Technical Service Bulletin

37H5 UPDATE – Multitronic (NVLW)

May 13, 2014

Model(s) Year VIN Range Vehicle-Specific Equipment

A4, A5 Cab,
2012 - 2013 See Campaign/Action screen in Elsa None
A6

Condition
This Update has been proactively released to prevent the following condition from occurring in the vehicle:
Due to a process fault, the gearbox was filled with ATF fluid containing sulphur on Audi vehicles with multritronic
manufactured within a specific period. As a result, a copper sulphide layer may form on the conductor tracks of
the gearbox control unit and cause electrical faults.
This Update is in effect until removed.
Vehicle must meet all of the following criteria:
• Procedure is valid only for vehicles that show the 37H5 code in the Elsa Campaign/Action Information screen
on the day of repair.
• Vehicle must be within the New Vehicle Limited Warranty.
• Procedure must be performed within the allotted time frame stated in this Technical Service Bulletin.
• Procedure must be performed on applicable vehicles in dealer inventory prior to sale.

Technical Background
Due to a process fault, the gearbox was filled with ATF fluid containing sulphur on Audi vehicles with multritronic
manufactured within a specific period. As a result, a copper sulphide layer may form on the conductor tracks of
the gearbox control unit and cause electrical faults.

Page 1 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin

Service
Overview of Steps
All steps must be performed in the following order.
1. Drain ATF
2. Fill ATF
3. First purging procedure
4. Drain ATF
5. Fill ATF
6. Second purging procedure
7. Drain ATF
8. Replace gearbox control unit
9. Fill ATF and then check and correct ATF level
10. Adapt gearbox control unit.

Page 2 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
Draining ATF (Step 1, Step 4, Step 7)

Caution! Risk of damage to gearbox. The engine must not be started if there is only a small amount
or no ATF in the gearbox.
1. Put vehicle on hoist and ensure vehicle is
level.
2. Remove rear noise insulation.

3. Remove ATF inspection plug <A>.

4. Allow ATF to drain into used oil collection
and extraction unit.

Page 3 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
5. Pull fluid level pipe <A> out of the ATF
inspection hole using hook <3438> and
drain off remaining ATF.

6. O-ring <1> must be correctly fitted in groove

on fluid level pipe.
7. Carefully push fluid level pipe <A> by hand
into ATF inspection hole <B>, ensuring that
it is straight.

Page 4 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
8. The O-ring on the fluid level pipe <A>
provides a seal to the upper fluid level pipe
<C>. The ATF level can only be adjusted
correctly if this connection is properly
sealed.
9. Install fluid level pipe <A> (only replace
before the third filling procedure).

Filling ATF (step 2, step 5)

The ATF charging device must be clean and the
ATF must not be missed with other type of ATF
fluid!
Only use ATF for the gearbox “multitronic 0AW”.

Page 5 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
1. Secure filled reservoir for ATF charging
device as high as possible on vehicle.
2. Stopcock on ATF charging device for CVT
gearboxes <VAS 5162> must be closed.

3. Remove O-ring <1> from connection <2> of

the ATF charging device for CVT gearboxes
<VAS 5162>.

Caution! Risk of filling up gearbox

incorrect:
The connection <2> must be screwed hand
tight all the way into the inspection hole on
the gearbox with the O-ring removed.
The O-ring must be removed at the
connection <2> so that the fluid level pipe in
the inspection hole can be pressed into the
upper position. Only then can the ATF level
be checked and topped up to the maximum
correctly.

Page 6 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
4. With O-ring removed, screw connection of
ATF charging device for CVT gearboxes
<VAS 5162> hand tighten all the way into
threaded hole for ATF inspection plug. This
will push the fluid level pipe into the correct
installation position.
5. Turn stopcock in direction of filling hose
<lower arrow>. The ATF will run into the
gearbox.
6. Fill 5.5 to 6.0 L of ATF into gearbox.
7. Move selector lever to “P”
8. Start engine.
9. Briefly bring engine speed to 2500 rpm.
10. Apply brake pedal and switch through
selector lever positions “P, R, N, D, S”,
staying in each position for 2 seconds.
11. Move selector lever to “P” and allow engine
to run at idling speed.
12. Unscrew connection on stopcock of ATF
charging device for CVT gearboxes <VAS
5162> from opening for ATF inspection
plug.
13. Allow excess ATF to drain off.
14. Secure ATF inspection plug (reuse old
plug). Tightening torque: 30 NM
Purging procedure (step 3, step 6)

Caution! Risk of damage to gearbox. Do not run the engine without ATF and do not tow vehicle.
1. Start engine.
Perform 5 times
2. Move selector lever to “D”.
3. Move selector lever into “tiptronic gate”.
4. Accelerate vehicle by pressing the
accelerator pedal gently. Note the gear
position display in the instrument cluster.
5. Change up from first gear into the highest
gear by pushing the selector lever towards
“+”.
6. Then change back down into first gear by
pulling the selector lever towards “-“.
7. Brake the vehicle to a standstill.
8. Move selector lever to “R”.

Page 7 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
9. Accelerate vehicle to 12 mph by pressing
the accelerator pedal gently.
10. Brake the vehicle to a standstill.
Replacing gearbox control unit (step 8)
1. Apply lifting column of engine and gearbox
jack <VAS 6931> to gearbox from below
(with gearbox support <T10337> attached).

Risk of accident. Engine and gearbox jack

must remain in position when work is being
carried out and must not be left unattended.

VAS 6931

2. Remove bolts <arrows> for tunnel cross

member. Tightening torque: 70 Nm

Page 8 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
3. Remove bolts <arrows> and detach tunnel
cross member. Tightening torque: 20 Nm

4. Unscrew bolts <arrows> and detach

gearbox support from gearbox together with
gearbox mounting.
Tightening torque: 40 Nm

Page 9 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
5. Use removal lever 80 – 200 to press ball
socket <1> on selector lever cable off
gearbox selector lever.
6. Remove bolts <2> for cable support
bracket. Tightening torque: 8 NM

Caution! Risk of irreparable damage to

gearbox control unit due to static discharge.
Before toughing connectors, the mechanic must
first discharge static by briefly touching vehicle
ground, lifting platform or heater radiator.
7. Unplug electrical connector on gearbox by
turning fastener cap counter clockwise
<arrow>

8. Place used oil collection and extraction unit

<VAG 1782> under gearbox.
9. Remove bolts <arrows> and detach end
cover.

Page 10 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
10. If fitted, detach displacer plate <A>.

11. Unscrew bolts <arrows> and pull automatic

gearbox control unit <J217> out without
tilting it.
12. Remove twin-lip seal <B>.

Page 11 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
13. Clean selector shaft detents <arrows>. Only
use lint-free cloths. When doing so, take
particular care to remove metal swarf or the
like from the contact surfaces of the
magnets.

14. Before fitting automatic gearbox control unit

<J217> lubricate new O-rings <A> on
hydraulic control unit with ATF.

Ignore arrows.

Page 12 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
15. Slide control unit on, taking care not to tilt it.
Make sure that connectors on back of
control unit mate correctly with connectors
<A>, <B> and <C> on hydraulic control unit.

16. Tighten bolts <arrows>. Tightening torque:

5 Nm +90°
17. Slide seal <B> onto connector <A> with twin
lips facing outwards. Do not tough the pins
in connector <A> with your fingers.

Page 13 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
18. If fitted, attach displacer plate <A> to
automatic gearbox control unit <J217>.
19. Clean sealing surfaces on gearbox housing
and end cover.
20. Dowel sleeves in gearbox housing or end
cover must be re-fitted in same places.
21. Place gasket for end cover onto gearbox
housing.

22. Fit end cover, ensuring that gasket is

seated correctly.
23. Check installation position of seal <A>. The
seal must be flush; the sealing lips must not
be kinked.
24. Tighten bolts <arrows> in diagonal
sequence until hand-tight and then tighten
to specified torque. Tightening torque: 10
Nm +90°.

Page 14 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
25. Shift gearbox selector lever towards rear as
far as it will go <arrow> to “P”.
26. Carefully press ball socket of selector lever
cable onto gearbox selector lever in this
position.

Filing up ATF and then checking and correcting ATF level (step 9)
The ATF charging device must be clean and the
ATF must not be missed with other type of ATF
fluid!
Only use ATF for the gearbox “multitronic 0AW”.

Page 15 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
1. Secure filled reservoir for ATF charging
device as high as possible on vehicle.
2. Stopcock on ATF charging device for CVT
gearboxes <VAS 5162> must be closed.

3. Connect diagnostic tester.

4. Select Guided Functions:
a. Powertrain
b. 01 – Self-diagnosis compatible
systems
c. 02 – Gearbox electrics
d. 02 – Gearbox electrics, functions
e. 02 – Measured values
f. Select the measure value Gearbox
oil temperature from the list.
5. Read off ATF temperature.

Page 16 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
6. Remove O-ring <1> from connection <2> of
the ATF charging device for CVT gearboxes
<VAS 5162>.

Caution! Risk of filling up gearbox

incorrect:
The connection <2> must be screwed hand
tight all the way into the inspection hole on
the gearbox with the O-ring removed.
The O-ring must be removed at the
connection <2> so that the fluid level pipe in
the inspection hole can be pressed into the
upper position. Only then can the ATF level
be checked and topped up to the maximum
correctly.

7. With O-ring removed, screw connection of

ATF charging device for CVT gearboxes
<VAS 5162> hand tight all the way into
threaded hole for ATF inspection plug. This
will push the fluid level pipe into the correct
installation position.
8. Turn stopcock in direction of filling hose
<lower arrow>. The ATF will run into the
gearbox.
9. Fill 5.5 to 6.0 L of ATF into gearbox.
10. Move selector lever to “P”.
11. Start engine.
12. Briefly bring engine speed to 2500 rpm.
13. Apply brake pedal and switch through
selector lever positions “P, R, N, D, S”,
staying in each position for 2 seconds.
14. Move selector lever to “P” and allow engine
to run at idling speed.

Page 17 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
ATF temperature at 35°C:
15. Check ATF level by turning stopcock in
direction of drain pipe <lower Arrow>.
At 35°C, there should be a flow of ATF from the
inspection hole (strong at first, then steady);
repeat filling procedure if necessary.
The ATF level varies according to the ATF
temperature.
• Temperature too low will result in over
filling.
• Temperature too high will result in under
filling.
16. Wait until only a small amount of ATF can
be seen emerging.
17. Unscrew connection on stopcock of ATF
charging device for CVT gearboxes <VAS
5162> from opening for ATF inspection
plug.
45°C ATF temperature at the latest:
18. Screw in new ATF inspection plug and
tighten. Tightening torque: 30 Nm

Adapting control unit (step 10)

1. Select Guided Function:
a. Powertrain
b. 0AW gearbox
c. 01 – Self-diagnosis compatible
systems
d. 02 – Gearbox electronics
e. 02 – Gearbox electronics, functions
f. 02 – Replace control unit – Run
program.

Page 18 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin

Warranty

Update Time Requirements/ To ensure prompt and proper payment, be sure to immediately enter the
Reimbursement applicable reimbursement code listed below upon completion of the repair work.
Claims will be paid only for vehicles that show the 37H5 code in the Elsa
Campaign/Action Information screen on the day of repair.

37H5 Saga Claim Entry Procedure

Check Elsa to determine whether Update 37H5 is open.

Service No.: 37H5

Damage Code: 0099
Parts Manufacturer - Removed part: 002
Claim Type
Sold vehicle = 7 10
Unsold vehicle = 7 90

Saga Accounting Instructions

Criteria ID Repair operation Labor Operation TU

Number

06 or 12 Purge multitronic, replace and adapt gearbox 3730 4199 330

control unit

Criteria ID Part Number Part Description Quantity

06 4G2 927 155 Gearbox control unit 1

12 8K9 927 155 Gearbox control unit 1

0AW 301 685 C Fluid level pipe 1

WHT 005 623 A Sealing plug 1

01T 927 213 A Seal for connector 1

06 or 12 0AW 301 475 B Gasket for housing cover 1

01J 325 413 O-ring (hydraulic control unit) 2

WHT 002 459 Bolt M8x40 12

G 052 516 A6 ATF (20L container) 1

Page 19 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin
There is no reimbursement for vehicle wash or loaner vehicle.

If the vehicle is outside of the specified warranty period OR if customer refused repairs.
U.S. dealers: Submit the request through Audi Warranty Online under the Campaigns/Update option.
Canadian dealers: Fax the Repair Order to Warranty at (905) 428-4811 and provide VIN, applicable Service
Number, Customer Information, Dealer Number and Date.

Additional Actions Some of the affected vehicles may be involved in additional Actions.
Please check your Elsa Campaign/Action Information screen so that any
additional required work can be done simultaneously.

Verifying Vehicle To verify vehicle eligibility for this Update, always check the Elsa
Eligibility Campaign/Action Information screen. The Elsa system is the only binding
inquiry and verification system; other systems are not valid and may
result in non-payment of a claim.

Help for Claim For questions regarding claim entry, contact Audi Warranty.
Entry

Required Inform your customer in writing by recording on the Repair Order any and
Customer all work that was conducted on the vehicle, including any and all updates
Notification completed under this Update.

Page 20 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.
Technical Service Bulletin

Required Parts and Tools

Criteria Part Number Part Description Quantity

06 4G2 927 155 Gearbox control unit 1

12 8K9 927 155 Gearbox control unit 1

0AW 301 685 C Fluid level pipe 1

WHT 005 623 A Sealing plug 1

01T 927 213 A Seal for connector 1

06 or 12 0AW 301 475 B Gasket for housing cover 1

01J 325 413 O-ring (hydraulic control unit) 2

WHT 002 459 Bolt M8x40 12

G 052 516 A6 ATF (20L container) 1

• Properly destroy and dispose of removed parts in accordance with all state and local requirements, unless
otherwise indicated and/or requested through SAGA.
• If you have exhausted your allocated parts and you require additional parts for vehicles affected by this Update
but have exceeded your Upper Order Limit, please submit your requests for additional parts via email to
upperorderlimits@audi.com. Be sure to include the affected VINs with your order. Prior to submitting your
request, ensure that each vehicle has the 37H5 code open in Elsa. Your order will be reviewed and processed
accordingly.

Additional Information
All parts and service references provided in this Update are subject to change and/or removal. Always check Elsa
for the most current version of this document.

Page 21 of 21
© 2014 Audi of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. Information contained in this document is based on the latest information available at the time of printing and is subject to the copyright and other intellectual property rights of
Audi of America, Inc., its affiliated companies and its licensors. All rights are reserved to make changes at any time without notice. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, nor may these materials be modified or reposted to other sites, without the prior
expressed written permission of the publisher.