DATE: ______________ DAY: ____________________ CHAPTER 8: RADIOACTIVITY

SCIENCE FORM 3
2020
(NOTES, PBD, EXERCISE)
NAME:
CLASS:
TEACHER: PN. NOOR SHALIZA BINTI MOHD SHAHAR

CHAPTER : 8 RADIOACTIVITY

CONTENT CONTENT DATE TEACHER’

STANDARD S SIGN
8.1 Discovery of Radioactivity
8 8.2 Atom and Nucleus
8.3 Ionising Radiation and Non-
RADIOACTIVITY
ionising Radiation
8.4 Uses of Radioactive Radiation

NOTES

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8.1 DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY

History of Radioactivity

1. In 1895, ___________________________________, a German physicist, discovered ____________________.

2. In 1896, _______________________________________, a French physicist, became the first person to successfully
discover _________________
3. At the end of 1897, ______________________________________, a married couple from Poland, successfully
detected _______________________________________ through its ionising power and not through the
photographic effect.

Radioactivity

1. Radioactivity is ____________________________ and ___________________________________process of an

___________________________________ by emitting __________________________________________.
2. Radioactive radiation consists of:
- ___________________________________
- ___________________________________
- ___________________________________

3. Radioactive decay is a ______________ and ___________________ process where an

______________________________ emits _____________________________ until the nucleus becomes
_____________________________.
4. Examples of radioactive elements that have unstable nuclei and decay spontaneously by emitting radioactive
radiation are as follows:

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Units of Radioactivity

1. The first unit of radioactivity introduced was __________________________.

2. The rate of __________________________________________ (or activity in nuclei decay) is measured in curie.
3. One curie is 3.7 × 1010 decays per second, that is: _____________________________________________________
4. The S.I. unit of radioactivity is _______________________________.
5. 1 becquerel (Bq) is 1 decay per second, that is: _______________________________________________________

Half-life of Radioactive Decay

1. Half-life, T1/2 is the _______________________ for the _______________________________________ to be

_________________________________ of its original number (value).
2. The graphic description of the situation when the number of undecayed nuclei decreases with time.

Example of half -life calculation

1. Protactinium-234(Pa-234) decays to Uranium-234(U-234) with half-life, T1/2 of 5.2 hour. Calculate the mass of
Pa-234 after 20.8 hours with its original mass of 80 g.

2. (a) Calculate the number of half lives it would take for 100 grams of Radium-223 to decay into 3.125 grams of
Radon-219.

(b) How long would it take for 100 grams of Radium-223 to decay into 3.125 grams of Radon-219 if the half life of
Radium-223 is 11 days?
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3. A graph of activity against time for radioactive substance P is shown in Figure 8.4.

Based on the graph, what is the half-life of P?

4. The activity of radioactive substance Q against time is shown in Table 8.1.

(a) Draw a graph of activity against time on a piece of graph paper.

(b) Based on the graph, what is the half-life of Q?

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CONTENT STANDARD: 8.1 DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY

pbd
PBD CONTENT STANDARD .1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CONTENT STANDARD : 2.1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Name the scientist in the history of radioactivity discovery. PL1

Scientist Contribution
A German physicist who discovered X-ray accidentally and took X-ray
photographs of his wife’s hand
A French physicist who discovered radioactivity and uranium which radiates
rays that blacken the photographic plate even in dark conditions
Spouses (Poland) detected radioactive emissions through their ionising
powers and extracted the polonium and radium (radioactive) from the uranium
ore.

2. The diagram below shows a hazardous symbol that is usually labelled on elements with an unstable nucleus.

PL1

Name the elements :

______________________________________________________

3. Tick ( ✓ ) the radioactive elements or substances. PL1

4. (a) State the process occurred on radioactive elements and the types of radioactive radiation. PL1

Alpha Gamma Decay Beta

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(b) The radioactive ______________ is a random and spontaneous process, in which an unstable nucleus
__________________ radioactive radiation until the nucleus becomes more stable.

(c) Complete these following radioactive decay process. PL1

(i) Uranium-238

(ii) Thorium-234

(iii) Cobalt-60

5. The spontaneous decaying process of an unstable nucleus by radiating radioactive radiation.

PL1
Based on the above statement, tick ( ✓ ) the process.

( ) Radioactivity ( ) Nucleus fission ( ) Ionisation

6. W h a t i s t h e f i r s t
the rate of the decay of unstable nuclei? PL1

PL1

___________________________________________________

7. What is the S.I. unit and its symbol for radioactivity? PL1
____________________________________________

8. The table below shows the time and activity of a radioactive substance

(a) State the time taken for the number of undecayed nuclei reduced to half of its original value.
________________________________________________________
.

(b) Based on the data given in the above table, draw the graph of activity against time for the radioactive substance, in the
above diagram. PL2

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(c) What is the original activity of this radioactive substance?
_________________________________________ PL2

(d) What is the activity of the half-life of this radioactive substance?

_________________________________________ PL2

(e) Draw on the above graph to show how you can determine the half-life of this radioactive substance.

Half life =
PL2
_________________

9. The half-life of Radon-222, T1/2 is 3.8 days. Calculate the mass of Rn-222 after 15.2 days with its original mass of
120g.

NOTES

8.2 ATOM AND NUCLEUS

1. Atoms originate from the word ‘atomos’ which means __________________________________________

2. In 1808, __________________________________, introduced a theory on the structure of atom.
3. According to Dalton’s Atomic Theory, an atom is the __________________________________ and
cannot be further divided.
4. However, the development of science has succeeded in finding particles that are even smaller called
________________, electrons and ____________________.

Structure of Atom

When the number of ______________ in an atom is the ________________ as the number of its
____________________, the atom is ________________.

Formation of Positive Ions and Negative Ions

When an atom ________________________________________, the atom becomes a charged particle known as
________.

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Positive Ion (Cation)
An atom that _________________________________ forms a __________________ ion (cation).

Example: Formation of sodium ion, Na+

Subatomic Number Charge Subatomic Number Charge

particle particle
neutron, n neutron, n

proton, p proton, p

electron, e electron, e

The charge on sodium atom, Na The charge on sodium atom,

Na
Sodium atom, Na Sodium ion, Na+

Negative Ion (Anion)

An atom that _________________________________ forms a __________________ ion (cation).

Example: Formation of chloride ion, Cl-

Subatomic Number Charge Subatomic Number Charge

particle particle
neutron, n neutron, n

proton, p proton, p

electron, e electron, e

The charge on chlorine atom, Cl The charge on sodium atom,

Na
Chlorine atom, Cl Chloride ion, Cl-

Try this!

Elements Neutral atom Gain/lose electron Ion Charge

Fluorine, F 9 proton ______ proton

9 electron Gains 1 electron ______ electron

Calcium , Ca 20 proton ______ proton

20 electron Loses 2 electrons ______ electron

Oxygen, O 8 proton ______ proton

8 electron Gains 2 electrons ______ electron

Potassium, K 19 proton ______ proton

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19 electron Loses 1 electron ______ electron

Nitrogen, N 7 proton ______ proton

7 electron Gains 3 electrons ______ electron

Aluminium, Al 13 proton ______ proton

13 electron Loses 3 electron ______ electron

Thorium. Th 90 proton ______ proton

90 electron Loses 4 electron ______ electron

Uranium, U 92 proton ______ proton

92 electron Loses 6 electron ______ electron

CONTENT STANDARD: 8.2 ATOM AND NUCLEUS

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PBD CONTENT STANDARD .1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CONTENT STANDARD : 2.1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. a) The diagram below shows the structure of a neutral atom in stable condition. Recall the knowledge
about the atomic structure in Form 1. PL1

(b) When the number of protons in atom is the same as the number of the electrons, the atom is ________

2. Complete the spaces about the formation of positively charged ion (cation). PL2

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3. Complete the spaces about the formation of negatively charged ion (anion).
PL2

NOTES

8.3 IONISING RADIATION AND NON-IONISING RADIATION

Ionising Radiation and Non-ionising Radiation

1.When a radiation such as __________________________________passes through air and produces
______________________________ it is known as ____________________________

2. Examples of ionising radiation and non ionising radiation are:

Ionising radiation Non ionising radiation

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Types of Ionising Radiation

Three types of radioactive radiation which are ionising radiation are
_______________________________________
Type of radioactive radiation Alpha radiation, α Beta radiation, β Gamma ray, γ

Natural characteristic

Charge of particle

Ionising power

Penetration power  __________________  __________________  __________________

 Can be blocked by a  Can be blocked by a 3  Can be blocked by a 10
sheet of ____________ mm thick mm thick
___________ ____________

Deflection by electric field  Deflected towards the  Deflected towards the  __________ deflected
______________ plate __________________ because gamma ray
because alpha is __ plate because beta has __________
____________ charged is ____________ charge
charged
Deflection by magnetic field  Deflected ___________  Deflected  ______ deflected
___________ (straight)

Sources of Ionising Radiation in the Environment

1.In the environment, sources of ionising radiation are classified as ________________________________ and
_________________________________________________
2. Complete this chart that shows classification of sources of ionising radiation in the environment

Sources of ionising radiation in the environment

Natural Man made

Examples: Examples:

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3. What are cosmic rays?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

4. What is background radiation?

______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________

Unit of Dose Rate Measurement for Background Radiation

1. Ionising radiation that is absorbed into the human body will ____________________________________.
2. Due to this, the biological effect from ionising radiation on human body is measured in a quantity known
as ___________________.
3. A dose of 1 Sv is equivalent to _________________ of ionising radiation energy that is absorbed by
___________________of living tissue.
4. The unit of background radiation dose that is commonly used is
_______________________________________

Safe Background Radiation Dose in Daily Life

1. Background radiation or ionising radiation dose of _____________________ is the normal level or safe
level.
2. Safe level of background radiation dose is:
 ___________________________________
 ___________________________________
 ___________________________________
 ___________________________________

3. The estimation of dose rate of ionising radiation from various sources in daily life are shown in table
below. Complete the table and tick (/) the sources that are safe for an individual and (x) for the sources that
are not safe for and individual.
Sources Dose rate of ionising / or x
radiation
Outer space: cosmic rays
TV/computer: ionising radiation
X -ray
High altitude: cosmic rays
Smoking: radioactive radiation

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Flight: cosmic rays
Environment: background radiation
Food: radioactive radiation
Building: radioactive radiation

Risks from Exposure to Natural Ionising Radiation

1. Absorption of ionising radiation by the human body imposes _______________which are affected by the
dose of ionising radiation received.
2. Several ____________________ can be taken so that the ionising radiation dose received
______________________ the safe level for the human body
3. Complete the table below.
Source of ionising radiation dose Safety measures
received
Background radiation

Taking X-ray

Television

Food contaminated with

radioactive substances

Cosmic rays

Examples of Absorption of Ionising Radiation Exceeding the Safe Level and Safety Measures that Need to be
Taken
1. As most cosmic rays are absorbed by the atmosphere, the dose of cosmic rays on the surface of Earth is
normally at a value of ____________________, which is a normal or safe level.
2. The higher a person is from the surface of Earth, the stronger the cosmic rays he receives.
3. Airline crew members such as _______________, stewards and _______________________ normally
receive cosmic ray doses _______________________ the safety level.
4. They are exposed to _________________________ in flights at _____________________. Due to this,
their ________________________ in the sky are __________________to a certain period of time.
CONTENT STANDARD: 8.3 IONISING RADIATION AND NON-IONISING
RADIATION
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PBD
CONTENT STANDARD .1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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CONTENT STANDARD : 2.1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DATE: ______________ DAY: ____________________ CHAPTER 8: RADIOACTIVITY

1. Identify the types of radiation. PL2

Ionising radiation Non-ionising radiation Gamma ray ultraviolet ray
Microwaves X-ray Infrared Visible lights Cosmic ray Radio

Types of radiation
(a) (b)
The radiation that produces positive or negative The radiation that does not produce positive or
ions when crossing the air. negative ions when crossing the air.
Examples:
(c) (d)

2. Underline the correct answer

PL1
(a) Alpha radiation has (positive, negative) charge whereas Beta radiation has (positive,
negative) charge
(b) The ionising power of beta radiation is (higher/lower) than the ionising power of alpha radiation but
(higher/lower) than the ionising power of gamma ray.

3. Determine the types of radioactive radiation, X, Y and Z, based on their penetration

PL2
power.

4. Fill in the blanks and circle the answers on the deflection of radioactive rays in an electrical field.

PL2

5. Name the devices below which are used to detect radioactive radiation or to detect the level of exposure to
radioactive radiation.
PL1
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6. Classify the sources of the ionising radiation in the environment in the tree map below. PL1

Nuclear test Cosmic ray Background radiation Nuclear

Production of radioisotopes Medical use

7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
7.
These radiations are gamma rays produced outside the Solar System or from other galaxies. Tick ( ✓ ) the
radiation.

PL1
Background radiation Ultraviolet ray Cosmic ray

What is the other name of this radiation?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

8. Background radiations are various types of ionising radiations in the environment produced from a variety
of sources including natural resources and man-made sources. State the types of background radiations
below. PL2

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Radon Cosmic Food Medical Nuclear Crust Industrial Radium
Waste
1. ______________ radiations

2. Radioactivity of environment from radioactive substances

such as __________ and _____________ .

3. Radiation from the Earth __________

4. ________________

9. The diagram below shows the exposure of humans to ionising radiations

(a) What is the effect of PL2

the ionising radiation
absorbed into the human body?

_____________________________________

(b) The biological effects of ionising radiation on the human bodies are measured in a quantity. Name this
quantity. ______________________________________ PL1

(c) Dos 1 Sv is equal to 1 Joule of the energy of the ionising radiation absorbed by 1 kilogram of living tissue.
(i) What is the commonly used measurement unit and symbol of the dose of the background radiation?

Unit: ___________________________ Symbol: PL1

___________________________

(ii) The dose of the background radiation or ionising radiation which is less than 0.2 μSv/h or 1.752
mSv/year is the normal level or the safe level. Tick ( ✓ ) the estimated dose of ionising radiation

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which is safe to the humans in daily life. PL2

NOTES

8.4 USES OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATION RADIOACTIVE RADIATION IN DAILY LIFE

Archeology and geochronology Monitoring the thickness of metal sheets (Industry)

 As soon as the organisms die, the amount of  A thickness control device ____________ the
C-14 in their tissues begins to thickness of metal sheets in factories.
_______________ because they decay by  A metal sheet is passed in between a
emitting _______________________ with a _______________________ source and a beta
half-life, T1/2 , of 5 700 years radiation detector.
 By measuring the activity of C-14, the ______  If the beta radiation detector detects
of the remains can be determined. _____________ beta radiations, this means
 This method is known as that the metal sheet is
____________________ and is used by _________________________
archeologists or geochronologists to determine
the ________________ and
_____________________

Agriculture Defence
 In agriculture, the rate at which _______  Radioactive substances can be used in the field
radiation is emitted during the nuclei decay of of defence such as the _________________.
phosphorus-32 (P-32) is used to determine the  Besides _______________, radioactive
_______________________________in radiation released from the explosion of a
plants. nuclear bomb__________ almost all living
 Radioactive radiation is also used to kill things including humans and its effect exists
____________, control the population of for generations
_________ by sterilisation, determine the best
type of____________________, and
______________ the characteristics of plants.

Food preservation Medical

 The _________________ logo in Figure 8.13  ________________from caesium-137 (Cs-
is used to label food preserved using 137) or cobalt-60 (Co-60) are used to
radioactive radiation such as _____________________________.
_________________.  Radioactive radiation is also used to:
 Gamma rays are used in the - Determine the location of

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________________ of food such as fruits to _______________ using _____________
____________ in the food. - treat ___________ in the brain using
_____________________
- destroy ___________ using
________________
- Treat_____________________________
using ______________________.

Safe and Proper Handling of Radioactive Substances and Radioactive Waste

CONTENT STANDARD: 8.4 USES OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATION RADIOACTIVE RADIATION IN DAILY LIFE

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PBD CONTENT STANDARD .1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CONTENT STANDARD : 2.1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Complete the table on the uses of radioactive substances and radioactive radiations PL2

Nuclear Beta radiation Gamma rays Phosphorus-32 Cobalt-60

Carbon-14
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Caesium-137 Iodine-131 Uranium-235 Sodium-24 Technetium-99 Artifacts

2. PL2

Tick ( ✓
) the uses of gamma radiation.

3. Complete the spaces on the safety measures while handling radioactive substances. PL2

Geiger-Muller Robots Clothing Lead Film Concrete

19