HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF NURSING II.

Period of Apprentice Nursing/ Middle Ages/ Renaissance

- Care was done by crusaders, prisoners, religious orders.

 Period of Intuitive Nursing/ Medieval Period
 Period of Apprentice Nursing/ Middle Ages/ Renaissance
- Nursing care was preformed without any formal education and by
people who were directed by more experienced nurses (on the job
 Period of Educated Nursing/ Nightingale Era 19th-20th century/ Modern
training).
Nursing
 Period of Contemporary Nursing/ 20th Century - This kind of nursing was developed by religious orders of the Christian
Church.
- Nursing went down to the lowest level (Dark Period of Nursing 17th to
19th century).

I. Period of Intuitive Nursing/ Medieval Nursing  The wrath/ anger of Protestantism; confiscated properties of
hospitals and schools connected with Roman Catholicism.
- Nursing was “untaught” and instinctive. It was performed out of  Nurses fled their lives, soon there was shortage of people to
compassion for others, out of the wish to help others. care for the sick.
- Nursing was a function that belonged to women. It was viewed as a  Hundreds of hospitals closed, there was no provision for the
natural nurturing job for women. She is expected to take good care of sick, no one to care for the sick.
the children, the sick, and the aged.  Nursing became the work of the least desirable of women-
- No caregiving training is evident. It was based on experience and prostitutes, alcoholics, prisoners.
observation. - Pastor Theodore Fliedner and his wife, Frederika established the
- Primitive men believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the Kaiserswerth Institute for the training of Deaconesses (the 1st formal
victim’s body of evil spirits. training school for nurses) in Germany.
- This was where Florence Nightingale received her 3-month course of
 They believed that the medicine man, Shaman or witch doctor study in nursing.
had the power to heal by using white magic, hypnosis, charms,
dances, incantation, purgatives, massage, fire, water, and
herbs as a means of driving illness from the victim.

 Trephining- drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without

anesthesia. It was a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the
afflicted
III. Period of Educated Nursing/ Nightingale Era 19 th- 20th
century/ Modern Nursing
Facts about Florence Nightingale
- The development of nursing during this period was strongly influenced  Mother of modern nursing. Lady with the lamp because of her
by: achievements in improving the standards for the care of war
 Trends resulting from wars- Crimean, civil war casualties in the Crimean War.
 Arousal of social consciousness  Born May 12, 1800 in Florence, Italy
 Emancipation of women  Raised in England in an atmosphere of culture and affluence
 Not contented with the social custom imposed upon her as a
 Increased educational opportunities offered to women.
Victorian Lady, She developed her self- appointed goal: to
- Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert of the British change the profile of Nursing
War Department to female nurses to provide care for the sick and  She compiled notes of her visits to the hospitals and her
injured in Crimean War. observations of the sanitary facilities, social problems of the
- In 1860, The Nightingale Training School of Nurses opened at St. places she visited.
Thomas Hospital in London.  Noted the need for preventive medicine and good nursing
 Advocated for care for those afflicted with diseases caused by
 The school served as a model for other training schools. Its
lack of hygienic practices.
graduates traveled to other countries to manage hospitals and
 At age 31, she entered the Deaconesses School at
institute nurse-training programs.
Kaiserswerth inspite of her family’s resistance to her
ambitions. She became a nurse over the objections of society
and her family.
The Nightingale Training School of Nurses  Worked as a superintendent for Gentlewomen Hospital, a
charity hospital for ill governesses.
 Nightingale focus: vision of nursing was more on developing
 Disapproved the restrictions on admission of patients and
the profession within hospitals. Nurses should be taught in
considered this unchristian and incompatible with health care
hospitals associated with medical schools and that the
 Upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursing an
curriculum should include both theory and practice.
honorable profession for women.
 It was the 1st school of nursing that provided both theory-
 Led nurses that took care of the wounded during the Crimean
based knowledge and clinical skill building.
War
 Nursing evolved as an art and science
 Put down her ideas in 2 published books: “Notes on Nursing,
 Formal nursing education and nursing service begun
What It Is and What It Is Not” and “Notes on Hospitals”.
 She revolutionized the public’s perception of nursing (not the
image of a doctor’s handmaiden) and the method for
educating nurses.
IV. Period of Contemporary Nursing/ 20th Century

- Licensure of nurses started

- Specialization of hospital and diagnosis 1. Early Beliefs, Practices, and Care of the sick
- Training of nurses in diploma program
- Early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious beliefs and practices in
- Development of baccalaureate and advance degree programs
relation to health and sickness
- Scientific and technological development as well as social changes
- Diseases, their causes and treatment were associated with mysticism
marked this period.
and superstitions
 Health is perceived as a fundamental human right
- Cause of disease was caused by another person (an enemy or witch)
 Nursing involvement in community health or evil spirits
- Technological advances- disposable supplies and equipment - Persons suffering from diseases without any cause were believed to
- Expanded roles of nurses was developed be witched by a “mangkukulam”
- Difficult childbirth was attributed to “nonos”
- Evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel
 WHO was established by the United Nations demons
 Aerospace Nursing was developed - Beliefs in special gods of healing: priest-physician, witch doctors,
 Use of atomic energies for medical diagnosis, treatment herbolarios
 Computers were utilized for data collection, teaching, diagnosis,
inventory, payrolls, record keeping, billing.
 Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy 2. Early Hospitals during the Spanish Regime
- Religious orders exerted efforts to care for the sick by building
hospitals in different parts of the Philippines:
 1577- Hospital Real de Manila
HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES  1578- San Lorenzo Hospital
1. Early Beliefs, Practices, and Care of the sick  1586- Hospital de Indios
2. Early Hospitals during the Spanish Regime  1590- Hospital de Aguas Santas
3. Prominent personages involved during the Philippine Revolution  1596- San Juan de Dios Hospital
4. Hospitals & Schools of Nursing
5. Colleges of Nursing
 - April 1946- a board exam was held outside of Manila. It was held in
the Iloilo Mission Hospital thru the request of Ms. Loreto Tupas,
principal of the School.
- 1907- Mary Johnston Hospital School of Nursing
- 1910- Philippines General Hospital School of Nursing

3. Prominent persons involved during the Philippine Revolution

1. Josephine Bracken- wife of Jose Rizal; installed a field hospital in an 5. Colleges of Nursing
estate in Tejeros that provided nursing care to the wounded night and
day.
2. Rose Sevilla de Alvaro- converted their house into quarters for Filipino - UST College of Nursing- 1st College of Nursing in the Philippines:
Soldier during the Fil- American war in 1899. 1946
3. Hilaria de Aguinaldo- wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; organized the Filipino - MCU College of Nursing- June 1947 (1st College who offered BSN- 4
Red Cross. year program)
4. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)- Florence Nightingale of the
Philippines; Filipino soldiers & gave them shelter and food.
- UP College of Nursing- June 1948
5. Agueda Kahabagan- revolutionary leader in Laguna; provided nursing - FEU Institute of nursing- June 1955
services to her troops. - UE College of Nursing- Oct 1958
6. Trinidad Tecson (Ina ng Biak na Bato)- stayed in the hospital at Biac na
Bato to care for the wounded soldiers.
7. Gregorio de Jesus- rendered great service to the revolutionary cause by
nursing the sick/wounded soldiers and raising material relief for them.

Milestones of Nursing in the Philippines

4. Hospitals & Schools of Nursing  1909- 3 female graduated as “qualified medical- surgical nurses”
 1919- the 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the
- 1900- St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing, Intramuros Manila practice of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also
provided the holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd
- 1906- Iloilo Mission Hospital Training School of Nursing Monday of June and December of each year.
- 1909- distinction of graduating the 1st trained nurses in the Philippines  1920- 1st board examination for nurses was conducted by the
with no standard requirements for admission of applicants except their Board of Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with
“willingness to work” the highest rating of 93.5%- Anna Dahlgren
 Theoretical exam was held at the UP Amphitheater of the College
of Medicine and Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library.
  1922- (October 15, 1922) Filipino Nurses Association was Evolutionary process of nursing education:
established (now PNA) as the National Organization of Filipino  Began as simple teaching on how to carry basic nurturing
Nurses measures
 PNA first President- Rosario Delgado  Progressed to apprenticeships under physicians and nurses
 PNA Founder- Anastacia Giron- Tupas  Moved into hospitals were schools were established (on-the-
 1953- Republic Act 877, known as the “Nursing Practice Law” was job training)
approved.  Entered colleges and universities- formal education
 RA 7164- Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 programs leading to academic degrees.
 RA 9173- Philippine Nursing Act of 2002

SAN PEDRO COLLEGE

- Founded in 1956 by the Dominican Sisters of the Trinity from Quebec,
Canada.
- Began as a school of nursing of the San Pedro Hospital, the first
Catholic hospital in Mindanao, which the religious sisters have been
operating since their arrival in 1948
- San Pedro Hospital School of Nursing:
 Foundations laid by Sr. Pauline Guilmette, OP and Sr. Cecil
Denis, OP
 Acquisition of land was facilitated by Most Rev. Clovis
Thibaut, PME

EVOLUTION OF NURSING EDUCATION

- Florence Nightingale emphasized that the focus for preparing nurses
should be through nursing education, not nursing advice.

EVOLUTION OF NURING EDUCATION