The Poultry Industry

Popularity of Poultry Raising

⮚Fast multipliers
⮚Quick growers
⮚Relatively more efficient converters of feed to meat and eggs
⮚Source of eggs and meat
⮚Among the various species of poultry, chicken is the most popular
⮚Followed by the ducks- muscovy and mallard

.
 Poultry consumption.
• Filipinos eat on average of 12.8 kg of poultry/year
Poultry consumption
• Filipinos eat on average of 12.8 kg of poultry/person/year
Varied recipes to meet the demans of the
consumers
Can the shape of the egg determine the sex of the chicks
when hatched?
• What is the ideal shape of an egg?
• Are brown-shelled eggs more nutritious than white-shelled eggs?
• Are there eggs without yolks?
• Are double yolk eggs good for hatching? Why are there double-yolk
eggs?
• Why can birds fly?
• These are some of the questions we will find answers to in the course
of studying the course. Any ideas from anyone?
Which came first? Chicken or Egg?
(The mooat common question)
Chicken Behaviour
Cackle or sing, to communicate
Sand or dust bath to dispose insects from the body
Scratching on the ground, for food and leisure
Brood or sitting on eggs to hatch them
Preening or grooming from the oil gland
Chickens perch or roost
Pecking order or the fight for dominance
Feather plucking
Why chickens leave the nest:
• When the hen leaves the nest after laying, the egg cools which
suspends the development of the embryo inside;
• If the ambient temperature remains between 45oF and 65oF, the
embryo will remain viable for as long as two weeks;
• When the hen sits on the egg for 3 weeks, all of the eggs will hatch at
the same time, hence the importance ot the hen leaving the nest
after laying.
The story behind the hen’s cackle:
• Wild chickens are forest animals.
• They live in small groups called flocks.
• The scratch in the dirt to forage for things.
• While one hen sits on the nest to lay, the group may
wander away through the undergrowth searching for
feed.
• The hen’s cackle serves to renew contact with the
flock.
Pecking order
• Can be exhibited in different ways:
• 1. Excluding each other from feed or the nest
• 2. pecking the back of another chicken or even jumping
on their back and pushing to the ground
This also happens when new chickens are introduced to
the flock.
If you will introduce new chickens, keep them apart
between dawn and dusk.
When he chickens are roosting at dusk, they are
more docile, so the new arrivals can be added
Remove them at down to a separate pen, Put the feeders
near each other in the two pens
Pecking order…
• Normally the fighting will be between the new chickens and the ones
at the bottom of the pecking order.
• - presents a challenge
• - more challenges as they mature\- Health may be a factor
How does the chick get out?

• Baby birds and reptiles have a special tool

to help them break out of their eggs. It is
called an egg tooth. The egg tooth is a
small, pointed projection on the top of the
beak, near the very tip. It is made of the
same hard material as the beak.
How does the chick get out?
• When the bird is ready to hatch, the egg
tooth is like a little can opener. The chicks
will pip the shell (make a little hole), and
chip away at the shell as it moves around
the shell.
Interesting Facts
• The Earlobe color can tell you what color egg the chicken will lay.
• If the chicken has a white earlobe, it will lay a white-shelled egg.
• If it has a red earlobe, it will lay a brown-shelled egg
Development and Prospects
✔Continuous increase in human population
✔Rising demand for poultry and eggs
✔Caused the backyard growers to expand production,
raising not only for household consumption but
expanding - an opportunity for business and
livelihood
✔Introduction of foreign breeds - growth in
commercial farms
Contract Growers - Integrators or companies
which vertically integrated their operations
Ducks - are given commercial feeds
✔Can be grown away from lakes or bodies of water
✔High demand for embryonated eggs and other egg
products
✔Ability of the mallard ducks to produce good quality
eggs
⮚Bright prospects for the duck industry
Current Problems
of the Poultry Industry
1. High cost of production in relation to selling price that
most consumers can afford
2. High cost and unstable supply of good quality inputs
3. Marketing system - efficiency of
marketing system
- lack of market information
- unstable prices
- poor grading standard for eggs
Problems…
4. Diseases
5. Climate - el Nino, too hot weather resulting to poor growth or
efficiency
6. Insufficient financing
7. Lack of government price support for poultry products
Species of Poultry
Common Name Scientific Name Egg Incubation
Weight (g) Period (d)
1. Chickens Gallus gallus Linn. 58 21
2. Ducks
Mallard Pekin (meat) Anas platyrhyncos 80-83 28
Mallard (egg) Anas platyrhyncos (itik) 60 28
Muscovy Cairina moschata (bibi) 70 35-37
3. Turkey Meleagris gallopavo 85 28
4. Quail Coturnix coturnix japonica 12 16-18
5. Pigeon Columba livia 17 18
Poultry Species…
Common Name Scientific Name Egg Weight (g) Incubation
Period (d)
6. Geese Cygnopsis cygnoides 200 30-31
7. Swan Olor columbianus 285 35
8. Ostrich Struthio australis 1400 42
9. Peafowl Pavo cristatus 95 28
10. Pheasant Phasianus colchicus 32 23-24
11. Guinea Fowl Numida meleagris 40 28
Origin of the Chicken
Believed that the present chicken descended from a
common origin:
✔ Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus), a native of
Southeast Asia
Three other species that have contributed to the
chicken we have today:
✔ Gray Jungle fowl - Gallus sonerati
✔ Ceylonese Jungle Fowl - Gallus lafayetti
✔ Javan Jungle fowl - Gallus varius
Development of Modern Breeds
Hen of the wild jungle fowl
✔ 0.9 kg in weight
✔ lays 80-90 eggs per year
Modern hen
✔ 1.5 – 2 kg at six weeks of age
✔ lays as much as 320 eggs per year
What brought about the change?
1. Genetic mutation - change in the genetic make-up of certain
individuals, also affected by the environment.
- Transmitted from generation to generation
- Modified from time to time, as more factors and more
individuals interact with each other
2. Selection
a. Natural selection (survival of the fittest
- climatic differences
- differences in nutrition
b. Artificial selection - the interference of man in
achieving certain goals and personal ideals
- for meat
- for eggs
- for fighting cocks
- for fancy feathers
Classification of Breeds and Varieties of Chickens

Breed - a group of chickens (fowls) possessing certain conformation or

shape of the body that distinguish them from other chickens.

Variety - a group of chickens within a breed which possesses the same

plumage color and type of comb.
Example:
Breed Variety

Leghorn White, Single Comb

Brown, Rose Comb
Plymouth Rock White, Barred
3. Strain - a group of chickens
within a variety of a breed which
has been under constant specific
selection for certain traits by a
specified breeder for periods of
about 5-8 years.
4. Strain Crosses
5. Line Crosses or Family Lines
Classification of Breeds by its Utility:

1. Egg class - characterized by:

⮚ comparatively small size
⮚ lay white-shelled eggs
⮚ very active and nervous in
temperament
⮚ non-sitters
examples: Leghorn Anconas
Minorca Mikawa
2. Meat class - large
- slow in movement
- quiet and gentle in disposition
- poorer egg layers
- generally lay brown-shelled eggs
Examples:
Brahmas Cochin
Langshans Cornish
White Rocks
3. General Purpose Class
- medium-sized
- good layers
- young are fast growers
- not as nervous as the egg class
but not much active as the meat
class
Examples:
New Hampshire Rhode Island Red
Plymouth Rock Lancaster Nagoya
Cantonese
4. Fancy class

- beauty of plumage or form

- or rare unusual appearance
- raised chiefly as ornamentals,
pets by hobbyists, regardless
of their value as food
Examples: FrizzleBantams
Long Tailed
5. Fighting Class

- Ruble, Hulsay, Claret, Oasis

Texas
B. Identify common breeds of chickens

White Leghorn Rhode Island Red

Barred Rock Araucana

 Some fun breeds…

Silkies

Polish Crested
Cochins Varieties
C. Compare and contrast broiler and layer chickens

Broilers: For Meat

-Broiler chickens are
raised primarily for their
meat.
-Chickens can be ready to
harvest around 6 weeks of
age

Layers: For eggs

-Hens begin laying eggs
around 4 months of age
-A good hen lays 1 egg a
day
Standard Classification- according
to geographical origin
1. American Class
- Plymouth Rock Wyandottes
- Rhode Island Red New Hampshire
- Lancaster
2. Asiatic Class
- Brahmas Cochin
- Langshan Cantonese
- Nagoya
3. Mediterranean Class
- most are egg type breeds
- produce large white-shelled eggs
- Leghorn Minorcas
Anconas
4. English Class
- Dorkins Australorps
- Cornish Orpington
Specialized Fields of Poultry
1. Breeding Farm
2. Egg Farm
3. Broiler Farm

Spin-off Industries
1. Feed milling Industry
2. Medicine, feed supplement and biological
preparations
3. Farm equipment manufacturing
4. Poultry and egg processing, storage and distribution
1. Breeding Farm
✔A system of researching or discovering the best combination of genes
of parent stocks that will be the source of commercial chicks for the
poultry producer.
✔Long range programs - many long studies by geneticists
✔Philippines - multipliers farms or franchised breeder farms from
international breeders
Breeder Farms…

- grandparents or parents stock flocks,

a hatchery and a distribution system
for selling chicks
2. Egg Farm
Two phases of operation:
✔ raising pullets - rearing period
✔ keeping of layers - laying period

⮚All female egg-type chicks are obtained from a reputable hatchery

⮚No males are necessary in the flock
⮚Main product is the table egg
⮚One year laying period
3. Broiler Farm
⮚Growing of meat-type chickens, broiler chicks
⮚Known for fast-growth, meaty conformation and good feed
conversion
⮚28 days - 45 days
⮚Both male and female chicks are grown
⮚Males grow faster than females
⮚A raiser depends on the supply of chicks from a franchised hatchery
of a breeder farm