1
Concept of Stress
Dr Atul JAIN
Mechanical Engineering Department
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Too much stress!
We are NOT discussing this stress!
2
3
Outline
Part I Introduction to – Normal and shear stress
Part II Practical examples – identification of
normal, shear and bearing stress
Part III Stress along oblique planes
Part IV Theoretical definition of stress, equality of
cross-shear, Factor of safety
Part V Sample problems
Part I Introduction to – Normal
and shear stress
4
5
Prior knowledge requirement
Before, learning about concepts of stress, you should have prior knowledge of
- Equilibrium of bodies
6
Story so far …..
We have discussed forces, equilibrium and how to calculate the forces in different
members
Flm = 2880 kN (T)
Flp = 1050 kN (C)
Fkp = 3933 kN (T)
It is not enough to calculate the reactions in individual members…
There must be more to it…
Intuitively, we know the structure out of wood and steel will not react similarly to
the same load
Or the cross sectional area should play a major role
7
Normal stresses
F= 1050 kN
Area = A
𝐹
Stress = N/m2 P
𝐴
• Unit is Pascal,
1 N/m2 = 1 Pa
1 N/mm2 = 1 MPa {Most commonly used unit}
• Denoted by Greek letter, sigma σ
• Normal stress can tensile or compressive depending on the nature of
force
8
Stress at a point
∆𝐹
𝜎 = lim
∆𝐴→0 ∆𝐴
• Stress across the section is usually not uniform
• Finding the stress distribution is usually
impossible (statically indeterminate)
• Average is taken
9
Problem 1
C A B
D=10 mm
P P
25 mm
C A B
A 10 mm thick steel plate shaped as shown is subjected to a
uniformly distributed tensile force P of 25 kN. The hole diameter
is 5 mm. Find the average stress at the sections AA, BB and
CC
A 10 mm thick steel plate shaped as shown is subjected to a uniformly
distributed tensile force P of 25 kN. The hole diameter is 5 mm. Find the
average stress at the sections AA, BB and CC
C A B
D=10 mm
P P
25 mm
Solution C A B
25 103
AA 1.25 108
Pa 125MPa
3
20 10 10 10 3
25 103
BB 1.0 108
Pa 100MPa
3
25 10 10 10 3
25 103
CC 1.25 108
Pa 125MPa
3
20 10 10 10 3
10
11
What about tangential forces?
𝐹
𝜎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝐴
The plate and the bolt suffer different kinds of
loads
𝜎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 =? ? ?
12
Shear stress
Bolt suffers from shear stress
Shear stress is denoted by Greek Letter, tau τ
Unit of shear and normal stress are the same
Shear stress is when the reaction force is parallel to the cross-sectional area
Area A’
𝐹
𝜏= ′
𝐴
13
Shear stress
𝑃
𝜏=
𝐴
14
Bearing stresses
The bolt exerts on plate A a force P
equal and opposite to the force F
exerted by the plate on the bolt
𝑃
𝜎𝑏 = 𝐴; A = dt
Bearing stress can be imagined as special
case of compressive stress
15
Bearing Stress
Bearing Stress is not
necessarily due to pins only
In this example, the wooden
block also leads to bearing
stress on the concrete floor
40,000
𝜎𝑏 = MPa
120×100
1
Part II practical examples –
identification of normal, shear and
bearing stress
2
Shear or normal stress ?
Normal
We will discuss this problem more later in Shear
video 5 of this topic
3
Shear or normal stress?
P Normal
bt
P
Shear
πd2/4 Bearing stress
dt
4
Shear or normal stress?
Normal
Shear
5
Practical example
Q: Find the stresses in the
different members?
Consider the simple truss
You already know how to
calculate the forces in
member AB and BC
Fab = 40 kN (Compressive)
Fbc = 50 kN (Tensile)
6
7
Member BC
Cross-sectional Area, A = πr2 , r = 10mm
Load is 50kN
50,000
𝜎= =159 MPa
𝜋𝑟 2
Keep in mind, the area of member BC is not constant and the above
value is only an average estimate, higher stresses will be present
where cross section is smaller
8
Member AB
Cross-sectional Area, A = hb, h = 50mm, b = 30mm
Load is 40kN
−40,000
𝜎= =26.7 MPa
50×30
9
Pins
𝑃 50,000
𝜏= = = 102MPa
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋12.52
10
Pins
𝑃
𝜏= ; P = 40000/2
𝜋𝑟 2
𝑃
𝜏= = 40.7 MPa
𝜋𝑟 2
Notice that the section
of pin is subjected to
double shear
11
Pin B
Pin at B is the most complicated
5 different loads can be identified
Load at section GH is the highest = 25kN
𝑃𝐺𝐻 25000
𝜏= = = 50.9 MPa
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋12.52
12
Single and double shear
Single shear Double shear
Single and double shear are not limited to pins alone, above is schematic
representation to test single and double shear test
1
Part III Stress along oblique planes
2
Stress along oblique planes
Stress is P/A
What if the plane is neither perpendicular nor parallel to the applied force?
3
Stress in oblique plane
𝐹 = 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑉 = 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐴
𝐴𝜃 = 𝐹 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜎= =
𝐴𝜃 𝐴
𝑉 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜏= =
𝐴𝜃 𝐴
Stress depends on direction of force and also
direction of the cross section
Stress is a second order tensor!
4
Stress at 45° plane
𝐹 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝜎= =
𝐴𝜃 𝐴
𝑉 𝑃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜏= =
𝐴𝜃 𝐴
5
Problem
Two wooden members of 75 × 125 mm uniform
rectangular cross section are joined by the simple scarf
splice shown. Knowing that the maximum allowable
tensile stress in the glued splice is 500 kPa, determine (a)
the largest load P which can be safely supported, (b) the
corresponding shearing stress in the splice.
60°
P = 6.25 kN
τ = 289 kPa
6
Contd.
60°
1
Part IV Theoretical definition of
stress, equality of cross-shear, factor
of safety
2
Concept of stress
Let us consider a body subject
to external loads
Section the body, where
stresses are to be determined
3
Force resolution
4
Stress definition
Q: Which
Notational & Sign Conventions component of
stress???
Ans: τyx
5
Stress tensor
“Stress cube”
6
Stress identification
σxx
τxz τzy
7
Equality of cross-shear
τyx
τxy
a
y
Applying moment equation about the center (A = cross-
sectional area)
2𝜏𝑦𝑥 × Δ𝐴 = 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 × Δ𝐴
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦
8
Factor of safety
Every material has some maximum stress after which it will fail (usually denoted
by Ultimate stress)
Under normal conditions, the maximum stress a material will encounter is
significantly lower than the Ultimate stress.
The maximum stress a material will encounter is denoted by allowable stress
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Factor of safety (FOS) =
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Factor of safety is incorporated to account for various uncertainties during real
life application
9
Factor of safety considerations
Factor of safety considerations:
•uncertainty in material properties
•uncertainty of loadings
•uncertainty of analyses
•number of loading cycles
•types of failure
•maintenance requirements and deterioration effects
•importance of member to integrity of whole structure
•risk to life and property
•influence on machine function
1
Part V Sample problems
2
Problem 1
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing that 1
d1 = 50 mm and d2 = 30 mm, find the average normal stress at the midsection of (a) rod AB, (b) rod
BC.
3
Cross-section area of part BC is π×152 = 706.858mm2
The force acting on BC is 30000 N
The axial stress on BC is therefore 30000/706.858 = 42.44 N/mm2 (or
MPa)
Cross-section area of part AB is π×252 = 1963.495mm2
The force acting on AB is 30000 + 40000 N
The axial stress on AB is therefore 70000/1963.495 = 35.65 N/mm2 (or
MPa)
4
Problem 2a
When the force P reached 8 kN, the wooden
specimen shown failed in shear along the surface
indicated by the dashed line. Determine the
average shearing stress along that surface at the
time of failure.
Relevant area for shear is shown by dotted line =
15×90 mm2
The average shear stress = 8000/(15×90) = 5.925
MPa
5
Problem 2b
The shear and tensile strength of wood is 50 and 75 MPa respectively and the
strength of steel is 200 and 125 MPa for tensile and shear respectively. Determine
the factor of safety, if the maximum expected load (P) is 50 kN
6
There are 4 possibilities
- Wooden part can fail due to normal stress
- Wooden part can fail due to shear stress
- Steel part can fail due to normal stress
- Steel part can fail due to shear stress
7
Normal stress in wooden part: P/(45×15) = 74.07 MPa
Shear stress in wooden part: P/(90×15) = 37.04 MPa
8
Normal stress in Steel part: P/(30×15) = 111.11 MPa
Shear stress in wooden part: P/(40×15) = 83.33 MPa
9
Factor of safety calculations
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Factor of safety (FOS) =
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Normal stress in wooden part: = 74.07 MPa; 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠= 75 MPa FOS =
75/74.07 = 1.012
Shear stress in wooden part: = 37.04 MPa; 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠= 50 MPa FOS = 1.349
Normal stress in Steel part: = 111.11 MPa; ultimate 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠= 200 MPa FOS = 1.800
Shear stress in wooden part: = 83.33 MPa; 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠= 125 MPa FOS = 1.50
Factor of safety is minimum of the 4 FOS and is equal to 1.012
10
Problem 3
The tensile and shear strength of single sheet of paper is 1 MPa and 0.45 MPa respectively. Thickness
of paper is 0.5 mm. Max applied load is 50N; diameter of puncher is 6mm, how many sheets
maximum can be punched at once?
Puncher
Paper
11
Contd.
In a puncher, the hole is punched due to shear.
The relevant area is 2πdt
For n sheets, the area is 2nπdt
d
τ = 50/2nπdt Puncher
t Paper
0.45 = 50/(2nπ6×0.5)
n = 5.89
Number of sheets is whole number = 5
12
Problem 4
In the steel structure shown, a 6-mmdiameter
pin is used at C and 10-mm diameter pins are
used at B and D. The ultimate shearing stress is
150 MPa at all connections, and the ultimate
normal stress is 400 MPa in link BD. Knowing
that a factor of safety of 3.0 is desired,
determine the largest load P that can be
applied at A. Note that link BD is not reinforced
around the pin holes.
13
We try to calculate the reactions in different members as a function of unknown P 120 mm
160mm
Next let us try to calculate the maximum reaction forces in terms of the maximum allowed stress
Tension in Link BD
Shear in pin at BD
We take the lower value of FBD = 3.927 kN P = 1.683kN
14
Shear at Pin C
Notice that the pin is a double pin shear
The bar BD will fail if P = 2.742 kN
The pin at B will fail if P = 1.683 kN
The pin at C will fail if P = 2.12 kN
The maximum allowed value of P is minimum of the three values = 1.683 kN
15
Problem 5
σAB = 60,000/500 N/mm2
= 120 MPa
What about deformation?
To be covered in the next topic
