill is necessary
light contrasts to determine how far away for the situation is important as well.
an object is and how fast it is coming. Studies show that most crash-involved riders:
These contrasts are missing or distorted
• Underbrake the front tire and
under artificial lights at night. Open up a
overbrake the rear.
three-second fol­lowing distance or more.
Allow more distance to pass and be  id notseparate braking from swerving
•D
passed. or did not choose swerving when it was
appropriate.
• Use the Car Ahead— The
headlights of the car ahead can give you The following information offers some good
a better view of the road than even your advice.
high beam can. Taillights bouncing up and
Quick Stops
down can alert you to bumps or rough
To stop quickly, apply both brakes at the same
pavement.
time. Don’t be shy about using the front brake,
• Use Your High Beam— Get all the but don’t “grab” it, either. Squeeze the brake
light you can. Use your high beam whenever lever firmly and progressively. If the front wheel
you are not following or meeting a car. Be locks, release the front brake immediately
visible: Wear reflective materials when then reapply it firmly. At the same time, press
riding at night. down on the rear brake. If you accidentally
• Be Flexible About Lane lock the rear brake on a good traction
Position. Change to whatever portion of surface, you can keep it locked until you have
the lane is best able to help you see, completely stopped; but, even with a locked
be seen and keep an adequate space rear wheel, you can control the motorcycle on
cushion. a straightaway if it is upright and going in a
straight line.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

30
Stopping Quickly in a Curve Swerving or Turning Quickly
If you know the technique, using both brakes in Sometimes you may not have enough room
a turn is possible, although it should be done to stop, even if you use both brakes properly.
very carefully. When leaning the motorcycle, You may encounter an unexpected object in
some of the traction is used for cornering. your path. Or the car ahead might squeal to a
Less traction is available for stopping. A skid stop. The only way to avoid a crash may be to
can occur if you apply too much brake. Also, turn quickly or swerve around it. A swerve is a
using the front brake incorrectly on a slippery sudden change in direction. It can be two quick
surface may be hazardous. Use caution turns, or a rapid shift to the side. Apply a small
and squeeze the brake lever; never grab. amount of hand pressure to the handlegrip
located on the side of your intended direction
If you must stop quickly while turning in
of escape. This will cause the motorcycle to
a curve, first straighten and square the
lean quickly. The sharper the turn(s), the more
handlebars, then stop. If you find yourself in
the motorcycle must lean. Keep your body
a situation that does not allow straightening
upright and allow the motorcycle to lean in
first, such as when there is a danger of running
the direction of the turn while keeping your
off the road in a left-hand curve, or when
knees against the tank and your feet solidly
facing oncoming traffic in a right-hand curve,
on the foot rests. Let the motorcycle move
apply the brakes smoothly and gradually. As
underneath you. Make your escape route the
you slow, you can reduce your lean angle
target of your vision. Press on the opposite
and apply more brake pressure until the
handlegrip once you clear the obstacle to
motorcycle is straight and maximum brake
return you to your original direction of travel.
pressure can be applied. Always straighten
To swerve to the left, press the left handlegrip,
the handlebars in the last few feet of stopping
then press the right to recover. To swerve to
to maintain your balance and remain upright.
the right, press right, then left. If braking is
required, separate it from swerving.
Brake before or after – never while swerving.

SWERVE, THEN BRAKE BRAKE, THEN SWERVE

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 31

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

STOPPING DISTANCE Curves

A primary cause of single-vehicle
crashes is motorcyclists running
wide in a curve or turn and colliding
with the roadway or a fixed object.
Every curve is different. Be alert to
whether a curve remains constant,
gradually widens, gets tighter or
involves multiple turns. Ride within your
skill level and posted speed limits.
Your best path may not always follow
Maximum Straight-Line the curve of the road. Change lane
position depending on traffic, road conditions
Braking and curve of the road. If no traffic is present,
Maximum straight-line braking is accomplished
by fully applying front and rear brakes without
locking either wheel. Keep your body centered CONSTANT CURVES
over the motorcycle and look well ahead, not
down. This will help you keep the motorcycle in as
straight a line as possible, minimizing lean angle
and the likelihood of the wheels losing traction.
Front-Wheel Skids
If the front wheel locks, release the front
brake immediately and completely.
Reapply the brake smoothly. Front-wheel skids
result in immediate loss of steering control
and balance. Failure to fully release the brake
lever immediately will result in a crash.
Rear-Wheel Skids
A skidding rear tire is a dangerous condition
that can result in a violent crash and serious
MULTIPLE CURVES
injury or death. Too much rear brake pressure
causes rear-wheel lockup. As soon as the rear
wheel locks, your ability to change direction
is lost. To regain control the brake must be
released. However, if the rear wheel is out of
alignment with the front, there is a risk of a
high-side crash. This occurs when the wheels
are out of alignment and a locked rear wheel
is released. The motorcycle can abruptly snap
upright and tumble, throwing the rider into the
air ahead of the motorcycle’s path. Even slight
misalignment can result in a high-side crash.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

32
 DECREASING CURVES HANDLING
( TIGHTER TURNS)
DANGEROUS
SURFACES
Your chance of falling or being involved in a
crash increases whenever you ride across:
•U
 neven surfaces or obstacles.
• Slippery surfaces.
• Railroad tracks.
• Grooves and gratings.
Uneven Surfaces
and Obstacles
Watch for uneven surfaces such as
bumps, broken pavement, potholes,
WIDENING CURVES or small pieces of highway trash.
Try to avoid obstacles by slowing or going
around them. If you must go over the obstacle,
first determine if it is possible. Approach it at as
close to a 90˚ angle as possible. Look where
you want to go to control your path of travel. If
you have to ride over the obstacle, you should:
 low downas much as possible before
•S
contact.
 ake surethe motorcycle is straight.
•M
• Rise slightlyoff the seat with your
weight on the footrests to absorb the
shock with your knees and elbows, and
start at the outside of a curve to increase avoid being thrown off the motorcycle.
your line of sight and the effective radius • Just before contact,roll on the
of the turn. As you turn, move toward the throttle slightly to lighten the front end.
inside of the curve, and as you pass the
center, move to the outside to exit. If you ride over an object on the street, pull
off the road and check your tires and rims for
Another alternative is to move to the center of damage before riding any farther.
your lane before entering a curve — and stay
there until you exit. This permits you to spot Slippery Surfaces
approaching traffic as soon as possible. You Motorcycles handle better when ridden on
can also adjust for traffic “crowding” the center surfaces that permit good traction. Surfaces
line, or debris blocking part of your lane. that provide poor traction include:
• Wet pavement,particularly just after it
starts to rain and before surface oil washes
to the side of the road.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 33

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES

OBSTACLES

• Gravel roads,or where sand and Often, the left tire track will be the best
gravel collect. position, depending on traffic and other
road conditions.
• Mud, leaves, snow, and ice.
 atch for oil spotswhen you put
•W
• Lane markings (painted lines),
your foot down to stop or park. You may
steel plates, and manhole covers,
slip and fall.
especially when wet.
• Dirt and gravelcollect along the sides of
To ride safely on slippery surfaces:
the road — especially on curves and ramps
• Reduce Speed— Slow down before leading to and from highways. Be aware of
you get to a slippery surface to lessen what is on the edge of the road, particularly
your chances of skidding. Your motorcycle when making sharp turns and getting on or
needs more distance to stop. And it is off freeways at high speeds.
particularly important to reduce speed
•R
 ain dries and snow melts
before entering wet curves.
fasteron some sections of a road than
• Avoid Sudden Moves— Any sudden on others. Patches of ice tend to develop
change in speed or direction can cause a in low or shaded areas and on bridges
skid. Be as smooth as possible when you and overpasses. Wet surfaces or wet
speed up, shift gears, turn, or brake. leaves are just as slippery as ice. Ride on
• Use Both Brakes— The front brake the least slippery portion of the lane and
is still effective, even on a slippery surface. reduce speed.
Squeeze the brake lever gradually to avoid Cautious riders steer clear of roads covered
locking the front wheel. Remember, gentle with ice or snow. If you cannot avoid a
pressure on the rear brake. slippery surface, keep your motorcycle
• The center of a lanecan be straight up and proceed as slowly as
hazardous when wet. When it starts to possible. If you encounter a large surface
rain, ride in the tire tracks left by cars. so slippery that you must coast, or travel at

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

34
a walking pace, consider letting your feet
CROSSTRACKS — RIGHT
skim along the surface. If the motorcycle
starts to fall, you can catch yourself. Be
sure to keep off the brakes. If possible,
squeeze the clutch and coast. Attempting
this maneuver at anything other than the
slowest of speeds could prove hazardous.
Railroad Tracks, Trolley
Tracks and Pavement Seams CROSSTRACKS — WRONG
Usually it is safer to ride straight within
your lane to cross tracks. Turning to
take tracks head-on (at a 90˚ angle) can
be more dangerous — your path may
carry you into another lane of traffic.
For track and road seams that run parallel
to your course, move far enough away from
tracks, ruts, or pavement seams to cross PARALLEL TRACKS —
at an angle of at least 45˚. Then, make a
deliberate turn. Edging across could catch
your tires and throw you off balance.
Grooves and Gratings
Riding over rain grooves or bridge gratings
may cause a motorcycle to weave. The
uneasy, wandering feeling is generally
not hazardous. Relax, maintain a steady
speed and ride straight across. Crossing PARALLEL TRACKS — WRONG
at an angle forces riders to zigzag to
stay in the lane. The zigzag is far more
hazardous than the wandering feeling.

TEST YOURSELF 8
MECHANICAL
PROBLEMS
The best way to stop quickly is to:
You can find yourself in an emergency
A. Use the front brake only. the moment something goes wrong with
B. Use the rear brake first. your motorcycle. In dealing with any
C. T
 hrottle down and use the front brake. mechanical problem, take into account
the road and traffic conditions you face.
D. Use both brakes at the same time.
Here are some guidelines that can help
Answer - page 51
you handle mechanical problems safely.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 35

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
If either tire goes flat while riding:
GRATE CROSSINGS —
• Hold handgripsfirmly, ease off the
throttle, and keep a straight course.
• If braking is required,gradually
apply the brake of the tire that is not flat, if
you are sure which one it is.
•W
 hen the motorcycle slows,
edge to the side of the road, squeeze the
clutch and stop.
GRATE CROSSINGS — Stuck Throttle
Twist the throttle back and forth several
times. If the throttle cable is stuck, this may
free it. If the throttle stays stuck, immediately
operate the engine cut-off switch and pull in
the clutch at the same time. This will remove
power from the rear wheel, though engine
sound may not immediately decline. Once the
motorcycle is “under control,” pull off and stop.
After you have stopped, check the throttle
Tire Failure cable carefully to find the source of the
You will seldom hear a tire go flat. If the trouble. Make certain the throttle works
motorcycle starts handling differently, it may freely before you start to ride again.
be a tire failure. This can be dangerous.
You must be able to tell from the way the Wobble
motorcycle reacts. If one of your tires A “wobble” occurs when the front wheel and
suddenly loses air, react quickly to keep handlebars suddenly start to shake from
your balance. Pull off and check the tires. side to side at any speed. Most wobbles can
be traced to improper loading, unsuitable
If the front tire goes flat, the steering will
accessories or incorrect tire pressure. If you
feel “heavy.” A front-wheel flat is particularly
are carrying a heavy load, lighten it; if you
hazardous because it affects your steering.
cannot, shift it. Center the weight lower and
You have to steer well to keep your balance.
farther forward on the motorcycle. Make sure
If the rear tire goes flat, the back of the tire pressure, spring pre-load, air shocks and
motorcycle may jerk or sway from side to side. dampers are at the settings recommended
for that much weight. Make sure windshields
TEST YOURSELF 9 and fairings are mounted properly.
When it starts to rain it is usually Check for poorly adjusted steering; worn
best to: steering parts; a front wheel that is bent,
A. Ride in the center of the lane. misaligned, or out of balance; loose wheel
B. Pull off to the side until the rain stops.
bearings or spokes; and worn swingarm
bearings. If none of these is determined to
C. Ride in the tire tracks left by cars.
be the cause, have the motorcycle checked
D. Increase your speed. out thoroughly by a qualified professional.
Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

36
Trying to “accelerate out of a wobble” will only be a loss of engine power or a change in the
make the motorcycle more unstable. Instead: engine’s sound. Squeeze the clutch lever to
disengage the engine from the rear wheel. Pull
• Grip the handlebars firmly,but do
off the road and stop. Check the oil. If needed,
not fight the wobble.
oil should be added as soon as possible or
• Close the throttle graduallyto the engine will seize. When this happens, the
slow down. Do not apply the brakes; effect is the same as a locked rear wheel.
braking could make the wobble worse. Let the engine cool before restarting.
• Move your weightas far forward and
down as possible.
ANIMALS
Naturally, you should do everything you
• Pull off the roadas soon as you can safely can to avoid hitting an animal. If you
to fix the problem. are in traffic, however, remain in your lane.
Hitting something small is less dangerous to
Drive Train Problems
you than hitting something big — like a car.
The drive train for a motorcycle uses either
a chain, belt, or drive shaft to transfer power Motorcycles seem to attract dogs. If you
from the engine to the rear wheel. Routine are being chased, downshift and approach
inspection, adjustment, and maintenance the animal slowly. As you approach it,
makes failure a rare occurrence. A accelerate and leave the animal behind. Do
chain or belt that slips or breaks while not kick at the animal. Keep control of your
you’re riding could lock the rear wheel motorcycle and look to where you want to go.
and cause your motorcycle to skid. For larger animals (deer, elk, cattle) brake and
If the chain or belt breaks, you will notice an prepare to stop — they are unpredictable.
instant loss of power to the rear wheel. Close
the throttle and brake to a stop in a safe area.
FLYING OBJECTS
From time to time riders are struck by insects,
On a motorcycle with a drive shaft, cigarettes thrown from cars, or pebbles
loss of oil in the rear differential can kicked up by the tires of the vehicle ahead.
cause the rear wheel to lock, and you If you are wearing face protection, it might
may not be able to prevent a skid. get smeared or cracked, making it difficult to
see. Without face protection, an object could
Engine Seizure
hit you in the eye, face or mouth. Whatever
When the engine “locks” or “freezes” it is
happens, keep your eyes on the road and
usually low on oil. The engine’s moving parts
your hands on the handlebars. When safe,
cannot move smoothly against each other,
pull off the road and repair the damage.
and the engine overheats. The first sign may
GETTING OFF THE
TEST YOURSELF 10 ROAD
If your motorcycle starts to wobble: If you need to leave the road to check the
A. Accelerate out of the wobble.
motorcycle (or just to rest), be sure to:
B. Use the brakes gradually.  heck the roadside— Make sure
•C
the surface of the roadside is firm enough
C. G
 rip the handlebars firmly and close the
throttle gradually. to ride on. If it is soft grass, loose sand or
if you’re just not sure about it, slow way
D. Downshift.
Answer - page 51 down before you turn onto it.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 37

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
• Signal — Drivers behind might not expect Suspension — With a heavy load,
you to slow down. Give a clear signal that the riding characteristics and balance
you will be slowing down and changing of the motorcycle will change. On some
direction. Check your mirror and make a motorcycles, it will be necessary to adjust
head check before you take any action. the suspension settings (spring preload,
compression/damping settings, etc.) to
• Pull off the road— Get as far off the
compensate for the lowered rear of the
road as you can. It can be very hard to
motorcycle. Refer to the owner’s manual for
spot a motorcycle by the side of the road.
adjustment procedures and specifications.
You do not want someone else pulling off
at the same place you are. Headlight — Prior to loading, position
the motorcycle about 10 feet from a wall in
• Park carefully— Loose and sloped
an unlighted garage and mark the headlight
shoulders can make setting the side or
beam location on the wall with chalk. With a
center stand difficult.
full load and passenger, recheck the headlight
CARRYING beam location, check mirrors also. Use the
PASSENGERS AND adjusting screws on the headlight to lower
the beam to the same height. Check your
CARGO owner’s manual for adjustment procedure.
The extra weight of a passenger or cargo
will affect the way your motorcycle behaves, Equipment for
requiring extra practice, preparation, and Carrying a Passenger
caution. For this reason, only experienced • Be sure your passenger is properly
riders should attempt to carry passengers or attired, wearing the same level of personal
large loads. Before taking a passenger or a protective gear as you.
heavy load on the street, prepare yourself and
• Be sure your motorcycle is equipped with
your motorcycle for safe operation in traffic.
passenger footrests.
Preparing Your Motorcycle •Y
 our motorcycle should have a proper seat,
Tire Pressure — Check the air pressure one large enough to hold both you and your
of both tires. Refer to the owner’s manual passenger without crowding. You should not
or the label affixed to the motorcycle for the sit more forward than you usually do.
correct inflation specifications. Though most
of the added weight will typically be on the • Check that there is a strap or solid
rear wheel, do not forget to also check the handholds for your passenger to hold onto.
pressure on the front tire. Correct inflation Preparing Your
pressures will maintain maximum stability,
steering precision and braking capability.
Passenger to Ride
Ensure your passenger is able to reach the
TEST YOURSELF 11 passenger footrests, and is able to hold
on to your waist, hips, belt, or the bike’s
If you are chased by a dog: passenger handholds. Children should be
A. Kick it away. placed immediately behind the rider. A child
B. Stop until the animal loses interest. sitting in front of the rider will not be able to
properly balance him/herself and may interfere
C. Swerve around the animal.
with the rider’s control of the motorcycle.
D. Approach the animal slowly, then speed up.
Answer - page 51 Passenger safety begins with proper

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

38
instruction. Riders should not assume that • Are about to turn sharply or make a
passengers are familiar with motorcycle sudden move.
handling, control, or balance. As a routine
practice, always instruct your passenger on Riding With Passengers
cycling basics prior to starting the trip, even Your motorcycle will respond slowly
if your passenger is a motorcycle rider. when you ride with a passenger. The
heavier your passenger, the longer it will
As you prepare for your ride, tell your take to speed up, slow down, or turn.
passenger to:
When riding with passengers:
• Get on the motorcycle only after you
have started the engine and have the • Ride a little slower, especially when taking
transmission in neutral. As the passenger curves, corners, or bumps. If any part of
mounts, keep both your feet on the ground the motorcycle scrapes the ground at lean
and the brakes applied. angle, steering control can be lost.

• Sit as far forward as possible without • Start slowing earlier as you approach a
hindering your control of the motorcycle. stop and maintain a larger space cushion
whenever slowing or stopping.
• Hold firmly onto your waist, hips, belt or
passenger handholds for balance and • Wait for larger gaps to cross, enter, or
security. merge in traffic.

• Keep both feet firmly on the cycle’s Carrying Loads

footrests, even when stopped. Firm footing Everything you are likely to need for a riding
will prevent your passenger from falling off holiday or weekend trip can be packed on your
and pulling you off. motorcycle in many different ways. There are
complete luggage systems, saddlebags that
• Keep legs away from the muffler(s), chains
are permanently attached to the motorcycle,
or moving parts.
soft bags that do not require a carrier system
• Stay directly behind you and lean with and can be tied to the seat, and a tank bag for
you through turns and curves. It is helpful other small items. You can also travel simply
for the passenger to look over the rider’s with only a backpack. Whatever you decide, do
shoulder in the direction of turns and not exceed gross vehicle weight rating when
curves. traveling with cargo and a passenger, and
• Avoid unnecessary conversation and avoid always make adjustments to the motorcycle
leaning or turning around. Make no sudden to compensate for the added weight.
moves that might affect the stability of the Tips for Traveling with
motorcycle when it is in operation.
Passengers and Cargo
• Rise slightly off the seat when crossing an • Keep the load forward. Pack heavier
obstacle. items in the front of the tank bag. Lighter
Also, remind your passenger to tighten his or items such as your sleeping bag, ground
her hold when you: pad or tent, should be packed on a
luggage rack behind you. Try to place
• Approach surface hazards such as bumps
the load over, or in front of, the rear axle.
or uneven road surfaces.
Mounting loads behind the rear axle
• Are about to start from a stop or begin can affect how the motorcycle turns and
moving into traffic. brakes. It can also cause a wobble.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 39

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
• Plan your route and length of each day’s • Are about to start from a stop or begin
riding segment and allow plenty of time for moving into traffic.
breaks. Poor weather, breakdowns, and • Are about to turn sharply or make a
fatigue are always possible. sudden move.
• Consider selecting some interesting
secondary roads to occasionally reduce Riding With Passengers
the monotony of the highway. Your motorcycle will respond slowly
when you ride with a passenger. The
• Start as early in the morning as possible. heavier your passenger, the longer it will
When you are fresh, you ride at peak take to speed up, slow down, or turn.
 et on the motorcycle only after you
G When riding with passengers:
have started the engine and have the
transmission in neutral. As the passenger • Ride a little slower, especially when taking
mounts, keep both your feet on the ground curves, corners, or bumps. If any part of
and the brakes applied. the motorcycle scrapes the ground at lean
angle, steering control can be lost.
• Sit as far forward as possible without
hindering your control of the motorcycle. • Start slowing earlier as you approach a
stop and maintain a larger space cushion
• Hold firmly onto your waist, hips, belt or whenever slowing or stopping.
passenger handholds for balance and
security. • Wait for larger gaps to cross, enter, or
merge in traffic.
• Keep both feet firmly on the cycle’s
footrests, even when stopped. Firm footing Carrying Loads
will prevent your passenger from falling off Everything you are likely to need for a riding
and pulling you off. holiday or weekend trip can be packed on your
motorcycle in many different ways. There are
• Keep legs away from the muffler(s), chains
complete luggage systems, saddlebags that
or moving parts.
are permanently attached to the motorcycle,
• Stay directly behind you and lean with soft bags that do not require a carrier system
you through turns and curves. It is helpful and can be tied to the seat, and a tank bag for
for the passenger to look over the rider’s other small items. You can also travel simply
shoulder in the direction of turns and with only a backpack. Whatever you decide, do
curves. not exceed gross vehicle weight rating when
• Avoid unnecessary conversation and avoid traveling with cargo and a passenger, and
leaning or turning around. Make no sudden always make adjustments to the motorcycle
moves that might affect the stability of the to compensate for the added weight.
motorcycle when it is in operation. Tips for Traveling with
• Rise slightly off the seat when crossing an Passengers and Cargo
obstacle. • Keep the load forward. Pack heavier items in
Also, remind your passenger to tighten his or the front of the tank bag. Lighter items such
her hold when you: as your sleeping bag, ground pad or tent,
should be packed on a luggage rack behind
• Approach surface hazards such as bumps
you. Try to place the load over, or in front
or uneven road surfaces.
of, the rear axle. Mounting loads behind the

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

40
 rear axle can affect how the motorcycle turns more than one attachment point per side
and brakes. It can also cause a wobble. are recommended. A loose load could
catch in the wheel or chain, causing
• Plan your route and length of each day’s
it to lock up, resulting in a skid. Rope
riding segment and allow plenty of time for
can stretch and knots can come loose,
breaks. Poor weather, breakdowns, and
permitting the load to shift or fall. You
fatigue are always possible.
should stop and check the load often to
• Consider selecting some interesting make sure
secondary roads to occasionally reduce it has not shifted or loosened.
the monotony of the highway.
• Include a small tool kit and some common
• Start as early in the morning as possible. spare parts that you might need. Water
When you are fresh, you ride at peak and some energy bars or other food
performance. For most riders, this is should also be part of your preparation,
usually between 6 a.m. and 11 a.m. – then, and don’t forget a first aid kit, especially if
take a good hour’s break for lunch. Your you are riding in a group.
energy will pick up again in the afternoon.
Pre-Ride Test
•D
 o not forget sun protection in the summer.
Prior to starting out, take a test ride with
Some combinations of riding gear can leave
your fully loaded motorcycle through some
your neck exposed, risking sunburn.
familiar neighborhood roads to get a feel
• If you wear a backpack, be sure it is for the operation of your motorcycle. Be
securely attached to you. Try to adjust the sure the suspension settings are correct,
shoulder straps so that the backpack rests and that the side stand, footrests, and
lightly on the seat. This will reduce the exhaust pipes don’t scrape over bumps
tension in your neck and shoulders. and in turns. Ensure the tank bag does not
• If you have a tank bag, be sure it is get in the way of the handlebars, or restrict
securely mounted and does not obstruct the steering. Also check the security of the
your view of the controls or instruments. If load, so that your luggage does not hit you
necessary, pack it only partially full. When in the back under maximum braking.
strapping the tank bag in place, make sure You will also find that the performance of a
it does not catch any of the brake lines or fully loaded motorcycle will be different than
cables in the area of the steering head. what you are used to. Test the power when
• Secure loads low or put them in accelerating and be aware that it will be lower,
saddlebags. Attaching a load to a sissy bar increasing passing times and distances.
raises the motorcycle’s center of gravity Braking will also feel different, and stopping
and can upset its balance. distances may increase.

• If you use saddlebags, load each with about

the same weight. An uneven load can TEST YOURSELF 12
cause the motorcycle to pull to one side.
Overloading may also cause the bags to Passengers should:
catch in the wheel or chain, locking the rear A. Lean as you lean.
wheel and causing the motorcycle to skid. B. Hold on to the motorcycle seat.
• Fasten the load securely with elastic cords C. Sit as far back as possible.
(bungee cords or nets). Elastic cords with D. Never hold onto you. Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 41

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
GROUP RIDING Hand signals
Preparation During the riders’ meeting, review hand
Preparing yourself for a group ride is as signals so all riders can communicate during
important as making sure your motorcycle is the ride. A diagram of the most common
ready. Riding with a group requires an alert hand signals is at the end of this manual.
mind that is free from worries, distractions Follow those behind
and stress. It also means riding free from During the ride, use your mirrors to keep
the influence of alcohol or drugs. For some, an eye on the person behind and confirm
even too much caffeine or prescription that the group is staying together. If a
drugs can adversely affect concentration. rider falls behind, everyone should slow
Prior to a long trip, it’s a good idea to have down to keep the group together.
your motorcycle serviced at your local
dealership if you are not able to do the work
Keep Your Distance
yourself. A thorough pre-ride check is a must. Maintain close ranks, but at the same time,
Use the T-CLOCS checklist as a reminder of maintain an adequate space cushion to allow
the important components to check before each rider in the group time and distance
you leave. Remember to consider such to react to hazards. A close group takes
variables as passengers and extra weight up less space on the highway, is easier to
from cargo that might require a change in see, and is less likely to become separated.
tire pressure or suspension adjustment. This must, however, be done properly.

Plan Do not Pair Up

Before starting out, hold a rider’s meeting to Never ride directly alongside another
discuss the route, length of riding segments, rider in the same lane. There is no place
rest stops and locations for fuel, meals, and to go if you have to maneuver to avoid
lodging. Make sure everyone knows the route. a car or hazard in the roadway. Wait
That way, if someone becomes separated, he or until you are both stopped to talk.
she won’t have to hurry to keep from getting lost Staggered Formation
or making the wrong turn. Choose a lead rider This is the best way to keep the ranks close
and a sweep rider. These should be the most yet maintain an adequate space cushion.
experienced riders of the group. The lead rider The group leader rides in the left side of the
should look ahead for changes in road, traffic, lane, and the second rider stays at least one
or weather conditions, and signal early so the second back and rides in the right side of the
word gets back in plenty of time to the other lane. The third maintains the left position of
riders. The sweep rider is the last rider in the the lane, at least two seconds behind the first
group, and sets the pace for the group. Place rider. The fourth rider should keep at least a
inexperienced riders just behind the leader. two second distance from the second rider
That ensures that they will not have to chase in the right side of the lane, and so on. This
after the group, and the more experienced formation keeps the group close and permits
riders can watch them from the back. each rider to maintain a safe distance from
The most important rules for group riding others ahead, behind and to the sides.
are: no competition, no passing of other It is best to move to single file formation
riders, and no tailgating. If a rider insists on when riding in curves, turning, and entering
riding faster than the group, allow him or her or leaving freeways or highways.
to go ahead to an agreed meeting point.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

42
 formation for better space cushion and time to
STAGGERED FORMATION
react to conditions at the end of the off-ramp.
Parking
When possible, park as a group so everyone
can get off their motorcycles more quickly.
Avoid parking downhill or head-in, and if
possible, park where you can pull through,
making the arrival and departure smoother.
Whenever possible, park so that the
group can depart as a unit in single file.
Passing in Formation
When the group wants to pass slow traffic on
a freeway or interstate, the group may pass
as a unit. On a two-lane highway, riders in a
staggered formation should pass one at a time.
• First, the lead rider should pull out and
pass when it is safe. After passing the
leader should return to the left position and
continue riding at passing speed to open
room for the next rider.
Intersections
Intersections present the highest risk for
GROUP PASSING (STAGE 1)
motorcyclists in a group. When making a
left turn at an intersection with a left turn
signal arrow, tighten the formation to allow
as many riders through the intersection as
possible. Make the turn single file – do not
ride side-by-side. If not all riders get through
the light, stop at a safe point ahead and
wait. This will prevent riders from feeling
pressured to speed up or run a red light.
Interstate Highways and
Freeways
A staggered formation is essential when riding on
freeways and interstates. However, enter in single
file and form up only after all riders have safely
merged in traffic. The lead rider should move the
group over at least one lane to prevent vehicles
that are entering and exiting from disrupting your
formation. In heavy traffic, resist the temptation
to ride too close together. Maintain your minimum
one-second, two-second staggered formation
space cushion. When exiting, use a single file

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 43

RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
• Next, the second rider should move up to
the left position in the lane and wait for a
chance to safely pass. When passing be Ten Rules of Group Riding
sure you have a clear view of oncoming • Base the length of the route and
traffic. Just because the lead rider passed, segments on the ability of the least
that does not mean that conditions have experienced rider.
not changed and that it is still safe for
• Take timely breaks to prevent loss of
other riders to pass. After passing the rider
concentration and reduce fatigue.
should return to the right position and open
up room for the next rider. • Adjust the pace through curves to the
ability of the least experienced rider.
Some people suggest that the lead rider
If necessary, form two groups with
should move to the right side of the lane
different speeds.
after passing the vehicle. This is not a good
idea, since it might encourage the second • Do not tailgate or encourage the rider in
rider to pass and cut back in before there is front to speed. If you want to ride faster,
enough space cushion in front of the passed ride ahead of the group.
vehicle. It is simpler and safer to wait until • Keep adequate following distance and
there is enough room ahead of the passed maintain a staggered formation.
vehicle to allow each rider to move into
the same position held before the pass. • Do not pass in the group, except in the
case of emergency.
•P
 lace inexperienced riders just behind
the leader so they can keep pace
GROUP PASSING (STAGE 2)
without riding faster than it is safe.
• When passing, be conscious of the
traffic conditions and oncoming traffic.
Even though the previous riders passed
safely, it may not be safe for you.
•M
 aintain adequate time distance
between riders, especially at
intersections. This allows you to avoid
hard braking.
• Check your mirrors frequently to ensure
the group stays together.

TEST YOURSELF 13
When riding in a group, inexperienced
riders should position themselves:
A. Just behind the leader.
B. In front of the group.
C. At the tail end of the group.
Answer - page 51

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

44
BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE

Riding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled riders pay attention to the riding
environment and to operating the motorcycle, identifying potential hazards, making good
judgments, and executing decisions quickly and skillfully. Your ability to perform and respond to
changing road and traffic conditions is influenced by how fit and alert you are. Alcohol and drugs,
more than any other factor, degrade your ability to think clearly and to ride safely. As little as one
drink can have a significant effect on your performance.
Let’s look at the risks involved in riding after drinking or using drugs. What to do to protect
yourself and your fellow riders is also examined.

WHY THIS ALCOHOL AND DRUGS

INFORMATION IS IN MOTORCYCLE
IMPORTANT OPERATION
Alcohol is a major contributor to motorcycle No one is immune to the effects of alcohol or
crashes, particularly fatal crashes. Studies drugs. Friends may brag about their ability to
show that 29% of all fatally injured motorcycle hold their liquor or perform better on drugs, but
riders had BAC levels above the legal limit of alcohol or drugs make them less able to think
0.08%. An additional 8% had lower alcohol clearly and perform physical tasks skillfully.
levels (BAC 0.01 to 0.07%), demonstrating Judgment and the decision-making processes
that having only a drink or two in one’s system needed for vehicle operation are affected
is enough to impair riding skills. Drug levels long before legal limitations are reached.
are harder to distinguish or have not been Many over-the-counter, prescription
separated from drinking violations for the traffic and illegal drugs have side effects that
records. But, riding “under the influence” of increase the risk of riding. It is difficult to
either alcohol or drugs poses physical hazards accurately measure the involvement of
and legal consequences for every rider. particular drugs in motorcycle crashes. But we
Drinking and drug use is as big a problem do know what effects various drugs have on
among motorcyclists as it is among the processes involved in riding a motorcycle.
automobile drivers. Motorcyclists, however, We also know that the combined effects
are more likely to be killed or severely of alcohol and drugs are more dangerous than
injured in a crash. Injuries occur in 90% of either is alone.
motorcycle crashes and 33% of automobile
crashes that involve abuse of substances. ALCOHOL IN THE
On a yearly basis, 2,000 motorcyclists BODY
are killed and about 50,000 seriously Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly. Unlike
injured in this same type of crash. These most foods and beverages, it does not need
statistics are too overwhelming to ignore. to be digested. Within minutes after being
By becoming knowledgeable about consumed, it reaches the brain and begins to
the effects of alcohol and drugs you affect the drinker. The major effect alcohol has
will see that riding and substance is to slow down and impair bodily functions —
abuse do not mix. Take positive steps to both mental and physical. Whatever you do,
protect yourself and prevent others from you do less well after consuming alcohol.
injuring themselves.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 45

BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE
Blood Alcohol Concentration The faster you drink, the more alcohol
Blood Alcohol Concentration or BAC is the accumulates in your body. If you drink two
amount of alcohol in relation to blood in the drinks in an hour, at the end of that hour, at
body. Generally, alcohol can be eliminated least one drink will remain in your bloodstream.
in the body at the rate of almost one drink Without taking into account any other factors, these
per hour. But a variety of other factors examples illustrate why time is a critical factor when
may also influence the level of alcohol a rider decides to drink.
retained. The more alcohol in your blood,
the greater the degree of impairment. If you drink:
• Seven drinks over the span of three hours,
Three factors play a major part in you would have at least four (7 – 3 = 4)
determining BAC: drinks remaining in your system at the end
 he amount of alcohol you consume.
•T of the three hours. You would need at least
another four hours to eliminate the four
• How fastyou drink.
remaining drinks before you consider riding.
• Your bodyweight. • Four drinks over the span of two hours,
Other factors also contribute to the you would have at least two (4 – 2 = 2)
way alcohol affects your system. drinks remaining in your system at the end
of the two hours. You would need at least
Your sex, physical condition and food intake
another two hours to eliminate the two
are just a few that may cause your BAC
remaining drinks before you consider riding.
level to be even higher. But the full effects of
these are not completely known. Alcohol There are times when a larger person may
may still accumulate in your body not accumulate as high of a concentration
even if you are drinking at a rate of alcohol for each drink consumed. They
of one drink per hour. Abilities and have more blood and other bodily fluids. But
judgment can be affected by that one drink. because of individual differences it is better
not to take the chance that abilities and
A 12-ounce can of beer, a mixed drink
judgment have not been affected. Whether
with one shot (1.5 ounces) of liquor,
or not you are legally intoxicated is not the
and a 5-ounce glass of wine all contain
real issue. Impairment of judgment and
the same amount of alcohol.
skills begins well below the legal limit.

ALCOHOL CONTENT

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

46
ALCOHOL AND Possible Consequences
THE LAW of a DWl Conviction
It is against the law to operate a motor Every day someone is hurt or killed in a
vehicle while intoxicated. In Texas, a person crash involving alcohol. Texas lawmakers
with a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) have enacted DWI laws designed to protect
of .08 percent or more is legally intoxicated. the safety of the driving public and to keep
Texas’ Zero Tolerance for Minors law our roadways safe. DWI laws help reduce
make it illegal for persons under 21 to traffic deaths and injuries and provide
operate a motor vehicle (motorcycle) with penalties for DWI offenders. The penalties
ANY detectable amount of alcohol in his include suspensions, fines, surcharges
or her system in a public place. Doing so and jail time. The following list provides the
constitutes a criminal offense of Driving possible consequences of a DWI conviction:
Under the Influence of Alcohol by a Minor. •D
 river license and/or driving privilege
suspended for up to two years under the
Consequences of a Administrative License Revocation Program
DWl Arrest •D
 river license and/or driving privilege
Texas, like most other states, has strengthened suspended by the court for up to two years for
DWl laws in recent years resulting in little the first conviction
tolerance for drinking and driving. Years ago, • Reinstatement fees of $100 to $125 each for
DWl offenders may have been required to an ALR suspension, court suspension, or
pay a fine and attend an alcohol awareness failure to complete an education course
class. Today a person arrested for DWl may • Fines up to $2,000 for the first conviction and
experience the following on a first offense: up to $10,000 for subsequent convictions
•T
 he humiliation of an arrest, being • Court costs starting at $70
fingerprinted and videotaped as you perform • Jail sentence ranging from 72 hours to ten
sobriety tests at the police station years or you may be eligible for probation for a
•S
 pending the night in jail with violent offenders first offense
•P
 osting a cash bond of $500 or more or paying • Weekly visits to your probation officer
a bonding fee for jail release • Community service requirements
•H
 aving your motorcycle carried away by a • DWl education/rehabilitation program
wrecker and paying a towing fee to get the attendance
vehicle out of impound
• Increased insurance rates and requirements
•E
 xplaining what happened to your family and
employer and interrupting your life for court • L egal defense fees
appearances and visits to a probation officer • Driver and criminal record entries that may
•P
 aying legal fees to an attorney follow you for life
•U
 ndergoing an alcohol or drug dependency
evaluation

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 47

BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE
MINIMIZE THE RISKS STEP IN TO
Your ability to judge how well you are riding PROTECT FRIENDS
is affected first. Although you may be People who have had too much to drink are
performing more and more poorly, you think unable to make a responsible decision. It is up
you are doing better and better. The result is to others to step in and keep them from taking
that you ride confidently, taking greater and too great a risk. No one wants to do this — it is
greater risks. Minimize the risks of drinking uncomfortable, embarrassing, and thankless.
and riding by taking steps before you drink. You are rarely thanked for your efforts at the
Control your drinking or control your riding. time. But the alternatives are often worse.
Make an Intelligent Choice There are several ways to keep
Don’t Drink — Once you start, friends from hurting themselves:
your resistance becomes weaker.
• Arrange a safe ride— Provide
Setting a limit or pacing yourself are alternative ways for them to get home.
poor alternatives at best. Your ability to • Slow the pace of drinking— Involve
exercise good judgment is one of the first them in other activities.
things affected by alcohol. Even if you • Keep them there— Use any excuse to
have tried to drink in moderation, you may keep them from getting on their motorcycle.
not realize to what extent your skills have Serve them food and coffee to pass the
suffered from alcohol’s fatiguing effects. time. Explain your concerns for their
risks of getting arrested or hurt or hurting
Or Don’t Ride — If you haven’t controlled someone else. Take their key, if you can.
your drinking, you must control your riding.
• Get friends involved— Use peer
• Leave the motorcycle— so you won’t pressure from a group of friends to intervene.
be tempted to ride. Arrange another way to
get home. It helps to enlist support from others when you
decide to step in. The more people on your
• Wait — If you exceed your limit, wait until
your system eliminates the alcohol and its side, the easier it is to be firm and the harder it
fatiguing effects. is for the rider to resist. While you may not be
thanked at the time, you will never have to say,
“If only I had…”

TEST YOURSELF 14
If you wait one hour per drink for the
alcohol to be eliminated from your
body before riding:
A. Y
 ou cannot be arrested for drinking and riding.
B. Your riding skills will not be affected.
C. S
 ide effects from the drinking may still remain.
D. You will be okay as long as you ride slowly.
Answer - page 51

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48
FATIGUE
Riding a motorcycle is more tiring than driving
a car. On a long trip, you’ll tire sooner than you
would in a car. Avoid riding when tired. Fatigue
can affect your control of the motorcycle.
• Protect yourselffrom the elements —
Wind, cold, and rain make you tire quickly.
Dress warmly. A windshield is worth its cost if
you plan to ride long distances.
• Limit your distance— Experi­enced
riders seldom try to ride more than about six
hours a day.
• Take frequent rest breaks— Stop and
get off the motorcycle at least every two hours.
• Don’t drink or use drugs— Artificial
stimulants often result in extreme fatigue or
depression when they start to wear off. Riders
are unable to concentrate on the task at hand.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 49

EARNING YOUR LICENSE

Safe riding requires knowledge and skill. Licensing tests are the best measurement of the
skills necessary to operate safely in traffic. Assessing your own skills is not enough. People
often overestimate their own abilities. It’s even harder for friends and relatives to be totally
honest about your skills. Licensing exams are designed to be scored more objectively.
Licensing exams are not required for most Texas motorcycle license applicants. Persons
less than 18 years-of-age and those who do not hold an unrestricted driver license are
required to pass a skills test. Only applicants for a moped license are required to pass the
knowledge test.

Knowledge Test 4. If a tire goes flat while riding

and you must stop, it is usually
(Sample Questions)
best to:
1. It is MOST important to flash A. Relax on the handgrips.
your brake light when: B. Shift your weight toward the good tire.
A. Someone is following too closely. C. Brake on the good tire and steer to the
B. You will be slowing suddenly. side of the road.
C. There is a stop sign ahead. D. Use both brakes and stop quickly.
D. Your signals are not working.
5. The car below is waiting to enter
2. The FRONT brake supplies the intersection. It is best to:
how much of the potential A. Make eye contact with the driver.
stopping power? B. Reduce speed and be ready to react.
A. About 25%. C. Maintain speed and position.
B. About 50%. D. Maintain speed and move right.
C. About 70%.
D. All of the stopping power.

3. To swerve correctly:
A. Shift your weight quickly.
B. Turn the handlebars quickly.
C. Press the handgrip in the direction of
the turn.
D. Press the handgrip in the opposite
direction of the turn.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

50
On-Motorcycle Skill Test
Basic vehicle control and crash-avoidance skills are included in on-motorcycle tests
to determine your ability to handle normal and hazardous traffic situations.
You may be tested for your ability to:
 now your motorcycleand your riding limits.
•K
• Accelerate, brake and turn safely.
• See, be seenand communicate with others.
• Adjust speedand position to the traffic situation.
• Stop, turn and swerve quickly.
• Make critical decisionsand carry them out.

Examiners may score on factors related to safety such as:

• Selecting safe speeds to perform maneuvers.
• Choosingthe correct path and staying within boundaries.
•C
 ompletingnormal and quick stops.
• Completingnormal and quick turns or swerves.

Answers to Test Yourself (previous pages)

1-C, 2-D, 3-D, 4-A, 5-B, 6-C, 7-D
8-D, 9-C, 10-C, 11-D, 12-A, 13-A, 14-C

Answers to Knowledge Test (page 50):

1-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-C, 5-B

Diagrams and drawings used in this manual are for reference only and are not to
correct scale for size of vehicles and distances.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 51

THREE-WHEEL SUPPLEMENT
SUPPLEMENTARY – If designed for a passenger,
the passenger must be
INFORMATION FOR seated behind the operator
THREE - WHEEL (or in a separate passenger
MOTORCYCLES compartment in the case of a
Texas law requires a Class M license to motorcycle with sidecar).
operate a three-wheel motorcycle. Applicants 3. Turning diameter of the vehicle at its
who complete a motorcycle safety course widest point must be less than 40’.
specific to three-wheel motorcycles will
be restricted to operation of three-wheel 4. The vehicle meets all applicable
motorcycles. This information is provided federal on-road vehicle standards.
in addition to that offered in the first part of Refer to the Texas Department of Motor
this Motorcycle Operator Manual (MOM), so Vehicles (DMV) for registration regulations and
when preparing to apply for a license, begin DPS for licensing information regarding other
by reading the information on two-wheel vehicles such as:
motorcycles thoroughly. It provides information
• Automotive hybrids or automotive
on safe operation of your motorcycle in
conversions
traffic. This supplement contains information
specific to the safe operation of a three- • Vehicles with automotive controls
wheel motorcycle, including both three-track or seating
motorcycles and motorcycles with sidecars. • Vehicles with front or rear
KNOW YOUR VEHICLE mounted engines (engines must be
There are many types of three-wheel mounted mid-frame below the rider to be
motorcycles available on the market today. considered motorcycle-based)
In general, three-wheel motorcycles will • Vehicles with enclosed or semi-
have the following characteristics: enclosed riding compartments
1. Three wheels leaving two or three • Motorcycles or scooters with two
separate tracks during straight line close-set wheels in front (contact patches
operation. less than 18.1 inches apart) that lean and
2. Motorcycle-based conversion or maneuver like standard, single-track, two-
wheel motorcycles
design with:
or
•H
 andlebar steering
• Vehicles with any other departure from
•M
 otorcycle-type controls with the the above standards.
standard layout. Convenience
alterations like a single brake pedal
or lever control, automatic clutch, or
automatic transmission.
•S
 addle seating
– Seating in which the rider/
passenger straddles the vehicle.

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52
 Borrowing and Lending
MOTORCYCLE AND THREE -
Borrowers and lenders, beware.
WHEEL MOTORCYCLE
DESIGNS Crashes are fairly common among beginning
operators, especially in the first months of riding.
Operating an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the
problem. If you borrow a three-wheel motorcycle
or motorcycle with sidecar, get familiar with
it in a controlled area first. If you lend your
three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle with
sidecar to friends, make sure they are licensed
and know how to ride before you allow them
to operate in traffic. Such motorcycles operate
very differently than two-wheel motorcycles.
No matter how experienced you may
be, use extra caution on any vehicle
that is unfamiliar or new to you.
Get Familiar with
Motorcycle Controls
Be sure you are familiar with the controls of
the three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle
with a sidecar before attempting to
operate it on any highway, since some
controls may differ from those found on
Three-Wheel other motorcycles. This is especially
important if you are riding on a borrowed
Motorcycle Designs motorcycle. Before beginning the ride:
Three-wheel motorcycle designs vary among
manufacturers. Unlike traditional motorcycles,  ake all the checksyou would on
•M
which are considered single-track motorcycles, your own motorcycle.
three-wheel motorcycles could be either dual  amiliarize yourself with all controls,
•F
or triple-track design. Dual-track vehicles such as the turn signals, horn, headlight
are motorcycles with sidecars, while triple- switch, fuel control valve, and cut-off
track motorcycles can be configured either switch. Locate and operate these items
with dual front wheels or dual rear wheels. without having to search for them.
The Right Motorcycle for You  perate all the controls before you
•O
Make sure your three-wheel motorcycle or start riding. Know the gearshift pattern and
sidecar-equipped motorcycle is right for you. operate the throttle, clutch, and brakes
You should be able to comfortably reach a few times. Controls react differently on
and operate all of the controls, and be able different motorcycles, and exact locations
to complete full turns using the handlebars of controls may vary slightly. Additionally,
without excessive upper body movements some motorcycle conversions may be
that could jeopardize stability and control. equipped with a single brake pedal or
lever control, automatic clutch,
or automatic transmission.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 53

THREE-WHEEL SUPPLEMENT
• As you begin to ride, start out Body Position
slowly and carefully and be aware of your As with any motor vehicle, operator position
surroundings. Accelerate gently, take turns is important for control and for reducing or
a little more slowly, and leave extra room preventing fatigue. The operator should be
for stopping. able to reach both handgrips comfortably,
since more handlebar movement is necessary
than when riding a two-wheel motorcycle.
TIP- OVER LINES While it is not necessary for the rider of a
three-wheel motorcycle to move drastically
during operation, shifting weight in the
direction of the turn can improve control.
Braking
On a motorcycle with a sidecar, during braking
in a sharp turn, the sidecar wheel may lift off
the ground. Motorcycle and sidecar tires have
limited traction or grip on the road surface,
and traction is greater when the motorcycle is
rolling, not skidding or slipping. During turning,
some of the available tire traction is used for
cornering, so less is available for stopping.
BASIC VEHICLE Thus, a skid can occur if you brake too hard.
CONTROL Turning
Steering & Tip The tendency of the rear inside wheel to lift
Three-wheel motorcycles handle differently during turning is greater with increased speed
than two-wheel motorcycles. With three and tighter curve radii. During a turn, inertia
wheels on the ground, they are naturally more causes the center of gravity of the motorcycle
stable than a two-wheel motorcycle. They to shift sideways and outward toward the
also steer differently. Because conventional tip-over line. The reduced weight over the
three-wheel motorcycles cannot lean, they opposite side wheel can cause it to lift slightly.
cannot countersteer. Instead, the front wheel
The weight of a three-track motorcycle is
is pointed in the direction the rider wants the
distributed almost equally between the two
motorcycle to go.
front or two rear wheels. These motorcycles
Under some conditions during the operation handle the same in left and right hand turns.
of a three-wheel motorcycle, it is possible to
When turning a three-track
have only two wheels in contact with the road
motorcycle:
surface. This could occur during turning or
tight maneuvers whenever enough weight is • Approach a turn at speed with your
transferred outside of what are called tip-over head up, and look through the turn.
lines. This tendency requires careful load • Concentrate on pointing the front
and passenger positioning inside the tip-over wheel/wheels in the direction you want the
lines to help maintain maximum stability. motorcycle to go.
• Roll off the throttle before entering the
turn.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

54
 • Apply the brakes enough to slow the When turning left on a motorcycle
motorcycle to a speed at which you can with sidecar:
ride safely through the turn, then release • Reduce speed prior to entering the turn
the brakes before the turn.
• Apply more pressure on the rear brake
• Slightly lean your upper body in the than on the front
direction you intend to turn.
• Steer the front wheel/wheels toward the Hills
turn. When riding uphill on a three-wheel
motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar,
• Roll on the throttle to pull the motorcycle some weight will shift to the rear, causing
through the turn. the front of the motorcycle to become lighter.
On the other hand, because the center This weight shift reduces the traction on the
of gravity of a motorcycle with sidecar is front tire/tires for steering and tire grip.
close to the motorcycle itself, the behavior When riding downhill, gravity increases
of the vehicle when turning right and the amount of braking force required
when turning left is quite different. to slow or stop the motorcycle. It is
During a right turn, a slight sideways important, therefore, to begin slowing
movement of the center of gravity creates earlier for cornering and stopping.
a greater tendency for the sidecar
Lane Position
wheel to lift. The lift will be greater if the
The track of the dual wheels of a three-wheel
sidecar is empty or lightly loaded.
motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar is
When turning right on a motorcycle almost the same width as some automobiles.
with sidecar: Unlike a motorcycle, you are limited, therefore,
• Anticipate the degree of turn required. in lane positioning. Keep toward the center of
the lane to be sure the track of the dual wheels
• Reduce speed before entering the does not cross the painted lines into opposing
curve by downshifting or braking. traffic. Riding too far to the right could cause
• Slightly lean your upper body in the loss of traction if the tire leaves the pavement.
direction you intend to turn. Lane positioning when riding in groups is
• Maintain speed as you enter the also an important consideration. You will
curve. not be able to use a staggered formation,
such as you would when riding two-
• Accelerate gradually as you exit the
wheeled motorcycles. Ride single file
curve.
and always maintain a safe margin, two
During a left hand turn, the sidecar acts as seconds minimum, between vehicles.
a stabilizer, so the sidecar wheel stays on
the ground. However, if the turn is taken too Parking at the Roadside
sharply or at too high a rate of speed, there is Because of the limitations on mobility and
a tendency for the motorcycle rear suspension motorcycle length, it is not practical to
to extend, and this may cause the rear wheel park your motorcycle at a 90 degree angle
of the motorcycle to lift off the ground. with your rear wheel touching the curb, as
you would with a two-wheel motorcycle.
Position your motorcycle in a parking space
so you are parked parallel to the curb and

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 55

THREE-WHEEL SUPPLEMENT
set the parking brake. Some three-wheel Cornering & Curves
motorcycles have reverse, so you can The cornering characteristics of a three-wheel
more easily maneuver into a parking space motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar differ
designed for an automobile. Parking parallel from those of a motorcycle. Even with three
to the curb will facilitate pulling away from wheels on the ground, a sidecar can tip over
the curb and entering the lanes of traffic. if it is being turned too sharply or is going
Acceleration and too fast for a corner. Therefore, it is best
to always slow before entering a corner.
Deceleration
A three-wheel motorcycle with two drive The best path to follow in the curve may
wheels tends to be much more stable during not be the one that follows the curve of the
acceleration and braking than a motorcycle road. Following the center of the lane may
with a sidecar. Attaching a sidecar to your actually increase the tip over forces. Check
motorcycle adds a non-powered, off-centered opposing traffic carefully, and if safe, enter
mass of weight. So, during acceleration, the the curve toward the outside of your lane.
sidecar will feel as though it is lagging behind This increases your line of sight through
you, causing the vehicle to feel as though it is the curve and reduces the effective radius
being steered to the right. During deceleration of the curve. As you turn, move toward
or braking, the momentum of the sidecar the inside of the curve, and as you pass
continues to carry it forward, giving the feeling the center, move to the outside to exit,
that the sidecar is trying to pass you, making the always remembering to stay in your lane.
motorcycle feel as though it is being steered left.
• On acceleration, compensate for
this tendency by steering slightly in the PATH THROUGH A CURVE
opposite direction from the sidecar.
• On deceleration, compensate for
this tendency by steering slightly in the
direction of the sidecar. You can also pull
in the clutch when braking.
Swerving
A quick stop may not always be sufficient to
avoid an obstacle in your path, even if you
properly apply both brakes. Sometimes the only
way to avoid a collision is to swerve. A swerve
is any sudden change of direction. It can be
two quick turns or a rapid shift to the side when
maneuvering the motorcycle. Often, there is
not much time to adjust your body position.
A three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle with
sidecar is not as maneuverable as a two-
wheel motorcycle, so plan well ahead to avoid
the need for any sudden turns or swerving.
If braking is required, brake either before or
after the swerve, never while swerving.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

56
CARRYING
PASSENGERS AND
CARGO
Three-wheel motorcycles are designed to
carry passengers and cargo, but always be
sure not to exceed the tire or motorcycle
loading capacity. The extra weight could
change the handling characteristics of the
vehicle slightly, so you must give some
thought to where the loads are positioned.
Many three-track motorcycles will have
built-in storage compartments for cargo,
either in front of, or behind the rider. On these
motorcycles, center the load and keep it low
in the storage areas so it is positioned within
the tip-over lines and balanced side-to-
side. If a passenger is being carried, the
passenger will sit directly behind the rider.
On a motorcycle with a sidecar, the best
place for a passenger is in the sidecar.
Never put a single passenger on the saddle;
the added weight on the tip-over-line will
increase the instability of the motorcycle.
While a second passenger can be carried
on the seat behind the rider, the heavier
passenger should always be in the sidecar.
The passenger sitting behind the
rider should sit upright at all times. It
is not necessary for the passenger
to lean into curves with the rider.
When carrying loads in a sidecar, secure
the load firmly in place, as handling will be
affected if the load shifts. Loads should be
distributed toward the rear of the sidecar
to reduce tipping of the nose of the sidecar
in the event of a sudden left turn.
When loaded, you may find performance
is reduced and that stopping distances are
longer, so allow a little extra distance. The
addition of a sidecar passenger will greatly
improve stability, and right hand turns can be
made at a slightly higher speed. Turning left,
however, will require more turning force.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 57

HAND SIGNALS

1. Single File 2. Double File

arm and index arm with index
finger extended and middle finger
straight up. extended straight
up.

3. Stop 4. Speed Up
arm arm extended
extended straight straight out,
down, palm palm facing up,
facing swing upward.
back.

5. Slow Down 6. Follow Me

arm extended arm extended
straight out, straight up
palm facing down, from shoulder,
swing down to palm forward.
your side.

7. Y
 ou Lead/Come
arm extended upward 45 degrees,
palm forward pointing with index
finger, swing in arc from back to front.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

58
 8. H
 azard in Roadway
on the left, point with left hand; on
the right, point with right foot.

9. Highbeam 10. Fuel

tap on top of helmet arm out to side pointing
with open palm to tank with finger
down. extended.

11. Comfort Stop 12. Refreshment

forearm extended, fist Stop
clenched with short fingers closed,
up and down motion. thumb to mouth.

13. Turn Signal On

open and close hand with fingers
and thumb extended.

14. P
 ull Off
arm positioned as for right turn,
forearm swung toward shoulder.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 59

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Q. W
 hat is “The Course for Motorcycle Q. What change was made affecting adults age
Riders?” 18 through 24?
A. The entry Level Course teaches the A. Adults 18 through 24 who do not hold a
mental and physical skills that new, or current driver license of any class must
inexperienced, riders need for safe and successfully complete an Adult Driver
enjoyable street riding. Both courses Education course.
are approved by TDLR and offered by
contracted sponsors participating in the Q. Who can become an instructor?
Texas Motorcycle Operator Program.
A. To find out about the next available
instructor training course, contact the
Q. W
 ho is required to take the course?
Motorcycle Safety Unit at education@
A. Everyone must complete a TDLR-approved [Link].
Motorcycle Operator Training Course to be
eligible to receive a motorcycle operator’s
license.

Q. W
 hen and where are the courses offered?
A. Course schedules vary both in days and
times offered. Courses are available in
more than 200 sites throughout the state.

Q. W
 hat change was made affecting minors
age 15 through 17?
A. Minors 15 through 17 are not eligible for a
road test waiver.

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual

60
MOTORCYCLES MAKES SENSE SO DOES
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

TDLR’s Motorcycle Operator Training Program was developed for all persons
wishing to develop and improve their riding skills.

Experts provide professional training to prepare a rider for “real world” traffic.

This valuable training program teaches and improves activities such as:
• Effective turning
• Braking maneuvers
• Obstacle avoidance
• Protective apparel selection
• Traffic strategies
• Maintenance

For more information on the Entry Level or Non-Entry level Motorcycle Operator
Training Course, contact the Education and Examination Division at:

TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF LICENSING AND REGULATION

EDUCATION AND EXAMINATION DIVISION

P.O. Box 12157

Austin, Texas 78711

[Link]
education@[Link]

Motorcycle Operator Training Manual 61

 O P E R AT O
LE R
C
RCY

PR
OGRAM
M O T O

TEX AS

Rev. 9/1/2020