The document discusses image quality indicators used to evaluate radiographic quality. It describes wire and plate type indicators including ASTM and ASME standards. Key details include wire diameters and hole sizes for different plate thicknesses. Guidelines are provided for selecting the appropriate indicator based on material thickness.
The document discusses image quality indicators used to evaluate radiographic quality. It describes wire and plate type indicators including ASTM and ASME standards. Key details include wire diameters and hole sizes for different plate thicknesses. Guidelines are provided for selecting the appropriate indicator based on material thickness.
The document discusses image quality indicators used to evaluate radiographic quality. It describes wire and plate type indicators including ASTM and ASME standards. Key details include wire diameters and hole sizes for different plate thicknesses. Guidelines are provided for selecting the appropriate indicator based on material thickness.
The document discusses image quality indicators used to evaluate radiographic quality. It describes wire and plate type indicators including ASTM and ASME standards. Key details include wire diameters and hole sizes for different plate thicknesses. Guidelines are provided for selecting the appropriate indicator based on material thickness.
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7. IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of Sections 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, the trainee will be able to:
a) Distinguish between various types of image quality indicators in accordance with
standards and position them correctly in accordance with the test conditions; 7-2
7. IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS
7.1 EVALUATION OF RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY
The quality of a radiograph is indicated (evaluated) by the use of a device called image quality indicator (IQI). The two most widely used methods in determining the quality are:
i) To specify sensitivity in terms of the ability to detect a wire of the same material as the specimen examined, when the wire is laid on the surface of the specimen remote from the central beam. The diameter of the thinnest detectable wire is used as a measure of sensitivity. In this type of IQI the radiographic sensitivity is usually determined by the formula:
Diameter of the thinnest clearly visible wire
% Sensitivity = x 100 Specimen thickness
ii) To use series of drilled holes in a plate of the same material as the specimen, which is laid on the top surface specimen, and to specify sensitivity in terms of the smallest hole which can be detected on the radiograph.
7.2 TYPES OF IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQI)
There are various types of IQIs, which are in use. Among them the most commonly used types are described below.
7.2.1 ASTM (ASME) Wire Type IQI
ASME Code specifies wire type IQI according to the design of ASTM E-747. Figure 7.1 illustrates the design of this type of IQI, Table 7.1 gives the wire diameters.
Figure 7.1: Design of ASTM (ASME) wire type IQI
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7.2.1.1 Selection of ASTM (ASME) wire type image quality indicators
Table 7.2 gives the selection criterion of ASTM (ASME) wire type image quality indicators.
Table 7.1 WIRE IQI DESIGNATION, WIRE DIAMETER,
AND WIRE IDENTITY
Set A Set B Wire Wire Wire Wire Diameter, in. (mm) Identity Diameter, in. (mm) Identity 0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6 0.004 (0.10) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7 0.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.41) 8 0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9 0.008 (0.20) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10 0.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11
Set C Set D Wire Wire Wire Wire Diameter, in. (mm) Identity Diameter, in. (mm) Identity 0.032 (0.81) 11 0.100 (2.54) 16 0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.20) 17 0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 18 0.063 (1.60) 14 0.200 (5.08) 19 0.080 (2.03) 15 0.250 (6.35) 20 0.100 (2.54) 16 0.320 (8.13) 21
Over 0.25 through 0.375(6.4 through 9.5) 15 2T 6 12 2T 5 Over 0.375 through 0.50 (9.5 through 12.7) 17 2T 7 15 2T 6 Over 0.50 through 0.75 (12.7 through 19.0) 20 2T 8 17 2T 7 Over 0.75 through 1.00 (19.0 through 25.4) 25 2T 9 20 2T 8 Over 1.00 through 1.50 (25.4 through 38.1) 30 2T 10 25 2T 9 Over 1.50 through 2.00 (38.1 through 50.8) 35 2T 11 30 2T 10 Over 2.00 through 2.50 (50.8 through 63.5) 40 2T 12 35 2T 11 Over 2.50 through 4.00 (63.5 through 101.6) 50 2T 13 40 2T 12 Over 4.00 through 6.00 (101.6 through 152.4) 60 2T 14 50 2T 13 Over 6.00 through 8.00 (152.4 through 203.2) 80 2T 16 60 2T 14 Over 8.00 through 10.00 (203.2 through 254.0) 100 2T 17 80 2T 16 Over 10.00 through 12.00 (254.0 through 304.8) 120 2T 18 100 2T 17 Over 12.00 through 16.00 (304.8 through 406.4) 160 2T 20 120 2T 18 Over 16.00 through 20.00 (406.4 through 508.0) 200 2T 21 160 2T 20 7-4
7.2.2. ASTM/ASME Plate Type Image Quality Indicators
In general, a different pattern of image quality indicators is used in the USA and these are usually called penetrameters. There are several minor variations of the same basic type. The best known is the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) design, which consists of a uniform thickness plate containing three drilled holes and identification letters. If the plate thickness is T, the hole diameters are T, 2T, and 4T, with an overriding limit that the minimum hole diameters are 0.010" (0.25mm), 0.020" (0.51mm) and 0.040" (1.016mm) respectively. The plate must be of the same material as the specimen.
The dimension of ASTM penetrameter is shown in Figure 7.2. The same penetrameter is accepted also by ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
7.2.2.1 Identification of ASTM/ASME plate type penetrameter
The rectangular penetrameter shall be identified with a number made of lead, which is attached to the penetrameter. The number shall indicate the thickness of the penetrameter in thousandth of an inch. The penetrameter designation, thickness and hole diameters are given in Table 7.3.
A notch system (Figure 7.3) is also used to identify the ASTM grade of the IQI. For example, image quality indicators of Figure 7.2 (with no notch) would be grade 1 image quality indicators for test specimen materials in-group 1.
Table 7.3 HOLE-TYPE IQI DESIGNATION, THICKNESS, AND HOLE DIAMETERS
Figure 7.2: Design of ASTM/ASME penetrameter (image quality indicators)
Figure 7.3: Identification system of ASTM (ASME) image quality indicators
material composition grade
7.2.2.2 Criterion for assessment of radiographic quality
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Radiographic sensitivity is specified in terms of quality levels. Three quality levels of
inspection 2-1T, 2-2T and 2-4T are available through the design and application of the penetrameters.
The first number of the quality level designation refers to penetrameter thickness expressed as percentage of specimen thickness. The second number refers to the diameter of the penetrameter hole, expressed as a multiple of penetrameter thickness, which must be clearly visible.
7.2.2.3 Selection of plate type IQI according to ASME code.
Table 7.2 is the ASME code criterion, which facilitates the selection of plate type IQI and the required quality level for a particular job.
7.3 PLACEMENT OF IQI
In using the IQI the following points should be kept in mind:
a) The material of the IQI should be the same as that of the specimen.
b) Whenever possible, the IQI should be placed on the source side of the specimen (Figure 7.4 a and b).
c) If it is impractical to place the IQI on the specimen it may be placed instead on a
separate block of the same material provided that the block is of the same thickness as that of the specimen (Figure 7.5).
d) In the case of wire type IQI the thinnest wire should be the farthest from the beam axis.
Figure 7.4: Placement of IQI
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Figure 7.5: Placement of IQI on a separate block
e) In weld radiography, the ASTM hole type penetrameter should be placed alongside the weld at about 3-mm from the edge of the weld. But wire type IQI should be placed such that the wires lie across the weld length and the thinnest wire is furthest from the beam axis (Figure 7.6).
Figure 7.6: Position of IQI on weld
For hole type penetrameter, it is usual to place the penetrameter on a shim to equalise with the thickness of the weld (Figure 7.7).
Figure 7.7: The use of shim
f) In the radiography of multi-thickness castings, more than one IQI should be used to correspond with parts of different thicknesses in the casting. Usually one IQI is placed on the thickest section and another IQI is placed on the thinnest section to demonstrate whether or not the technique has produced the necessary latitude to provide adequate sensitivity in all sections of the specimen.
